Pogorelsky works. Tales of antony pogorelsky

Anthony Pogorelsky (1787–1836)
Russian writer, prose writer, statesman. One of the first Russian writers turned to the genre of science fiction.

Real name - Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky. The exact date of birth has not been established. Came from a very famous family. The illegitimate son of Count Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky, brother of statesmen of the Counts Perovsky, uncle of A. K. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers. He spent his childhood in the Razumovsky estate in Ukraine, where he received his primary education. In 1805 he entered Moscow University, which he graduated two years later with a doctorate in philosophy and verbal sciences.

From childhood he had the ability to write and was familiar with many famous writers of that time (Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Turgenev), but he saw his purpose in public service. From 1808 to 1812 he served in various positions in the provinces and St. Petersburg. When the Patriotic War of 1812 began, Pogorelsky, against the will of his father, left the post of secretary to the Minister of Finance and went into the army. He served in the third Ukrainian Cossack regiment, took part in partisan actions and major battles (near Leipzig and at Kulm). Until 1816 he served in the allied-occupied Saxony as adjutant of the prince. N. G. Repnina. Here Pogorelsky got acquainted with the work of Hoffmann, which had a significant influence on him.

In 1816, Pogorelsky left the army and returned to St. Petersburg where he continued his civil service. At this time, the circle of his literary acquaintances expanded significantly, Pogorelsky entered the Arzamas community, met Pushkin. In particular, Pogorelsky actively defended the Pushkin poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" from criticism. In addition, Pogorelsky becomes the educator of his nephew A.K. Tolstoy, whose mother (Pogorelsky's sister) left her husband shortly after the birth of her son. In 1822, the writer's father died and Pogorelsky inherited the Pogoreltsy estate in Ukraine, in which he lived for a long time and from whose name he took a pseudonym. Under this pseudonym, in 1825, the first significant artistic work of Pogorelsky was published - the story "Lafertovskaya poppy seed", highly appreciated by Pushkin, and then the collection "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia" (1828). The children's fantastic story "The Black Hen" belongs to 1829, and from 1830 the publication of the largest work of Pogorelsky - the novel "Monastyrka", began. All of Pogorelsky's works turned out to be innovative for their time and caused extensive discussions. In 1830, Pogorelsky finally resigned. The writer lived on his estate Pogoreltsy (although he traveled a lot in Europe and Russia), devoting a lot of time to raising his nephew. Pogorelsky died of tuberculosis on the way to Nice to the place of his treatment.

The tale called "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" was written by the Russian writer A. Pogorelsky in 1829. But the work has not lost its relevance today. The tale will be of interest to many schoolchildren, and for some it can serve as a real source of life wisdom.

How the book was created

Many schoolchildren liked the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground People". Readers have the most positive reviews of this book. However, not everyone knows for what purpose the fairy tale was originally created. This work was a gift to A. Tolstoy, to whom Pogorelsky replaced his father. Alexey Tolstoy was a relative of paternal line of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy... It is known that over time, Alexei Nikolaevich also became a popular writer and even contributed to the creation of the famous image of Kozma Prutkov.

However, this awaited him only in the future, but so far the lad was giving Pogorelsky a lot of difficulties due to the fact that he did not want to study. That is why Pogorelsky decided to compose a fairy tale that would encourage his pupil to work in his studies. Over time, the book gained more and more popularity, and already every student could write his own review about it. The Black Chicken, or Underground Dwellers has become a classic for every student. Perhaps fans of the fairy tale will be interested to know that the surname Pogorelsky is actually a pseudonym. In fact, the name of the writer was Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky.

The main character of the fairy tale, scene of action

The main character of "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" is the boy Alyosha. The tale begins with a story about the protagonist. The boy studies in a private boarding school and often suffers from his loneliness. He is tormented by longing for his parents, who, having paid the money for their education, live with their worries far from St. Petersburg. Alyosha replaces emptiness in his soul and communication with close people. The child's fantasy transports him to distant lands, where he imagines himself a valiant knight. Other children are taken by parents on weekends and holidays. But for Alyosha, books remain the only joy. The scene of the fairy tale, as indicated, is a small private boarding house in St. Petersburg, where parents send their children to study. Having paid money for the education of his child for several years in advance, they, in fact, disappear from his life completely.

