"A distinctive feature of the creativity of Tolstoy.

The classic of Russian literature Lion Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in a notable family of Nikolai Tolstoy and his wife Maria Nikolaevna. Father and the mother of the future writer were nobles and belonged to the revered births, so the family had a sidestearily lived in his own estate Casual Polyanalocated in the Tula region.

The childhood of Lion Tolstoy passed in the labor estate. In these places, he first saw the course of the working people, heard the abundance of old legends, parables, fairy tales, and his first attraction to literature appeared. Clear Polyana is a place in which the writer returned at all stages of his life, drawing wisdom, beauty, inspiration.

Despite the noble origin, the Tolstoy since childhood had to learn the bitterness of orphanhood, because the mother of the future writer died when the boy was only two years old. My father left not many later, when Lero turned seven years. The custody of the children first took her grandmother, and after her death - Aunt Boulage Yushkova, who took four children of the family of thick with him to Kazan.

Estimation

Six years of residence in Kazan have become informal years of growing up the writer, because at this time its nature is formed, the worldview. In 1844, Lion Tolstoy enters the Kazan University, first to the Eastern Department, then, not finding himself in the study of Arabic and turkish languages, Faculty of Law.

The writer did not show much interest in learning the right, but he understood the need to obtain a diploma. After passing the external exams, in 1847, Lev Nikolaevich receives the long-awaited document and returns to a clear polar, and then to Moscow, where he begins to engage in literary creativity.

Military service

Not having time to finish two conceived ages, in the spring of 1851 Tolstoy goes to the Caucasus together with his brother Nikolai and starts military service. Young writer participates in combat operations russian army, performs among the definitions Crimean Peninsula, relieves native land from Turkish and English-French troops. The years of service gave Lion to Tolstoy invaluable experience, the knowledge of the life of ordinary soldiers and citizens, their characters, heroism, aspirations.

The years of service are brightly reflected in the titles of the Tolstoy "Cossacks", "Haji Murat", as well as in the stories "demoted", "Riding Forest", "Rieble".

Literary and social activities

Returning to Petersburg in 1855, Lion Tolstoy was already known in literary circles. Remembering respectful attitude to the serfs in his father's house, the writer strongly supports the abolition of serfdom, clarifying this issue In the stories "Polykushka", "Morning landlord", etc.

In an effort to see the world, in 1857, Lev Nikolaevich goes on a journey abroad, visiting the countries western Europe. Having become familiarizing cultural traditions Peoples, Wizard Word fixes information in its memory, so that after making the most important points in your work.

Actively engaged in public activities, Tolstoy opens school in a clear glade. The writer in every way criticizes corporal punishments that were widely practiced at the time in educational institutions Europe and Russia. For the purpose of improvement educational system, Lev Nikolayevich produces a pedagogical journal under the name "Clear Polyana", and in the early 1970s it makes several textbooks for junior schoolchildren, among which "arithmetic", "ABC", "reading books". These developments were effectively used in teaching several other generations of children.

Personal life and creativity

In 1862, the writer tied his fate with the daughter of the doctor Andrei Bers Sofia. The young family settled in a clear clearing, where Sofia Andreevna diligently tried to provide an atmosphere for literary work husband. At this time, Lion Tolstoy is actively working on the creation of the epic "War and Peace", as well as displaying life in Russia after reform, Anna Karenina is written.

In the 1980s, Tolstoy moves with his family to Moscow, seeking to give education to its younger children. Watching a hungry life ordinary people, Lev Nikolayevich contributes to the opening of about 200 free tables for those in need. Also at this time, the writer publishes a number of current articles about hunger, vividly condemned the policies of the rulers.

By the period of literature of the 80-90s include: the story "Death of Ivan Ilyich", the drama "Power of Darkness", the comedy "Fruits of Enlightenment", Roman "Sunday". For a bright attitude against religion and autocracy of Lion Tolstoy take away from the church.

last years of life

In 1901 - 1902, the writer is seriously ill. With the aim of a speedy recovery, the doctor strongly recommends a trip to the Crimea, where Lion Tolstoy spends six months. Last journey Prosaika to Moscow was made in 1909.

Starting from 1881, the writer seeks to leave the clear clearing and retire, but remains, not wanting to hurt his wife and children. On October 28, 1910, Lion Tolstoy still decides to make a conscious step and live the rest of the years in a simple hut, refusing all the honors.

An unexpected disease on the road becomes an obstacle to the writer's plans and he spends their last seven days of life in the house of the station's head. Day of the death of an outstanding literary and public figure It became November 20, 1910.

