The main dates of life and activities of 1947 were born in the city of Ann-Arbor1969. He received a bachelor's degree in Princeton University1971. Received a MBA degree in Harvard School of Business1973 G. received a Ph.D. degree in Philosophy Harvard University, became a professor

The main dates of life and creativity Li Bo 701 - whether Bo was born in the city of Suuryab (Suie) of the Turkic Kaganata (about modern City Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan). There is a version that it happened already in Shu (modern Sichuan Province) .705 - the family moved to the internal China, to the Shu region,

The main dates of life and creativity 1856, August 27 - Ivan Yakovlevich Franco was born in the village of Naguevichi Drohobych district in the village of Rural Blacksmith.

More than the forty-year-old creative path of Vladimir Galationich Korolenko (1853-1921) is equally distributed between the XIX and XX centuries. His first story ("episodes from the life of the seeker") was written in 1879, and almost a week before death, he still worked on his main work - "The history of my contemporary".

Accordingly, a lot links a writer with Russian classical literature XIX century, but also a century twentieth century with his persistent search for ways to reorganize life in all its spheres and no less persistent desire to give a new life to art, inhaling the new content has provided a significant impact on Corolenko's work.

Unusually biography of the writer. His father is a Ukrainian who consisted in Russian public service And the judge with the truly "Don Kikhotsk" honesty, which he inherited his son inherited. Mother - Polka, a religious person who committed his quiet feat of love, "connected with sadness and care", as selflessly as the heroine of the story "blind musician".

Childhood spent his Korolenko in Zhytomyr and exactly small towns of Southwestern Russia, where national problems stood particularly acute. In childhood, tribute to the romantic passion to the heroic past of Ukraine and Poland, the young Korolenko appeals to the "advanced Russian thought", and this leads to the fact that the native becomes "not Poland, not Ukraine, not Volyn, not Great, - and the Great Region of Russian Thought Both Russian literature, an area where Pushkin, Lermontov, Belin, Dobrolyuby, Gogoli, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Saltykov, dominated, dominated by Pushkin, Lermontov.

And in the future, life will repeatedly will put Korolenko to a position when you need to make a choice, and the situation will be such that, apparently, no choice will be required. For example, after the murder of the People's Republic of Alexander II, the government demanded that all political affairs convicted on political affairs signed the oath "to loyaling a new sovereign."

For most convicts, it was an empty formality, and the question, to sign or not sign, was not even put. But Korolenko, after a long and difficult reflection, refused the oath, paid for this reference to Yakutia, but never subsequently doubted the correctness of his act.

In the same way when "on the highest command" in 1902 was canceled by the election of M. Gorky to Honorary Academicians, Korolenko, together with Chekhov, was abandoned from this honorary title. Explaining the motives of his refusal, Korolenko wrote: "... my conscience, as a writer, cannot reconcile with silent recognition of believing a view opposite to my real conviction" (10, 346).

When Korolenko's first essays and stories appeared, the romantic orientation of his works, combined with very specific household and even ethnographic descriptions, was first criticized. The topic of the "free volati", to which he always seeks his hero, no matter how little he seemed to himself and others and the circumstances of his life would have emerged, quickly revealed the originality of the creativity of a young writer.

Response to requests for its time, Korolenko in critical articles, diary records, letters often reflect on what requirements for literature put forward a modern epoch, which should be the art of the new time, which can take from the past and that prevents its further movement.

The statements of Korolenko are widely known that realism and romanticism are as literary directions to the absolutment of two opposite methods of the image of a person and society in their relationship. Korolenko believed that realism, the main requirement of which is "the loyalty of reality", likes the literature to the mirror reflecting "what is", "this state of society".

And since the literature depends entirely on this state of society (as a scientific substantiation of such a dependence, Korolenko, in particular, refers to the theory of I. Tan), then to give the correct reflection of reality - this means to reveal the caused condition of life phenomena reflected by literature.

It is so understood by realism, wrote Korolenko in 1887, goes along the same way as "pure science", but for all their proximity, the goal of science and art are still different: "And while the goal scientific work - give accurate knowledge of the subject in his ratios to others, the goal artistic work Includes the first and adds to it new: it seeks to establish a direct connection of this subject with deep cautions of your soul through your imagination, by means of reflected sympathetic feelings, etc. ".

The combination of the task of art to establish the "causes and inevitable consequences" Korolenko considered the misconception due to the mixing of one of the most important principles of art with its goal. Realism for him "Only the condition of artisticity, a condition corresponding to the modern taste, but<...> He cannot serve itself in itself and all artism does not exhaust. "

Repeatedly emphasizing that human activity cannot get out of the limits of causality "and, therefore," our ideals will find our character, our past, "Korolenko at the same time argued that although this reflection is an important condition of art, his purpose is all same - "in motion, in certain ideals."

Later in a letter to V. Goltsev (1894), Korolenko opposes two points of view on artistic creativity: Chernyshevsky, 6 writing that artists "Only weak copyists" of nature, and therefore "phenomenon is always above the image", and what you need to strive "to real truthAs the limit, "and Maupassant, who emphasized that the artist" creates his illusion of the world, what is not in fact, but that he creates in return what is. "

Korolenko calls on to connect into one positions, because there can be no illusion of the world "without attitudes to the real world," and in dreams, ideals, illusions of the heroes of artworks or their creator always manifests "born in us a new attitude of the human spirit to the world around us" .

Ideal Korolenko determined both as a "Higher Presentation of the Truth", living in the soul of the artist, and as a dream, "the best criterion of reality", and as a "general concept of the world", according to which the artist groups the phenomena of the surrounding life, and simply as "Possible reality."

From here, the goal of a true artistic work is the thought of Korolenko, in order to perceive it could or imagine the criterion, with whom the artist comes out for the reflection of reality, or in this reflection itself could find what matches the "Higher Presentation of the Truth", developed by artist. The last requirement makes the writer (and this is very important for understanding Corolenko's creativity) to portray "Not one thing that is dominant in this modernity."

Korolenko does not take naturalism, in the works of representatives of which reality is laid and deprived of the heroic principle, and the person is fully determined by living conditions and is not able to rise above them. Returning due to naturalists for an attempt to master the achievements of natural sciences and for attention to new phenomena of life, Korolenko believed that the average, ordinary person became the lot of naturalistic literature.

At the same time, romanticism, focusing on a person an outstanding, heroic, standing outside of society, is not able, according to Korolenko, explain how such a person has developed, and it does not matter such a goal.

Therefore, a new direction in the literature should be the synthesis of realism and romanticism, in which the extremes of these areas will disappear. In accordance with this, the attitude towards the hero will change. "Open the identity value on the basis of the mass of the mass - this is the task of new art, which will come to replace realism," writes Korolenko. 8 such synthesis in the literature of the late XIX century did not happen, but the realist of Korolenko never forgets in his work on the romantic and heroic start in life.

For Russian public thought of the late XIX - early XX century. An exacerbated interest in sociological problems is characteristic. At this time, in addition to the articles of N. Mikhailovsky, the sociological works of P. Lavrov, V. Bervi-Fleoovsky, S. Yuzhakova, M. Kovalevsky are very popular. The works of philosophy and sociology I. Tan, Spencetra, O. Kont, Tard, P. Lakomba, E. Durkheim, are read and discussed with great interest.