The beginning of the story

The main characters of "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" are the boy Alyosha and Chernushka, the character whom Alyosha meets in the poultry yard. It is there that the boy spends a significant part of his free time. He really enjoys watching how birds live. In particular, he liked Chernushka chicken. It seems to Alyosha that Chernushka is silently trying to tell him something and has a meaningful look. Once Alyosha wakes up from the screams of Chernushka and saves the chicken from the hands of the cook. And by this act, the boy discovers an unusual, fairy-tale world for himself. This is how Anthony Pogorelsky's magical tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" begins.

Introducing the Underworld

At night Chernushka comes to the boy and starts talking to him in a human voice. Alyosha was very surprised, but decided to follow Chernushka into the magical underground world in which little people live. The king of this unusual people offers Alyosha any reward for the fact that he was able to save their minister, Chernushka, from death. But Alyosha could not invent anything better than to ask the king for a magical ability - to be able to answer correctly in any lesson, even without preparation. The king of underground inhabitants did not like this idea, because it spoke of Alyosha's laziness and negligence.

The lazy student's dream

However, a word is a word, and he had to fulfill his promise. Alyosha received a special hemp seed, which he had to always carry with him in order to answer his homework. At parting, Alyosha was ordered not to tell anyone about what he saw in the underworld. Otherwise, its inhabitants will have to leave their places in order to leave forever, and begin to equip their lives in unknown lands. Alyosha vowed that he would not break this promise.

Since then, the hero of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" has become the best student in all of St. Petersburg. He is embarrassed at first as his teachers praise him. completely undeserved... But soon Alyosha himself begins to believe that he is the chosen and exclusive. He begins to be proud, often plays naughty. His character is getting worse and worse. Alyosha becomes more and more lazy, becomes angry, shows insolence.

Development of the plot

It is not enough to familiarize yourself with the summary of The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers. This book is definitely worth reading, because it contains many useful ideas, and its plot will be interesting to everyone. The teacher tries not to praise Alyosha anymore, but, on the contrary, seeks to reason. And asks him to memorize as many as 20 pages of text. However, Alyosha loses a magic seed, and therefore can no longer answer the lesson. He is locked in the bedroom until he completes the teacher's assignment. But his lazy memory can no longer do this job... At night, Chernushka reappears and returns him a precious gift from the underground king. Nigella also asks him to correct himself and once again reminds him that one should be silent about the magic kingdom. Alyosha promises to do both.

The next day, the protagonist of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" Anthony Pogorelsky brilliantly answers the lesson. But instead of praising his student, the teacher begins to pester him when he has managed to learn the set. If Alyosha does not tell everything, he will be whipped. Out of fear, Alyosha forgot about all his promises and told about his acquaintance with the kingdom of underground inhabitants, their king and Chernushka. But no one believed him, and still he was punished. Already at this stage, you can understand the main idea of ​​the "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants". Alyosha betrayed his friends, but the main vice that caused all his troubles was banal laziness.

The end of the story

The inhabitants of the underworld had to leave their homes, the minister Chernushka was shackled, and the magic seed disappeared forever. Because of a painful feeling of guilt, Alyosha fell ill with a fever and did not get out of bed for six weeks. After recovery, the main character becomes obedient and kind again. His relationship with his teacher and companions becomes the same as before. Alyosha becomes a diligent student, although not the best. This is the ending of the tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants."

The main ideas of the tale

Chernushka gives Alyosha a lot of advice with which he could save himself, not become angry and lazy. The Minister of the Underworld warns him that it is not so easy to get rid of vices - after all, vices "enter the door and leave through a crack." It is worth noting that Chernushka's advice coincides with the conclusions made by Alyosha's school teacher. Labor, according to both the teacher, and the Black Hen is the basis of morality and inner beauty of any person. Idleness, on the other hand, only corrupts - reminds Pogorelsky in the work "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers". The main idea of ​​the magic story is that there is good in every person, but in order for it to manifest itself, you need to make efforts, try to cultivate and manifest it. No other way. If this is not done, trouble can fall not only on the person himself, but also on those close and dear to him people who are next to him.

Lessons from the story

Pogorelsky's tale is interesting not only for its magical plot, but also for the morality that Pogorelsky tried to convey to his pupil. Very little of the writer's literary heritage remains, and that is why it is worth listening to the ideas that can be found in the works that have come down to our times. What does The Black Hen or Underground People teach, and who will benefit from these lessons? They will be useful to every student, regardless of their academic performance. After all, they teach everyone to be better. And first of all, you should not try to put yourself above other people, even if you have any outstanding talents and abilities.