A Russian writer and philosopher L.N. Tolstoy on September 9, 1828 in Casual Polyana, Tula province, a fourth child in a rich aristocratic family. Tolstoy's parents lost early, long-rage relative of T. A. Yergolskaya was engaged in his further education. In 1844 Tolstoy entered the Kazan University for separation eastern languages philosophical faculty, but because Classes did not cause him any interest, in 1847. Submit an application for dismissal from the university. At the age of 23, Tolstoy, together with the elder brother, Nikolai, went to the Caucasus, where he took part in the hostilities. These years of life of the writer were reflected in the autobiographical story of the "Cossacks" (1852-63), in the stories of the "raid" (1853), "Riding Forest" (1855), as well as in the late story "Haji Murat" (1896-1904, published In 1912). In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to write both the trilogy "childhood", "adolescence", "Youth".

During the Crimean War, went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war went to St. Petersburg and immediately entered a circle of "contemporary" (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was met as " The Great Hope of Russian Literature "(Nekrasov), published" Sevastopol stories ", in which his outstanding writer talent brightly reflected. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which was later disappointed ..

In the fall of 1856 Tolstoy, having resigned, decided to interrupt literary activities And to become a landowner landowner, went to a clear clearing, where he was engaged in educational work, opened school, created his own pedagogy system. This occupation is so fascinated that in 1860 he even went abroad in order to familiarize himself with the schools of Europe.

In September 1862, Tolstoy married an eighteen-year-old Daughter of the doctor Sophie Andreevna Bers and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to a clear clearing, where he was completely given family life And economic concerns, however, by the autumn, 1863 was captured by a new literary intent, as a result of the execution of which the fundamental work of the "War and Peace" appeared. B1873-1877. Created a novel "Anna Karenina". At the same years, the worldview of a writer, known as the "Topstone", is fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: "Confession", "What is my faith?", Crecera Sonata.

From all over the corners of Russia and the world, the writers of creativity of the writer, to whom they treated, as to the spiritual mentor. In 1899, Roman "Resurrection" was published.

The latest works of the writer were the stories "Father Sergius", "After Bala", " Posthumous notes Elder Fedor Kuzmich "and the drama" Living Corpse ".

In late autumn, 1910, at night, secretly from the family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied by only a personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left the clear clearing, in the road fell ill and was forced to get off the train on the small railway station Astapovo Ryazano-Ural railway. Here, in the house of the station's head, he spent the last seven days of his life. 7 (20) November Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died.

Love a book, she will make life easier for you, friendly help to figure out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, she will teach you to respect the person and himself, she wakes up the mind and heart with a sense of love for the world, to man.

Maxim Gorky.

Literary began in 1850 with moving to Moscow from the parental clear clearing. It was then that the writer began his first work - autobiographical story "Childhood" is a work of the Gypsy, which remained unfinished.
And in the same year the "History of yesterday" was written in the story - a story about experiences in one lived day.

In 1851, Tolstoy went to serve the UNCER into the Caucasus. This happened under the influence of one of the most authoritative for the young Lion Nikolayevich men - Brother Nikolai, who served as an artillers officer. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy added the story "Childhood" - his literary debut, which in 1852 was printed in the magazine "Contemporary". This story, together with the following "adolescence" and "adolescence", became part of the well-known autobiographical trilogy about the inner world of the child, a teenager and young men of Hirtienev.

In 1851-1853 Once a student, and now a beginner writer, participated in Crimean war. Army life and participation in hostilities left in the memory of the writer indelible impressions and provided a huge material for military stories 1852-1855: "Riding forest", "raid" and "Sevastopol stories".

It was first described here back side Wars - a complex life and experience of a person in war. Participation in the bloody war of the XIX century. and artistic experience gained in military stories of 1852-1855, the writer used in a decade in working on his main labor - novel "

Lion Tolstoy: The beginning of the way. Early prose

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9 of the new style) of 1828 in the manor of the Casual Polyana of the Tula province in one of the most noble Russian nobility families. "Graphs thick - ancient noble rodwho took place, on the leishes of the Rhodes, from her husband honest Indrich, who left "from the German, from the Cesar Lands" [from the Sacred Roman Empire, from Austria. - A. R.] in Chernigov in 1353, with two sons and with a squad of three thousand people; He was baptized, he received the name of Leonthia and was a hence of several noble surnames. His great-grandfather, Andrei Kharitonovich, who moved from Chernigov to Moscow and received from the led.<икого> kn.<язя> Vasily Dark Nicknamed Tolstoy, was a Tolstoy Tolstoy Border (in the Count Industry of the Tolsti Graph Lev Nikolayevich, it was listed from the indrisence of the Indiana in the 20th Knee) "(Biryukov P.I. Biography of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Ed. 3rd, copy. And add. M.; Pg., 1923. T. 1. P. 3.) On the mother line, Lev Nikolayevich belonged to the ancient kind of Princes Volkonsky. Belonging to the aristocracy will be throughout life to determine the behavior and thoughts of Tolstoy. In adolescence and in mature years He will reflect a lot about the special vocation of the old Russian nobility, which keeps the ideals of naturalness, personal honor, independence and freedom. ("Archaist" public, as well as literary position Tolstoy in the 1850s. B. M. Eikenbaum traced in detail: Eikenbaum B. M. Lev Tolstoy. L., 1928. KN. 1. 50s. P. 261-291).

