Faculty of taxation and management

Specialty "Organisation management"

Department _______Taxation and management _______ __
Discipline______ Culturalology _________________ ____

ESSAY
ON THE TOPIC:
« Cultural values \u200b\u200band norms »

Performed
student 1 Course
Groups No. 314
Vankova Olga Sergeevna

Checked:
_________________________
_________________________

Rostov-on-Don
2010/2011 Uch.G.

Plan:

The concept of "culture"
Norms of Culture

Introduction

Culture - This is an integral part of human life.

The concept of "culture"

Concept "Culture" refers to the number of fundamental in modern social science. It is difficult to name another word that would have such a variety of semantic shades. For us, such phrases as "the culture of the mind", the "culture of feelings", "culture of behavior", "physical culture" sounds well. According to the calculations of American cultures Alfred Krereh and Klajja Clackon from 1871 by 1919 There were only 7 cultural definitions, then 1920 by 1950 They counted 157 definitions of this concept. Later, the number of definitions has increased significantly. L.E. Tartman Specified more than 400 definitions.
It is believed that the word "Culture" Comes from the Latin word " cOLERE "What does it mean to cultivate, or cultivate the soil. In the Middle Ages, this word began to denote the progressive method of cultivation of cereals, thus the term arose " agriculture » - Art of agriculture. BUT B. XVIII and XIX centuries. It began to consume and in relation to people - if a person was distinguished by the grace of the manner and readiness, he was considered "Cultural". Then this term was used mainly to aristocrats to separate them from the "non-cultural" simple people. German word "Kultur" Also meant a high level of civilization.
In an extremely broad sense, culture covers everything created by people - from science and religious beliefs To the ways of manufacturing stone chop.
Culture - This is, first of all, a totality of meanings and values \u200b\u200bthat people are guided in their lives.
Culture - The accumulated, acquired experience transmitted from generation to generation provides a person necessary for the survival of knowledge and samples of behavior that are not inherited genetically, but are transmitted by learning and education.
Culture - this is creative reflection and conversion of nature in
human activity, a step of public consciousness.
Culture - this is a combination of methods and techniques of human
activities (both material and spiritual) expressed in subjects
on material carriers and subsequent generations transmitted.
Culture - This is the process of the creation of material and spiritual benefits.
Today under culture in wide sense Understand all views
People's conversion activities, as well as its results.
In a narrow sense under culture understand creative activity
associated with art.
Culture - this is the same aggregate values \u200b\u200band normsgoverning human behavior.

Norms of Culture

Norma - This is the inherent communion of the idea of \u200b\u200badmissible behavior, behavioral standards. Norms make people behavior more or less predictable and streamline social interaction. As values, norms have significant variability in different culturesoh.
Norma (Rules) determine how man should behave to live in harmony with the values \u200b\u200bof its culture. The assimilation of certain norms is necessary for a person for successful adaptation in society. The regulatory side of the culture includes a wide range of requirements. This is an elementary tidiness, hygiene, and adherence received rules behavior, and moral (moral) norms, and legal norms (laws). Execution of the norms is provided by various forms of coercion, starting with public opinion and ending with state institutions.
The presence of norms does not exclude, but, one can say, even implies the possibility of deviation from them, denoted in sociology and psychology as "deviation". According to E. Dürkheim The deviation from the norms and especially the following punishment plays a very important role: strengthening the regulatory order and social integration. Norms are associated with existing values \u200b\u200bin culture. Legal normsProtecting private property, "work" in a society where there is, firstly, awareness of the values \u200b\u200bof law, secondly, the value of private property. If there are both moments in the culture, the laws that protect private property, even being introduced, will not be observed by people.
The reactions of the social environment for compliance or non-compliance with the norms are called sanctions. Sanctions may be positive (approval, encouragement) and negative (isolation, punishment). People tend to follow the standards, since the main norms, as well as values, the individual absorbs in childhood and doubt, as a rule, does not expose. However, if the society is observed the heterogeneity and uncertainty of the norms, this naturally entails and the uncertainty of behavior, and the growth of devianity.
There are various standard standards. Allocate: rules rules
(the execution of which is required) and expectations standards (execution
which is desirable, but permissible and deviation); socryptive
(prohibiting one or another type of behavior) and prescribptive
(prescribing a certain type of behavior) norms; Norma formal
(clearly formulated and recorded in documents) and
informal (having the character of expectations and existing only in
collective consciousness) and others.

