Arguments in the direction of “Revenge and generosity. The Revenge Problem (Free topic essay)

Is a written reflection on a specified topic, which in mandatory must pass every 11-grader for admission to the Unified State Exams (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this type of work for the 5th time, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.

A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on works of Russian or foreign classical. So what are the reasons that will help schoolchildren to cope with the task at hand this year?

General facts

The minimum length of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - about 300-350 words on average, in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, however, practice shows that the most a large number of points are given to such written reflections, which contain 3 key blocks: an introduction, a main part and a conclusion with conclusions. 3 hours and 55 minutes are allotted for writing an essay. Children have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantity.

The highest mark for the final essay is 10 points. Even if a student makes 1 rough spelling mistake, the expert committee will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final score depends on how well the adolescent considers the fundamental criteria. These include:

1. Relevance to the topic. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of the given topic / question, not to spread thoughts along the tree and not go on to consider third-party problems.
2. Argumentation and attraction literary material... It is not enough just to express a certain position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of Russian or foreign classic... It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or a superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
3. Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are assessed. It is recommended that each new thought begins with a new paragraph. In this case, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
4. Quality written speech... In his reasoning, a high school student will need to use synonyms and different phrases, and, conversely, avoid stamps and lexical repetitions.
5. Literacy. Here the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors is checked.

Information:

This year, the dates for writing the final essay are determined as follows:

• December 19, 2018 (main date)
• February 6, 2019 (additional dates)
• May 8, 2019 (additional dates)

As in previous years, the final essay is the admission of graduates to the state final certification. Moreover, students with disabilities health has the right to choose the writing of the presentation. Within the framework of open directions topics of the final essay, specific topics of the final essay are developed (texts of presentations are selected) for each time zone separately. Specific topics of the final essay (presentation texts) are delivered to local education authorities on the day of the final essay (presentation).

Final essay (presentation) as admission to USE graduates educational organizations implementing programs of secondary general education, first introduced in 2014-2015 academic year pursuant to the instructions of the President Russian Federation in order to identify students' ability to think, analyze and prove their position based on independently selected works of domestic and world literature.

The following categories of persons have the right to write a statement:

• students with disabilities or disabled children and people with disabilities;
• learners on educational programs secondary general education in special educational institutions of a closed type, as well as in institutions executing punishment in the form of imprisonment;
• those who study at home, in educational organizations, including sanatoriums, in which the necessary medical, rehabilitation and health-improving measures are carried out for those in need of long-term treatment on the basis of the conclusion of a medical organization.

The final essay, if desired, can be written by graduates of previous years to present its results when entering universities.

Writing time - 3 hours 55 minutes.

The examination set includes 5 essay topics from a closed list (one topic from each open topic direction).

The topics of the essays themselves will be known to the graduates 15 minutes before the start of the exam. The result of the final essay (presentation) will be "pass" or "fail", however, to pass the unified state exam and state final exam only graduates who have received the "credit" will be admitted.

Topics, like last year, will be formed by time zones.

The essay is evaluated according to five criteria: relevance to the topic; argumentation, attraction of literary material; composition; speech quality; literacy.

They check the essays (statements) of the Commission of educational organizations or expert commissions created at the municipal / regional level.

Directions and topics

Each final essay should be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are revealed only 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards know the so-called. "Global directions". The final topics that students will receive will definitely fit into the framework of these particular areas.

In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, and concretized. But knowledge of directions allows you to navigate and even pick up suitable arguments from literary works domestic school curriculum already in currently... There will be 5 directions in total.

Fathers and Sons

Arguments for the final essay 2018-2019 in the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in eponymous work I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". Evgeny Bazarov (the main character) and Arkady Kirsanov are the representatives of the “generation of children”, and the representatives of the “generation of fathers” are Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.

The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In turn, the older generation also does not seek to understand young people. In conclusion, the author debunks the doctrine of nihilism and proclaims the only way, thanks to which it is possible to end the eternal conflict, is the reunification of relatives who have learned to love each other after experiencing suffering.

Other works to bring arguments to themes in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:

• DI. Fonvizin, play "The Minor";
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the poem "Mtsyri";
• N.V. Gogol, the story "Taras Bulba";
• A.S. Pushkin, the story " Captain's daughter».

Dream or reality

The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. An example of a positive heroine who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to make it come true is Marya Mironova from the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter".

Everything Masha, the Commandant's Daughter, Desires Belogorsk fortress, - to live calmly and happily together with a loved one, which becomes the officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha get into the thick of it Pugachev uprising... Despite this, the girl does not abandon her dreams and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to help free Peter. Thanks to her fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.

See also arguments to December composition 2018-2019 in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:

• F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel Crime and Punishment (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
• A.N. Ostrovsky, play "The Thunderstorm".

Revenge and generosity

Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most different sides and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness ...

The insolvency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and all-destructive beginning of revenge were clearly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel Eugene Onegin. The destructive feeling that the main character lights up with leads to the fact that he kills his once in a duel good friend- the good fellow Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, the work reveals an example of a deeply generous person - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book, she rejects Onegin, who has fallen in love with her, because she cannot betray her husband) ...

Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:

• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a man who knows how to be magnanimous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vengeful nature of Grushnitsky).

Art and craft

The topic of purpose creative person(writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative labor thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music lifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the most difficult war times are raging around. However, music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist by itself - it is brought into this world by the musician, who is performed here by accordionist Vasily Terkin.

Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Arts and Crafts" are found in the following authors:

• V. Korolenko, the story "The Blind Musician";
• A.P. Chekhov, the story "Rothschild's Violin";
• K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with spruce cones".

Kindness and cruelty

This direction partially overlaps with the direction "Revenge and magnanimity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude towards life in general, towards any life, regardless of who it belongs to.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to go on the murder of the old woman-pawnbroker. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and therefore has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits a murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious old woman. To finally understand this, he is helped by a meeting on life path Sonya Marmeladova is an example of kindness, virtue and forgiveness. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.

Other examples in the Kindness and Cruelty direction:

• N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaki Akakievich);
• M.A. Sholokhov, novel " Quiet Don"(Callousness and cruelty can arise in a person's soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the peasant-Cossack Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing in order not to die himself).

Arguments from the book by Olga Gromova " Sugar baby»

1. The problem of education.

The parents of little Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" worked hard and were very busy people, but they always had time to organize for the child Mind games, teach the girl languages, drawing and singing. For the rest of her life she remembered important rules“A good person” who is not afraid of difficulties, “unties all the knots himself” and knows how to endure. All this helped Stella to become truly strong, courageous and free.

2. The problem of the role of literature in human life.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" Stella remembers that books were an important part of their family's life. They had a wonderful library and a tradition of reading aloud in the evening. This is how the child developed the idea that the book is a friend, advisor and support in any situation. Later in exile, in a Kyrgyz village, these readings will be resumed for people united by a common misfortune. They will listen to poems and poems by A.S. Pushkin, and Kyrgyz epic"Manas". This is how literature will unite people of different nationalities and ages with different life experiences, education.