Tolstoy very early, aged one and a half years lost Mother Maria Nikolaevna, a woman is very emotional and decisive. Father, Nikolai Ilyich, retired colonel, was distinguished by pride and independence in relations with government representatives. For a Tolstoy-child, his father was the embodiment of beauty, strength, passionate, gambling love for the joys of life. From him, Lev Nikolayevich inherited a passion for the poultry hunt. The beauty and excitement of hunting many years later, Tolstoy will express on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" in the description of the etching of the wolf by hounds of the old Graph Rostov.

In 1844, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the Kazan University. He studied non-systematic, missed lectures and as a result was not allowed to translate exams. Without receiving admission to the surrender exam in history, Tolstoy in 1845 passes to another faculty - legal. But at this faculty, they taught history, whose classes were boring and unpleasant. Tolstoy again begins to skip the lectures on history. He was even punished for passing classes: a negligible student was placed in the Cake. But he indulged with all the passion of secular passions and kits. His apparent tacity, dislike for history - not evidence of limitations. Somehow a tolstoy-student noticed in a conversation with the interlocutor: "History ... - This is nothing more than a collection of fables and useless little things, crossed out of unnecessary digits and own names ...". As if this phrase of Tolstoy is a manifestation of militant ignorance. It seems he sought only to shock his acquaintance. However, in fact, everything is much more complicated. In the sciences of young Tolstoy, he searched primarily practical meaning. He was not interested in knowledge that could not be applied in everyday life. And it is precisely such, "useless" is a thick story. A similar look at science is generally characteristic of many people. new eraForming in the 1840s. Not by chance, in the 1860s. Russian youth will survive the passion of "nihilism". "Nihilists" considered practical benefits main value modern culture And despised the abstract knowledge, not directly related to the everyday needs of people. Tolstoy did not love "Nihilism", first of all, he rejected the idea of \u200b\u200brevolution inherent in "nihilists". But he grew up in the same atmosphere of change, disappointment in old cultural values, as well as ideologues "Nihilism." Decanation of traditional historical Science A fat-student with a new force will manifest itself in the 1860s. In the novel "War and Peace".

In the years of study in Kazan University, Tolstoy reads the writings carefully french philosophers, especially the works of the thinker and writer XVIII century. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau saw in the achievements of civilization: in the development of sciences, technicians, arts - decay, destruction of the original simplicity, naturalness human life. The ideas of Rousseau strongly influenced the young Tolstoy.

Rousseau for Tolstoy is not only a subtle psychologist, but also a thinker whose ideas about the original good nature A person and about the corrupting influence of civilization, opposed unspoance "the natural state of the savage or versators remained the roads to Tolstoy throughout his life.

Another favorite writer Tolstoy was standal. Poetics of battle scenes in Tolstovsky works - from early caucasian story ("Raid", etc.) and the cycle on the defense of Sevastopol to the "war and the world" (a look at what is happening from the point of view of "nothing understanding the hero") - reminds the description of the Battle at Waterloo in the Roman of Standal "Parm Resident".

Already in the youthful diaries and in the early letters of a thickness, a living contradiction between attachment, passionate attachment to the "natural" life, the use of the completeness of being and the joys of the flesh, on the one hand, and moral rigorism, demanding, on the other. "Religion of the flesh" and "Religion of the Spirit" (expressions of D. S. Merezhkovsky - Merezhkovsky D. S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Life and creativity // Merezhkovsky D. S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Eternal satellites. M., 1995. P. 7-350) will be in the future two poles of Tolstovsky creativity. Tolstoy's path is largely the movement from one pole to another. But completely from the "Religion of the flesh" the writer did not even renounce last years Life.

