After the collapse of Kievan Rus in its culture, well-known changes related to the development of individual Russian principalities occurred. This was primarily reflected in the Russian chronicle, since already with the XI, along with the communal chronicles, the local one appears. Especially bright was the Novgorod decree. His creators were interested only by local Novgorod events, but they are imprinted with amazing observation and the immediacy, which we will not meet in the "Tale of Bygone Years"

The monument of church literature of the city of Kiev is the "Kiev-Pechersky Caterik", written in the early XIII century, the reading of which was so fascinated by A.S. Pushkin! It is compiled in the form of correspondence between the Suzdal Bishop Simon and the Pechersk Monarch Polycarp. This correspondence contains fascinating and edging stories (there are only 24 of them). Some of them belong to the early stages of the history of the monastery (the middle of the XI century)

Along with church literature considerable development in the XII century. Received oratorian art - preaching. The famous preacher of this time was Kirill Tourovsky (2nd half of the XII century), the teachings of Cyril are devoted mainly to church holidays and parables.

It would be absolutely incorrect only to the church environment to limit the literary foci of ancient Rus. The chronicles contain a lot of purely secular essays. Especially abounding by the Ipatiev chronicle, compiled within Galico-Volyn Rus. Characteristics of princes, their military trips, descriptions of public affairs - all this in his spirit gives out secular, sometimes simply "knight" (military), sources of its origin.

Vertex old Russian literature - Epic poem "Word about Igor's regiment." It is devoted to the campaign of Russian troops at the head and Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor Svyatoslavich at Polovtsy in April - May 1185 by itself this campaign was not some exceptional event, but a brilliant author, who remained unknown, saw in him and In his consequences, what worried russian Society of that time: the need to combat polovtsy, but certainly general, and not fragmented efforts. Igor's campaign became a harsh lesson and caution by other princes. Such is the political meaning of the "Words". Power and unity of Russia in the past The author of the "Word" opposes the time of gravestics.

"The Word" is a monument to the national and at the same time world culture. The emergence of professional literature happened in Russia no later than in France, Germany and England.

New features are acquired during the fragmentation period and other sides of the culture, in particular architecture. Chernihiv architects were filled with creative quest and at the very end of the XII century. Created a fundamentally new architectural form, embodying it in the temple of Friday to trade.

A special way of development passed a white-named architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. At an early stage, at the beginning of the XII, it was closely connected with the Kiev traditions. But the construction of the middle of the XII century. (The time of Yuri Dolgorukova) have an independent character. During these years, the development of the zalochka land is erected primarily by the fortress - the supporting points of the Prince of Power, the example of which the powerful shafts of Pereyaslavl Vallezsky can serve. Romanese style features fully bloom in Vladimir architecture the second half of the XII century. (The Board of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod is a big nest). At this time, the Assumption Cathedral is constructed, originally built in 1158-1161 and significantly expanded in 1185-1189.

Fine art also underwent known changes. So, in the XII century. In Russia, the art of mosaic ceased to exist, but the fresco at this time gets the widespread development. Features of this art allowed more flexibly to reflect the requests and ideals that form at this time of schools. The severity and internal tension of squat figures with a sharp look - a sample of Novgorod frescoes of the XII century. In Vladimir frescoes, as in the architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, more sublime and spiritual aristocracy and sophistication.

In the second half of the XII century. In Vladimir appears own school Iconopy, for the works of which is characterized by a departure from Byzantine canons. A sample here can serve as an unemployed, striking his expressiveness expressed in the unusual building of the face and in vast expressive eyes. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Yaroslavl School of Iconopy has become famous. Many icon masterpieces were written in the monasteries and churches of Yaroslavl.

Applied art Rus XII century. reached high level. His products were valued and enjoyed with a wide demand not only in Russia, but also abroad. Russian products from Skani, the septo-enamel, grain were distinguished the finest skill.

Analyzing the results of the development of the culture of the XII - early XIII century. We can say that she managed to catch up at this time Byzantium - the cultural country of that time. The national identity of Russian culture becomes increasingly noticeable. The beginning of the specific period was marked by the creation of the first local art schools.

Art historians and philologists note that the spiritual life of various Russian lands with all its diversity retained common features and unity of styles. Political fragmentation and even the Mongol-Tatar invasion did not interrupt cultural Development People and did not led him to decay. On the contrary, who lived in the XII-XII centuries. Artists, architects, writers left us a lot of masterpieces of literature and art. It was the second "golden age" of Russian culture.

So, summing up, it should be emphasized that the feudal fragmentation in Russia in the XII - XIV centuries. It was a natural phenomenon associated with the peculiarities of the formation of the feudal system. With all the progressiveness of this process, feudal fragmentation was essential negative moment, such as the weakening of the military potential of Russia, but at the same time it contributed to the improvement of the management system, created favorable conditions for the development of the economy and culture in regional centers.

Culture experienced further rise. Local foci of culture (Vladimir, Novgorodsky, etc.) have emerged.

Craft. Improved blacksmithing, silver processing, gold. From the XII century. Water mills are used.

Lettering. The communional chroniclels changed local. The number of chronicles (Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich, etc.) has increased (Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich, etc.), its local features are formed. Novgorod chronicles were characterized by the businesslikeness and simplicity of the presentation of events, the absence of church rhetoric. Vladimir-Suzdal Ladree had a religious character, approved the idea of \u200b\u200ba strong princely power, the claim of Vladimir-Suzdal princes to the principle.

Literature. Pearl literature XII century. is an "Word about the regiment of Igor"telling about the unsuccessful campaign of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Igor Svyatoslavich (1151-1202) in Polovtsy Khan Konchakain 1185 g. Unknown author calls for princes to stop gravestics, unite in the fight against nomads: "said Brother Brother:" This is mine, and then mine. " And the fucked from all sides came with victories to Earth Russian "). Some scientists consider this monument to fake XVIII century. (A. A. Zimin). D. S. Likhachev proved its authenticity.

Known works of bishop from tours Kirill Týrovsky (1130-1182) and Metropolitan from Smolensk Clickmenta resolitiche († 1164). "Kiev-Pechersk Paterandto"Contains the teachings, the lives of the Holy Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. "The word Daniel Sharpet"and "Daniel Charple" Criticize the battleship of Boyar, to strengthen the princely power and state in the face of foreign danger.