In the 90s. There is a passion for Marxist sociology. This feature in the development of Russian social thought well expressed in his memoirs D. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky: "Sociology", not for me one in that era, there was a word special, word with charm and power, - one of those from whom young ignited Souls, - and his magical force did not give way to the power of such prophets, what freedom, progress, ideal, etc. Sociology is the crown of a scientific building. It will open the laws of social life and progress and thus will give humanity the opportunity to overcome all the negative sides, all disasters and ailments of civilizations. "

In the 80s. For most of the freight Russian intelligentsia, the inconsistency of practical forms and methods of the struggle for social justice nominated by populists became an obvious inconsistency. But there was another side of the theory of populists - ethical.

And if the process of comprehending a number of people's dogmas quickly ended with a refusal of them, then ethics of populists nodded for a long time russian Society. The idea of \u200b\u200bdebt and conscience, thirst to bring himself sacrificing for a simple people, a sense of righteous anger for an unfair public device - all this was maintained in the minds of the Russian intelligentsia as values \u200b\u200bthat could not have the right to come down by a person, thirsty and justice.

The ethical wealth of the people's theory, the heroic sacrifice and the height of the spirit of the populic intelligentsia could not be unconditionally rejected by the radical representatives of the border of the ages, as the new ethics equal to the value of the people's value, at this time essentially not yet been created. That is why for many representatives of the generation of Korolenko, the full refusal of moral norms and criteria would mark the rejection of democratic ideas, from the search for ways to transform society.

The emergence of a new look at life based on both the discovery of sociology and natural sciences and the combination of a sober study of reality with the construction of "social utopions", in which the "reality of tomorrow", Korolenko binds precisely with the defeat of the people's combat methods.

When numerous representatives of the People's Movement went "to the people" and showed it a "table of unfair social arithmetic", the peasants not only did not enter the path of revolutionary struggle, but on the other hand, most often gave their sincere benevolences in the hands of those who took care of the preservation of the existing order . "And we were amazed by the complexity, contradictions, the surprises that met," says Korolenko about this tragic unsuccessful "meeting" of intellectual-belt and a simple peasant.

For some part of the intelligentsia, the result of a meeting with a "smaller brother" was frustrated by the people; For another, and Korolenko, including the awareness of the extraordinary complexity of those problems that are so narrowly simply interpreted by the previous generation, and the desire to find new ways of understanding a person.

The chief representative of the new subjectively sociological direction in the Russian public thought, N. K. Mikhailovsky, whose articles he "got carried away<...> And promoted them between comrades, "still during study in the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy.

The answer to the question of how Mikhailovsky's teaching was reflected on creative principles Korolenko helps to comprehend the peculiarity as aesthetic views Writer and his public position.

Formulating the basic concepts of their sociology, Mikhailovsky wrote in 1875, that "the subjective method is called such a way to satisfy the cognitive need, when the observer puts himself mentally in the position of the observed" and thereby "approaching the truth as much as he is able to experience someone else's life." Moral ideal Mikhailovsky acquires a completely definite specific historical content when he puts forward the requirement to "survive the life" of the peasant, stand on the point of view of the people and subordinate the general categories of "civilizations of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe people."

The meaning of the above views of Mikhailovsky well explains the essays of the city of Asspensky, affecting the problem of mutual misunderstanding between the peasant and the "intellectite-peasant".

Trying to comprehend the reasons for this misunderstanding, Assumptionsky makes an important discovery: actions, views, moral norms of the peasant, which seemed to the author of the story, not clear, illogical, rationally not explained, in fact represent a slim system of world relations, the individual components of which are so expensive that it is impossible Remove one or another "brick", no matter how much this is the author who is outside this system and estimating it from the position of an enlightener intellectual.

So, if the narrator in the essays "Power of the Earth" and "Peasant and Peasant Labor" indicated that some moral norms of the peasant were good, and other bad, in this case it would only be possible to find out which of these norms he himself considers true, But it could not be understood why the peasant in his life was guided by these ethical principles.

Lacking to the point of view of the peasant, Assumption realized that within the framework of the currently existing peasant culture, these norms are due to the entire system of representations of this social layer and measure their norms of another culture as ridiculous as they attempt to measure the area with a thermometer.

The requirement of the city of Assumption and Mikhailovsky "Stand on the point of view of the peasant", therefore, it was not reduced to the natural and necessary image of the world through the consciousness and perception of the hero. This requirement there was a refusal to the elementary-valued position, in which the reader was well represented by the author's worldview, the criteria for its estimates, while the object of the author's research itself largely remained "closed".

The simplest assessment of certain sides of the culture of the studied social layer with all the external justice of its justice did not allow to understand the interconnectedness, the interdependence of the "bad" and "good" parties, which, being extended from the living organism of culture, often acquired another meaning, other significance. Korolenko takes this provision, finding that the artist should take into account when depicting his heroes and other people's points of view. We will explain this on the example of one of the early works of the writer - the story "Wonderful", written in 1880 in a forwarding prison, but published in the Russian press only in 1905

The will of fate gendarme Gavrilov meets with a courageous, volitional girl-revolutionary frost. Their attitude towards each other is predetermined by the system of representations, which has developed in their social environment and the justice and the morality of which is not questioned.

Gavrilov before the meeting with the reference "diligence" served in the squadron, dreamed of raising and firmly knew that "the bosses would not punish in vain." Therefore, a revolutionary girl for him is a criminal, "Smereusha", "Noble Great". Morozova, on the contrary, "diligent" violated the basic laws of the state, the "bosses" in which he was punished and encouraged according to the rules very far from justice, and therefore Gavrilov for her first of all the "enemy", as it is dressed in the gendarme sinel and consists in the service states.

"Survive someone else's life," to get up to the point of view of Gavrilov and see the good heart of the peasant Morozov's good heart for hated gendarm uniforms is not capable of. And so the cruel of her words at the end of the story at its address: "Forgive! here's another! Never forgive, and do not think, never! Soon soon ... So I know: I did not forgive! ".

In the consciousness of Gavrilov, which has fallen on Wednesday of exile revolutionaries, there are still barely noticeable, but irreversible changes. He loses interest in the service and even the news that he will not be awarded the title of Unter-Officer, to which he once sought so, takes now with full indifference.

And if earlier Gavrilov always knew how to treat life and people, I had all the right answers and, in his opinion, the only right answers, now he is already in many respects doubt and ask his question: "And all I am this young lady to forget I could not, and now the same thing: so it costs, it happens before your eyes. What would this mean? Who would explain to me! ".

Already in this early work, Korolenko finds his refractiveness of reality, thanks to which he opens in psychology, social behavior, the worldview of his heroes such areas that were not still quite developed by Russian classical literature XIX century.

History of Russian literature: in 4 volumes / edited by N.I. Protkova and others - L., 1980-1983.