On April 12, 1847, Tolstoy, disappointed in university education, filed a petition for exclusion from the university. He went to the Clear Polyana, hoping to try himself at the new field - to lands a life of his fortress peasants. Reality broke his ideas. The peasants did not understand the Barin, refused his council and help. Tolstoy for the first time acutely felt a huge, irresistible abyss, dividing him - landlord, Mr. and a simple people. Social and cultural obstacles between the formed estates and the people will become one of the constant those artistic prose and articles of Tolstoy. He will describe his first unsuccessful experience of the management, after several years in the story "Morning landlord" (1856), whose hero of non-good is endowed with the traits of the very thick.

Returning from the Casual Polyana, Tolstoy spends several years in St. Petersburg and in Moscow. It analyzes in detail his actions and experiences in the diaries, seeks to develop a program of behavior, achieve success in various sciences and spheres of life, in a career. From the self-analysis in the diaries of Tolstoy grows it artistic prose. Tolstoy in diaries 1847-1852. Carefully fixes various experiences and thoughts in their complex and contradictory clips. He coldly analyzes the manifestation of selfish sentiments in high and clean feelings, traces the movement, flowing one emotional state to another. Observations on oneself alternate with the descriptions of appearance, gestures and the nature of acquaintances, with reflections on how to create literary work. Tolstoy focuses on the experience of psychological analysis of writers of the XVIII century. Lorenz Sterna and Rousseau, assimilate the techniques of disclosure of experiences in the Roman M. Yu. Lermontov "Hero of our time". In March 1851, Tolstoy writes the "story of yesterday" - an excerpt in which it describes in detail its feelings. It's not just diary recording, and an artistic work.

In April 1851 he rides in the Caucasus and in January 1852 enters the military service in artillery. In the Caucasus there was a war between Russian troops and Chechens. Tolstoy participates in battles and works on the story "Childhood". An abatisfied story, he recycled her text four times. In July 1852, she was sent to the St. Petersburg magazine "Contemporary" to its editor poet N. A. Nekrasov. Nekrasov highly appreciated the talent of the author. "Childhood" was printed under the title "History of My Childhood" (this name belonged to Nekrasov) in the 9th issue of the "Contemporary" for 1852 and brought Tolstoy big success And the glory of one of the most talented Russian writers. Two years later, also in the 9th issue of the "Contemporary" there is a continuation - a story "adolescence", and in the 1st issue for 1857 the story "Youth" was published, which completed the story about Nicolae Irtenyev - Hero "Childhood" and "Defense ".

Three tasty tale - not a consistent history of the upbringing and adults of the main character and narrator, Nikolenika Irtenyev. This is a description of a number of episodes of his life. B. M. Eikenbaum drew attention to the fact that the events described in the story are stacked in two days, and there is a large period of time between these days (Eikenbaum B. M. Young Tolstoy // Eikenbaum B. M. On literature. M. , 1987. P. 75-77). The fact that the surrounding seems small, unworthy of attention and the fact that for others is the valid events of the life of Nikole, in the consciousness of the hero 'consciousness, the children occupy an equal place. Tolstoy carefully fixes the contradictory, opposite feelings of the hero. Immediate soul Movements Nikoletsi Irtenyev are combined with removable self-analysis, with observations over their own experiences. In the "childhood", Tolstoy opens up the multi-layerness of consciousness, in which opposite feelings, aspirations and thoughts are fighting, sincerity is adjacent to the features of some admissions, and sometimes preferably (the peculiarities of the Tolstovsky psychologist traced in detail L. Ya. Ginzburg. - Ginzburg L. Ya. About psychological prose. Ed. 3rd M., 1999. P. 267-293, 301-334, 372-394).

The image of the senses of the hero in the "childhood", "adolescence" and "youth" reminds the analysis of its own experiences in the Tolstoy diaries. Signed in diaries and embodied in these three poses inner world Characters will move into the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and in many other later works of Tolstoy.

At one time, with work on the "childhood", from May to December 1852, Tolstoy writes the story "Rug" about one of the small episodes of the war in the Caucasus. Later, in his impressions from military events in the Caucasus, Tolstoy creates two more stories - "Riding Forests" and "How Russian Soldiers die" (the first version of this story was called "anxiety"). In these stories, the topic is first pronounced, which will be now unchanged, constant for Tolstoy. This topic: simplicity, naturalness as the highest value of true human life. "Always humid, and the older, the more, I appreciate one quality<...> Above all - simplicity, "wrote Tolstoy in 1872. In the" Caucasian "stories, Tolstoy contrasted its landed image of hostilities, confusion of battle and senseless deaths romantic, poetic description Battle as a majestic spectacle. To the Tolstoy in Russian literature, it was the romanticized perception of war and a military feat. That is how A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, writer, whose works in the 1830s of the 1840s, depicted the battles in the Caucasus. We used great glory. Simple, "everyday" image of the war in the stories of Tolstoy oppositely the romance of battles and the feat. It resembles a description of one of the battles of the Caucasian War in the poem of M. Yu. Lermontov "Valerik". Genuine heroism in the image of thick deprived of any romantic theatricality, artificiality. True hero Never thinks that makes a feat. He is alien to the thirst for glory. The calm acceptance of his own death for a thick - the feature of a truly wise and worthy person.