Values \u200b\u200bof culture

Values - It is inherent in one or another culture of the idea of \u200b\u200bwhat should strive for. Success, holiness, wealth, freedom, fame, love - all these examples of values. Values - These are spiritual guidelines that ask the general behavioral strategy in society.
Values Possess pronounced cultural specificity: what is valuable for one society may not be value in the other. Thus, the business card of Western European cultures is the recognition of the value of individual freedom. But in most not Western cultures there were no such value, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for individual freedom was as a result of Western cultural influence.
Cultural specificity can manifest itself in the features of the values \u200b\u200bhierarchy inherent in such or other society. So, the value of life is an example of universal value. There is not a single culture that would deny life and sought to death. However, not in all cultures, the value of life takes the same position in the hierarchy of values. For the ancient Greek, the good glory has meant more than to save life. For Indian yoga, life is an illusion, a painful dream from which you need to wake up. For a Christian devotee, a monk or layman, earthly life - only a prologue for eternal life in the kingdom of God and independent value has no value.
People often sacrifice their lives (not to mention the lives of others) for the sake of such, it would seem abstract concepts as "truth", "freedom", "state interests", "people", "race", "party", etc. d. It may seem strange, but, in fact, it is impossible to find a culture, where the value of human life would absolutely dominate over other values.
For carriers of a certain culture, the values \u200b\u200binherent in it are faiths. It is impossible to rationally justify the superiority of some values \u200b\u200bover others, the falsity of some values \u200b\u200band the truth of others.
Its values \u200b\u200bseem to us obvious, natural. To make a person accept new values, it needs not just "convince", he needs to "turn into his faith," even if it is not about religion itself.
In domestic cultural studies, until recently, the values \u200b\u200bwere traditionally divided into material and spiritual. Under material values It is understood by the real products of human labor (buildings, clothing, furniture, tools, etc.), spiritual values They appear as partitioned by society or groups of people of persuasion regarding the goals to which it is necessary to strive in life (for example, moral values).
Currently, cultural studies give more developed value classifications. These types of values \u200b\u200bare allocated as:

vital. (life, health, safety, welfare, etc.);
social (social status, hard work, wealth, work, etc.);
political (freedom of speech, civil liberties, legality, order);
moral (good, benefit, love, friendship, honor, honesty, loyalty, etc.);
religious (God, Divine Law, Salvation, Faith);
aesthetic (beauty, beautiful, harmony, etc.);
family-related (Family coin, interconnection and mutual understanding of generations) and some others.

Conclusion

Culture functions as live system Values \u200b\u200bas a living organism as long as the person actively acts as a creative, creative and actively actively actively. A person organizes streams of values \u200b\u200bon cultural channels, it makes the exchange and distribution of them, it preserves, produces and consumes both material and spiritual culture products, and exercising this work, it creates itself as a subject of culture as a social being.

In spiritual culture can act normawhich have been mediated from customs and acquired independent existence, or specially designed for cases of special regulation of human behavior, indicating their belonging to specific social and cultural groups and expressing the idea of \u200b\u200bproper and desirable. Regulatory regulation of relations implies a voluntary and conscious adoption by each person the norms of activity common in this culture.

In cultural studies, there is the following classification of norms:

1) standards establishing orders in society as a whole and components of its groups (moral and legal);

2) economic;

3) political;

4) technical or technological;

5) norms relating to the field of communication and socialization;

6) Norms are universal, national, class, group, mertinevuala.

In closed cultures, customs and norms are regulated, and their observance is strict. In open cultures, pluralism of norms and customs is possible, which generates an atmosphere of tolerance. Such conditions require a person of choice and more creative approach To elected behavioral motives. All this contributes to spiritual enrichment of the personality and the growth of social comfort in a person's life.