3. The problem of overcoming life difficulties, perseverance and patience.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" Stella Nudolskaya and her mother were subjected to repression: they were sent into exile as members of the family of an enemy of the people. It was difficult for a woman who had bone tuberculosis to cope with a severe physical work, scared for the fate of her daughter, but she never once complained of pain or fatigue. It was the steadfastness, courage and perseverance of the mother that helped her and Stella survive in inhuman conditions and at the same time remain proud, internally free people.

4. The problem of mercy.

The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" Stella remembers how the Yuzhakovs, risking their freedom, disinterestedly helped the exiles survive, simply because they saw how hard it was for a woman and her daughter to cope with need and illness. The Yuzhakovs took care of Stella and her mother: they treated, fed, helped with the move, and brought food. This is an example of compassion.

5. The role of parental love.

Let us recall the biography of Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child". A woman who has endured many troubles, injustice and cruelty in her life remembers with gratitude her parents, who treated her with love and always supported her. In childhood, they always devoted a lot of time to their daughter: they played with her, read books to her, taught her languages. From childhood, Stella learned many truths that helped to educate her character, the main one being “Slavery is a state of mind. You cannot make a free person a slave. "

6. The problem of hard work.

An example of a hardworking person is Savely Yuzhakov from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child". This man devoted his whole life to hard peasant labor and introduced children to work from childhood: the boys, along with their father, plowed, sowed, mowed, the girls helped their mothers in everything around the house. In addition, Savely beautifully carved wood, rolled shoes, and his wife and daughters spun and sewed. The efforts of the whole family bore fruit: the economy of the Yuzhaks was strong, despite the difficulties, collectivization, and a difficult climate.

7. The problem of finding the meaning of life.

Let us recall the book "Sugar Child" by Olga Gromova, which tells about the fate of a repressed family. Stella, main character works, often thinks about what is the meaning of life, what are the guidelines that should be followed on the path of life. Raised, despite all the difficulties, free man, Stella considers the main life purpose multiplication of good. Having endured many hardships, she does not give up active life position and participates in fundraising for humanitarian aid to people affected by the earthquake.

8. The problem of fighting for truth, justice

Let's turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", which focuses on the fate of the repressed girl Stella Nudolskaya. The girl, even under the threat of expulsion from the pioneers, which was considered a shame in those years, refuses to paint over the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky with ink in the textbook, since she considers them worthy people who have contributed to the history of our country. This is a worthy act that shows the strength of the character of the heroine of the work.

9. The problem of patriotism

Let us recall the book "Sugar Child" by Olga Gromova. Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of this work, despite the difficulties of the fate of a person repressed in childhood and declared a family member of a traitor to the motherland, remains faithful to her Motherland. She does not even think about emigration, because she understands that the country is not only the leaders, the government, but also the people, therefore, it is impossible to leave her native land in a difficult time for the Fatherland, you need to serve people and do good.

10. The problem of responsibility for moral choice.

Olga Gromova in the book "Sugar Child" reflects on how to make the right moral choice so as not to lose self-respect and not to lose human dignity... Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of the work, talks with her mother about why honest and hardworking people who served the people are declared enemies of the people and fists. At the end of the conversation, the girl understands that when assessing people, one should “listen to the heart” and think for herself, and not blindly believe loud words, slogans, accusations and praises. Stella comes to the conclusion that everyone should choose which side they take and be responsible for their own decisions.

11. Friendship problem

Let us turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", the story of which is centered on the fate of Stella Nudolskaya. Being repressed and finding herself with her mother in distant Kyrgyzstan, the main character of the work understands the value of friendship. When a girl is expelled from the pioneers because she refuses to cross out the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky in the textbook, her comrades do not leave her in trouble. Sapkos and Frida support Stella and remain true friends, despite the fact that they could also be condemned by communicating with her.

Arguments from the story of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..."

Love problem for small homeland.

The problem of love for a small homeland was raised in their works by many writers. Let's remember autobiographical tale B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that he was “fabulously lucky” to be born in Smolensk. With a sense of pride, the prose writer tells about the history of the city, about the people who live in it, about the oak, which has preserved the "eternally living warmth" of the past. The narrator understands that there are more beautiful cities on earth, but it is Smolensk that has become dear, because it is the “cradle of childhood”.

The problem of patriotism

Many writers have raised the issue of patriotism in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that his love for the Fatherland began with respect for history. hometown, with the ability to appreciate the traditions of their family and their people. It is for Smolensk, where his childhood passed, that the young lieutenant Vasiliev goes to fight, realizing that the "cradle of childhood" cannot be given to the enemy.

Problem good attitude to the people around

Many writers have raised the problem of good relations with the people around them in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, talking about his childhood, recalls that it was "saturated with Good." Helping neighbors who had a difficult time was the norm; no praise or reward was expected for this. This " simplest form goodness "helped the narrator to form moral values, keep humanity up to old age.

Upbringing problem

Many writers have raised the problem of education in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author, talking about his childhood, demonstrates how his parents raised him, instilling in him “a great sense of everyday domestic internationalism”, hard work, reverent attitude to the book, the ability to sacrifice what is necessary for the sake of people. Parents by their example showed the boy how to live in order to be a "quite good" person. For example, my father never once allowed himself to use his company car for personal purposes, because he considered such an act dishonorable.

Influence of nature on humans

Many writers have raised the problem of education in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author tells about a huge old oak, “the most ancient inhabitant»Smolensk. The boy remembered the beauty and grandeur of this tree, which keeps the history of centuries, for the rest of his life. It was this oak tree that made him think about the role of history in the life of every person.

The problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in human life

Many writers have raised the problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in human life. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, a person who has experienced a lot, recalls with trepidation those who "gave him childhood and warmed him with his own heart", because it was in childhood that those traits were laid that helped to survive in the difficult years of the war, which made him a creator and a man who value spirituality above all else.

The problem of self-sacrifice, love for people

Many writers have raised the problem of self-sacrifice and love for people in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author tells about the fate of Dr. Jansen, "the holy city of Smolensk." This man dedicated his life to selfless service to people. A doctor in the area where the poor lived, he worked seven days a week and was always polite and patient. Dr. Jansen sacrificed himself to save two boys, who fell into a sewer shaft during the game and could suffocate. All Smolensk came to the funeral of this worthy man.

The problem of the role of art in human life

Many writers have raised the problem of the role of art in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author sees the function of art in saturating human life with meaning, teaching people to doubt, feel and suffer. All this, according to the writer, prolongs physical and spiritual life.