The topic of simplicity and naturalness as the highest value of life and dispute with the "parade", beautiful image Tolstoy wars continued to the essays "Sevastopol in December" (1855), "Sevastopol in May" (1855) and "Sevastopol in August 1855" (1856). Essays described the episodes of the heroic defense of Sevastopol from the English-French troops in 1855. Tolstoy himself participated in the defense of Sevastopol and spent many days and nights at the most dangerous place - on the fourth bastion, who mercilessly fired enemy artillery. Sevastopol stories Tolstoy - this is not a panoramic description of the entire multi-month gigantic battle for the city, but sketches of several days from the life of his defenders. It is in detail: in the image of everyday life soldiers, sailors, sisters of mercy, officers, citizens - Tolstoy is looking for the true truth of the war.

Key motif sevastopol stories - Unnaturalness and madness of war. Tolstoy shows the war with a third-party, "used" look. In the sketch "Sevastopol in December" Tolstoy describes not beautiful correctness of the battle, but the terrible scenes of suffering were wounded in the hospital. The writer uses the addition of contrast, sharply facing the world of living and beautiful nature with the world of dead victims of the war. He describes a child collecting wildflowers between decompanying corpses and touching the leg elongated hand Headless dead man. Tolstoy acts as an accuser to people who violate the covenants of God, in self-sucking and in the frenzy of the blood of each other. Sevastopol stories Tolstoy - grain of the future novel "War and Peace".

From the autumn of 1859, Tolstoy opens school in the Casual Polyana for peasant children. He was engaged in the children of history, gave them themes for writings. In 1862, the school was closed after a police search. The reason for the search was suspicious of the authorities that students who taught in the Yasopolyan school were engaged in anti-government activities. The conclusions from their activities in the Yasopolyan school the writer formulated in an article with the "scandalous" name: "Who has anyone to study, with the peasant guys or we have peasant guys?" According to the thoughts of Tolstoy, folk art And culture is not lower, but rather above the culture and art recognized in the educated society. Peasant children keep spiritual purity and naturalness lost in formed estates. Their training of the values \u200b\u200bof "high" culture believes Tolstoy, hardly necessary. On the contrary, the writer himself, dealing with them, found himself as a teacher, but a student.

September 24 (old style) of 1862 Tolstoy marriage with the daughter of the Moscow doctor Sofia Andreevna Bers. September 25 Tolstoy writes in the diary: "incredible happiness". Mutual misunderstanding, severe quarrels, alienation from each other - all this is still in the distant future.

In 1863, Tolstoy prints the story of "Cossacks", to work on which he began in the mid-1850s. The story, like many other works of Tolstoy, autobiographical. It is based on the Caucasian memories of the writer, first of all - His story unrequited love To the Cossack who lived in the Stargland village. Tolstoy elects traditional for romantic literature The plot: the love of the cooled, disappointed by the life of the hero-fugitive from the puzzled world of civilization to the "natural" and passionate heroine. At this plot were written poems A. S. Pushkin " Prisoner of the Caucasus"And" Gypsy ". "Gypsy" Tolstoy reread, working on the "Cossacks". But Tolstoy gives this plot perfectly new meaning. Dmitry Olenin's young nobleman only looks like romantic hero: His fatigue from the life of the shallow. It stretches to K. natural simplicity, the spontaneous life of the Cossacks, but remains alien to them. Interests, upbringing, social status Olenina gave him from the residents of the Cossack Stanitsa. Olenin greedily absorbs simple and wise thoughts old Cossack, hunter and former thief Uncle Eroshki: happiness, meaning of life - in ecstasy by all its joys, in carnal pleasures. But he will never be able to become so simple, carefree, kind and evil, clean and cynical at the same time, like Uncle Eroska.