Russian literature of the XIX century

Vladimir Galaktionich Korolenko

Biography

Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktovich - an outstanding writer. Born on July 15, 1853 in Zhytomyr. For the Father, he is the old Cossack family, the mother is the daughter of the Polish landowner on Volyn. His father, who held the position of county judge in Zhytomyr, Dubna, Roven, was distinguished by a rare moral purity. In the main features, the Son outlined him in the semi-autobiographical story "in a bad society", in the form of an ideal-honest "Pan-Judge", and in more detail - in the "History of My Contemporary". Childhood and adolescence Korolenko proceeded in small towns, where three nations are faced: Polish, Ukrainian-Russian and Jewish. Stormy and long historical life Left here a number of memories and traces, full romantic charm. All this, in connection with the semi-Polish origin and upbringing, imposed an indelible seal to Corolenko's work and brightly affected his artistic manner relating to him with new Polish writers - SENKEVICH, ORZHSHKO, PRUS. It was harmoniously merged with the best sides of both nationalities: Polish coloriness and romanticism, and Ukrainian-Russian incessia and poetry. TO natural qualities The altruistic flows of the Russian public thought of the 70s came to the rescue. All these elements have created an artist with high-poetic moods, with all-pervading and all-resting humanity. In 1870, Korolenko graduated from the course in the Rivne Real School. Shortly before that, his father's ideally disinterested father died, leaving a numerous family with almost no means. When Korolenko entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology in 1871, he had to make the heaviest need; Dining for 18 kopecks in the charity kityster, he could afford no more often once a month. In 1872, thanks to the efforts of an energetic mother, he managed to move to Moscow and come with a scholarship to the Petrovsko-Razumovsky Agricultural Academy. In 1874, for filing on behalf of comrades of collective petition, it was excluded from the Academy. Settling in St. Petersburg, Korolenko, along with the brothers, mined the livelihood for himself and families with the correctional work. From the end of the 70s, Korolenko is being arrested and a number of administrative car. After several years of references in the Vyatka province, he was in Eastern Siberia in the early 80s in the early 80s, at 300 versts for Yakut. Siberia produced a huge impression on an involuntary tourist and gave material for his best essays. The wild-romantic nature of the Siberian Taiga, the terrifying furnishings of the life of the settlers in the Yakut yurts, the full of most incredible adventures of the life of the vagrants, with their peculiar psychology, the types of legitraves, next to the types of people of almost iris - all this was artistically reflected in the excellent essays of Korolenko from Siberian life: " Makara's dream "," Notes of the Siberian Tourist "," Sokolinz "," in the context ". The correct basic warehouse of his creative soul - love for bright and elevated, the author almost does not stop on the everyday sides of the Siberian life, and takes it to the advantage of its most important and configuring on high manifestations. In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod, and since then, more and more often appears in his stories of Uppervolzh life. There is little romantic in it, but a lot of helplessness, grief and ignorance - and it was reflected in the stories of Korolenko: "On the sunny eclipse", "behind the icon", "River plays", in semi-ethnographic "Pavlovsky essays" and especially in essays who compiled a whole book "In Hungry Year" (St. Petersburg, 1893). This book was the result of the energetic activity of Korolenko on the device of free dining rooms for starving in the Nizhny Novgorod province. The newspaper articles of him about the organization of the help of starving at one time gave a number of very important practical instructions. Corolenko's social activity for all the time of his 10-year stay in Nizhny was, in general, extremely bright. He became a kind of "institution"; Near him, the best elements of the edge for the cultural struggle against the abuse of all kinds are grouped. A banquet, arranged by Him on the occasion of departure from Nizhny in 1896, adopted grandiose sizes. Korolenko belongs to the so-called "Multansky case" of Korolenko's most brilliant episodes of the Nizhny Novgorod life, when, thanks to the wonderful energy of Korolenko and skillfully behavior protection, they were rescued from the cortics of the accused in the ritual murder of the voyage. In 1894, Korolenko went to England and America and part of his impressions expressed in a very original story "without language" ("Russian wealth", 1895, NO 1 - 3 and separately), somewhat knocking on the joke, but in general, written brilliantly and Purely Dickens Comm. Since 1895, Korolenko - a member of the editorial office and the official representative of the "Russian wealth" - the magazine to which he now joined finally; Previously, his works most often printed in the "Russian thought". In 1900, in the formation of the discharge of elegant literature at the Academy of Sciences, Korolenko was among the first elected to the honorary academicians, but in 1902, in connection with the illegal commitment of elections to Honorary Academicians of Gorky, Korolenko returned his diploma with a written protest. Since 1900, Korolenko settled in Poltava. - Korolenko began his literary activities Back in the late 1970s, but the big public was not seen. His first story "episodes from the life of the seeker" appeared in the "Word" of 1879. The author himself, very rigorous to himself and who contributed to them himself the issued assembly of his works is not all printed, did not include "episodes" in them. Meanwhile, despite large artistic shortcomings, this story is extremely wonderful as the historical evidence of the moral lift that has engulfed the Russian youth of the 70s. The hero of the story is a "seeker" - somehow organically, the bone's brain will be imbued with the consciousness that everyone must devote himself to public good and to anyone who cares only about himself and thinks about his personal happiness, refers to undisguised contempt. The story of the story is that there is nothing wrong in it: it is not a bumping altruism, but a deep mood that penetrates a person through. And in this mood - the source of the whole further activities Korolenko. Over time, the intolerance of the sectarianism disappeared, contempt for someone else's opinion and the world disappeared, and only deep love for people and the desire to appeal in each of them the best sides of the human spirit, under whatever thick and, at a glance, impermeable bark of apparent dirty dirt Neither hid. An amazing decrease to find in each person that, in Pendant, the Hetevian Ewig Weibliche, could be called Das Ewig Menschliche, most and struck the reading public in the "Makara dream", which, after 5 years of silence, interrupted only in small essays and correspondence, Korolenko retired in the "Russian thought" of 1885. What could be Gray, more interesting to the situation and the life, to portray which the author was set. Almost encouraged by a resident of the Siberian Siberian Siberian Siberian Siberian Siberian Circuits on the last money, and the old-fashioned vodka, and his old man for being drunk alone, and did not divide a disgusting drink with her, fell to sleep. What can dream of a half-Dicarium who almost lost the human image, who is officially considered a Christian, but in fact and God posing in the Yakut form of great toyon? And yet the author managed to notice in this scratch-like guide the smoldering divine spark. He blinked her by the strength of the creative power and illuminated the dark soul of the savory, so she became close and clear to us. And he did this author, by no means resorting to idealization. By the workshop of hand on the small space of the sketch of the whole life of Makara, he did not hide a single Plutney and a single trick of him, but did it not as a judge and an accuser, but as a good friend, looking for a loving heart all softening circumstances and convincing the reader that not in Makara's spoilness The source of his retreats from the truth, and in the fact that no one has never taught Makara to distinguish good from evil. The success of "Sleep Makara" was huge. Excellent true poetic language, the rare originality of the plot, extraordinary compression and at the same time the relief characteristics of persons and objects (the latter generally constitutes one of the strongest parties to Korolenko's artistic dating) - all this, in connection with the main humane idea of \u200b\u200bthe story, made a charming impression, and The young writer was immediately assigned a place in the first rows of literature. One of the most characteristic parties to the success of the Sleep of Makara and other works of Korolenko is the ultimateness of this success; So, not only the most thorough, but also the most enthusiastic etude about Korolenko wrote a critic of the "Moscow Vedomosti", the taller's tag, known for his hatred of all "liberal". Following the "Sno Makara" there was a story "In a bad society" - also one of the coroned works of Korolenko. The story is written in a completely romantic style, but this romance fluently resulted out of the romantic warehouse of the author's soul, and therefore the brilliance of the story is not Mishurly, but casts a real literary gold. The action happens again in such an environment where only a very loving heart can open glimpses of human consciousness - in the gathering of thieves, beggars and various kicked people who arrived in the ruins of the old castle of one of the Volyn towns. Society is really "bad"; The author resisted against the temptation to make his cucations with Protestants against public inappropriate, "humiliated and offended", although it could do it very easily, having a colorful figure of Pan Tiburg, with his subtle wit and literary education. All the Lords "from the castle" are toldly steal, drunk, extortion and burden - and, however, the son of "Pan of Judges", accidentally bridle with the "bad society", nothing wrong with him, because he immediately met high samples of love and loyalty . Tiberstice really did something ugly in the past, and in the present continues to steal and the son of the same to teach, but the daughter's little, slowly blowing his daughter in the dungeon. And such is the power of every true feeling that all the bad in the life of the "bad society" bounces off the boy, he is only the pity of the whole society towards Marus, and all the energy of his proud nature is heading to ease than perhaps the sad existence of Marusi. The image of a little sufferer Marusi, from which "gray stone", that is, the dungeon, sucks life, belongs to the graceful creatures of the newest Russian literature, and its death is described with that true pointing, which is given only to the few chosen. artistic creativity. According to the romantic tone and the place of action to the story "In a bad society", the Polese legend "Forest of the noum" is closely adjacent. It is written by almost fabulous manner and in the plot of Pretty Banalna: Pan killed the Hop insulted in his married feelings. But the details of the legend are designed excellent; In particular, the picture is growing in front of the forest storm. An outstanding