POGORELSKY, ANTONY(pseudo; real name and surname Perovsky, Alexei Alekseevich) (1787-1836), Russian writer. The bastard son of Count A.K. Razumovsky. Received education at home, in 1805-1807 he successfully graduated from Moscow University, receiving a doctorate in philosophy and verbal sciences for three lectures (later published as a separate brochure), read in German, French and Russian. For five years he served in various departments; organized at Moscow University the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1811-1830), which published collections of literature and folklore and took part in organizing literary and musical evenings and popular lectures. During the Patriotic War of 1812 he was in the army, showing extraordinary courage in the battles near Dresden and Kulm. From 1816 he served for several years as an official for special assignments at the Department of Spiritual Affairs. Since 1820, a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

In 1822, after the death of his father, he inherited the village of Pogoreltsy, Chernigov province. and, having retired, settled in it with his sister, Countess A.A. Tolstoy, and her son, future writer A.K. Tolstoy. In 1825-1830 he was a trustee of the Kharkov educational district, who contributed a lot to the improvement of the educational process.

In 1825 the fantastic story of Pogorelsky was published in the March issue of A.F. Lafertovskaya poppy-bowl- the first in Russian literature, where the striving characteristic of romanticism to recreate the national-poetic element, perceived through the living life of the people and fabulous fiction, manifested itself. In Lefortovo, inhabited by small Moscow people, in the wretched house of the retired postman Onufrich, the reader meets the image of Lafertov's poppy-woman - an old witch who chooses a postman for her daughter, and for her granddaughter, Masha, the bridegroom, Aristarkh Falaleevich (Faleleevich turns out to be a beloved cat) grandmothers-sorcerers. Having destroyed the witchcraft and abandoned the unrighteous wealth left by her grandmother, Masha marries a beloved inmate, who turns out to be a rich heir as a reward for the girl. Humorous features in the guise of a cat-official, the motive of the evil power of money, characteristic of the romantics of the "mercantile" era, anticipate the poetics of Nikolai Gogol in Pogorelsky. A.S. Pushkin wrote to his brother about this story: “What a lovely Grandmother's Cat! I reread it twice and in one breath the whole story, and now I only rave about Aristarkh Falaleevich Murlykin. I speak smoothly, closing my eyes, turning my head and arching my back. "

In 1828 the collection of Pogorelsky was published Double, or My evenings in Little Russia(besides Makovnitsy, included stories Isidor and Anyuta, The pernicious effects of unbridled imagination and Stagecoach travel), largely inspired by the writer's interest in education during these years, directed against the selfishness and emptiness of the "generally accepted" style of noble life, revealing the author's plot and psychological ingenuity and bearing obvious traces of the influence of E.T.A. Hoffman's fiction, with that However, the difference is that in Pogorelsky's problem of the supersensible, the skeptical Twin, the second “I” of the narrator, seeks to solve the problem of natural science.

Together with his nephew, the young A.K. Tolstoy, Pogorelsky visited Italy; judging by some testimonies, he met with J.V. Goethe. In a fairy tale for children, as the author defined its genre, Black hen, or Underground inhabitants written for a ten-year-old nephew, charming in her artless instructiveness and brightness of a naive fiction about a wonderful bird that helps a kind and honest boy - and leaves him when he became a frivolous and vain sloth, the life of old Petersburg is truly depicted, the inner world of a child is convincingly revealed, for the first time in Russian literature after Knight of our time N.M. Karamzin, who became the main character of the work, unobtrusively deduced morality and subtly manifested the organic interweaving of everyday life, humor and fantasy, characteristic of Pogorelsky. Subsequently, the fairy tale was especially loved by Leo Tolstoy, entered the golden fund of Russian children's literature, having withstood dozens of reprints in many languages ​​of the world.

In 1830, Pogorelsky became an employee of A.A. Delvig's Literaturnaya Gazeta, published in it excerpts from the unfinished novel Magnetizer and the beginning of the novel Monastyrka, in which sentimental didactics and adventurous romantic effects are combined with a realistic description of the stagnant life of the provincial nobility in Ukraine and the difficult fate of the pupils of the Smolny Monastery who returned here, to their homeland, full of illusions and impulses to the ideal. In liberal literary circles, this work was favorably opposed to the naturalistically moralistic novels of F.V. Bulgarin and V.T.Narezhny, and the Literary Gazette called Monastery"A real and probably our first novel of manners."

Name: Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky
Aliases: Anthony Pogorelsky, K. Gregory
Date and place of birth: 1787, Moscow
Date and place of death: 1836, Warsaw
Occupation: Writer
Genre: story, fairy tale, novel

A short biography of Anthony Pogorelsky (1787 - 1833 (46 years old)) contains complete information about the classic, the founder of the traditions of science fiction in Russian literature, Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky. The writer was also known under the pseudonyms Anthony, B-v, Letter Kommersant, Gregory; his works are still in demand.

