Cheat sheet: Social and philosophical origins of Bunt Raskolnikov. Social and philosophical origins of Bunt Raskolnikova Social origins of Bunt Raskolnikova

Subject: Philosophical and social origins of the theory of Rodion Raskolnikov.

Purpose: Lesson-analysis of the image of Rodion Raskolnikov in the light of modern psychological concepts.

Lesson's motto: "It is important to realize that he killed the human idea, and resurrected faith."

"Initially there was a word."

Bible.

„ We have not long been predicted

How our word will come out ...

And we are compliant

As we are graceful. "

F. Tyutchev

During the classes

Geniyev does not have a single random word, not a single comma. For all of them hidden the author's intent and deep meaning. The rays of these plans is dedicated to the lesson.

І. Reading and analyzing І para. 1 ch. novel with questions.

Hero of the novel apartment "hired from the tenants"?

Why not at home? Why is the splitters, crushed poverty, will not be with his "distress"? Why does not seek to correct your own affairs?

Is it afraid of, in essence, hostess? What caused his cowardly state? (The hero is closed, lives in his own world, returning to reality causes a subconscious fear).

ІІ. Work with text.

Task: Find and write down a description of the appearance of Skolnikov, his portrait, the rooms where he lives; Determine the main features of the character of the hero (prove to a factor of a novel or testifying another character).

Filling a generalizing table.

Life psychology

Material

condition Hoodly dressed; lowered, crushed poverty

Established; room -

cabinet, coffin, Camorka,

cabin, Konra.

Damn Conscience: reluctance„ Vanity frantic”

character Meetings with creditors. „ Standard position

Compassion, desire to help. Ceased to take it"

Episode Fire, attitude to

Marmaladov and others.

Soulful Aboutscreamed, to „ Irritable I.

state which he never has happened " tense ",seem to be

on the hypochondria.

Corollary "Ugly life" "ugly

dream ”

Monomania

Work with the dictionary

Monomania . Mono-one. Mania (Greek-madness, passion) - mental disorders, in which the patient has obsessive ideas; Observed with different mental illness - manic - depressive psychosis, schizophrenia. In difficult cases implies an excessive desire for something.

Hypochondria - fear for their health.

Generalization: MONOMANIA Raskolnikova - a passion for an intrusive idea.

Result: Painfully - the alarming state of the psyche (hypochondria).

III . Reading Overhead from Part 3, V Ch. (Retelling "One Thought" Porphyria Petrovich and its explanation of Raskolnikov).

Analysis on issues:

What is the idea pursue Skolnikov?

What is it based on? Where the concentration of philosophy, led the hero to "Ugly dream"?

Why Raskolnikov agrees that "Almost true it was outlined, even if you would like, and quite right"?

What philosophical ideas are echoing with the views of the Skolnikov outlined in his article?

What political figure of Raskolnikov considers his ideal? Who among the literary heroes adheres to the same opinion?

Murder of the Distolone or Waterloo Skolnikov?

What is the similarity and distinction of fate Julien Sorel ( "Red and black" Standal) and R. Rasolnikova?What is your crime?

And what punishment will be punished?

Who and in what job for the first time in Russian literature raised the topic of Napoleonism?

Raskolnikov talks about the destruction of the present in the name of the future. There is a motive of dissatisfaction with reality.

Recall and compare.

Hamlet: To be or not to be?

Faust: Who told me to part with the dreams?

Raskolnikov: Or give up life at all?! Obediently accept fate as it is.

Here traced the flow and interpenetration of motives of dissatisfaction with life:

Suicide → music → conversion

Raskolnikov studied at the university, but soon his studies threw. He says he does not want to be "Teacher or official, with a thousand rubles of a salary."

Why in this, the last phrase is a comma?

("Extra" signs from Dostoevsky carry a semantic load. Here a disagreement of the hero with such a fate is emphasized)

Does Rodion have the opportunity to show himself, or, like Marmaladov and his daughters, his wife, he has no place to go anymore?

(After the answer options, we read the answer of the Skolnikov itself in Ch.5, V: "Do you know that I can, and could ...")

Does he randomly compared his spider? Who else in the novel looks like a spider?