Architecture. Typical building XII century. He was a cubic temple of a cross-dome style with light drum and headman chapter (church-"Bogatyr").

For Novgorod architecture, monumental severity and simplicity of forms are characteristic. The temples of Novgorod are externally modest, but they are perfectly harmonized with harsh Northern Nature: Church Savior on Nerédice, Peter and Paul on the cinema mountain, Paraskéyi Friday. In the beginning. XII century Artel Masters Peter Edged Cathedrals B. Anthony and Yuryevsky Monasteries, church Nikola on Yaroslavl courtyard.

Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, unlike the harsh architecture of Novgorod, was distinguished by the grace and sophistication of the thread on white stone - limestone blocks of 50 per 50 cm. Effect of European romanesky styles expressed B. arcate column belts and dranki fear. With Andrei Bogolyubsky in Vladimir, fortress walls and towers were built (trees were preserved and Golden Gate.), in 1158-1161. Built Assumption Cathedral, in 1165 - Church Pokrov on Novly.And in Bogolyubov, the castle is erected - the residence of Prince. (There is an assumption that the builders were Europeans - Germans or Italians). In 1194-1197 Vsevolod a big nest built in Vladimir Dmitrovsky Cathedralcharacterized by the wealth of stone threads as well Georgievsky Cathedral In Yuryev-Polsky.

Painting . Icon " Vladimirskaya Virgin"(" Our Lady of Bogolyubskaya "), a wonderful work of Byzantine art. The XII century, it is distinguished by soft, the depth of feelings. Known mosaic icon XII century. " Dmitry Solýnsky"From the Mikhailovsky Cathedral of Kiev (now - in the Tretyakov Gallery). Novgorod painters of the XII century. Created icons " Angel Golden Vlas», « Savior delicious", Church frescoes Savior on Nerédice..

Sculpture In Russia, it was developed weakly, in the temples it was forbidden due to the fight against pagan idols. The wood carving was a characteristic feature of housing, wooden temples.

Life - Uklay everyday life People (food, clothing, home, maintenance, recreation, entertainment).The life consists and changes under the influence of the level of culture, geographical conditions and has an impact on the formation of a person, mentality.

Marriage customs . In Russia, as in Western Europe, early marriages were practiced. According to church standards, people who have reached 12-14 years old were considered adults. Vsevolod has a big nest married Konstantin's son at 10 years old, and the daughter of the Upper was married at 8 years old.

Housing . Princely choirs were built from wood, later - from stone. Windows in the windows before the XVI century. Replaced mica. Daughter Yaroslav Wise Anna YaroslavnaThe marriage of the King of France Heinrich I was surprised by the provinciality and the gray of Paris XI century. Compared with the magnificent decorated Kiev.

The rural population lived in the village eybey. The center of several weasses was grax - Village with the church. The log cabins with earthen floors were treated without a pipe, in black, illuminated with rays. The windows were tightened by a bull bubble. Simple people enjoyed clay or wooden dishes. We slept on the shops, without pillows.

There were two types of residential buildings:

-north (Cube walls raised above the ground floor, large oven);

-southern (Paul is in blurred, small globitate stove-heater).

Food . The basis of the food diet was vegetable and animal products - bread, vegetables, fish, less often - meat. Potatoes replaced turnip. Rusichi's strong alcohol did not know, used honey bumps.

clothing . The main type of clothing was a shirt: from expensive fabrics for nobility, domain rude vota. in commoner. Men wore long pants - " ports or nalogs." Upper clothes of ordinary people were sweet- Long, tightly fitting robe. Women's clothing - sarafan., headscarf - mountain. Princes wore fastening raincoats - " together"And fur coats (" housings"), leather boots. Lapties lycheritsy from only There were peasant shoes. To know, following Byzantine traditions, wearing underwear. Anna Yaroslavna struck French royal Poult Not only with its literacy, but also using night shirts.

Z.dorovo. . Anthropologists believe that in Russia the average life expectancy was 32-44 years, and in Western Europe - 30-35 years. Common diseases were qing, rickets, caries - diseases associated with food disadvantage and low food quality. The boring the urban population created the conditions for the spread of epidemics of the plague.

Wide extended banya. A description of the Novgorod bath is given in PVL: "Baths trees are prevented by Rameno and will be divided and will be naked. And they will share the kvass strong, and young bars will be taken, and they beat themselves to that everyone will come, barely get out alive. And they will share the water with water, and so come to life. And then they make every day, not tormentible by anyone, but they are tormented themselves. And then they make a mow yourself, not torment. " Rus in the development of hygienic skills went ahead of Europe, where there was a ban on the Catholic Church on the flushing of dirt from the body.

Entertainment . Funny knew was a falcon, psovy hunting ( "Loose") And the squades. The simple people sang songs, drove away the dances, played on the hurs and swells, satisfied the rims of fun and playing.

In this way, The culture of ancient Russia to Mongolian conquest experienced the strong influence of Byzantium, developed in a general direction with the Western European culture.

Culture of Russia political fragmentation period

The period of feudal fragmentation is a time of widespread construction in all principalities. In so many cities were created beautiful architectural facilities, and their number was more than ten. In the architecture of the feudal fragmentation period, their distinctive features appear. Building XII - XIII centuries. differed from the facilitations of the previous period smaller scale of buildings, simple, but beautiful forms, simplicity of finishing. A typical building has become a cubic temple with a massive light drum and headman chapter. From the second half of the XII century. The Byzantine influence in the architecture weakens, which affected the appearance in the ancient Russian architecture of the churches of the tower form, unknown Byzantine architecture. Rus at this time is attached to the pan-European Romanesque style. This acquisition did not affect the foundations of the ancient Russian architecture - the Cross-Dome Design of the Temple, but affected the external design of buildings: Arcate belts, half-colonne groups and pilaster, column belts on the walls, promising portals and, finally, the fancy stone thread on the outer surface of the walls.
Elements of Romanesque architecture spread in the XII century. In Smolensk and Galician-Volyn Principles, and then in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. Architectural buildings of the Galician-Volyn land are poorly preservedand many of them are known only in literary descriptions and archaeological data. In the middle of the XIV century Galician-Volyn lands were included in the Catholic States - Poland and Hungary. Catholic Church For many centuries, all sorts of traces of Russian culture have destroyed, so it is particularly difficult to restore the authentic look of the temples of Western Russia. The feature of the architecture of this land was to combine the Byzantine-Kiev composition with Romance construction equipment and elements of Romanesque decorative decoration. The architectural Galich was used the white stone - local limestone, as well as a bar brick instead of Kiev dlinges, of which they erected the temples of the most different plan: both four-, and six-star, and crucible, and round in terms of rotunda. Round churches - Rotonda - evidence of the influence of Western early architecture. On the high level of the Galician architecture of this period testifies panteleimon Church near Galich (Beginning of the XIII century) with its promising portal and the captors' carvings.