The problem of finding the meaning of life

Many writers have raised the problem of the meaning of life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about how, trying to comprehend the purpose of his own existence, he turns to his father with the question: "Why is a man given up so much?" And he gets a short but succinct answer: "For work." It was this conversation that helped the young man to believe in "the need for persistent, daily, frenzied work." In this he saw a high goal that multiplies good in the world.

The problem of the role of labor in human life

Many writers have raised the problem of the role of labor in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, in which everyone worked. WITH early childhood the narrator remembers the hands, burnt by the weathered grass, the father, who, in his spare time from the service, repaired something, restored, the mother and aunt, always mending and altering something. For them, a person who did not want to work "was deliberately perceived with a negative sign if he was healthy."

11 / The problem of spirituality, moral values

The role of literature and reading in personality formation

Many writers have raised the problem of literature and reading in the formation of personality in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, main value in which there were books. Throughout his life, the boy remembered how in the evenings he read aloud the classics, literature, which is "read, figuratively speaking, taking off his hat." So he discovered Turgenev, Goncharov, Gogol, Lermontov ... The works of the great writers formed the best character traits of the future writer, while he “remained on his knees before Literature”.

The problem of attitudes towards animals

Many writers have raised the problem of attitudes towards animals in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author urges readers to see in the animal not fun, not a whim, but helpers, necessary for people and therefore respected. It is then that animals ennoble a person, make him kinder, more demanding of himself. The main thing is not to forget about responsibility to our smaller brothers and to be merciful to them. This is how the father of the narrator can be called, who fed the dogs abandoned by people, and they answered him with devotional service.

The problem of persistence in overcoming difficulties

Many writers have raised the issue of persistence in overcoming difficulties in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author tells about his father, who never gave up the work he had begun, because he believed: “it's all about desire and work”. This man has always had the strength to overcome obstacles. For example, he took it upon himself to fix decommissioned cars to teach newcomers to drive. Sparing no time, the officer worked, and he managed to "breathe life into these auto groups."

The problem of courage and heroism

Many writers have raised the issue of courage and heroism in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author tells about his father, a modest and laconic man who, in an extreme situation, showed strength of mind and courage. When, due to the boy's negligence, a fire broke out in the garage, threatening to spread to residential buildings, his father risking his life pulled out an already lit barrel of gasoline, thereby saving people from the fire.

The problem of conscience

Many writers have raised the problem of conscience in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author tells about his father, a modest and laconic man who, despite the fact that he had the right to a private car and had three cars at his disposal, never used them for personal purposes, because he was ashamed of people, because technology and gasoline was government property.

The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for yourself

The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for themselves, was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author tells about her grandmother, who knew how to sympathize with someone else's misfortune. For example, when she finds out that one of her acquaintances has been living for a month without light and primus, she gives her kerosene along with the can and does not regret it at all.

Problem maternal love

Many writers have raised the problem of maternal love in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author tells about his mother, who gave him life, risking her own, because she was “burned by consumption”. The storyteller carried this feat of motherly love, self-denial and sacrifice through his entire destiny. The writer recalls with gratitude that his mother taught him not to complain about life, to be friends with people, not paying attention to their nationality, to read classical literature.

Problem historical memory

Many writers have raised the problem of historical memory in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author shares his views on the role of memory of ancestors in the life of each of us. The prose writer believes that the words of A.S. Pushkin that you need to be proud of the glory of your ancestors, and not respect it - shameful cowardice. It is history that binds generations, keeps traditions and "does not allow a person to remain a barbarian."

The problem of the teacher's role in human life

Many writers have raised the problem of the teacher's role in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author gratefully tells about her first teacher, who saw her duty not to "stuff" children with knowledge, to make future "robot specialists" out of them, but to "educate citizens of their Fatherland." It was she who allowed the children to touch the past of the Motherland, instilled in them a love of history.

21. The problem of the influence of war on the fate of a person

Many writers have raised the problem of the influence of war on human destiny in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ...". As participants in the Second World War, Boris Vasiliev says that its severity is still impossible to throw off your shoulders. He calls this time a charred sheet of biography and considers it his duty to write about that wartime. That is why the story "Was not on the lists" appears. This is a wreath of memory for the grave yourself close friend Nikolai Pluzhnikov. The military generation was deprived of youth: early responsibility made them young adults.

Arguments from Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev's book "Letters about Good"

The problem of finding the purpose and meaning of life

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". Scientist convinces young readers that “to increase goodness in the world around us” is the highest and most worthy goal human life... The one who considers the career or material wealth to be the main value is mistaken, because all this can be lost in one moment. And the man who rejoiced in each of his good deed, does not lose, but gains the respect and gratitude of others.

The problem of honor and dignity

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that everyone should follow the wise folk proverb and cherish honor from a young age. After all, our actions live in the memory of people. The worthy ones will warm the heart in old age, while the bad ones will not let them sleep peacefully at night.

Love problem

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that love is necessary, since it is love that makes a person better, helps him gain wisdom. However, this feeling should not be unaccountable, blind. You need to see the shortcomings of a loved one and help him fight with them.

The problem of truth, honesty

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that lies, cunning are always directed against the deceiver. The academician considers fidelity to truth and justice to be the highest feeling. A wise person will not dodge, the truth gives him the most valuable thing in life - a calm conscience.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers to be patriots, not nationalists. There is no need to hate other peoples if you love yours. A true patriot should know and appreciate the history of his country, strive to do everything possible for the prosperity of the Fatherland.

The problem of treating people well

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that it is necessary to be open, tolerant of other people's shortcomings. You need to look for good in people. This ability to see "obscured" beauty in a person enriches spiritually.

The problem of resentment and revenge

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that they should not stoop to resentment, because excessive resentment is a sign of complexes, therefore, it is necessary to learn to forgive and never take revenge, as this allows a person to pay more attention to good feelings.

The problem of greed, greed

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that greed is "forgetting one's own dignity", a disgusting feeling, humiliating for a person, hostile to him and those around him. Greed, in contrast to rational frugality, is a disease that takes over the mind.

The problem of maintaining the purity of the Russian language

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that language is an indicator human culture, the degree of psychological balance, spiritual strength. People who "spit with words" injure others, a self-confident person will not swear, use jargon: he knows that his word is weighty anyway.

The problem of conscience

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that conscience always emanates from the depths of the soul, it "is purified to one degree or another." It is this feeling that "gnaws" a person for his bad deeds. Moreover, conscience is never false. Truly fair man considers her to be his life guide.

The problem of intelligence

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that a person must be intelligent under any circumstances. What is intelligence manifested in? It is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand others, to be tolerant of other people's opinions, respect for all best traditions of the past.

The problem of envy

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that envy is a terrible, destructive feeling that is characteristic of people who have not found their way in life, who are insecure and notorious. To get rid of envy, you need to develop unique traits in yourself, strive to be yourself.