On more high level spiritual culture dominant importance as regulators of human existence are acquired values. Value is understood as a generally accepted norm formed in a certain culture, which sets samples and standards of behavior and influences the choice between possible behavioral alternatives. Value, as a more complex and developed professional behavior, implies a choice, allows polarity of solutions, which indicates the ambiguity of value.

The classifications of values \u200b\u200bare many, and depend on what is found in the base, for example:

values vital.associated with ideals healthy Life, physical and spiritual health, the perfect lifestyle;

values socialassociated with social well-being, post, welfare, comfortable work;

values politicalassociated with ideals of freedom, law and order and security, guarantees of civil equality;

values moralassociated with ideals of justice, honor, good, etc.;

religious and ideological Values \u200b\u200brelated to the ideal meaning of life, the purpose of man;

artistic and aesthetic Values \u200b\u200bassociated with the ideal of beautiful, harmony, beauty;

family-related Values \u200b\u200brelated to the ideal of family comfort, well-being and respect for the ideals of various generations;

values laborassociated with ideals of skill, talentedness, with labor results, etc.

The nature of values \u200b\u200bis such that they theological . Charged by target installations, and the goals, as a rule, have some hill, and therefore they go beyond everyday life. There are always social forces in society that seek to refine values, give them elite status. There are forces that seek to land and simplify value. Flexible, developed culture produces mechanisms for the integration of elite values \u200b\u200band everyday needs. For this, ideologists work, politicians, philosophers, etc.

From time to time, in one or another culture there are concerns that it can be blurring its value core, the substitution of "their" values \u200b\u200b"others". So, today, great concern is manifested in connection with the "Americanization" of Russian culture.

Each culture has a corps of exemplary norms and values \u200b\u200bthat determine its uniqueness and originality. To the number of fundamental values american culture refers " personal success", While in Russian culture is the achievement of truth and justice. In Islam, the absolute value is Allah, but not a person, since Allah is never embodied in humans. In value nucleus chinese cultureRegulated by Confucianism, the cult of antiquity of such force was entered, that the Chinese society and the state did not only existed in almost no form of the form of more than two thousand years, but also acquired a huge force of inertia.

So, the values \u200b\u200bare the basis and foundation of culture, they are deeply rooted and fulfill the role of its most important regulator as at the level of culture as a whole and at the level of personality.

As P. Sorokin noted: "People with a deeply rooted system of values \u200b\u200bcourageously postponing any disaster. It will be much easier for them than people, or at all who do not have any holistic value system, or with a system, founded mainly on earthly values, from "Wine, Women and Songs" to wealth, fame and authorities. Such values \u200b\u200bare destroyed under the influence of crises, and their adherents remain complete bankruptcies, rejected and helpless, no objectives in life and no support. People with a transcendental system of values \u200b\u200band a deep sense of moral debt have values \u200b\u200bthat no person and no catastrophe can take away. Under all the circumstances, they retain the clarity of the mind, a sense of human dignity, self-esteem. Having these qualities, they can endure any test, no matter how severe it is. "

Cultural Studies: Abstract Lectures of Yenikeeva Dilnar

1. Values. Norms. Cultural traditions

Valueit is understood as a generally accepted norm formed in a certain culture, which sets samples and standards of behavior and influences the choice between possible behavioral alternatives.

T. Parsons noted that value - This is an idea of \u200b\u200bdesirable, affecting the choice of behavioral alternative. However, it should be noted that culture does not consist only of positive values, it includes the abnormative aspects of folklore, literature, music, as well as technological and other skills; Secondly, value and recognized behavioral samples may not coincide, for example, prostitution in a number of cultures is a recognized sample of behavior, but is not value.

The problem of values \u200b\u200bis quite deeply designed in philosophy and sociology, anthropology and psychology (E. Durkheim, P. A. Sorokin, T. Parsons and etc.). In Western cultural anthropology, there are two polar theories. One of them is relativisticthe ability to objectively analyze the value structures of various societies and considering value systems as relative. Another (opposite) theory - antireelitivistic positivism,apprough the possibility of studying the value structures from the position of objective science.

What is the role of the value component in the life of people? Cultural life Without values \u200b\u200bit is impossible, as they give the society the necessary degree of order and predictability. Through the system of values \u200b\u200baccumulated in culture, human activity is carried out.