The general democratization of the Novgorod life of the feudal fragmentation period also affected novgorod architecture. In 1136, Novgorod became the eve of the Republic, and the princes turned into the hired chiefs of squaders guarding the city with his possessions. The prince was evicted beyond the city - at a settlement 3 km from Novgorod. There the princes are justified and built monasteries - fortresses with temples. The most wonderful of the princely temples - Georgievsky Cathedral of Yuryev Monastery (1119), built commissioned by Vsevolod Mstislavich. The temple has three asymmetrically arranged chapters shifted to the West, which is uncharacteristic for Orthodox churches. The building is built in mixed masonry technique that combined stone blocks and bricks. The cathedral is actually deprived of the decoration, as the Novgorod limestone loose, is oversaturated with sinks and is poorly processed. The story did not convey to us the names of the architects of that period, but the name of the Arch Republic of Georgievsky Cathedral was preserved in Novgorod chronicles - "Master Peter". The construction of the cathedral continued 11 years, before the end of his walls were covered with frescoes destroyed in the XIX century. On July 12, 1130, he was consecrated in the name of George Victorious. Unlike interior decoration, the initial appearance of the cathedral is almost completely preserved (during the restorations of 1931-1935 all its numerous extensions built at different times) were removed.

First stone church of Paraskeva Friday At the trade (Holy Paraskeva-Friday was considered a patronage of trade) was built in 1207 on the spot of the wooden merchants, built in 1156 by the overseas merchants. The documents have survived 15 news of the fastening temple of fires and poning. The modern appearance of the temple acquired as a result of post-war restoration, in the course of which many ancient forms were revealed.

A bright example of the monuments of the Novgorod architecture of the last third of the XII century. Rightly believed church of the Savior Transfiguration on Near. Erected in one season around 1198 at the Novgorod Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich in memory of the two dead sons. Despite the relatively small sizes, it produces a monumental construct. The volume of the church, topped with one dome, resting on four pillars, is divided into 3 nef and completed from the east with three altar apsides. The characteristic feature of its composition is sharply low side apses. The appearance of the Church in Novgorod is restrained and strict: no detail disrupts the harmony of the whole. Its the only decoration is an arcatent belt under the dome of the massive drum, cutting by eight narrow windows, - enhances the impression of simplicity and greatness.
World fame Savings Savings Transfiguration on Nerewitch brought frescoes, made freely and vigorously in an unusually light flavor: combinations of yellow-red ocher, gentle green and blue colors. Unfortunately, during the Great Patriotic Wars, the church was destroyed in Nerewitch as a result of shelling, her ancient frescoes were almost completely died. In restored in 1956-1958 Only fragments of the painting of the altar part and the lower sections of other walls are preserved.

With construction church of the Nativity of the Virgin In the first quarter of the XIII century. On the site of the pagan sanctuary in the perch (named Perun's God), a new type of church is created, which has been decisive for the Novgorod architecture of the XIV - XV centuries. To the highest achievements of Novgorod architects can be attributed church of the Savior Transfiguration on Kovalev (1345), Fedor Pratilate on the Creek(1360-1361), Savior Transfiguration on Ilyin Street(1374), Peter and Paul in Kozhevniki (1406), Simeon God Drum in the animal monastery(1467).
The facades of all Novgorod temples usually have a three-blade completion, roofs, as a rule, are octal. Such a retreat in the structure of the roof from the communal style was determined by local climatic conditions - Frequent cold rains, snowfall. Novgorod temples built entirely of brick or a multi-colored cobblestone with inserts from a flat brick - dlinges, which ensured the overflows of the color from the grayish blue to bright red and brown and reported an extraordinary painting.
Decorated the temples very modestly: inserted into the masonry crosses of bricks; three little slots where there was to be one big window; "Brows" above windows and a typical Pskov-Novgorod pattern on the drum. This pattern consisted of squares and triangles. Above the ornamental belt, and sometimes instead there was a chain of kokoshnikov - arc step-in deepends. Altar apseida was issued by vertical roller divorces connected on top of the arcs. It should be particularly said about the so-called balloons that are characteristic only by the Novgorod churches: pots and jugs smeared horizontally into the walls, in the dome drum, in the "sail" and vaults and served as peculiar microphones.

In the period of fragmentation, from the middle of the XII century, the largest center of Russia becomes Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. The outskirts of Kievan Rus, lying in the Oki and Volga interfluid, begins its rapid development. The large-scale construction of new cities has unfolded during the reign of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174), the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. In addition to the ancient cities, Rostov, Suzdal and Yaroslavl - new ones: Pereslavl-Zalessky, Kideksha, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Moscow, and especially Vladimir. Here are the outstanding monuments of art, many of which have been preserved to this day.
Temples were built mainly of the dasane white stone. It is by this time that the creation of a communional type of church with a complex dynamic composition belongs. Four-headed temples were crowned with one chapter, towering on a high drum with speakers on the eastern side apsides. The architecture of this period was distinguished by simplicity of decor, the rigidity of proportions, symmetry.

Assumption Cathedral, erected in 1158-1160, was painted next year. The first stone in the foundation of the temple laid the prince Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158. September 21, 1164. The miraculous icon was transferred to the newly built Cathedral temple. God's Mother, after which the prince Andrei proclaimed Vladimir the thrust city. To the elevations of Moscow, was the main (cathedral) temple of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, they were married to the Grand Due to Vladimir and Moscow Princes. The building of the Assumption Cathedral was erected from limestone and decorated with white-name carvings. The central head of the temple, crowned with a gilded helmet, was ascended by 33 meters, surpassing the height of the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev. The magnificence of the Assumption Cathedral was above all the estimates. The masters survived the sheets of gilded copper solemn entrance portals arranged from three sides. The facades decorated with complex pilasters with Corinthian capitals, and horizontally dismembered by two tiers with arched frieze. The walls and arch of the temple painted with frescoes. Only fragments of ornamental painting are preserved from the initial frescoes, in which the high professionalism of the artists who performed it are guessed.