Shakespeare "Macbeth"

Blood lily and then when the law

Not yet ruled the wild ancient world;

And later I drop rumors

Murders were committed. But it happened

Split skull, man will die -

And here everything is the end. Now the dead man

On whose brow deadly twenty wounds,

Rises from the coffin, driving from the place of us.

And it's more involuntary than murder.

A. Pushkin „ Boris G. about dunov

Ah, I feel: nothing can us

Among worldly seals to calm down;

Nothing, nothing ... united conscience.

So, hello she will enthusiasm.

Above angry, over dark slander.

But if in it a single spot,

One, randomly zaughty,

Then - trouble! As a casualties

Soul burns, the heart of poison hills

As a hammer knocks in the ears of reproach,

And everything is nauseous, and the head is spinning,

And the boys bloody in the eyes ...

And I am glad to run, but nowhere ... terrible!

Yes, the pitiful pity, in whom the conscience of the unclean.

Or: "... genius and evil

Two incomplete things. Not true? "

Arithmetic crime Raskolnikov.

At first it was

Word (Article Skolnikova, written in six months before the crime)

Payment ("Arithmetic" murder).

A business -Ead old women.

Unforeseen case (Murder Lizaveta)

Criminal random (Molka takes the guilt of Rasolnikov).

Murder (The mother learns about the crime of the Son, goes crazy and dying)

Outcome: universal deadly epidemic

Small apocalypse → big apocalypse

Total lesson:The person has not so many truths, but they are added every time anew and incredibly expensive price, but they are needed and saving, like bread, like water like air. These truths are enclosed in the moral laws of mankind: "Do not kill!", "Love your neighbor", "applied to others as I would like to treat you."

Art is not a court. But he has his own power, his authority : Find a conscience in man and - leave it alone with her. He has only one measure of punishment, but the highest: a terrible court of conscience.

Irina Ratushinskaya:

Under free vaults eternal

Barefoot for dusty roads

With naked burning candles

People are looking for a good god,

So that he regretted and understood

Through the murders, nonsense and deceptions,

So he put his palms

On the temple, as a keen wound,

To see screaming faces

Dark shower and eyes without light,

To save a fugitive from chase,

To give starving bread ...

Maybe God is a cross on the palm?

Maybe God is a dark sky?

How to find the road to him?

What hopes pain measure?

People are looking for a good god,

God let them find and check.

The focus of F. M. Dostoevsky is the terrible action of Russia in the middle of the XIX century, with its poverty, the powerlessness, inhibition, suppression, the plant of the person, choking from the consciousness of his impotence and the rope. Such a hero in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is rolling towards.

The great writer was prevailing the appearance of reservoir ideas that explode the old ideas and norms of human behavior. There was such an idea that Ras-Ringings extended in long torments. His task is to stand over the world, to achieve "power over the whole human anthill." "Whether I am trembling" or "right" is such a painful dilemma facing the hero. The deadlock of the old women becomes a way to resolve all contradictions.

What are the social origins of such an image of thoughts? Dostoev-sky, representing his hero, immediately, on the first page, speaks of his social situation. The young man is not coming out of the com-nat on, and from the comorka, which the author in the future compares with WAT-Fom, a chest, fob, describes her poverty, emphasizing the edge of its inhabitant: "He was crushed by poverty," as Pi-sew Dostoevsky.

On the sources of the Bunt Raskolnikov in the symbolic form, rafting a dream about a scoring horse, which he sees before the pre-step. First, this protest against murder, non-action cruelty, sympathy of someone else's pain. All this is witnessing about a thin, angry Hero's soul. Secondly, the sleep is perceived, as a battle of existing orders. Especially life, Fomb, cruel, her hosts-sedaws chase the unfortunate cruck scored.

The author's philosophy the author directly relates to Napoleon's activity. It is in it that part of young people of the beginning of the 20th century found an example of a bright person, rising from the bottom to the top of us. "I wanted ... Napoleon to become," says the split-nicknames of Sona. Napoleon is close to Raskolnikov's ability to follow the corpses of their fellowship for self-affirmation. In addition, the Skolnikov philosophy has a source and closer. The Sil-Naya Natura Hero with a young impatience rushed to the extreme of officion, for it was necessary "now, and as soon as possible" to decide "at least something." Mind Raskolnikova is officed by the ugly end of the Human relationship, and at the same time all other sides of life. He is ready to consider the "scoundrel" the whole genus of human and ischo from this to make his actions.