Reduction Korolenko to describe nature said here in all shine. He spied with an eye, not only the general physiognomy of the forest, but also the individuality of each individual tree. In general, the gift of nature descriptions belongs to the number the most important features Dating Korolenko. He resurrected completely disappeared from Russian literature, after the death of Turgenev, landscape. Purely romantic landscape Korolenko has, however, little in common with the melancholic landscape of the author "Bezhina Meadow". For all the poeticity of the temperament, Korolenko Melancholia is alien to him, and from the contemplation of nature, he pantheistic extracts the same invigorating desire to swell and the same faith in the victory of good, which make up the main feature of his creative personality. Volynsky, at the place of action, Korolenko's stories belong to the still "blind musician" (1887), "At night" (1888) and a story from Jewish life: "Iom-Kinur". "Blind Musician" written with large art, It has many separate good pages, but, in general, the task of the author is to give a psychological essay of development at the ledgered ideas about the external world - he failed. For art, there are too many sciences or, rather, scientific speculations, for science - too much art. Truly fragrant can be called the story "At Night". Conversations of children about how children appear on the light are transmitted with striking naivety. Such a tone is created only with the help of the quality of the most precious for Belletrist - the memory of the heart when the artist recreates the smallest details of the oldest feelings and sentiment in their entirety. Adults appear in the story. One of them, a young doctor, successfully coping with heavy childbirth, they seem like a simple physiological act. But another interlocutor two years ago, with the same "simple" physiological act, he lost his wife, and his life was broken. That is why he cannot agree that all this is very "simple." And the author does not think this; And for him, death and birth, as well as all human existence is the greatest and most wonderful of the secrets. Therefore, the story will all imbued with the treason of something mysterious and unknown, to the understanding of which you can get closer to the clarity of the mind, but with uncertain hearts. In a number of Siberian stories, Korolenko, except for "Sleep Makara", well-deserved fame use "from the notes of the Siberian tourist", with the central figure of the "Clever". The author's all-permissive humanity was expressed here with a special depth. Any other narrator, told the story, from a normal point of view, a "fair" murder, in which the unwittered "Cleverman" was avenger for a number of villains and the delightful of his mother's death with 3 children, probably, it would have calmed down. But the "Cleverman" is a man of an unusual sincere warehouse; He is a faithful to the advantage and does not satisfy his justice achieved by shedding blood. Dreaming in a terrible member of the "Cleverman" and cannot reconcile with a terrible collision of the two equally sacred principles. The same conflict of two great began undergoing a small story "In easter night" The author does not have intent to condemn the order by which the arrestants are not allowed to escape from prisons: he only states terrible dissonance, he only notes with horror that in the night when everything speaks of love and fraternity, a good person, in the name of the law, killed another person, nothing bad in essence who did not declare himself. In the same way, not a tendentious, although, and only a less impassive artist is Korolenko and in an excellent story about Siberian prisons - "in the consecutive department." In a bright figure of the semi-mounted eradicator of Yashka, the author, on the one hand, with full objectivity to the "People's Pravda", which is so certainly bowed to many of the nearest author of the world of people. But, at the same time, Korolenko loves his own, freely born in his sensitive soul, the truth is too living love, to bow before all that comes from the people, just because it is folk. He reverends before the moral force of the bash, but the entire spiritual appearance of the seeker of some "the law of the law", the prototype of the gloomy figures of the split, fanatics, burned themselves in the name of the protection of the ritual, is not nice. - by moving around to the Volga, Korolenko visited the Vetorsky Territory, where on the Saint Lake, invisible kite-hay, the sense of the people are collected - the splitters of different senses - and passionate debates are leading about faith. And what did he learn from this visit? (Story: "River plays"). "Heavy, not joyful impressions carried out from the shores of the Holy Lake, from the invisible, but passionately pressed by the people of Grad ... Especially in a stuffy crypt, with a dim light of the fading lamp, I spent all this sleepless nightAfter listening to someone somewhere for the wall, someone reads the surrounding voice of the clock prayers over the people who asleep forever. " Korolenko is only less, however, he considers the folk thought really asleep forever. Another story from the Volga life is "on a sunny eclipse" - ends the fact that the same inhabitants of the stubble town, which so hostilely reacted to "wit", who came to observe the eclipse, were imbued with surprise before science, so wise that even the path of the Lord of her ledities. In the final issue of the story: "When will the dark ignorance of people's ignorance dispel?" It is not being heard, but the desire for the speedy implementation of cherished aspirations. The faith in the best future is generally the main feature of the spiritual being Korolenko, alien eating reflection and not disappointed. It distinguishes him sharply from the two closest peers in writing rank, which he occupies in the history of the latest Russian literature - Garshina and Chekhov. In the first of them, the abundance of evil on earth killed faith in the possibility of happiness, in the second - the sir of life sowed the unbearable boredom. Korolenko, despite many personal heavy tests, and maybe, just because of them, and does not despair, and does not bored. For him, life is tatting many high pleasures, because in the victory of good he believes not from banal optimism, but due to organic penetration better beginnings Human Spirit. By the mid-1980s, Korolenko reached a purely artistic activity of Korolenko. Among the works written by him since then, there are excellent essays and etudes, in a number of which it particularly needs to be noted "sovereign pumps" and "frost" (from Siberian life), but they do not give new to the characteristics of the literary appearance. Since 1906, Korolenko began typing by individual chapters the most extensive volume from its works: the autobiographical "story of my contemporary". According to the plan, it was supposed to be something typical advantage. The author declares that his "Notes is not a biography, not confession and not self-portrait"; But, at the same time, he "strived for a complete historical truth, often sacrificing her beautiful or bright features of the truth of artistic." As a result, the "historical" or, or rather, the autobiographical took over the Tipic. In addition, the 2 parts of the "History of My Contemporary", which are mainly devoted to the initial period of the life of Korolenko, the central point of which is the collision of the three national elements in the Epoch of the Polish uprising of 1863, is not typical of the community point of view. The forms of serfdom are not typical and those forms of serfdom, which so amazed young observation in the life of the Shlekhetsky Ukraine. Korolenko's memories of writers - Assumption, Mikhailovsky, Chekhov, - which he united under the general title "Departed". Among them, truly exceeded the essay on Uspensky, written with all the expressiveness of a purely fictional sketch and, at the same time warmed by real love for the writer and man. The brilliant place in the literary form Korolenko occupies an extensive journalistic activity of him - its numerous newspaper and journal articles dedicated to different burning worst of the current day. Penetrated Publicistics Korolenko is closely connected with outstanding practical activities. Wherever he settled, he became everywhere in the center of active work, aimed at facilitating folk needs and disasters. This practical activity of Korolenko is inseparable from the literary and forms one compound integer. It is difficult to say that, for example, in the "hungry year", or in the huge impression of "domestic phenomenon" (1910) there is a wonderful literary phenomenon and what is the largest public merit. In general, the high position, which occupies Korolenko in modern literature, is the same degree expression of the beautiful, at the same time and sincere, and elegant artistic talent, as well as the result of the fact that he is a feather knight in the best sense of the word. Whether a natural disaster happens, whether innocent people will be convicted whether the pussy will be given to the nightmare, before turning the death penalty to the "domestic phenomenon", Korolenko already "cannot be silent", according to the expression of Tolstoy; He is not afraid to talk about the "beaten story". And the sincerity of Humanism Korolenko is so deep and undoubted that the reader captures completely independently of belonging to a particular political camp. Korolenko is not a "partitioner", he is a humanist in the literal and most important sense of the word. Overactions Korolenko enjoyed a great success in the book market. The 1st book of his "essays and stories" withstood 1, 2nd book (1893) - 9, 3rd book (1903) - 5, "Blind Musician" (1887) - 12, "in hungry Year "- 6," without language "(1905) - 5," The history of my contemporary "(1910) - 2 publications. - In tens of thousands of copies, small stories of Korolenko were separated by different books publishing. The first one " Full meeting Works "Korolenko is the one that is applied to Niva (1914, in 9 volumes). A relatively complete bibliography written Korolenko is given in the detailed book of Princess N. D. Shakhovskaya: "Vladimir Galaktonovich Korolenko. Experience biographical characteristics "(Moscow, 1912). - cf. Arsenyev, Critical Etudes (Volume II); Ayhenwald, "Silhouettes" (Volume I); Bogdanovich, "During the years of fracture"; Batyushkov, "Critical Essays" (1900); Arseny introduced ("Historical Bulletin", 1892, volume II); Hungarian, "Sources" (volume III); Vladislavlev, Russian Writers; Volzhsky, "from the world of literary quest" (1906); C. Vetrinsky ("Nizhny Novgorod Collection", 1905); Goltsev, "About artists and critics"; Yves. Ivanov, "Poetry and the Truth of World Love" (1899); Kozlovsky, Korolenko (Moscow, 1910); Lunacharsky, "Etudes"; Merezhkovsky ("Northern Vestnik", 1889, 5); Yu. Nikolaev (Govorukh Pattern) ("Russian Review", 1893 and separately); Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky ("Journal of Europe", 1910, 9, and "Collected Works", 9); Ptoshsky, "idealism in the works of Korolenko" (Kazan, 1901); S. Protonopov ("Nizhny Novgorod Collection", 1905); PRUGAVIN ("Russian Vedomosti", 1910, NO 99 - 104); Skabichevsky, "The History of New Russian Literature"; Stolyarov, "New Russian Belletrists" (Kazan, 1901); Sedov ("Herald of memories", 1898, 3); Treplev, "Young Consciousness" (1904); Umansky (Nizhny Novgorod Listka, 1903, 130); Chukovsky, "Critical Stories" (1910).