Simultaneously with the temple, the construction of the residence of the Vladimir Princes in Bogolyubovo, not far from which, on the banks of the Nerlin River, among the filled meadows, was erected by white temple of Pokrov Virgin Mary. The location of the temple is unique: the Pokrovskaya Church is built in lowland, on a small hill located on the bay meadow. Earlier, near the church there was a place of adultery of the nerve in Klyazma (now the river bed changed their position). The church was practically on the river "Arrow", making the intersection of the most important water trading paths. The four-painted temple with the membership of the outer walls on 3 unequal straight (part of the surface of the outer wall of the building, limited from two sides by pilasters or blades) was crowned by the head, set on a four-pointed pedestal. The clear rhythm of the arcate-column belt on the surface of the drum, the main volume and galleries, carved images constitute the main decorative decoration of the temple. The source of proportions and the total harmony of the temple is marked by many researchers; Often the Church of the Intercess is called the most beautiful Russian temple.
In the late XII - early XIII century. At Vladimir-Suzdal lands were erected as aggregated architectural masterpieces, such as: Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir(1190s.), Christmas Cathedral in Suzdal (1222-1225), St. George Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky(1230-1234).
A stone carving was playing a crucial role in decoration of Vladimir temples. In the desire to express your own attitude towards the world, to the beauty of nature, the stone cutters showed genuine skill. Among the numerous temples of Vladimir, Dmitrievsky Cathedral is distinguished and abundance of jewelry. Thin carved lace, completely covering the surface of the walls from the arcate-column belt, up to the dome itself, is the main notableness of the cathedral, which gives it a special ease and grace. The figures of Christ, the prophets and the apostles, Christian martyrs and holy warriors are combined with images of animals, lion's masks and blooming trees. Sleeping between windows are decorated with intertwined medallions with images of "mountain burning".
Reliefs have not been repeated anywhere and located on top. The upper images were larger than the lower, which contributed to their better consideration from the Earth. In general, the sculptural decoration of the Dmitrievsky Cathedral is one of the highest achievements of Vladimir Cutters, which make up the glory and the special pride of the ancient Russian art.

The collapse of Kievan Rus had extremely important positive consequences. Small territories were easier to govern . Now each ruler cared for the principality, as his property, sought him to strengthen and enrich. On a new quality level rises economy (craft, agricultural production). The absence of inner borders contributes to the development trade , commodity .
Rus and previously called "Country Country". Now they are becoming more, they increase in size, grows their social and political importance.
Cities played a huge role. First of all, the city is the center of power: there was a prince or his governor. In the cities there were boyars and other noble people, here were their estates. Great too military significance Cities: In well-fortified fortresses there was a military garrison, and residents of cities were formed their militia - city shelves. The city was the religious center of the surrounding lands, the Metropolitan was appointed here, which was subordinate to Protopa and parish priests. In cities or nearby monasteries arose. The city was also a cultural center.

Old Russian cities most often grew on the hills, at the site of the merger of rivers or rivers and ravines. The rivers at the time were the main trading paths, and their steep shores - the natural protection of the city. At first, the fortress arose on the elevation (they could also call "Kitnets" or "GROOM", "Kremlin"), the settlement was applied to the fortified wall to protect against enemies, originally wooden, at a later time - stone. Inside the fortifications were the princely palace, temples, administrative institutions, orders, cough, bargaining, houses of residents.
We give as an example the city of Pskov, where the ladies, called chrome, was located on the rocky cape when the Pskov River was shifted to the Great River and was a formidable fortress, cut off from the pivy. In Pskov, it was the Evening Center - the heart and the guard of all urban "ends" (quarters) and the entire Pskov land. The harsh inaccessibility of the city kernel was addressed to enemies. For the hosts chrome was a reliable shelter, the keeper of their shrines, property and lives themselves. Something like this can be seen in other ancient Russian cities, where during the enemy raids, residents of Posils and suburban villages were laid in the devints, and they often burned their partial yards with their own hands.

Pskov Kremlin

If in the IX-X centuries. The territory of Russian cities mostly accommodated at the limits of small fortresses - the devints. (The inner castle is a delicency - got his name from the "children's", the warriors who made up his garrison.) That by the XII-XIIII. Cities have grown significantly and soon ceased to fit into the narrow limits of the children. Next to the Decanitsa grown settlements of artisans and merchants, sedated outside the castle walls, two urban world were created: Prince and free (trade and craft). The most vivid example of such a neighborhood of two different worlds gives Kiev. In the chronicles, two parts of Kiev are clearly performed in the chronicle - Mountain and Hem. Posady subsequently joined the city, and they were surrounded by a new wall. It was an external fortified belt. In large centers, urban suburbs were gradually included in the city, surrounded by light fortifications in the form of a frequency set at a low shaft. Such a strengthen was called "Ostrog".

In places of intersection of streets with defensive structures, a tower with a travel gate was built. Their amount depended on the size of the settlement. In Kiev, at least 4 gates, in Vladimir-on-Klyazma - 4, in small fortresses were content with one gate. The value of the gate for the city is emphasized by the fact that the term "challenge the gate" indicated the delivery of the city. In large princely cities, a seemingly desire for the allocation of special front gates. In Kiev, they got the name of gold, in imitation of the Golden Gateway in Constantinople. IN medieval Rus Above the gates always or built churches, or installed in kyota icons. Often, the churches and chapels were raised next to the gate - for their spiritual protection.