Yes, this is nihilism, but not even in Bazarovsk sizes, but in the most extreme development, Nihilism is phase. In the officer of the races, the rods go to the last point - to solve the mortgage, and not the words of this life.

The idea is false at its basis, milking from the inside - through the sphant of the unfortunate. Raskolnikov understands that it is impossible to change anything by crime. The novel is written in such a way that all the events not only amaze the reader, but also convince their big and phasic truth.

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Fedor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)

Philosophical and social origins of the theory of Rodion Raskolnikova

The main hero of the novel is Rodion Raskolnikov - a uncleaned student who dresses his poverty ") in St. Petersburg on the top floor in the room, which reminds that the cabinet, then the coffin, then the dog's booth:" Camorka him was under the roof of a high five-story building and Looking for more on the closet than at housing. The hostess, who hired this camork, lived on the floor below, and every time, leaving the house, he had to go past the Kitchen past, with almost always open the doorway ... And every time he passed by, his covered Some kind of painful and timid feeling, which he was ashamed and from which he painfully wrinkled. He all owes the hostess and was afraid to meet with her. "

The reader immediately notices the striking contrast between the beautiful appearance of Rodion and his pathetic clothes ("he was so badly dressed that another, even familiar to everything, a person would have sexed to go out in such rags to the street").

It seems he constantly justifies his surname, to such an extent "split" his soul. In fact, this is a kind person: He gives the latest Money to the Marmalade family, stands up for an unfamiliar girl, saving her from the encroachment of a lustful husband, afterwards, already in the process of the investigation it turns out that, risking life, he saved children from a burning house. How happened that such a person

moved to omit the ax on the head of defenseless women? After all, he realized all the monstristence, all the disgusting of his act: "Oh God! What is all this nasty! And really, I really ... no, it's nonsense, it's nonsense! - He added decisively. - And really so horror could come to my mind? Mud capable, however, my heart! The main thing is: Dress, Gadko, Gadko, Gadko! .. And I, a whole month ... (Dostoevsky emphasizes the acute inner struggle, which was in the soul of Rodion. - Years.). But he could not express in words nor the exclamations of his excitement. The feeling of immeasurable disgust, which he began to catch his heart even when he just walked to the old woman, now reached such strength and such expressiveness that he did not know where to go from his longing. "

The theory of Raskolnikova, its anti-sense

The essence of his theory Rodion Raskolnikov reveals in a conversation with the investigator Porphyria Petrovich, when explains the "idea" set out in the article published earlier. In his opinion, humanity is divided into two unequal parts: "Treari trembling" and "those who have the right". The lowest discharge ("trembling creatures") is a total mass, the appointment of which to be law-abiding citizens, a certain "building material" of history. The highest rank ("those who have the right to have") is intended to head and direct the human general, unable to independently change their lives. Such people destroy the present in the name of the future, oppose the conservative mass, established by the lifestyle, old traditions and laws. Raskolnikov came to the conclusion that they are out of good and evil (subsequently the name "on the other side of good and evil" chose F. Nietzsche for his work). The human ethical norms do not concern them, therefore, according to Skolnikov, the "extraordinary" person has the right ... That is, not official law, but himself has the right to resolve their conscience to step over ... through some obstacles, and only in the case, When the execution of her intention (sometimes, maybe, saving for all mankind) will require. " Here the terrible word "murder" ("Blood", "Death") is replaced by a "smooth" and notifying the formula "some obstacles", but the essence of the matter does not change.