Lion's life and creativity Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy (09.09.1828 - 11/20/1910). September morning in a large noble family, in the manor of the Casual Polyana Tula province born a fourth child. Called him left. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, had a brilliant education, a tendency to reflection, sensitivity to art. When the boy turned two years old, she died. By the maternal line, Tolstoy belonged to the nature of the princes of Bolkonsky related relatives with princes of Trubeta, Golitsyn, Odoyevskiy, Lykov and other noble families. By Mother Tolstoy was a relative A. S. Pushkin. Father Tolstoy, was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, had a good-natured-mocking character, loved to read and hunt. When Tolstoy was the ninth year, the father first took him to Moscow, the impressions of the meeting with which was vividly transferred to the future writer in the children's essay "Kremlin". Moscow here is called "the greatest and crowded city of Europe", whose walls "saw shame and defeat the invincible regiments of Napoleonic." Father died in 1837 and Tolstoy orphaned, losing her father now. The rapidity of T. A. Yergolskaya, having a huge impact On Tolstoy: "She taught me spiritual pleasure of love." - he said. Children's memories have always remained for the thick of the most joyful. The first period of the Moscow life of the young Tolstoy continued less than four years. With a sister and three brothers, the young Tolstoy moves to Kazan. Here I lived one of the father's sisters, which became their guardian. When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, in the house of P. I. Yushkova. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy two and a half years have prepared for admission to the university, where he studied from 1844 first on the east and then at the Faculty of Law. Studied Turkish I. tatar languages Professor Kazzembek. In mature hours of life, the writer freely owned English, French and german languages. I read in Italian, Polish, Czech and Serbian. He knew Greek, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Church Slavonic. He studied Hebrew, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and other languages. There he studied incomplete two years. Claims on government programs and textbooks are a thick - student. He is carried away independent work above the historical theme and, leaving the university in 1847, submitting a petition for dismissal from the university "on upset health and home circumstances", Tolstoy went to a clear pool with a solid intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass externally), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, story, geographical statistics, write the dissertation and achieve high degree Perfections in music and painting. After the summer in the village, disappointed with an unsuccessful business experience in the fall of 1847, Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to keep candidate exams at the university. The image of his life during this period often changed: he was preparing for days and passed the exams, he was passionately given to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of entering a junker to the Connogvardeysky regiment. Religious moods that have reached asceticism alternated with couments, cards, rides to the gypsies. In the family, he was considered "the most trivial small", and the debts made then, he managed to give only many years later. However, these years are painted with tens of self-analysis and the struggle with them, which is reflected in the diary, which Tolstoy led throughout life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write, and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 began his writing activities: An unfinished story of the Gypsy life (the manuscript is not preserved) and the description of one of the day lived ("Story yesterday"). Then the story "Childhood" was started. Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an officer-artillery, served in acting Army. Entering the army by Junker, later he passed the exam for the junior officer rank. The impression of the writer from the Caucasian War was reflected in the stories of the "raid" (1853), "Riding Forest" (1855), "demoted" (1856), in the story of "Cossacks" (1852--1863). In the Caucasus, the story "Childhood" was completed, in 1852 printed in the magazine "Contemporary". In 1851, the elder brother Nikolai, persuaded Tolstoy to go together in the Caucasus. Almost three years Tolstoy lived in cossack Stanitsa On the banks of the Terek, leaving in Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (first voluntarily, then was adopted by the service). Caucasian nature and patriarchal simplicity of the Cossack life, striking the thick in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person of the educated society, gave material for the autobiographical story "Cossacks" (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were reflected in the stories of the "raid" (1853), "Riding Forest" (1855), as well as in the late story "Haji Murat" (1896-1904, published in 1912). Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote down in the diary, which loved this "the edge of the wild, in which the two opposite things of the war and freedom are poetically connected. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the magazine "Contemporary", not a discontinuity of his name (printed in 1852 under the initials of L.N.; along with the later leaders "adolescence", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855 -57, amounted to autobiographical trilogy). The literary debut immediately brought the real recognition to Tolstoy. In 1854, Tolstoy received an appointment to the Danube Army, in Bucharest, which acted against the Turks. A boring staff soon forced him to translate into Sevastopol, besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey. Commander the battery on the 4th bastion, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of Anna and medals "for the protection of Sevastopol" and "in memory of the war 1853--1856." Not once, Tolstoy was represented by the award of the battle Georgievsky cross, but he never received "Georgy". In Crimea, Tolstoy captured new impressions and literary plans (I was going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began