Upbringing problem

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that a well-mannered person is one who "wants and knows how to reckon with others." It is not enough to read and study books on the rules of etiquette, you need to learn to take care of the world around you and people, to respect the past of your country.

The problem of happiness

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that happy man makes "spiritual culture", because it is she who fills people's lives with meaning. The happiest ones can be considered those who follow the “roads of good”.

The problem of education, enlightenment

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that one should always study, but an especially favorable time for obtaining good education- youth. Knowledge grows and multiplies, so self-education is necessary to promote intellectual growth and broadening one's horizons.

Historical memory problem

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that young people should strive to better know the past of their family, city, country and the whole world. However, this is not enough: it is also necessary to carefully preserve cultural monuments, objects left over from ancestors in order to convey history to the descendants. After all, people who forget about the past have no right to the future.

The problem of the influence of works of art on a person

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that art ennobles a person, opens his soul for the perception of beauty, teaches humanity. It is only necessary when dealing with great works to be "armed with knowledge", information. After all, knowledge is power, and art is "inaccessible to the powerless."

The problem of nature conservation

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that the laws of ecology must be observed, because their violation will lead to the physical death of people. In addition, the landscape of each country is an important element of the national culture, since nature is "the expression of the soul of the people." Do not protect it - destroy the culture of your country.

Vandalism, destruction of cultural monuments

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that the "stock of monuments" of culture is extremely limited and is being depleted at a progressive rate. Therefore, in order not to be "not remembering kinship", we must be careful with cultural environment otherwise we will have nothing to leave to our descendants.

The problem of mercy and compassion

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist convinces young readers that a person should be caring and merciful. Compassion is a manifestation of morality, it unites people, makes them fight for humanity, justice, preservation of nature and the past of their country. This feeling helps people not to harden their souls, because it was forgotten, it needs to be revived.

The problem of the scientist's responsibility for the discovery

Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The academician convinces young readers that a man of science bears a moral responsibility for his discoveries. In the age of machines and robots, atomic energy and biological weapons, scientists should be especially careful and try not to harm environment and people.

Memory problem

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that memory is the overcoming of time and death, therefore “the memoryless is ungrateful, irresponsible and incapable of noble deeds human". For the younger generation it is necessary to take good care of memory and know that it is “our wealth”.

The role of youth, youth in the fate of a person

Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good". The scientist is convinced that youth is the time when a person makes true friends, cultivates habits that will help or hinder him in the future. For example, it is important to instill diligence in youth, since there is no more unhappy "person who is lazy and avoids effort." It must be remembered that actions committed in youth will warm the heart in old age, and bad ones "will not let you sleep."

Childhood

What can be wonderful childhood memories! How much has already been written about this by the classics of Russian literature! But a strange thing: each new generation of writers again turns to childhood memories and finds in them only their innermost ... "Happy, happy childhood time ..." These words of L. Tolstoy can be attributed to these memories

A person lives for himself only in childhood. Only in childhood is he happy with his happiness and well-fed, filling his own tummy. Only in childhood is he infinitely sincere and infinitely free. Only in childhood are all brilliant and all beautiful, all natural, like nature, and, like nature, devoid of anxiety. Everything is only in childhood, and therefore we are so drawn to it, having grown old, even if it was tough, like a soldier's greatcoat.

Charity

A sensational statement was made by a well-known Russian businessman and one of the richest people in the world, Vladimir Potanin. The head of the Interros holding decided that after his death, his entire fortune, which is estimated at billions of dollars, will be donated to charity, mainly to support educational projects.

Joy

The book by the English writer E. Porter "Pollyanna" stumbled upon me on such thoughts. Father taught the heroine to find positive aspects in everything. He showed her that even in an unpleasant situation, one can find cause for joy. For example, when a charity gave a poor girl crutches instead of a doll, she took comfort in the fact that she did not need these crutches. Since then, Pollyanna has been involved in addicting game: she began to look for joy in all life trials, even those when “there seemed to be nothing to rejoice at”.

Writer

It is my deep conviction that writers should always be on the top of the list, should remain committed to their work for the rest of their lives. Overcoming the unbearable pain, N.A.Nekrasov and M.E. Everything the poet lived with resounded with tremendous power in his dying poems. In the poem "The Sowers" Nekrasov urges: Sow reasonable, kind, eternal! Sow!

The sincerity of the writer is his only pass into the reader's soul.

It seems to me that the Writer is the Creator. He creates a world that did not exist before, and inhabits it with people born not by a woman, but by himself. He controls the events in this world he created, he knits from the events of history, he makes the sun shine when he wants it, and sends rains and bad weather of his own free will. He has tremendous, divine power in the worlds he has woven from his own insomnia, which means that he must be just as the supreme judge. And justice is the victory of good.

Loneliness

Loneliness is a terrible punishment for a person at any age, especially when the "autumn of life" comes. In this regard, I recalled the lines full of bitterness from the famous story of K. Paustovsky "Telegram" Through the mouth of Katerina Ivanovna, the author says: "God forbid you live to such a lonely old age!"

For 15 years, Rabizon Crusoe lived alone on a desert island. Why hasn't he forgotten how to speak? Why did you survive? Defeated loneliness ?! Communication helped Crusoe. “That was the most happy year my life on the island. After all, now I was no longer alone, it was Friday with me, and this made me braver ... "

Good, good deeds

In the story "Gooseberry" Chekhov writes that a man with a hammer should stand outside the door of every happy person and with his knock remind of those who are unhappy, disadvantaged, in need of help. It seems to me that the writer himself was such a “man with a hammer”. True, he did not stand outside the door, but he himself took care of those in need, striving to remake and change the life of each of us for the better.

No matter how the world around us changes, no matter what cataclysms shake our society, there will always be people whom Dahl called righteous. Such is Matryona from the story "Matryona's yard".

The respected Halima Akhmatovna, over the years of work in the juvenile affairs inspectorate, helped many teenagers find their place in life. Where kind word and with an affectionate look, where by her severity and impeccable behavior she inspired them with hope, made them believe in their strength. Such people by their being keep at the proper height a certain spiritual level, to which we all reach and reach.

Language culture

I think we must do everything to preserve the immortal gift of nature. Firstly, the Government of the Russian Federation should take care that it becomes prestigious and profitable to speak Russian fluently. Secondly, to introduce censorship on domestic television so that it ceases to replicate the lack of culture. Third, to veto publications that destroy the great Russian language. Fourthly, in the family, in kindergarten and at school to educate attention, respect for the word.

Words by KD Ushinsky: Language is the most lively, the most abundant and strong connection, uniting the outmoded, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole.

In conclusion, I appeal to my peers: "Speak Russian, please!"

Art

Leonardo do Vinci said that a good painter should paint two main things: a person and a representation of his soul. I think both masters coped with this task brilliantly, putting all their experience, all their wisdom into the portraits "Syntactic Madonna" and "La Gioconda". In these masterpieces it is not the handwriting or the stroke of the brush that speaks, but the hearts of great artists. They are immortal as they are immortal literary heroes: radiant Beatrice, radiant Juliet and luminous Tatiana Larina ...