S. Tenkov. Illustration to the novel F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Middle of the XX centuries

Note that such "verbal equilibristics" is further applied relative to the "reassuring-scientific" word "percentage". This is how the shameful essence of all the brutal "theories" hidden behind the comfortable words and formulas seems to "step over ... through some obstacles" instead of the direct - "kill a person" or "a certain percentage of people should go" instead of "someone should perish " And this is exactly the one whose mind is also poisoned by such a theory, - splitters. This is how he sympathizes the grief of a drunk girl, which he just saved from the encroachment of a lustful stranger: "Poor girl! He will come to mind, paying, then the mother will know ... First, the slap will give, and then Vischich, hurt and with disgrace, may drive it ... and he will not drive, they still push Darya Franzіvni, and the girl will go there. And there soon the hospital (and it is always from those who live very honest and secretly and in them), well, then ... and then again the hospital ... Wine ... Kabaki ... and the hospital .. . After two or three cripples, and everything has lived nineteen or eighteen years from the strength ... "But suddenly Rodion forgets about compassion and instantly becomes a cynic:" Ugh! And let him! This, they say, should be. Some percentage, they say, should leave every year ... somewhere ... to hell, apparently, so that the rest will refresh and not interfere. Percent! And wonderful, indeed, they have these words they are so soothing, scientific. It is said: the percentage, therefore, nothing to worry. That's how some other word, well, then ... it would be, maybe not so calm ... And what, Kohl and Dunechka somehow fall into the percentage! When not in that, then in another? .. " Consequently, any inhuman "theory", applied to his native person (in this case, to the sister of Duni), ceases to be attractive, exposes his animal essence. Returning directly to the theory of Raskolnikov, we note that in the novel led the abruptly negative attitude of the author not only to the fact of the crime, but also to its theory as a philosophical construction. Covering with beautiful phrases about the need to update the life of society (and Onovlyuvachas, for Raskolnikim, there are "those who have the right to have"), this theory is a brutal and antagumannaya in its very essence. So, at the time of the soul voltage, the sick and annoyed conversation with Sonya Marmaladian Rodion breaks through the true motives of his theory: "Will and power, and the main power! Above all these trembling creatures and above all anthill! .. Here is the goal! Remember this! This is my farewell! " Perhaps someone will say that this thought expressed a sick person and she did it called, but still - the word said has some kind of incomprehensible property to come true.

V. Wilner. Illustrations for Roman F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". 1960s

The theory of Skolnikova has philosophical, social and psychological roots. Let's start with the fact that it is the basis of "unfinished ideas", which "hung in the air" somewhere in the middle of the XIX century, during the creation of a novel. In the epilogue, the author compares them with terrible trichine viruses, which lead humanity to self-destruction. Patient Raskolnikov "Brevious, that the whole world is doomed to sacrifice some terrible, unheard and unprecedented browse ulcers. People were disadvantaged and crazy. But never, never people did not consider themselves as smart and unshakable in truth, as they considered infected. Never considered more inflexible sentences, his "ІХ scientific conclusions, my moral beliefs and beliefs. Whole villages, whole cities and peoples have become infected and went crazy." So, the thought of the murder of the old-year-old agers for the sake of common well-being, overhearding in the tavern conversation A student with an officer (and students and officers are the intellectual part of society), perfectly illustrates the theoretical arguments of Rodion and encourages the action. The concrete example of a "extraordinary person" of Raskolnikov considers Napoleon, indifferent to the fate and the lives of others in the desire to challenge Europe's freedom. The conclusion of our hero Eggs with the principle of "The goal justifies the means", which is attributed to the Italian policy of the XVI Art. Machiavelli, then Jesuits.

Roman Dostoevsky was written in 1866 p., Therefore, the theory of Skolnikov can not be identified with the idea of \u200b\u200b"superman" Nietzsche, formulated later. However, they have a common philosophical basis and arose on a total basis - in the middle of the middle of the XIX century. At that time, in Europe and Russia, the philosophy of individualism A. Schopenhauer was known to be consonant with the philosophy of rationalism (locud, out - the moral vision of reality), she spawned immoral "arithmetic": which more weighs - a spyful evil grandmother or thousands of good deeds and the benefit of millions of people ? Something similar we have already seen in the novel of Standal "Red and Black", when Julien Sortel literally repeats the mentioned phrase of Makiavelli: "The goal justifies the funds; If I were not so insignificant dust, but I had at least some power, I would have ordered to hang three to save my life four. " Consequently, such thoughts existed then not only in Russia, but also in France, and in all of Europe. However, Dostoevsky considered it unacceptable, because the answer to them is one, Christian "not killed!"

Ad Fontes.

Napoleon needed not to conquer, but actually war as a means of excitement, like intoxication. The blood circulation from Napoleon was incorrect and extremely slowed. Only in battle, he felt good, his pulse began to beat smoothly and at normal speed.