Illegitimate

In public service

In the army

In the literary field

Underground inhabitants

The last years of life and death

Illegitimate2

In 1787, Count Alexei Razumovsky had a son out of legal marriage. For wealthy nobles of that time, this was a common occurrence: the child, named after his father Alexei, was abandoned in the family estate near the town of Pochep. Excellent home education continued at Moscow University (1805). Having passed the exam for a doctorate in philosophy and verbal sciences, Aleksey Perovsky began to serve in one of the departments of the Senate.

In public service

Advancement in the service of Alexei, in many respects, was helped by his father's connections. He was also able to meet the leading people of his time: Karamzin, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky. The story "Poor Liza" by Karamzin was translated into German by him. In addition, Pogorelsky's lectures were published. In them, the author, in a popular form, outlined the basics of botany, the theory of Karl Linnaeus, ideas on the spread of agricultural crops in Russia. Pogorelsky is a member of a number of scientific communities that dealt with history and natural science. In 1812, he received the post of secretary to the Minister of Finance, but did not stay in it for long - the war with Napoleon began.

In the army

Despite his father, Alexey volunteered for the army. Head-captain Pogorelsky, as part of the 3rd Ukrainian Irregular Regiment, went through a bitter path of retreat, saw defeat in the flight of the army of united Europe, fought as part of raid partisan formations. Having gone through dozens of saber attacks in many battles (including at Kulm, in the "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig), Aleksey Perovsky was assigned to the headquarters of Prince Repnin. In May 1814, he entered the Ulansky Life Guards Regiment, which was in Germany for two years.

Resignation, Petersburg and the beginning of creativity

In 1816, Alexei Perovsky left the service and returned to the capital to continue his civilian service as an official on special assignments. He is part of the social circle of A.S. Pushkin, tries his hand at poetry (translations from ancient Roman odes). The service allows Aleksey Alekseevich to engage in literary work. In 1825 he published the mystical story "Lefertovskaya poppy seed", which caused a discussion among lovers of Russian literature. Three years later, the writer publishes the collection "Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia", which received the warm approval of Pushkin.

In the literary field

The success of the "Double", which found a response in "Russian invalid" and "Northern Bee" allows Pogorelsky to retire. He started writing the sentimental-romantic work "Monastyrka" (1833), which was positively received by the readers. The writer spends a lot of time in his native Pogorelsky, is engaged in the upbringing of his nephew, who in the future will become a famous writer and playwright. Together with him, Aleksey Alekseevich travels around Europe, communicates with the famous artist Bryullov, the bibliophile Sobolevsky. There were also many places in Russia that were visited by Pogorelsky and Tolstoy.

Underground inhabitants

In 1829, Pogorelsky published the magic story "The Black Hen or Underground inhabitants" about contact with a parallel world. The main character of the work, having received superpowers, did not stand the test; under threat he betrayed his new friends.

The tale became the first work in the genre of philosophical fiction, which eventually found many followers. Written by Anthony Pogorelsky for his nephew, "The Black Chicken" has withstood many reprints, entering the golden fund of literature for children.

The last years of life and death

In the mid-30s of the 19th century, the writer firmly established himself in Pogoreltsy, studying literature and raising his nephew. Shortly before his death, he met in Moscow with Pushkin, who highly appreciated his works.

In the spring of 1836, Pogorelsky's tuberculosis worsened and on the way to Nice he died, leaving the estate of the Red Horn as a legacy to his sister and nephew.

Illegitimate3

In 1787, Count Alexei Razumovsky had a son out of legal marriage. For wealthy nobles of that time, this was a common occurrence: the child, named after his father Alexei, was abandoned in the family estate near the town of Pochep. Excellent home education continued at Moscow University (1805). Having passed the exam for a doctorate in philosophy and verbal sciences, Aleksey Perovsky began to serve in one of the departments of the Senate.

In public service

Advancement in the service of Alexei, in many respects, was helped by his father's connections. He was also able to meet the leading people of his time: Karamzin, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky. The story "Poor Liza" by Karamzin was translated into German by him. In addition, Pogorelsky's lectures were published. In them, the author, in a popular form, outlined the basics of botany, the theory of Karl Linnaeus, ideas on the spread of agricultural crops in Russia. Pogorelsky is a member of a number of scientific communities that dealt with history and natural science. In 1812, he received the post of secretary to the Minister of Finance, but did not stay in it for long - the war with Napoleon began.