Vladimir Galaktionich Korolenko, was born on July 15, 1853 in Zhytomyr. His father was from the ancient Cossack family, and his mother was the daughter of the Polish landowner who lived on Volyn. His father was an extremely pure person who was engaged in official court posts in different cities of Ukraine.

Childhood and youth Korolenko spent in small citieswhere there were often three nationalities: Poles, Jews, Russians and Ukrainians. The rapidly flowing life left its mark on the work of the famous writer. It sees the best sides of Polish coloring and Ukrainian incessia. A great influence on the writer has provided the course of Russian public thought in the 70s of the 19th century.

In 1870, Korolenko graduated from studying in the Rivne Real School. Shortly before that, his father died, leaving a numerous family without a penny of money. And when Korolenko entered the St. Petersburg Technological University, he had to reduce the ends with the ends due to the lack of funds.

Thanks to the confessions of the mother, he still succeeds in moving to Moscow, in 1872, and enroll in the Academy. Two years later, it was excluded from the academy scholars, after filing a collective statement from comrades.

Having moved again to Petersburg, he begins hard labor Life Together with your brothers. And in the late 1970s it is arrested on suspicion of a number of committed administrative crimes. For these acts, Korolenko was exiled to Siberia, where he lived until 1885. This year, for its approximate behavior and a number of merit to the state, the writer is allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. Over the years of his life, the author created a lot beautiful works. It must be said that in different periods, the corresponding works were written.

Among the brightest episodes of the life of Korolenko in Nizhny Novgorod, you can rank "Mulatto", thanks to which he saved from the cortic, accused of ritual murder of voyage.

Korolenko had a progressive heart disease. But despite this, he is last days His life, engaged in charitable activities and helped the children of orphans. The writer died from brain inflammation in 1922.

Vladimir Galaktiovich Korolenko entered the consciousness of contemporaries and offspring as a writer and the vessel and the challenger, a cuisine and rebellious, with the indispensability of the revolutionary, which was fought against the centuries of arbitrariness and violence reigning in Russia, against any forms of manifestations of social evil, lawlessness and injustice. Freedom and justice is the motto of his work, public activities, all his life. He was obsessed with a humanistic, romantic-beautiful dream of free, like a bird, a man, about human equality and happiness, and at the same time he did not make a lot of innumerable for the real defense of a separate person who fell into trouble or unfairly persecuted, for the benefit of his people . His humanism has always been practically effective, active. He was loved by the people, enjoyed in democratic noses of the indisputable glory of the truthlyubets, defender and singer oppressed. His name possessed in pre-revolutionary Russia with a huge force of moral authority.