Fedor Dostoevsky is also interested in the socio-domestic causes of anti-human philosophy. The deadly idea is born in a room like a coffin (wardrobe, camork, marine cabin), and not on a normal human dwelling. Remember, the splitters are wearing the one that the other "Sovit would go out" to the street, for the apartment does not pay and often starve. Family, seeking to "bring to the people" of Rodion, first drove themselves in Kabalu to Svidrigaylov, taking a salary ahead, and then Dunya for the sake of the good brother is ready to sacrifice himself and become the wife of a cynical, nasty Delza Luzin.

The leading in the novel is the motive of the hopelessness of human existence in the inhuman conditions of the then society and the problem of finding out of it. It is impossible to talk about the social roots of the theory of permissiveness only on the example of the fate of Skolnikov. The scene line of the Marmalade family can be a separate social novel. And the fate of Sony Marmaladovo is a symbol of suffering from all mankind. Hungry children, deadly sick mother, father's drunkenness through the feeling of this hopelessness - such a family portrait is actually a portrait of the whole era. Similar paintings raise a storm protest in the soul of Rodion, which feels its weakness and inability to help even its closest relatives. Hence the irritation regarding the proposal of the Raughn to earn a living with lessons or translations, and the challenge of Nastya: "For children, they pay with casuals. What to make a penny, he said reluctantly further, as if answering his own thoughts. - Would you like all the capital? - He CX looked at her. "Yes, all the capital," he answered firmly, silent. "

M. Shemyakin. Sketches for ballet "Crime and Punishment". 1985, 1964

To understand the social sources, the idea of \u200b\u200ban individualistic protest is of great importance to the image of St. Petersburg in the novel. Dostoevsky created a typical picture of the life of the mesh, poor and minor officials. These are also taverns, where people are looking for oblivion from a serious existence, in vain trying to drown all the problems in vodka. It is dirty streets, where moral dirt also reigns. This is an evil and mockery crowd entertained someone else's grief and someone else's tendar (remember the Skolnikov's dream about how Kohl scored his fell). This is a terrifying poverty, constant dependence on the usurist, such a Russian gobsek. The gloomy poor districts are still terrible against the background of the luxury of Nevsky Prospect. Such Petersburg is a fertile and supposedly diligently prepared soil for the germination of thoughts similar to the theory of Raskolnikov, especially in the medium of thinking people, those who are able to feel not only their own, but also common grief (see Petersburg Dostoevsky).

However, this is an incomplete picture of the origins of theory. "And life, and character, and the worldview of the hero - everything affected his theory" (M. Kachurin). A man with another psychology could not build a logically slim and vital flour from a sharp mind and heart torment

theory. Razumіn is also an individualist, but he sees the output in reasonable and honest entrepreneurship, support and assistance to desperate Raskolnikov. The theory arises as an attempt to find a way out of complex living conditions and at the same time as a revenge of society, Kara "Reliamen of Life", gradually turning into a desire to become the most over humans. And the inhuman essence of the "blood permit on conscience" is discharged both in philosophical and social and moral and psychological aspects.

The Raskolnikov article with the presentation of his "theory" appeared in the newspaper two months before he heard a conversation of an officer and a student and his plan for the murder of an old woman of the percentage officers. About the exit of the article, which Raskolnikov wrote half a year ago, when he threw the university, he did not know, because the newspaper, in the editorial office of which Rodion appealed so that it was printed, no longer seemed. The main differences between the "trees trembling" and "those who have the right to have", as the splitters understood them, are presented in the table.

That God has fallen -

He fell, and low fell.

We have built

Higher pedestal.

Frank Herbert.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was written in 1866. The sixties of the nineteenth century were very turbulent not only in politically, but also in the field of thinking: the age-old moral authorities collapsed. Very widely preached the theory of Napoleonism. Young people thought that everything was allowed to them. "For one life - thousands of lives saved from rotting and decomposition. One and hundreds of life in return - but then there is arithmetic!". Of course, in real life no one killed anyone, but only thought about it - in a joke. Dostoevsky brought this theory to Apogi to see what happened. And it turned out that: the unfortunate, who does not understand his mistake, a lonely man, tormented spiritually and physically. Such a splitter appears to us.