to write a cycle of "Sevastopol stories", soon printed and had a huge success (Essay "Sevastopol in December" read even Alexander II). The first works of Tolstoy struck literary critics The courage of psychological analysis and the unfolded picture of the "Dialectics of the Soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky). Some ideas that appeared during these years allow you to guess in the young artillery officer of the late Tolstoy-preacher: he dreamed of "foundation new religion"" Religions of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, religion practical. "In the army, Tolstoy writes a number of projects - about re-forming the artillery batteries and the creation of agriculture armed battalions, about re-forming the entire Russian army. Together with the group of officers of the Crimean army, Tolstoy intended. Issue the magazine "Soldier's Bulletin" ("Military Listka"), but his edition was not allowed by the emperor Nikolai I. In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle "" Contemporary "", in which N. A. Nekrasov , I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc., where he was met as "the great hope of Russian literature." Tolstoy took part in the establishment of the literary fund and there turned out to be involved in the disputes and conflicts of writers, However, he felt a stranger in this environment, as described in detail later in the "confession" (1879-82): "People of these were conveyed to me, and I myself apologized." In the fall, 1856 Tolstoy, having retired, went to a clear pool. And soon went to a half-year passage trip (1857), visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story of "Lucerne"), returned to Moscow in the fall, then into a clear clearing. In 1859, Tolstoy opened school in a clear Polyana for peasant children, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages. To direct their activities on the faithful, from his point of view, the path, he published the pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana" (1862). In order to examine the formulation of school in foreign countries The writer in 1860 recently set off abroad to meet the schools of Europe. Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he had often seen with A. I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which mostly did not satisfy the writer. Tolstoy's own ideas outlined in special articles, proving that the basis of learning should be "freedom of a student" and the refusal of violence in teaching. After the manifest, 1861 Tolstoy came into the number of world mediators of the first call, striving to help the peasants to solve their disputes with landowners about the Earth. In the early 1860s. For decades, the order of life of thick, his life is established. In 1862, he married the daughter of the Moscow doctor Sophier Andreevna Bers and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to a clear glade, where he was completely given to family life and economic concerns. In 1862, Pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana" with books for reading as an application, which has been in Russia the same classic samples Children's I. folk literature, as well as compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and "New Alphabet". In the same year, in the absence of Tolstoy in the clear Polyana, a search was carried out (they were looking for a secret printing house), which the writer allegedly started after communicating in London with A. I. Herzenom. Tolstoy had to close the school and stop the publication of the pedagogical magazine. In total, his peru belongs to eleven articles about school and pedagogy ("On folk education", "Education and education", " public activities In the field of public education "and others). In them, he described in detail the experience of his work with students (" Yasopolyansk school for November and December "," On the methods of learning a diploma "," who has to study, with the peasant guys with us or us In the peasant guys "). Tolstoy-teacher demanded rapprochement of school with life, sought to put her to the service requests of the people, and to do this intensify the processes of learning and education, develop creative skills Children. However, already at the beginning creative path Tolstoy becomes an superior writer. One of the first works of the writer were the story of "childhood", "adolescence" and "youth", "youth" (which, however, was not written). According to the author, they had to make a novel "Four Epochs of Development", but since the autumn of 1863 he was captured by a new literary intent, which for a long time was called "a thousand eight hundred and fifth year." The time of creating a novel was a period of mental lifting, family happiness and calm secluded labor. Tolstoy read the memories and correspondence of people of the Alexandrovsk era (including the materials of Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in the archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, went to the Borodino field, moving in work slowly, through many editors (in copying the manuscript, his wife helped him, refuting The most joke of friends that she is still so young, as if he plays in the dolls), and only in early 1865 printed the first part of the "war and the world" in the Russian Herald. The novel was read by himself, caused a lot of responses, struck by a combination of a wide epic web with a subtle psychological analysis, with a living picture private life, organically inscribed in history. Hot spores provoked subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history. They sounded reproaches that the writer "transmitted" to people of the beginning of the century intelligent requests for their era: the idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel about Patriotic War Indeed, there was a response to the problems that worried the Russian Poremor Society. Tolstoy himself described his idea as an attempt to "write the history of the people" and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature ("It's not suitable for any form, nor a novel, nor a story, no poem, no story"). The writer is working on the novel "War and Peace" (1863--1869). After completing the "War and Peace", Tolstoy for several years studied Materials about Peter I and his time. However, by writing several chapters