Wealth

It is gratifying that in the history of Russia there are people who are remembered not for the wealth they acquired, but for their spent. These are Savva Mamontov, Tretyakov, Shchukin. They did not live according to the principle of "who surpasses whom", they were not bursting with complacency. They invested all their fortune in art. “My idea… is to lay bare so that what we have acquired about society would also return to society (people) in some useful institutions…” - wrote P. Tretyakov. Isn't this an example worthy of imitation for those living “for show”, for rulers “pompous with themselves” ?!

One of the leading themes in the novel by O. de Balzac "Gobsek" is the power of money over people. With millions, without a family, children, Gobsek leads an ascetic lifestyle. The old usurer needs money not as a means of acquisition, but as a way to exercise power over others.

A responsibility

The host of the TV show “Let the Talk” A. Malakhov pays much attention to the problem of parental responsibility for their children. So, in one of the programs, he voiced the story of the tragic death of a two-year-old baby. The girl froze to death due to the fault of her parents - drunkards, for the same reason a son hanged himself in another family. How can you call them parents after that ?!

The problem of responsibility was also reflected in Russian literature: in A. Platonov's story "Doubting Makar", in M. Bulgakov's stories "Heart of a Dog" and " Fatal eggs". A sense of responsibility for the monster, created as a result of the operation on a stray dog, makes Professor Preobrazhensky do everything to return Sharik to its previous state.

Senior Minnikhanov, father of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov, was a very responsible person, the real owner of the forest. To commemorate his merits, a monument was erected (the only one in Russia!), A song was composed.

"You are always responsible for everyone ..." - reminds us from the distant past and A. de Saint - Exupery in the story - fairy tale "The Little Prince". Do not forget this truth!

Surname

The name and surname of a person have always aroused genuine interest among writers and journalists. This is evidenced by the speaking surnames of Fonvizin, Griboyedov, the story "greatcoat" by Gogol, wonderful books by the author of this fragment, "The Word about Words", "You and your name". The heroine Astafieva (Agafya), having named her baby Agafya, believes that the old name preserves the memory of her grandmother, to whom the whole district bowed at her feet for intelligence and kindness. And in the story "Mister from San Francisco" Bunin does not mention either the name or surname of the protagonist, does not depict him inner world... According to Bunin, one who does not have an inner world cannot exist in the outer, real world. Why then does he need a name, a surname?

Feat

Rescuing the passengers of the trolleybus from the icy water, Shavarsh Karipetian risked his life. But the famous athlete was not thinking about personal well-being, for him it was more important not "130 won medals, but 20 saved lives." This is Bocharov's article in the Ogonyok magazine. Sergei, the hero of V. Titov's story "To Spite All Deaths", also risked his life saving workmates ... to his home, to his country, this is a feat.

Letter, alphabet

Journalists Kaznacheev, Kostomarov, translator N. Gal also reflect on the problem of the future of writing in their publicistic articles. If the former is concerned that it would not be necessary in the near future to state a fait accompli with the words of Tatiana Bek: "Goodbye, alphabet", then the latter share the position of the author of this text.

Time

Yes, today the time trouble is becoming universal. Publicistic articles by K. Paustovsky, V. Soloukhin, Zharikov and Kruzhelnitsky, in many mass media give advice on how to save time. It seems to me that they all boil down to one thing - only the rational use of time will allow a person to become the "master" of his day.

Makhonka, F. Abramov's favorite heroine, is just one of those rare people who have learned to overcome time. It can travel from one era to another ...

The whole of Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" is also filled with an understanding of the inexorably running time, starting with Lopakhin's first words "what time is it?"

Mother

"You can talk about mothers endlessly!" wrote M. Gorky, who lost his parental affection early on.

Katerina Ivanovna, the heroine of Paustovsky's story "Telegram", was going through a difficult emotional drama. She was still waiting for Nastya, her blood. She was afraid that she would die without caressing her, without stroking her blond hair of "charming beauty." She did not wait for her daughter. Only a dull tear that rolled down from under her closed eyelids testified to her inconsolable grief. Will Nastya be able to live with a clear conscience after that? Do not know. Probably not. After all, it was she who had to sit at her mother's bed, she had to take her on her last journey!

Noise

Recently I read sketches of the honored doctor Airapetov "Health, emotions, beauty", where there is a curious fact. A certain Kachalkin slept for 22 years without waking up. The well-known clever Pavlov, when there was silence in the city, approached the patient and whispered: "Get up!" What do you think? Kachalkin got up! It turns out that he could not withstand strong stimuli, any noise caused the activity of inhibitory structures. This mystery was solved by Pavlov.

Historical memory

He who has no memory has no life (V. Rasputin). Per last years Kazan is also changing its appearance, turning into a modern metropolis. But will the monuments of the past be preserved in the city? Unfortunately, the facts show that this is not always the case. A striking example of respect for the architecture of the early 20th century. The city of Troitsk is located. In the center of the city, old one-story merchant houses and modern high-rise buildings, where offices and supermarkets are located, are perfectly adjacent.

F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters" is a remarkable monument to long-suffering, persistent women who endured all the hardships of the war. V. Zakrutkin's wonderful story "The Human Mother" sounds like a hymn to motherly love that has conquered death. Having lost all the farmers, including the closest ones, her husband and son, Maria was left alone on the "incinerated, shredded, war-disfigured land." Nothing: no death, no fire, no wounds - could stop life on this earth. The heroine not only survived on her own, but also took under her protection the blockade children whom she found in the far field, moreover, she gave life to a new little man - her son. Only at the end, when a ray of hope appeared that children and animals were in good hands, Maria allowed herself to relax ...

Jealousy

It is she who becomes one of the reasons for the dissolution of marriage ties, moreover, the terrible tragedies that are often shown in the TV programs "Let them talk", "Federal Judge". A few years ago, a shocking news went around the whole village: our neighbor, accusing his wife of

treason, stabbed her eleven times and hid her corpse in the basement for three days. Our family suffers from this "constantly gnawing suspicion". The father, an honest and hardworking man, an excellent carpenter, becomes nervous if the mother is a little late at work. He will never learn to "rule himself", although he knows perfectly well that his mother is faithful to him.

We are convinced that jealousy is one of the human vices that destroys life, and reading the poem by Alexander Pushkin "The Gypsies". Jealous and angry Aleko, in a fit of anger, plunges a knife first into an opponent, then into Zemfira ...

War

About the inhumanity of the war and the story of Leo Tolstoy "Sevastopol in May (55)", in which there is a striking scene. An armistice has been declared. The soldiers of the warring parties are striving for each other. Meanwhile, a 10-year-old child, seeing the decapitated corpse, runs in horror ... Will the soldiers not hug like brothers? No, innocent blood is pouring again. As you can see, both Tolstoy and ____ paint the war as madness, which makes people doubt the minds.