If you turn to the memory of Skolnikov about childhood (sleep), then we see a kind, sensitive boy who is trying to save a dying horse. "Thank God, it's just a dream! But what is it? Do not really warm in me begins: such an ugly dream!" - Says Raskolnikov, waking up. He can no longer imagine himself, for him this boyfriend - "Creating a trembling, wound." But what changed the Skolnikov so much? There are many reasons, but they can be reduced to several, more common.

The first, probably, let's call the time in which the splitters lived. Itself this time pushed to changes, protests, riots. Probably, every young man then (and now!) He considered himself the Savior of the world. Time is the root cause of Raskolnikov actions.

The second reason is worth named the city of Petersburg. This is what Pushkin writes about him:

The city is lush, the city is poor,

Spirit of captivity, slim species,

The heaven of the heavens is green and pale,

Boredom, cold and granite.

In "Crime and Punishment", Petersburg is a vampire city. He drinks life juices from people who come there. It happened with Raskolnikov. When he just came to learn, he still remained the glorious boy from childhood. But it takes time, and proudly raised head lowers even lower and lower, the city begins to squeeze Raskolnikov, he wants to sigh with a full breast, but he cannot. Interestingly, for the whole novel Petersburg only once appears before the romance part of his beauty: "In an inexplicable cold, he was on him from this magnificent panorama; the spirit of dumb and deaf was full for him this magnificent picture ..." But the magnificent view of St. Isaac Cathedral and the Winter Palace It is for Skolnikov, for whom Petersburg is his Camorka - "Cabinet", Camorka - "Coffin". It was Petersburg in many ways to be won in the novel. In it, Raskolnikov becomes lonely and unhappy, in it he hears the conversation of officers, in Him, finally, lives the old woman in his wealth.

Combating the main social causes of the reasons, it is worth taking care of philosophical and psychological. Here the first is worth name, of course, the character of Skolnikova: Proud, even a vain, independent, impatient, self-confident, categorical ... Yes, can you not choose definitions? Because of its nature, the splitters got into such a pit, from which few people can get out ...

When the splitters only developed their theory, he, not yet suspecting, had already believed himself to people with a capital letter. Further more. Being in constant loneliness, he just did what he thought. So, he deceived himself, convinced that there was no. Interestingly, at the beginning he justifies himself, like many young people, a noble goal to help others. But after committing a crime, Raskolnikov understands that he did not kill it not to help others, but for himself. "The old woman was only a disease ... I wanted to step over ... I didn't kill the principles, but the principles killed. The principles killed, but it did not cross it, it remained on this side," ... I needed to learn then And seek to find out if I owe, how is everything, or a person? .. Whether I have a trembling or right ... "It is also interesting that the splitters have considered himself the only right. "Nothing, they will not understand anything, Sonya, and unworthy to understand," "... Maybe I'm still a person, and not to do and hurried myself to condemn. I'll have to compete."

Close Skolnikov understood him better than he - himself. "After all, he does not love anyone; maybe never love!" - says Raleshin. "And the shelma, however, so, this splitter! Dracted a lot. The Big Shelma can be with time when the nonsense will rise, and now he wants to live too much," says Svidrigaylov. "I read you for one of those who at least Cut off, and he will stand yes with a smile to look at the tormentors, - if only faith Ile God will find. Well, and find, and you will live, "said Porphiri Petrovich. "She [Sonya] knew more than his vanity, arrogance, pride and disbelief."

Disbelief. It is this word that she wants to justify the degree of Skolnikov Dostoevsky. This is evidenced by Sonya, "Character Two", truly believing and living with this, rising due to this much higher than the splitters. This is also talking about the name of the main character. This is evidenced by numerous hints and "repentable" quotes from the Holy Scriptures, hidden evangelical images. After all, God means not just a faith in something supernatural, but also the presence of minimal moral obscures. And this is so necessary in the era of change and riots to keep a person afloat, do not knock off the "way of true"!

"If the creature has already become someone, it will die, but will not turn into one's opposite," there is no sharp face between people and gods: people become gods, and the gods turn into people "- these lines were written a lot later, and this proves What time would we live, the themes for novels remain the same: where the border between FAS and NEFAS (permitted and unauthorized) passes.

In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used