The monasteries were extremely important for the city, who were far away from the cities and in their centers, and among the Postedies, and in the near and distant approaches to the cities, where they sometimes became "worshi" - advanced outposts, speaking by the language of another era. Walls of monasteries could acquire a fortress. But the monasteries also had a different meaning in the life of cities: it was in the monasteries that the cultural life of cities flowed, here the annulary and books were written here, beautiful works of art were created.
In the center of the Old Russian city there were a temple and the Princely Palace - the symbols of the two authorities, spiritual and secular. In the pre-Christian time, the religious center of the city was a pagan capital, with the arrival of Christianity on Russia in the cities began to build Orthodox churches. The largest cathedrals of the Domongolian Rus were erected in Kiev. The second largest princely and bishopsky cathedrals appeared in Novgorod, Chernigov, Polotsk, and somewhat later - in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich. The cities of a smaller value, which gave the ownership of junior princes (or where the princely governors were sent), they received more modest temples accordingly. For example, the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky Cathedral received such a magnitude, which in the grand mined capitals were attached only to secondary landing and palace churches.

The symbol of secular power was the Princely Palace - "Princess Dvor", which was the center of the political and administrative life of the city. Here he led to the disassembly of the thieves, caught during the night of a crime, here the prince and his Tiuna (ruler) of litigation between the townspeople were distinguished here, the city militia convened here before the speech on the campaign - in a word, "Princess Dvor" or who has replaced his landing courtyard in small cities It was a place around which urban life focused. Of all the buildings, the princely terme or choir was highlighted. With the dwelling of the prince roldled the facilities for the housing of the boyar and other noble people. Separate parts of the rich houses rose highly over the poor housings of artisans and other citizens. An outstanding part of the boyars or princely chorus was Terem - a high tower or tower, with rooms for women. In Russia, the word "Trust" was also known, which were not only the city towers, but also tower at home. Princely or boyars, fenced with a high tone, contained not only the Lord's choirs, but also the utility rooms: Medicions for storing honey, cellar, baths, even dungeons - Forest.

Nevertheless, the main population of Old Russian cities was artisans and people associated with various fields and undergraduate work. They lived not in the wards and sorry, but in simple houses - sings. Each hut, or a crate, whether it was spacious or cramped, overhead or semi-base, was in a special yard. Fence ("Tyn") from stakes, or a woven, separated one yard from another. The courtyards, fenced with a shoulder and the tune, made a landscape of the typical city street of ancient Russia. For the designation of urban areas in ancient Russia, the words "Street" and "End" were used. In a number of cities (for example, in Moscow), it is possible to observe that the direction of the streets was closely related to the direction of the initial roads converged to the city-fortress.

Mongol-Tatar invasions suddenly interrupted that brilliant flowering of art, which is captured in architecture, painting, sculpture of the Kiev state and Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Although the northern Russian lands in the fight against the enemies defended their independence, but here in the period of strengthening the threat of raids, the artistic life froze. Mongol-Tatar Igo inflicted great damage to the culture of the Russian people, many crafts disappeared, construction stopped for a long time, a huge amount of material values \u200b\u200bwas taken into the Horde. In the fire of fires died thousands of handwritten books, hundreds of thousands of icons, works of applied art, many architecture monuments are lost.

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The period of feudal fragmentation in Russia lasted from the first half of the XII to the end of the XV century. One of the chronicles recorded in his chronicle under 1132: "And the whole Russian land is irrigated ...", when after the death of the Grand Duke of Kiev Mstislav, the son of Monomakh, all the principles of Russia came out of the obedience Kiev and began to live independent life. From this time, once a single state began to share for independent princely ownership. In the middle of the XII century, there were 15 principalities in Russia, and in the XIV century - approximately 250.

Inside the period under consideration there was a clear line - tatar invasion 1237 - 1241, after which the natural course of the Russian historical process was broken. This article covers only the first phase of feudal fragmentation, which is often called the generalized "Domongolian period" of Russia's history.

Speaking of feudal fragmentation, it must be borne in mind that the political crushing of Kievan Russia did not affect cultural fragmentation. The general religious consciousness, traditions, the unity of the church organization slowed down the process of separation and created prerequisites for a possible future reunification of Russian principalities.

Many ambiguity in determining reasonsSpeed \u200b\u200bfeudal fragmentation. Most scientists in the first place puts economic reasons: the domination of a natural closed farm, meaning the lack of interest in manufacturers in the development of commodity relations, the development of feudal primary, which plays the organizing role in the development of agricultural production.

A number of authors link this process with political, cultural and socio-psychological factors such as non-regulating the order of the Princely Preconception ("Staircase"), ruling dynasty, separatism and ambitions of local land nobility.

Thus, in Kievan Rus, at the beginning of the XII century, there were as unifying (external danger, culture, the order of inheritance, etc.) and disconnecting principles (economic development of territories, political and socio-psychological factors).

With the original explanation of the fragmentation of the Kievskaya Power, L.N. Gumilev. According to his concept, it became the result of a decline in passionary energy in the system of ancient Russian ethnic volume.

Gradually, a new political card with many political centers was formed in Russia. Local princes possessed all the rights of sovereign sovereigns. The small size of the principalities allowed them to personally delve into all the management of management, to finish the court on their yard or trading of possessions.

At Prince, as a rule, Boyarskaya "Duma" existed, consisting of born boyars and clergy. This deliberative body did not have legal status, its composition, convocation, questions for discussion completely depended on the prince. The recommendations of the Duma were not obligatory, but most often the princes listened to them.

In need of obedient and reliable support in the fight against the municipality of Boyar, the princes began to rely on people who were called the nobility or "children of boyars" in the XVIVEK. These were warriors, servants, rankings, tiunas, who carried out economic and administrative-judicial functions in the principality and received princely "mercy" for the service - Princely lands in temporary use. Perhaps some of them for special merit received land in hereditary, wrapped ownership, moving to the discharge of the batcher.

Thus, the rival of the boyars and the support of the princes in the XII century are served people.

An important element medieval society were cities. The medieval city was a complex and diverse social organism, which can not be characterized by some one feature. The city was a fortress, asylum at the time of danger for the surrounding funeral, he was as it were, according to B.A. Rybakova, a collective castle of major land magnates of the districts led by the prince itself. He was administrative center Principal, venue of the court and payment, the place of publication of various decrees. He was a focus of a variety of crafts: everything was done here for the farm or war. He was also the most important (and sometimes the only one) location of the districts and the focus of stocks and wealth.

In every prince, according to his peculiarities historical DevelopmentThere was its own ratio of forces, the specificity of political and economic development was determined.

In the late XII - early XIII centuries. The three main political centers were determined in Russia, each of which had an impact on the development of neighboring lands and principalities: for northeast and western, as well as to some extent for North-Western Russia - Vladimir-Suzdal Principality; for South and Southwestern Rus - Galician-Volyn Principality; For North-Western Russia - Novgorod feudal republic .