The worldview of Korolenko was formed into the stormy and rebellious sixties, with their reforms in many areas of public life and the state system, with the awakened freight and the active activities of the "Menietic Democrats". 1863 entered the story as forever memorial year Polish uprising, one of whose leaders was Belarusian Kastsus Kalinovsky. These events made a deep impression on Korolenko who lived in the part of the Russian Empire, where this uprising was particularly violent.

The writer name V. Korolenko first appeared on the press pages in July 1879, when he was already 26 years old. It stood under the story of "episodes from the life of the seeker." The story is polemicly directed against the terrorist methods of struggle, against a peculiar "sectarianism" in the intelligentsia environment. Paphos story - in appeal to look for ways of practical rapprochement of revolutionaries with the masses of the people and new ways to deal with his liberation. The author did not point out any specific and effective recipes in the story: neither he nor his hero knows. "Look for!" - To this angry Korolenko radical intelligentsia, student youth of Russia.

The writer himself, carefully peering in life, stubbornly searched for his positive hero. He with deep sympathy draws people of big courage and perseverance incremented in the fight against evil endowed with a strong character. In the period when Russia, after the March events of 1881, was plunged into a state of spiritual discharge due to the coming public and political reaction, while the intelligentsia was covered by the moods of apathy, longing and despondency, Korolenko created one of the works of life-affirming, bright tone, optimistic. In most of them, Siberian themes were developed, the types of vagrants, exile, former cortishes were raised in the center of the narration. Korolenko in this case continued the traditions of his predecessors - F.Dostoevsky with his "dead house", S. Maximov, N.Naumova, N. Zlatatovsky - and anticipated Chekhov prose about Katorga and reference ("Sakhalin Island"), books P.Jakubovich - Melshina, V. Malovich-Danchenko, V. Tana-Bograz, Maxim Gorky, A. Kuprina and other writers.

In the works of Korolenko about Siberia, images of "rejected", of course, romanticized, but, exploring the inner world of his heroes, the writer usually painted them without idealization: they are in his stories of humane and at the same time cruel, in their soul beauty gets along with umotion, their passionate free-free winster Distracted by Nietzshean individualism. In such a mixture of morally beautiful and ugly, the heroes of the above-mentioned stories appear, and the capital hero of the "Prokhor and Students" on the material of Siberian impressions were created and the story "Sleep Makara", written in 1883 in the Yakut link. However, here it is not about revolutionaries and Protestants for the conviction and warehouse of character and not about the vagables, exiles and walking people. Korolenko depicts a peasant Yakut, all his life begging in hopeless need and poverty, as if forever doomed to unbearable labor, silent, submissive, in all respects of the unfortunate man, is the most Makara, whose head "all bumps are lying." Until time, he demeanantly demolished all the adversity and disasters, but, brought to the last degree of despair and deeply perturbed with an obvious injustice towards himself and widespread misfortune, Makar rebelled. In his heart, the slave "depleted patience", anger was ripe in the soul, the will awakened to the protest and rebellion, and in it "rage raged, like a storm in a blank steppe deaf at night." And for a long time, a silent man spent loudly and angry, probrotnaya human injustice and accusing God himself: "He forgot, where he, in front of whose face, was to have, - forgot everything, except his great wrath."

Korolenko repeatedly spoke to his contemporaries about the need to highly appreciate and holy honor of those who courageously "performed their duty, resisting violence." These words we find, in particular, in the "Tale of Flora, Agrippe and Menachem, the Son Yehudi." Korolenko opposes all sorts of humility and intimately humility, inaction and passivity before the manifestations of social evil. Violence is usually humiliated as a straw fire. So, violence over the people need to oppose the revolutionary violence, for "the stone is crushed by a stone, the steel reflect the steel, and the strength of the power ...". Rejecting a fatalistic look at history and social life, the writer claims the "covenant of struggle" as the only means of delivering people from the shame of slavery, violence, despotism, arbitrariness. Violence and humanism is one of the important moral and philosophical and social problems of this story.

The story of the "blind musician" is echoing with a philosophical allegory, mainly created in 1886 and subsequently repeatedly subjected to the author's refinement. "The main psychological motive of Etude," wrote Korolenko, is an instinctive, organic attraction to the light. Hence the mental crisis of my hero and its permission. " Explaining the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story (or etude, as he called her), the writer elsewhere made a confession that the romantic mood of his generation was reflected in this work, and in this a kind and alive color. In the story, the mental drama of the blind, which, through high and spiritual art, understood and "saw" the world. Under the desire of a blind musician "To the Light" was not difficult to see the deep social desire of oppressed achieve such social orders, in which their natural right for happiness would be observed. The happiness of the Hero of the story as a separate person was only possible as a result of rapprochement with the people, in readiness and ability to serve him with his talent.

Castle Korolenko - in criticism and chinning of all sides of an autocracy-political system in Russia. In the tremendous reality, he discovered obvious traces of a "serfdom", showed the manifestations of the alliance of landowners over the peasants and the arbitrariness of officials, indifference to the authorities to the position of the people, crushed and improved, malnutrition and high mortality due to lack of nutrition and periodic fault. Corolenko told about this in the story of the essays "in the hungry year" (1892), which at one time deeply shocked the whole of Russia to the truthful image of the tragedy to the modern Writer of the village.

An important place in the work of Korolenko - the artist of the Word and Publicist is occupied by the topic of capitalism. The populists denied the possibility of transition of Russia to the bourgeois-capitalist path of development and recognized only the handicraft forms of farm and labor. Korolenko already in 1890 spoke with the book "Pavlovsky essays", in which he questioned the correctness of the people's theories.

Vladimir Korolenko was born on July 15, 1853 in the Ukrainian city of Zhytomyr. His grandfather, Athanasius Yakovlevich, had Cossack roots. The ancestors of Korolenko on the motherboard were gentry, and future writer Since childhood, spoke in Polish, as in his native. His father served a county judge and was distinguished by a harsh, closed character, but at the same time possessed high moral qualities, famous for his honesty and unconscious. Galaktion Afanasyevich seriously influenced the ideas and warehouse of the mind of his son, although later the writer said that there was no "no inner intimacy." Nevertheless, Korolenko has repeatedly returned to the image of the father in his works: the story "in a bad society" (1885), the autobiography "The history of my contemporary" (1905-1921).

In the young years, Korolenko lived in small towns, where Polish, Russian-Ukrainian and Jewish traditions were closely intertwined. Interground flavor, bleeding mixture, upbringing, culture of different nations - All this was reflected in the work of the writer, determined his artistic manner. Korolenko became an artist-humanist, blowing the national retail and all kinds of intolerance in society. The influence of mother, Evelina Iosifovna, zealous Catholic, women emotional and impressionable.