of the "Petrovsky" Roman, Tolstoy abandoned his plan. In the early 1870s. The writer again carried away the pedagogy. He put a lot of work in the creation of "ABC", and then "new alphabet". Then they were composed of "reading books," where he included many of his stories. In the spring of 1873, Tolstoy began and four years later finished work on a big novel about modernity, calling him by name main heroine - "Anna Karenina". Spiritual crisis, experienced by Tolstoy in the late 1870 - early 1880, ended with a fracture in his worldview. In the "confession" (1879--1882), the writer speaks of a coup in his eyes, the meaning of which he saw in the gap with the ideology of the nobility class and the transition to the side of the "simple labor nation". In early 1880 Tolstoy moved with his family from a clear glade to Moscow, taking care of making education to its growing children. In 1882, a census of the Moscow population was held, in which the writer took part. He closely saw inhabitants of urban slums and described them scary life In the article about the census and in the treatise "So what do we do?" (1882--1886). In them, the writer made the main conclusion: "... so can not live, it is impossible to live like that, it is impossible!". "Confession" and "So what do we do?" They were works in which Tolstoy performed simultaneously both as an artist and as a publicist as a deep psychologist and a bold sociologist analyst. Later, this kind of product - by the genre of journalistic, but includes art scenes And the pictures saturated with elements of the imagery - will take a large place in his work. In these and subsequent years, Tolstoy also writes religious and philosophical writings: "Criticism of dogmatic theology", "What is my faith?", "Connection, translation and study of the four Gospels", "God's kingdom inside you." In them, the writer not only showed a change in his religious and moral views, but also critical revision of the main dogmas and the principles of the teachings of the official church. In mid-1880 Tolstoy and his like-minded people created a publishing house "Intermediary" in Moscow, which has been typing for the people of the book and paintings. The first of the works of Tolstoy, printed for the "simple" people, was the story "than people alive." In it, as in many other works of this cycle, the writer widely used not only folklore plots, but also expressive means oral creativity. FROM folk stories Tolstoy is thematically and stylistically connected by his plays for folk theaters and, most of all, the drama "power of darkness" (1886), in which the tragedy of the poreframe village is captured, where in the "power of money" collapsed age-old patriarchal orders. In 1880 The story of the fat "death of Ivan Ilyich" and "Holtomer" ("Horse History"), "Creichars Sonata" (1887--1889). In it, as well as in the story "The Devil" (1889--1890) and the story "Father Sergius" (1890--1898) are given the problems of love and marriage, the purity of family relations. Based on social and psychological contrast, a tale of a thick "owner and an employee" (1895), connected stylistic with the cycle of his folk stories, written in the 80s. Five years earlier, Tolstoy wrote for the "home performance" comedy "Fruits of Enlightenment". It also shows the "hosts" and "workers": living in the city of noblemen-landowners and who came from the hungry village, deprived of the lands of the peasants. The images of the first are given Satirically, the second the author portrays as people intelligent and positive, but in some scenes and their "gives" in the ironic light. All these works of the writer are combined by the thought of inevitable and close in time "the interchange" social contradictions, On the replacement of the outstanding public "order". "What will be the magazine, I do not know," wrote Tolstoy in 1892. - But that the case comes to her and that it is not possible to continue in such forms, "I'm sure." I imagining this idea the largest work Total creativity "late" Tolstoy - Roman "Resurrection" (1889--1899). Less than ten years are separated by "Anna Karenina" from "War and Peace". "Resurrection" is separated from the "Anna Karenina" by two decades. And although much distinguishes the third novel from the two previous ones, they are combined by a truly epic scope in the image of life, the ability to "match" in the narration of individual human fate With fate folk. Tolstoy himself pointed to unity, existing between his novels: he said that "Sunday" is written in the "old manner", having, first of all, in mind the epic "manner", in which "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina were written ". "Resurrection" became the last romance In the work of the writer. At the beginning of 1900 Holy Synod Tolstoy was excommunicated him from the Orthodox Church. IN last decade Life writer worked on the story "Haji Murat" (1896-- 1904), in which she sought to compare "two poles of power absolutism" - European, personified by Nicholas I, and Asian, personified Shamil. At the same time, Tolstoy creates one of his best plays - "live corpse". Her hero - good soul, Soft, conscientious Fedya Protasov leaves the family, tears a relationship with the medium familiar to him, falls on the "bottom" and in the courthouse, without making a lie, pretending, the Pharisees of the "Comperative" people, shooting the pistol with life with life. Acutely sounded written in 1908. The article "Can't be silent", in which he protested against repression over the participants of the events of 1905-1907. By the same period include the stories of the writer "After Bala", "for what?". Stretching life in a clear glade, thicker was about once and did not decrease to leave it for a long time. But it was no longer able to live on the principle of "together - apart" on the night of October 28 (November 10) secretly left the clear clearing. On the way, he fell ill with inflammation of the lungs and was forced to stop at the small station Astapovo (now Lion Tolstoy), where he died. November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in a clear glade, in the forest, on the edge of the ravine, where in childhood he was looking for a "green wand" with his brother, which stored "secret", how to make all the people happy. Russian writers. Bibliographic dictionary. T2. M., Enlightenment. 1990. p.295