Culture of Russia's feudal fragmentation period

Introduction

I was chosen the topic "Culture of Russia of a feudal fragmentation period", because, despite the common opinion about the backwardness of Russia from other countries at this time, about its cultural underdevelopment, I want to prove the opposite. Rus of the period XI-XIII V.V. I experienced a big splash of culture, she was spiritually sublit. By the beginning of the invasion, Tatar-Mongol Rus was spiritually rich in spiritually, by this time she had already managed to produce many monuments of architecture, literature, painting. At the end of the XIII century, Russia developed very much. In most cities, architecture was mastered and developed, the chronicle, the icon. I also want to show that Russia took a lot from Byzantium (religion, the chronicle, the sacred church books, the icon, the structure of churches and temples), but at the same time, she presented it in his own way, in all that created the people of Rusi felt her spirit, Mood feelings. The Russian people could contribute to everything that they were created by a part of themselves, such a unique, and native to us. Also, I want to show that the culture of the people is part of its history. This is all what was created by the mind, talent, needlework of the people and what is still transmitted from generation to generation, everything that expresses his spiritual essence. A look at the world, nature, human relations and relationship between man and God.

Russian medieval culture X-XIII V.V. Deserved a high assessment of both contemporaries and descendants. Eastern geographers indicated ways to Russian cities, admired the art of Russian gunsmiths who were preparing special steel (Biruni). Western chronicles called Kiev decoration of the East and the opponent of Constantinople (Adam Pregnant). The scientist presbyter, theophile from Paderbore, in its technical encyclopedia of the XI century admired the products of Russian Zlatokuznets - the finest enamels on gold and a black on silver. In the list of countries, whose masters glorified their lands in one type of art, theophile put Rus at the honorable place - it is only Greece ahead, and behind Italy, Arabia, Germany and other countries. Samples of Russian products admired the venels of the German emperors and then when they were in Kiev as ambassadors, and when the Kiev Prince fled from the rebel people, showed Russian things to the emperor.

The culture of that time helps us understand the formation of the state, the worldview of people, their mind and feelings, and, most importantly, the culture of the time and is now present in our lives, and interest in it does not fill, this is "the word about the regiment Igor", this Cathedrals and temples built at the time, and living still, these are frescoes and icons drawn by the iconographic painters of the Domongolian Rus, these are fairy tales, epics, proverbs, sayings, which today are relevant to their teachings and morality, is a religion that It holds most of the Russian people. All this passed through a veil of time and continues to exist, to surprise and live their lives even in our time.

I believe that the Russian people made an invaluable contribution to world culture, creating currently the works of culture for hundreds of years ago. So, in this control, I want to show all the wealth of the Russian soul, which formed the basis of the monuments of the culture of the time.

General conditions for the development of culture

Already in the XI century, in the life of the Old Russian principalities, one tendency is increasingly distinguished: the strengthening of the princely strip and civil workers who prevented the formation of Russia and threatened its independence. This was facilitated by the growth of victorious land tenure and the development of cities. Cities sufficiently strengthened so as not to obey Kiev, who could no longer provide effective protection if necessary, the local princes who received support for their markers and citizens were better than this task. All this along with the desire of princes to independence led to the separation of principality from Kiev. The struggle for Kiev himself, however, did not stop, because he remained the most prestigious table and the largest city of Russia.

The fragmentation caused by socially political reasons was, however, the inevitable stage in Russia's history - almost all countries of medieval Europe passed through it.

The crossbursts between the principles of the share of a considerable bandwind in the defense of Rus borders, besides, many princes did not happen to call for help in the fight against the neighboring principles of Polovtsy. Those, in turn, were strongly dispersed, and the princes soon lost all control over them, and the Russian earth moaning under the onslais of raids from the outskirts. The abundant principalities, cities and villages were burned, robbed, many were taken captured, as actively intervened in Russian cases Poland and Hungary.

The largest lands The era of feudal fragmentation, who played a leading role in the fate of Russia, were Vladimir-Suzdal and Galitsko - Volyn Principles and the Novgorod feudal republic.

Vladimir-Suzdal Land: Vladimir-Suzdal Land occupied the Okey and Volga interfluid. Ancient residents This wooded edge was Slavs and Finno-Ugric tribes. The favorable effect on the economic growth of this zalessky land was rendered with the XI century. The colonization influx of the Slavic population, especially, from the south of Russia, under the influence of a Polovtsian threat. The most important occupation of the population of this part of Russia was agriculture, which was conducted on the blessed exits of the chernozem among forests (so-called oplation). Crafts played a prominent role in the lives of the region and associated with Volzhsky trading. Ancient cities The principalitys were Rostov, Suzdal and Murom, from the middle of the XII century. Vladimir-on-Klyazma became the capital of the principality.

The beginning of the establishment of independence of the Rostov-Suzdal Earth occurred on the board of one of the younger sons of Vladimir Monomakh - Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgorukov, who made Suzdal with his capital. Conducting an active policy in the interests of his principality, the prince sought to rely on local boyars, urban and church circles. Under Yuri, the Dolgoruk was founded by a number of new cities, including for the first time under 1147 Moscow is mentioned in the chronicles. Owning Rostov-Suzdal Earth, Yuri Dolgoruky constantly tried to capture the Kiev throne in his hands. At the end of his life he managed to master Kiev, but he did not use the support of the local population. Yuri died under strange circumstances in 1157 (most likely was poisoned by Kiev boyars). The eldest son of Yuriy Dolgoruky Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (1157-1174) was born and grew up in the north and his main support was considered his native land. Having received from Yuri Dolgoruky Management in Vyshgorod (near Kiev), while the father of Father Andrei Bogolyubsky left him and went to Rostov with his surroundings. According to legend, together with him, an unknown by the Byzantine Master of the XII century was included in the Rostov-Suzdal Earth. The icon of Our Lady, subsequently becoming one of the most revered Icons of Russia ("Virgin Vladimir"). After approved after the death of the father on the throne, Andrei Bogolyubsky suffered his capital from Rostov in Vladimir-on-Klyazemma. To strengthen and decorate its capital, he did not regret funds. In an effort to keep Kiev, Andrei Bogolyubsky preferred to be in Vladimir, from where he conducted an energetic policy to strengthen the strong princely power. Brutal and powerful politician, Andrei Bogolyubsky relied on the "younger squad" (serviced people), the city's population, especially the new capital of Vladimir, and in part on church circles. Cool and often the self-abilities of the prince caused discontent in the circle of large landowners-boyars. As a result of a conspiracy, the name and representatives of the nearest environment of the prince arose, and in 1174 Andrei Yuryevich was killed in his residence Bogolyubov (near Vladimir). After the death of Andrei Bogolyubsky, his younger brother turned out to be in the throne - Vsevolod Yuryevich, who finally secured Vladimir-on-Klyazma Status the main prince of the capital. The rule of Vsevolod is a large nest (1176-1212) was a period of the highest political power of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Under the control of Vsevolod, Yuryevich was Novgorod the Great, in constant dependence on the Vladimir Prince turned out to be Muromo-Ryazan land. Vsevolod, a large nest significantly influenced the state of affairs in the southern Russian lands and at the end of the XII - early XIII centuries. Was the strongest Russian prince. However, after the death of Vsevolod, a large nest between his many sons broke out the struggle for power, the expression of the development of the process of feudal fragmentation, already within the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality itself.