Ecology

The problem of attitudes towards native land attracted the attention of V. Belov. The author writes about his childhood, about life in home where everything is familiar and familiar, where the trail "wagged his tail" along which he walked many - many times, where birches whisper in a special way, where the warmth of the earth is felt everywhere. Every word of the author is imbued with love, but pain is also felt in them, because flowering villages are being replaced by multi-storey boxes, and the whisper of grass drowns out the roar of a jet plane. The problem is that it is so difficult to accept these metamorphoses! So he asks

Today, people have a consumer attitude towards the environment. As a result, valuable tree species, rare species of birds and animals, including the Ussuriysk tigers, disappear from the face of the earth, the air is polluted, lakes and rivers dry up. Seeing the enormous damage done to the Earth, the writers could not remain indifferent. The relationship between man and nature became an object of thought for S. Zalygin, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, V. Belov. M. Alekseev, a laureate of the State Prize, also became a writer-intercessor for nature.

Honor

They teach to live by conscience in famous literary heroes. This is Pyotr Grinev, who piously fulfills his father's behest. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, walking a kind of path of honor. Honor is a sacred concept for the heroes of M. Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard". No matter how difficult it is, they do not give up their moral positions, although they pay dearly for the opportunity to remain noble people in a world gone mad.

Kazan resident Asgat Galimzyanov, who all his life transferred most of the family's income and transfers it to orphanages, for which, during his lifetime, a monument was erected to him on one of the streets of the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. I believe that it is on such people that the world rests, because for them the concept of honor is the main quality of the human soul.

Knowledge, limitation

Man, expanding the circle of his knowledge, thereby enlarges the world of the unidentified. No wonder the great Socrates said: "Now I know that I do not know anything, and many do not know this!"

Betrayal, friendship

It seems to me that the story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" Sotnikov and Rybak are sent on a responsible assignment is an excellent confirmation of the contradictory nature of human actions. Despite the obvious danger, Rybak does not abandon his partner, helps him to walk. And once captured, he begins to think only about how to survive. Rybak preferred life to a worthy death at the cost of betrayal.

May friendship, one of the most important values ​​in human life, not end in betrayal!

Talent

Talent is like a weapon, say, like an ax or a knife, or you can create, build a house, carve beautiful products, or kill. Take Shakespeare, for example. He was not afraid to portray dark sides human nature, but at the same time he never mixed good and evil, from reading his works there are always bright sensations, the belief that all good triumphs over evil. He never takes the highest for the lowest. And generally speaking real talent will never sing of evil.

Our talents have not died out either. Elina, a 1st year student of KSMU, won the Republican Chemistry Olympiad "The Future of Medicine". Since 2008 she has received a special award Charitable foundation Russian Standard She also won an award from Tatfontbank as part of the republican campaign “100 Talented Children of the Village”.

Faith in yourself

We recently listened to a cassette with a speech by the famous businessman Prishchepa. When his wife, sitting with the child, announced her desire to go to Hungary for a business seminar, a major scandal erupted in the family ... She came from Hungary transformed. The wife's first success inspired her skeptic husband, instilled in him confidence in himself. Having overcome fear, having gone through fire, the Prishchep couple have today achieved a diamond level and are sharing their work experience. Elena, who once did not know how to make a toast at the table, has become a business woman.

Life tests

HIV-infected Svetlana Izambayeva, having learned about her illness, did not whine, did not arrange hysterics. The courageous girl tried to tune in to recovery and a fulfilling life! Today, as the head of the "Mood" group, Svetlana provides assistance to women who have found themselves in difficult situations, from which it is difficult to get out on their own.

Recently, my brother, the person closest to me, became seriously ill. The illness turned him into a completely different person. He learned to love himself! The disease taught him to live, resting, and not to run headlong past life. She reminded him of the existence of a rich world of hue, color, taste, relationship, nature and feeling. She taught me to enjoy life here and now. The disease turned him to face itself. He understood a simple truth: how can you have compassion for another without learning to sympathize with yourself?

Dispute

An example of the highest polemical skill is the correspondence between Tsar Grozny and Prince Kurbsky. Bohr and Einstein had been arguing for 40 years.

My mom is a wise person. She personally deduced the rule of three "y" for herself: convince, yield, leave. In any controversial case, try to convince your opponent that you are right. If you cannot convince - give in, and suddenly he is right. If you do not want to give in, leave, further communication with him will not bring pleasure.

Book

Many writers only thanks to books "survived" in society and became great personalities. For example, I. Bunin, M. Gorky. The latter, proceeding from his own life, wrote: "Love the book, it will make your life easier, teach you to respect man and yourself, it inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for man." There are still people who love to read today. For example, a graduate of our school Azat loved books from childhood and devoted a lot of time to them. The result of such activities did not keep him waiting long: he entered Kazan State University and continues to study well. I try to take an example from him and in my free time I read books, especially interesting ones.

Revenge, forgiveness

Offended human dignity, cruelty can cause a response - revenge. What is revenge? This is a deliberate infliction of harm in order to repay an insult, an insult. But not everything is so simple, because revenge is the most complex and contradictory phenomenon in the life of society.

However, it should be noted that the problem of revenge is not only related to military events, and exists not only in the world of adults. Revenge or refusal to take revenge is a choice that each of us can face. In this regard, I recall Soloukhin's story "The Avenger". In the soul of a hero-storyteller there is a fight between the desire for revenge and the unwillingness to beat a gullible friend. As a result, he manages to break the vicious circle, and his soul becomes easy.

So, take revenge or refuse revenge. I think that a defeated, obeyed enemy should be forgiven, remembering that "to dry one tear is more valor than to shed a whole sea of ​​blood."

The weak never forgives. Forgiving is a property of the strong (M. Gandhi, Indian politician)

Writer. Writer's happiness

No two human worlds are absolutely alike. Each person experiences love, hatred, envy in his own way and interprets these concepts in different ways. It's the same story with the concept of happiness. Yes, writers, sharing their life experience, sufferings and hopes, teach readers how to live, warn against mistakes, instill hope in them ... Isn't this literary happiness ?! I think in this. And we, the readers, assimilating the grains of a happy soul, receive energy to fight for our own happiness. A. Green, dying of hunger, writes an extravaganza “ Scarlet Sails", Which still affirms dedication to a dream and a person's ability to work miracles with his own hands. The talented actor P. Luspekaev on two prostheses creates the most charming image of the merry fellow Vereshchagin, dashingly overcoming all obstacles in his path. These are examples of how dedication to the cause of life makes people happy despite all trials.