"Decided by their meaningful aspects, all the phenomena of human interaction become simply biophysical phenomena and in such an capacity form the object of biophysical sciences," notes Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin. And indeed, all these cultural phenomena created by people, all these works, mechanisms and things, deprived of the value components, become simply piles of paper, metal or marble, tons of fenced paint or pieces of matter. And then they can be the subject of physics, chemistry or biology that study their structure, structure or properties, but not social or humanities.

According to P. A. Sorokina, it is the value that serves as the foundation of any culture. Depending on which value dominates, it divides all cultural supersystems for 3 types:

1) ideal;

2) sensual;

3) idealistic.

If an ideological culture prevails, God and faith become the highest value, and sensual worldHis riches, joys and values \u200b\u200bare formed indifferent or negative attitude.

In sensual culture, the value of feelings prevails. The meaning has only what we see, hear, touches. The formation of it begins in the XVI century. And reaches its apogee by the middle of the XX century. Values \u200b\u200bof religion, morality, other values \u200b\u200bof ideal culture acquire relative nature: they are either denied or completely indifferent to them. In such a culture, knowledge becomes equivalent to the empirical knowledge represented by natural sciences; They displacing religion, theology and even philosophy.

The idealistic cultural system, according to P. A. Sorokina, is intermediate between ideal and sensual. Her values \u200b\u200bare the values \u200b\u200bof the mind, rationalizing the objective reality, which is partly suspicious, and partly sensual.

In the ordinary consciousness, the concept of "value" is usually associated with the evaluation of human objects and public relations From the point of view of good and evil, truths and lies, beauty or disgrace, permissible or forbidden, fair or unfair, etc. The estimation occurs from the position of its culture, therefore, its own system of values \u200b\u200band is perceived as "genuine" as a point Report for good and bad.

The cultural science comes from an understanding that the value of the whole world of culture is that the value systems of various cultures are equal, that there is no culture with its or someone else, but there is one and other and that the world is more resistant than diverse.

What is the basis of the universal and specific value in nature? There is a huge difference between how values \u200b\u200bare perceived different people different cultures. This perception depends on their ideas of individual or group installations.

There is no culture, where they would not have a negative murder, lie or theft, although there are differences in ideas about the boundaries of tolerance to lies and theft (in some cultures, the hand is cut off as a punishment, in others - deprive of freedoms).

Values \u200b\u200bcommon everywhere and the same or very similar in content are absorbed by all cultures as a necessary part; They are eternal and mandatory for all societies and individuals. But "dressed" these values \u200b\u200binto specific cultural "clothing", i.e., the configuration of the value system, the ratio and interaction of elements inside it are products of a particular culture.

How do values \u200b\u200bchange? What factors affect this? From time to time, in one or another culture there are concerns that the substitution of "their" values \u200b\u200b"others may occur. So, today, great concern is manifested in connection with the "Americanization" of Russian culture.

Values \u200b\u200bboth at the level of personality and at the level of society are exposed in the crisis situation (individual or group - death, fire, disaster) or conflict (family, military, social, political, etc.). E. Durkheim introduced the concept of "Anomy", denoting the state of the value-regulatory vacuum characteristic of transitional and crisis periods and states in the development of society, when old social norms and values \u200b\u200bcease to act, and the new ones have not yet been established. "The former gods are aging or dying, and the new ones were not born" (E. Durkheim, Sociology). It is this state that describes Johan Hasing in the "Autumn of the Middle Ages", representing the picture of the sufferings and conflict of the conflict of the values \u200b\u200bof the leaving culture and occurrence as a result of new forms of socio-cultural reality.

Japan was, maybe the only exception in the modern world, where the spirit of a holistic worldview, formed in a slow medieval and reflected in traditional artistic work, was not supplanted scientific and technical revolution and mass culture.

Meanwhile, the values \u200b\u200bof any culture cannot be changed neither evidence of their insolvency, nor a demonstration of more attractive values. "Mutation" of values \u200b\u200boccurs relatively slowly even with a targeted powerful effect, and they only disappear along with the disappearance of the culture itself.