Galico-Volyn Land: The territory of the Galico-Volyn Land extended from the Carpathians to Polesia, capturing the flows of the rivers of the Dniester, Prut, Western and South Bug, Pripyat. The natural conditions of the principality favored the development of agriculture in river valleys, in the foothills of the Carpathians - the extraction of salt and the mining. An important place in the life of the region was played by trading with other countries, which were of great importance in which the cities of Galich, Mozlyl, Vladimir-Volynsky.

A vigorous local boyars played an active role in the life of the principality, in constant struggle with which the princely power tried to establish control over the state of affairs in their lands. The constant impact on the processes occurring in the Galician-Volyn Earth, provided the policies of Poland's neighboring states and Hungary, where for help or in order to find shelters turned both princes and representatives of the Boyar groupings. The elevation of the Galician principality began in the second half of the XII century. With Prince Yaroslava Orel (1152-1187). After the troubles started with his death, the Volyn Prince Roman Mstislavich, who, in 1199, united Galic Land and most Volyn land as part of one principality. Leading a fierce fighting with local boyars, Roman Mstislavich tried to subordinate other lands of South Rus. After death in 1205, the eldest son Daniel (1205-1264), who was then only four years later, became his heir. Started a long period Interdiscosquets, during which, divided Galia and Volyn to Poland and Hungary tried among themselves. Only in 1238, shortly before the invasion of Batya, Daniel Romanovich managed to establish himself in Galich.

Novgorod land: from the very beginning of the history of Russia played in her special role. The most important feature This land was that the traditional exercise for the Slavs agriculture, except for the cultivation of flax and hemp, did not give much income here. The main source of enrichment of the largest land owners of Novgorod - Boyar was a profit from the sale of products of fisheries - Bortfish, hunting on the fur and marine beast. Along with ancient times, representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes were part of the population of the Novgorod Land here. In the XI-XII centuries. Novgorod residents mastered the southern coast of the Finnish Bay and kept the exit to the Baltic Sea in their hands, from the beginning of the XIII century. The Novgorod border in the West went through the lines of the miracle and Pskov lakes. Important for Novgorod had to join the extensive territory of Pomerania from the Kola Peninsula to the Urals. Novgorod sea and forest fishery brought huge wealth. Novgorod's trade connections with neighbors, especially with the Baltic Basin Countries, was growing from the middle of the XII century. To the West from Novgorod, fur, firing bone, fat, flax, etc. Items of importation on Russia were closed, weapons, metals, etc. Economic growth of Novgorod prepared the necessary conditions for its political separation into an independent feudal boyar republic in 1136 for princes In Novgorod, only service functions remained. The princes performed in Novgorod as military leaders, their actions were under the constant control of the Novgorod authorities. The right of princes on the court was limited, the purchase of land in Novgorod is prohibited, the revenues received by them from certain possessions are strictly fixed. From the middle of the XII century. Novgorod Prince formally considered the Grand Duke Vladimir, but until the middle of the XV century. He did not have the opportunity to really influence the state of affairs in Novgorod. Higher organ The management of Novgorod was the eve of the real power focused in the hands of Novgorod boyars. Three or four dozen Novgorod boyar surnames kept in their hands more than half of the private owner of the republic, and, skillfully using the patriarchacial-democratic traditions of Novgorod Starne in their own interests, did not produce power from their control over the richest land of Russian Middle Ages.

For the socio-political history of Novgorod, private urban uprisings are characterized (1136, 1207, 1228-29, 1270). However, these movements, as a rule, did not lead to fundamental changes in the system of republic. In most cases, social tension in Novgorod skillfully used in their struggle for the authorities representatives of rival boyars, which the people of the people were painted with their political opponents.

So we see that Kievan Rus I finally broke up, other major Russian principalities and cities appeared, because of what it was not calm in Russia, civil workers, raids from the outskirts, all this was disturbed by the hearts and minds of the people. There was no calm time, even though it was historically predictable. But at the same time, due to the fact that Russia shared on the many principalities in each feudal state began to develop art, which, in general, as a result, as a result of such a surge of culture in all areas of Russia.

Monuments of literature

russian medieval culture

The most important monument in Russia is the chronicle - this is historical genre Old Russian literature, which is a weather, more or less detailed record of historical events. Chronicles, as a rule, literate, literary gifted monks who knew the translation literature, legends, epics, described events and facts related mainly to the life of the princes, the affairs of monasteries and occasionally uneasy.

The geographical horizon of the chronicler is very wide - he knows both Britain in the West of the Old World, noting some ethnographic remnants of the British, and China in the East of the Old World, where people live on the edge of the land . Using Russian archives, folk tales and foreign literatureChronicles created a wide and interesting picture of the historical development of the Russian state.

The era of feudal fragmentation affected the fact that regional literary forces appeared, in each new princely the center were their chronicles, who paid the main attention to local events, but did not cease to be interested in and community affairs. Literature Rosla Sshir. The annals in Novgorod, Vladimir, Polotsk, Galich, Smolensk, Novgorod-Seversky, Pskov, Pereyaslavl and other cities appeared.