A computer

The computer is one of the most significant achievements of human thought. Its influence on the development of scientific and technological progress is difficult to assess. Computers are indispensable in banking, education, and law enforcement. And these are not all areas of application of computers. Sites in The world book a lot, anyone can place their information in it. But any information, I think, should take into account the mentality, the nationally determined system of values. Perhaps, on the website of politicians, the author saw a famous person in an uncomfortable position? Or a popular artist performing in a sauna? Or a violent crime? The question remains open. But I am sure that the Internet helps to comprehend the world. I myself often use it for educational purposes: in preparation for the exam, in conducting research.

Will virtual life become the future social norm? I think not, it won't. The fact is that the Russian people are suspicious of everything new, with apprehension. That was when photography appeared. They thought that photography would replace painting. One of the heroes of the feature film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" speaks from the 60s of the last century about the future, in which there will be one continuous television. As you can see, the forecasts did not come true. Photos and paintings, television and books exist side by side. I think only a few will live in several virtual worlds. I am sure: the majority, using the Internet resources wisely, will not leave the real world for the ghostly world.

TV

I am sure that television will never supplant the book, just as photography did not supplant the creations of great artists in its time. They will exist in parallel, complementing each other.

The role of the book in personal development is unique. I love to watch the intellectual show "Clever and Clever". The host Vyazemsky and the participants in the game evoke involuntary admiration in me. How much literature must be “shoveled” in order to quickly and accurately answer the questions posed! But the winner enters MGIMO without exams! "All good ... owe books" and participants in the game "What? Where? When?" - the spiritual elite of the country. This is my answer to those frivolous people who consider it unnecessary to read the book when you can watch the film adaptation.

The science

And among us there are people who have devoted their lives to research, studies in various fields of science. For example, our fellow countryman Nizamov Gimay collects archival materials about the history of the villages of Kukmor, their citizens, studies the way of life and traditions of the people who lived in this area. His work inspires me with respect and admiration. And the school has an astronomy circle, where students can use a telescope to observe the stars, look at the moon, and study the trajectory of satellites. In short, if you wish, the conditions are created to start your "small" research.

Intelligence

I think that anyone thinking man at least once thought about who should be considered a truly intelligent person. If you turn to the dictionary, you can read that an intellectual is a person who has a higher or secondary specialized education and works in the field of mental labor. However, DS Likhachev fundamentally disagrees with this definition. He believes that a truly intelligent person can be called a person who subtly feels the other and behaves in such a way that everyone around him is comfortable.

In whatever situation I find myself, I will try to behave intelligently! Intelligent in the understanding of Likhachev: not showing rudeness, gloating, envy, appreciating the other. This is what the text teaches.

Museum

Museum of the Stepanov family is a building specially built. There is a square in front of him. In the park Eternal Flame, next to the bust of the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Stepanov.

We go to the museum with flowers. To the museum of her family, Valentina Mikhailovna, what does she feel now?

Probably, this is the only such museum on earth, as this family is the only one, nine sons of which gave their lives for us. Here, surrounded by the Stepanovs, one cannot be fake. It would mean deceiving them, betraying the meaning of their life and death, it would mean that you live with different, secret feelings, but then why come here?

Young people

The future of any society depends on youth. From whether the young generation learns to independently solve their problems, whether they learn to act as a full-fledged subject of political relations. This socially significant problem is often raised in the media, including in this article. Today's Russian youth are pragmatic. At least a quarter of young people put forward career aspirations and the acquisition of wealth as their life credo. I think those who succumbed to "prizes", promotions, career advancements will not be able to be a reliable support of one or another political party. Nor can they be counted on in elections in which each party tries to get as many votes as possible.

Knowledge of the language

After reading Bitov's reflections, I realized that knowledge of languages ​​enriches spiritual world a person, broadens his horizons and raises his cultural level. It is impossible to fully understand another nation, its culture, way of life, traditions, without knowing its language. In general, knowledge of languages ​​was appreciated at all times and in all states, even in Ancient Egypt. The interpreters occupied a privileged position, ensured mutual understanding between different peoples and contributed to the development of trade. And in the 18th - 19th centuries, the study of foreign languages ​​became the privilege of the nobility. Knowledge of languages ​​will always be in demand, especially in our time, when you can freely cross the borders of states. Knowledge of other languages ​​will help you to successfully conduct your professional activities

Preparing arguments for the final essay 2018.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin raises the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of the actions of the protagonist. Eugene Onegin decided to take revenge on his friend Lensky, who persuaded him to come to the ball in honor of Tatiana's birth. Onegin did not like the gatherings of his village neighbors and yielded to the persuasions of a friend only because Lensky assured: there will be only their own. Onegin decided to take revenge on his comrade through the frivolous Olga. Lensky in love was furious when he saw his bride dancing with Onegin. He challenged a recent friend to a duel. Here Onegin could have shown generosity: talk to Lensky, explain the reason for his behavior, but the fear of being the subject of ridicule did not allow him to do this. Onegin accepted the challenge and killed his friend.

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"

In the work "Dubrovsky" A.S. Pushkin thinks about the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of two families: Troekurov and Dubrovsky. The conflict between the fathers began because of a stupid joke of one of Troyekurov's hounds and ended with the estate being taken from Dubrovsky in revenge for his pride. Dubrovsky's son decided to take revenge on his rich neighbor after his father's death. Having lost his home, Vladimir, together with his people, becomes a robber and robber. Only love for Masha Troekurova made him refuse revenge. He generously disappears from his native place, leaving everything as it is.

M.Yu.Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"

In "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" M.Yu. Lermontov spoke about cruel morals the times of Ivan the Terrible, when the power of the tsar's oprichniks was unlimited, so the outrage of the tsar's servants was common. The merchant Kalashnikov, in the work of Lermontov, decided to take revenge on Kiribeevich for the insult inflicted on his wife. This revenge is justified, since it is closely related to the manifestation of generosity, which is based on the desire to protect your family from shame and desecration. Only the tsar does not show the same magnanimity, and the execution of Kalashnikov becomes revenge for the merchant's victory in a fair battle with the guardsman Kiribeyevich. The people, however, consider Kalashnikov their hero.

N.V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"

Gogol's story deals with the nature of human revenge - the plot of the entire work is associated with this phenomenon. The sorcerer - the last descendant of Peter, who killed his brother and nephew, was born terribly ugly, it always seemed to him that they were laughing at him, in revenge he killed people, and on his conscience there are many atrocities. Peter, killed two people, and his descendant - innumerable... Evil grows and multiplies. Peter himself suffers underground, grows with the evil that his descendant does, and experiences terrible suffering. Ivan, who took revenge on his brother so terribly, also suffers, as he is forced to observe the consequences of his punishment. But it all started with brother's envy of brother: if Petro hadn't killed Ivan, nothing would have happened. Everyone would live and enjoy life, the sorcerer would be born a normal person and would not call the dead from their graves, causing them terrible suffering. But there was no generosity in the souls of the brothers, which is only one thing and is capable of forgiving neighbors and rejoicing in their happiness and success.