In the army

Despite his father, Alexey volunteered for the army. Head-captain Pogorelsky, as part of the 3rd Ukrainian Irregular Regiment, went through a bitter path of retreat, saw defeat in the flight of the army of united Europe, fought as part of raid partisan formations. Having gone through dozens of saber attacks in many battles (including at Kulm, in the "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig), Aleksey Perovsky was assigned to the headquarters of Prince Repnin. In May 1814, he entered the Ulansky Life Guards Regiment, which was in Germany for two years.

Resignation, Petersburg and the beginning of creativity

In 1816, Alexei Perovsky left the service and returned to the capital to continue his civilian service as an official on special assignments. He is part of the social circle of A.S. Pushkin, tries his hand at poetry (translations from ancient Roman odes). The service allows Aleksey Alekseevich to engage in literary work. In 1825 he published the mystical story "Lefertovskaya poppy seed", which caused a discussion among lovers of Russian literature. Three years later, the writer publishes the collection "Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia", which received the warm approval of Pushkin.

In the literary field

The success of the "Double", which found a response in "Russian invalid" and "Northern Bee" allows Pogorelsky to retire. He started writing the sentimental-romantic work "Monastyrka" (1833), which was positively received by the readers. The writer spends a lot of time in his native Pogorelsky, is engaged in the upbringing of his nephew, who in the future will become a famous writer and playwright. Together with him, Aleksey Alekseevich travels around Europe, communicates with the famous artist Bryullov, the bibliophile Sobolevsky. There were also many places in Russia that were visited by Pogorelsky and Tolstoy.

Underground inhabitants

In 1829, Pogorelsky published the magic story "The Black Hen or Underground inhabitants" about contact with a parallel world. The main character of the work, having received superpowers, did not stand the test; under threat he betrayed his new friends.

The tale became the first work in the genre of philosophical fiction, which eventually found many followers. Written by Anthony Pogorelsky for his nephew, "The Black Chicken" has withstood many reprints, entering the golden fund of literature for children.

The last years of life and death

In the mid-30s of the 19th century, the writer firmly established himself in Pogoreltsy, studying literature and raising his nephew. Shortly before his death, he met in Moscow with Pushkin, who highly appreciated his works.

In the spring of 1836, Pogorelsky's tuberculosis worsened and on the way to Nice he died, leaving the estate of the Red Horn as a legacy to his sister and nephew.

Anthony Pogorelsky was an outstanding writer of his time. He was born in Moscow. His father was a nobleman and his mother was a peasant. Among the relatives were dominated by noble people, including the Russian writer - Alexei Tolstoy.

From childhood, Anthony Alekseevich was distinguished by outstanding abilities, his craving for creativity was inclined in nature. By the way, Anthony Pogorelsky is not his real name at all, it's just a pseudonym. His real name is Alexey Perovsky. It is worth noting that his entire childhood was spent in the most beautiful and noble palace of Count Razumovsky, where he lived on the eve of luxury and comfort. At the age of eighteen, he successfully entered Moscow University, and graduated as a doctor of philosophy and verbal sciences. He was distinguished by a mischievous character, he loved to make fun of his colleagues. His abilities helped him to join creative circles and soon he already met many writers of that time. The success in friendship with Nikolai Karamzin seems to him special.

In 1808, Anthony Pogorelsky entered the service of the Senate, but with the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, he abandoned all his sovereign affairs and went to war against the Emperor Napoleon. Oddly enough, during the war, Anthony Pogorelsky was imbued with Western romanticism, a truly great German art. In 1816, Pogorelsky moved to St. Petersburg, where he became a member of another literary movement - the Arzamas people. Some time later, in connection with the death of his father, Count Razumovsky, Anthony Alekseevich moved to the Pogoreltsy estate, where he began to publish his stories and novels. Together with him, his sister Anna and her son Alexei Tolstoy, nephew of Anthony Pogorelsky, live on the estate. Here he will write his story for the first time - "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia". Then he tries himself again in public service, but he will not stay there for long.

In 1829, Anthony Pogorelsky will write his famous fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants", which brought him some fame. Two years later, in 1831, Anthony Pogorelsky published his novel "Monastyrka". At one time, Anthony Pogorelsky worked at Literaturnaya Gazeta, but this did not last long. Soon his health deteriorated sharply, the war and constant stressful business trips affected. Remaining young, he contracted tuberculosis and died suddenly in 1836. The funeral took place in Warsaw at the Orthodox cemetery.

Brief biography of Pogorelsky by dates

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important thing.

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