In 1868, Galaktion Afanasyevich died, and the Korolenko family began to be afraid. At the end of the gymnasic course in Rovno, in 1871, Vladimir entered the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg, but the need made him quit her study and get a proofer. Not without the help of the mother in 1872, Korolenko moves to Moscow, where it becomes a scholarship in the Petrovsky-Razumovsky Agricultural Academy. It was then that he begins to get involved in the ideas of populism. In 1876, for the filing of the petition on behalf of 79 students on the cancellation of Cherberian orders in the Academy, Korolenko was excluded and sent to Kronstadt.

The last unsuccessful attempt to get a higher education took place in 1877: he was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Mountain Institute, but did not adopt there and two years. Korolenko was arrested on the bonos, accused of revolutionary activities and was again expelled from the capital - to the city of glazes. (True, even before arrest, in 1879, a young man still managed to debut as a writer, published in the magazine "Word" to the novel "episodes from the life of the seeker").

The next six years, Korolenko spent in prisons and references: Berezovskaya repair, Vyatka, Vyshny Volochek, Ambinskaya Sloboda. He continues to write a lot: Only in 1880 they have created stories "Unreal City", "Yashka", "Wonderful". The latter was written in the Evnevolotsk political prison, under the impression of acquaintance with the girl-revolutionary Evelyna Ulanovskaya. The manuscript was secretly transferred to the will. In 1893, the story was printed in New York and London (in illegal Russian newspapers), and in Russia it was published under the name "Moving" only in 1905.

From 1881 to 1884, Korolenko lived in Yakutia, where he was sent for refusing to smear the Emperor Alexander III to the throne. Under the impression of the harsh environment, transferred to the surrounding poverty, but inspired by the Siberian nature, the writer conceived and created a whole series of brilliant novels, subsequently published in metropolitan journals: "Kilver" (1882), "Slem Makara" (1883), "Slemnets" (1883) (1885), "Fedor Nearby" (1885), etc. The success of the story "Son Makara" was so huge that one of the first places in the ranks of the Russian literature of that time was immediately assigned to the young prose.

With the highest enforcement of the emperor, in 1885 it settles in Nizhny Novgorod. Here Korolenko marries Evdokia Ivanovo, the Russian revolutionary and the population, who also passed through arrests and links. In 1886 and in 1888, their daughters of Sophia and Natalia are born.

FROM Nizhny Novgorod The most fruitful period in the life of a writer, who lasted 11 years is connected. His Siberian stories overlook a separate book in 1886, and after three years the second collection is published, consisting of works by the Volga period. Story and Novels, literary notes And the memories go out from under his pen one after the other - the shittomaty "Children of the Dungeon" (1885), the Etude "Blind Musician" (1886), who became a genuine triumph of the writer and withstood only in his life of Korolenko fifteen editions, "for the icon" (1887) , "Cherkes" (1888), "At night" (1888), "birds of heaven" (1889), ethnographic "Pavlovsky essays" (1890), "River playing" (1891) and others. He manifest himself with a true humanist, expressing almost every work concern about the fate of the Russian people. In each person he tried to see, open the best sides, clean it from everyday dirt.

In the Nizhny Novgorod province, Korolenko also leads active social activities, opposes the arbitrariness of the authorities, organizes free dining rooms for starving (he is divided into their impressions in numerous essays released in 1893 by a special publication under common title "In the hungry year"). The most notable episodes of this period of life, Korolenko belongs to the "Wheel Case": Thanks to the protection of the writer, the Kathers of the Udmurt peasants were saved, falsely accused of ritual killings. He published a cycle of high-profile articles "Multan Sacrifice."

In 1890, Korolenko travels through the Crimea and the Caucasus, makes a voyage in America. Under the impression of what he saw, in 1895 he creates a story-allegory "without language" (1895), describing the life of a Ukrainian emigrant. Proseca gets recognition and abroad, his stories come out in several languages. From 1895 to 1900, Korolenko lives in St. Petersburg, where he works as an editor and publisher of the magazine "Russian wealth". It publishes his brilliant novels "Marusina Zaimka" (1899) and "moment" (1900).

He continued to openly oppose the lawlessness of the authorities, against the death penalty, against the "white" and "red" terror, the activities of the military-field courts denied the work and degradation. Korolenko attached great importance Journalism, no less important in his work than fiction. The authority of the writer was colossal, in fact, at that time he became a real symbol of Russian democratic literature.

In 1900, he was one of the first to be elected by the Honorary Academician St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, together with A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy. But in two years, Korolenko declared a written protest due to the exception of Maxim Gorky academics and aroused the title.

In 1900, Vladimir Korolenko, in connection with the deterioration of health, moves to Poltava, where numerous journalistic articles and essays continues to write. He was very painful about what was happening in the country political events, acutely reacted to every social and significant event, any inter-ethnic or social conflict.

Korolenko hated autocracy and fiercely condemned the actions of the royal regime aimed at suppressing revolutionary movement 1905. In 1911-1913, actively acted against chauvinists and reactionaries who inflamed a loud lawsuit over the Jew Menaham Mendel Baleis, accused of killing a 12-year-old boy. At the same time, he published at least ten articles that exposed false and falsifications organized by the government and mannefacts. Among them is a "domestic phenomenon", "Bailisa", "in the soothing village", "features of military justice."

Korolenko very ambiguously perceived the October Revolution of 1917. Calling himself a "non-partisan socialist", he did not share Bolshevik ideas and did not approve of the methods that the construction of socialism was carried out. At the same time, the writer acted against counter-revolutionaries, condemning the modests by them by them, execution, robbery and inconsistency. Contemporaries called him "moral genius", "conscience of Russia".

Korolenko was a humanist and a democrat in everything, did not take violence in any form and always became on the defense of the personality, the rights of oppressed. Its activity has a significant impact on a variety of sections of the Russian society of that time. In 1920, he wrote six letters A.V. Lunacharsky. Appeals were left without an official response, but their author received the following assessment of the addict of the Enlightenment - "Beautiful Don Quixote".

In Poltava, Korolenko works a lot, despite the progressive heart disease, it is based on a colony for streetless, organizes food fell for children Petrograd and Moscow, is elected by the Honorary Chairman of the All-Russian Holing Assistance Committee. IN last years Queenko's life worked on the bulk erakli autobiography "The history of my contemporary", which summed up its social and artistic activities, while characterizing the considerable period of Russian history. This work was created for 15 years, but, unfortunately, it remained unfinished.

Vladimir Galaktionich Korolenko died on February 25, 1921 from the relapse of brain inflammation. Buried in Poltava, on the old cemetery.

Korolenko and the strength of his work

By virtue of the romantic warehouse of the author's soul, the story resulted in, a truly romantic style, every word of which proceeds very calmly and saturates the action with a variety of strong accents. The action of the story proceeds in an environment where human consciousness is blurred and does not fully realize that there is freedom that there is love that there is happiness. Thieves, beggars, crazy people - All these garbage live in the ruins of the old castle and do not go beyond its limits. The author insisted that the society shown through the "lost" people actually does not need pity, and is "bad."