V.A.Zakrutkin "Human Mother"

The story of VA Zakrutkin "The Human Mother" can be called a hymn to the generosity of a Russian woman. This work tells the story of a woman from whom the war took away the most precious thing - her beloved people: her husband and son. The atrocities of the fascists are so inhuman that Maria, seeing the German, grabbed a pitchfork and was ready to kill the enemy in order to avenge all the evil that the Nazis had done to her. But the word "Mom" stopped her. The generosity of this woman is so boundless that she finds the strength in herself and to treat this warrior like a mother.

S. Aleksievich "Uwar is not a woman's face ... "

All the heroines of the book had to not only survive the war, but to participate in hostilities. Some were military, others were civilians, partisans.

The storytellers feel that the need to balance the male and female roles is a problem. They solve it as best they can. For example, they dream that their femininity and beauty will be preserved even in death. The warrior-commander of the sapper platoon tries to embroider in the dugout in the evening. They are happy when they manage to use the services of a hairdresser almost on the front line (story 6). The transition to a peaceful life, which was perceived as a return to the female role, is also not easy. For example, a participant in the war, even when the war is over, when meeting with a higher rank, just wants to be blamed.

The woman is responsible for the non-heroic. Women's testimonies allow us to see how enormous was during the war years the role of "non-heroic" kinds of activity, which we all so easily designate as "women's business". It is not only about what was happening in the rear, where the whole burden of maintaining the life of the country fell on the woman.

The women are taking care of the wounded. They bake bread, prepare food, wash soldiers' linen, fight insects, deliver letters to the front line (story 5). They feed the wounded heroes and defenders of the Fatherland, themselves suffering severely from hunger. In military hospitals, the expression "blood relationship" has become literal. Women falling from fatigue and hunger gave their blood to the wounded heroes, not counting themselves as heroes (story 4). They are wounded and killed. As a result of the path traveled, women change not only internally, but also externally, they cannot be the same (it is not for nothing that one of them does not recognize own mother). The return to the female role is extremely difficult and proceeds like an illness.

Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..."

They all wanted to live, but they died so that people could say: "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Quiet Dawns cannot be in tune with war, with death. They died, but they won, did not let a single fascist pass. We won because they selflessly loved the Motherland.

Zhenya Komelkova is one of the brightest, strongest and most courageous representatives of the female fighters shown in the story. Both the most comic and the most dramatic scenes are associated with Zhenya in the story. Her benevolence, optimism, cheerfulness, self-confidence, irreconcilable hatred of enemies involuntarily draw attention to her and cause admiration. To deceive the German saboteurs and force them to go a long way around the river, a small detachment of girls - fighters made a noise in the forest, pretending to be lumberjacks. Zhenya Komelkova performed a stunning scene of careless swimming in icy water in full view of the Germans, ten meters from the enemy machine guns. V last minutes life Zhenya called fire on herself, just to ward off the threat from the seriously wounded Rita and Fedot Vaskov. She believed in herself, and, leading the Germans away from Osyanina, never for a moment doubted that everything would end well.

And even when the first bullet struck in the side, she was simply surprised. After all, it was so stupidly absurd and improbable to die at the age of nineteen ...

Courage, composure, humanity, a high sense of duty to the Motherland distinguish the squad commander, junior sergeant Rita Osyanina. The author, considering the images of Rita and Fedot Vaskov central, already in the first chapters talks about past life Osyanina. School evening, acquaintance with the lieutenant - border guard Osyanin, lively correspondence, registry office. Then - the frontier post. Rita learned to bandage the wounded and shoot, ride a horse, throw grenades and protect herself from gases, the birth of a son, and then ... the war. And in the first days of the war, she was not at a loss - she saved other people's children, and soon found out that her husband had died at the outpost on the second day of the war in a counterattack.

They wanted to send her to the rear more than once, but each time she again appeared at the headquarters of the fortified area, finally, they took her as a nurse, and six months later they sent her to study at a tank anti-aircraft school.

Zhenya learned to hate enemies quietly and mercilessly. In position, she shot down a German balloon and an ejected spotter.

When Vaskov and the girls counted the Nazis emerging from the bushes - sixteen instead of the expected two, the foreman said to everyone at home: "It's bad, girls, it's business."

It was clear to him that they could not hold out for a long time against the teeth of their armed enemies, but here Rita's firm remark: "Well, watch them pass by?" - obviously, much strengthened Vaskova in the decision. Twice Osyanina rescued Vaskov, taking fire on herself, and now, having received a mortal wound and knowing the position of the wounded Vaskov, she does not want to be a burden to him, she understands how important it is to bring their common cause to the end, to detain the fascist saboteurs.

"Rita knew that the wound was mortal, that it would be long and difficult for her to die."

Sonya Gurvich - "translator", one of the girls of Vaskov's group, "city" piglet; thin as a spring rook. "

The author, talking about Sonya's past life, emphasizes her talent, love of poetry, theater. Boris Vasiliev Remembers ". The percentage of intelligent girls and students at the front was very large. Most often - freshmen. For them, the war was the most terrible ... Somewhere among them my Sonia Gurvich fought as well. "

And so, wanting to do something pleasant, like a senior, experienced and caring comrade, the foreman, Sonya rushes for a pouch, which he forgot on a stump in the forest, and dies from being hit by an enemy knife in the chest.

Galina Chetvertak - orphan, pupil orphanage, a dreamer, endowed by nature with a vivid imaginative fantasy. Thin, little "zamuhryshka" Galka did not fit the army standards either in height or age.

When after the death of his friend Galka ordered the foreman to put on her boots, “physically, to the point of faintness, she felt a knife penetrating the tissue, heard the crunch of torn flesh, felt the heavy smell of blood. And this gave rise to a dull, cast-iron horror ... ”And nearby enemies lurked, a mortal danger loomed.

“The reality that women faced in the war,” says the writer, “was much more difficult than anything they could think of at the most desperate time of their fantasies. The tragedy of Gali Chetvertak is about this. "

The machine gun struck shortly. With a dozen steps he hit the thin, tense back in the run, and Galya thrust her face into the ground with scatter, and did not remove her hands, twisted in horror from her head.

Everything froze in the clearing. "

Liza Brichkina died while on assignment. In a hurry to get to the crossing, to report on the changed situation, Lisa drowned in a swamp:

The heart of the hardened fighter, hero-patriot F. Vaskov overflows with pain, hatred and brightness, and this strengthens his strength, gives him the opportunity to withstand. A single feat - the defense of the Motherland - equalizes the sergeant major Vaskov and the five girls who "keep their front, their Russia" on the Sinyukhina ridge.

So another motive of the story arises: everyone on his own sector of the front must do the possible and the impossible to win, so that the dawns are quiet.