Having a tendency to melancholy or excessive sentimentality, he would have ordered his material on another and forced the reader to worry the tragedy of rejected. However, this does not happen and should not occur. The author's intentions Show false, dirty in the soul of people, are in a terrible form. Residents of the castle drink, steal, burden. However, not all in the soul of these people rotted. In relations there is its own soft crust. Tibourous loves his daughter, and wants to protect her from the encroachment of the system in which he is treated and lives. The girl is named Marusya, she is innocent as a tear. The author wrote out the image of the sufferers, from which the surrounding situation sucks all the vitality, all the beauty of that immaterial youth, which grew up in the girl and continues to grow. As a result of the story, she dies, and her death was written truly touchingly, so that the tears involuntarily harden their eyes and feel the first truly strong loss.

In the reader, as in the heroes, wakes up conscience and feelings. Looking at the scene of this story, the legend of the Sumit Forest is involuntarily remembered, which is written in almost a similar fabulous manner. It says how Pan is killing an offended commoner. However, despite such a banal story canvas, the details of the story are described with a huge subtlety and a little. Great skill was invested in the plot. The general physiognomy of the forest is perfectly shown, the identity of each individual tree. The forest in the description comes to life and becomes a living participant of unfolding events.

Korolenko - Poet with purely melancholic features of character. His threads of the soul are worried at the sight of touching patterns of everyday, at the sight of blooming, bright nature. Korolenko still belongs to the "blind musician" (1887), "At night" (1888) and a story from Jewish life: "Iom-kinur". In the "blind musician" the author with great skill and art gave psychological picture Development of the Gnining Society. Here, scientific intertwines with artistic and creates a strange symbiosis.

Truly fragrant can be called the story "At night". Conversations of children about how children appear on the light are transmitted with striking naivety. These children's thoughts and reasoning are read so sincerely, because they are written by a child who remained faithful to his children's naivety to the most late years. He always knew that in childhood he was a child who was still surprised and asked many questions, but very important issues. However, adults take place in the story. There is a young doctor who answers this question simply, without any bends to the side. He says that it is just a physiological act and nothing more. There is nothing enough about the philosophical here and can not be. But for another character, which due to this act lost his spouse, everything seems much more difficult and greater.

We perfectly see how the author enjoys what describes situations as examples of what is in the world. He looks at the life of a person, as the greatest and excellent secret. One of best Story Korolenko, which speaks of Siberia, is "from the notes of the Siberian tourist." The author discloses a huge degree of humanity and understanding in the story. In spite of everything, he loves the world in which he lives. Here, the killer story is told with a huge humanism and mentality. He is an unusual sincere warehouse. However, the author prepares for him a test in which the hero is broken, unable to understand and choose the side to which to join. The same choice between the two principles is the basis of a small story "In Easter Night". The author does not want and does not intend to condemn the principle that allows criminals to run out of imprisonment. He simply tells the story in his manner, which supposedly happened, and tells it as if it is some kind of miracle, which is no more analogues in the world.

Soon after his relocation on the Volga, Korolenko wrote the story "River Playing", in which heroes lead passionate debates regarding faith and choosing their own life path. In the story, the author distinguishes such words: "Heavy, not joyful impressions carried out from the shores of the Holy Lake, from the invisible, but passionately recovered by the people of Grad ... Exactly in a stuffy crypt, with a dim light of the fussing lamp, I spent all this sleepless night, listening, As somewhere behind the wall, someone reads a measurable prayer with a measurable voice over the folk thought asleep forever. "

Korolenko, with all his naivety, believes that the folk thought has not yet lost its strength and voices, and maybe at any time they sounded, as he sounded earlier. His other story, from the same Volzhsky life "on the sunny eclipse" - ends that people go out to observe the great eclipse of the sun, and gradually penetrate it with such strong surprise that they begin to enthusiastically praise science and wander about it, although they themselves before treated with contempt for all the wombings of others.

Koroleno believed his whole life in the best future. His humanism and hope for human correction reached the space horizons. He dreamed of making a person better. He dreamed of sending it to the right path, show the way, the path to correction. He did everything so that a person would understand why he was born to realize that his life should not be painful for meaningless morals or useless burning, but spent with the mind. With the faith that rebirth is possible, and it all depends on the person himself. He, as a writer looking into the future, is not disappointed and sculit. He knows that the fate of a person is always in a state of variation. That he always prefers life on the verge, and that everyone in the soul there is at least a drop of sin. For him, life is one big ideal, high faces and endless boundaries.

In the mid-1890s, Korolenko reaches the peak of his creativity. This is the culmination of his life, and with her and his creativity. During this period, he writes a lot of works and beautiful essays, as well as etudes, among which the "Sovereigns of Yamchiki", "Frost" and the other.

In 1906, the author starts typing his biggest, the most extensive work, autobiographical story "My contemporary story." In it, the author tried to give a report on his life. Through the character show their lives. In this work, he deliberately goes to the sacrifices, he puts the beauty of the syllable and purity of descriptions, in order to bring the story to realistic canons, under an autobiographical style. And he succeeds. It is true and her strength. In this two-volume, Korolenko talks about his young years of life, about how he grew up and crepe as a person. How his views were born, and the soul was tempered.

Korolenko is a wonderful writer, and knows how to write about others. His Peru belongs to the memories of major writers Mikhailovsky, Chekhov, Assumption. All these memories he united under the general name "departed". Among these essays, it is worth allocating about Assumption, written with all the expressive skills, with all the flavor and strength of an artistic word.

In addition to the famous talented writer, Korolenko reveals both the genius of journalism. He writes numerous journal and newspaper articles in which he speaks about the evils of the day, reveals the relevance of modern public Life And his problems. Wherever he worryed, everywhere was in the center of public opinion and consciousness. He kept the attention of people with his strength, his mind suppressed negative moments in them and said how to live. But the main thing, they listened to him.

In such works as a "hungry year" and "domestic phenomenon," he acted as an agile criticism of public life. Reading them we see strong manknowing for what and how to deal with. He is a feather knight, in it the elegance of talent comes into contact with genuine education.

And finally, it is worth noting that Korolenko is not a party writer like Mayakovsky. His creativity is fully held on the humanism, beauty and truth of the word. He is a genius of his business and it felt every one who at least once gets in touch with his work.

The works of Kolenka were always of great interest and enjoy unremarkable demand. His books were kept not one reissue. Such famous books like: "blind musician", "without language", "The History of My Contemporary" was experiencing not one reissue, and are records in literary heritage author. His minor stories dispersed and now diverge in tens of thousands of copies. One of the utter bibliographies of Korolenka is given in the book N.D. Shakhovskaya "Vladimir Galaktonovich Korolenko. The experience of biographical characteristics. "

An outstanding writer I. public figure, - Vladimir Korolenko, left behind a huge amount literary LaborMost of which disagree with tremendous success and still. Our generation also needs his heritage, for those principles that laid the author in their works live and still. Eternal questions always remain eternal. And Korolenko perfectly understood it.

Please note that in the biography of Korolenko Vladimir Galationich, the most highlights of life are represented. Some minor life events may be missed in this biography.