It is important to note that while the ancient Russia came close to Byzantium, a lot of work began on translation and correspondence of books. Russian scribes were known literature in Staroslavyansky, Greek, Jewish, Latin, but at the same time they continued to use their tongue, which distinguished him from most countries of the East and West. The Russian language was used everywhere - in office work, diplomatic correspondence, private letters, in art and scientific literature.

The unity of the people's and state language was a large cultural advantage of Russia to Slavic and german countriesin which the Latin state language dominated. It was impossible to be so wide literacy, since Latin meant competent. For the Russian landing people, it was enough to know the alphabet in order to immediately express their thoughts in writing; This explains the wide application of writing in Russia and on boards (obviously hurned). With all the patriotism of Russian literature, we will not find in it and a trace of the preaching of aggressive actions. The struggle with the Polovtsy is considered only as the defense of the Russian people from unexpected robbing raids. The characteristic feature is the lack of chauvinism, humane attitude towards people of various nationalities: Miluja is not Tokmo his faith, but also Chusyiye ..., it is then a bude of Zhidovin, or Saracin, or Bulgarian, or heretic, or a Latinian, or from all the rebounds - all sorts of merry and from trouble to get rid (Message of Feodosia Pechersky to Prince Izyaslav, XI century). In the next century, Russian literature had a great influence on the culture of South Slavic countries who did not know Latin as official. Russian literature XI-XIII V.V., as it was not sad, it came to us not completely. The medieval church, aggressively tuned to the remnants of paganism in the state of Ryano destroyed everything, with him connected, the literature did not bypass, so many writings mentioned the pagan gods were destroyed. In an example, you can give the "Word about the regiment of Igor", where the church is said in passing, and the whole poem is full of Russian pagan deities. Until the XVIII century. Only one list of "Words ..." came, although it is known that he was read in different Russian cities, individual quotes in the preserved manuscripts, hints for the abundance of books and individual works - all this convinces us that in the fire of civil wars, the persecution of the Orthodox Church , Polovtsy and Tatar raids could perish a lot of treasures of ancient Russian literature. But the surviving part is very valuable and interesting.

The largest works of Russian literature created at that time, but continued their literary life many more centuries, are: "The word about the law and grace" Metropolitan of Illarion, the "teaching" of Vladimir Monomakh, "the Word about the regiment of Igor", "Milia" Mikhail Sharpener, "Kiev-Pechersky Candy" and, of course, among them a prominent place occupies "Tale of temporary years" Nestor. For most of them, a wide, community view of events and phenomena, pride for their state, consciousness of the need for a constant joint struggle against nomadic troops, the desire to stop the ruins of Russian princes among themselves.

The pearl of Russian literature of the House'golsky time is the "word about the regiment of Igor" (~ 1187) standing in the first row of masterpieces of world poetry. "The Word ..." is one of the greatest monuments of the ancient Russian literature. About eight centuries ago, approximately in 1187, one of the most brilliant works of the Old Russian literature was created. "The word ..." is a multiyful oak, oak mighty and spread. Its branches are connected to the crowns of other luxurious trees of the Great Garden of Russian Poetry of the XIX and XX centuries, and its roots deeply go to Russian soil.

Russian literature already with ancient period He was distinguished by high patriotism, interest in the themes of public and state construction, consistently developing communication with folk creativity. She puts himself in the center of his distortion of man, she serves him, he sympathizes him, he was depicting him, it reflects the national traits, it is looking for ideals. In Russian literature of the XI-XVI centuries. There were no poetry, lyrics as separate genres, and therefore all literature is imbued with special lyricism. This lyricism penetrates the chronicles, in historical stories, in oratory. It is characteristic that Lurism has civil forms in ancient Russian literature. The author grieves and tells not about his personal misfortunes, he thinks about his homeland, it takes the benefit of his personal feelings. This is a lyrics not a personal nature, although the person's personality in it is expressed by calls to the salvation of the Motherland, to overcoming the turmoil in public Life Countries, acute expression of grief about lesions or civilian princes.

This typical feature found one of the brightest expressions in the "Word about the regiment of Igor". "The Word ..." is devoted to the topic of protection of the Motherland, it is lyric, performed by longing and grief, angry perturbation and passionate call. It is epic and lyrically simultaneously. The author constantly interferes with the course of events that tells. He interrupts himself with exclamations of longing and grief, as if he wants to stop the alarming course of events, compares the past with the present, calls for the princes-contemporaries to active actions against the enemies of the Motherland.

"The word ..." imbued with a great human feeling - warm, gentle, strong sense of love for his homeland. This love is felt in every row of the work: both in spiritual excitement, with which the author talks about the defeat of the troops of Igor:

"For the third day, Igor's twigs fell on the third day!

Here, brothers on the shore of the fast Kaivey were separated;

there is a bloody wine lacking;

here the Day finished the brave Rusichi:

shatov drank

and they themselves were elegted for the land of Russian.

Nick grass from pity,

and the tree with longing to the ground was abandoned. "

And in how he conveys words of crying Russian wives for killed warriors:

"Russian wines ignored, saying:

"We are already our cute way

nor in thoughts to think

neither think about

neither eyes do not see

and gold and silver and the forest in the hands do not hold! ""

and in a wide picture of Russian nature and in joys about the return of Igor:

"The sun glows in the sky, -

and Igor Prince in Russian Earth.

Igor rides Borichev

to the Holy Mother of Farming.

The villages are glad, hare fun.

Singers of the old princes,

then the young sing:

"Glory Igor Svyatoslavich,

Buy Tour Vsevolod,

Vladimir Igorevich! "

The poem inspired real events of the history of that time. "The word ..." was created after Igor's events of the campaign and written under fresh impressions from these events. This work is assembled from hints, reminders, deaf instructions on what was still in the memory of every person. It served as a call to stop the princely gravity, to unification in the face of terrible external danger. The author's merit is that he managed to become higher than the private interests of individual princes, understood the need to unite the Russian Earth and expressed this thought in bright and lively images and paintings. "The word ..." with genius force and inspirational reflected the disaster of that time - the lack of political unity of Russia, the enmity of the princes among themselves and, as a result, the weakness of her defense from the strengthened and frequent piping of the raids of nomadic peoples and the eastern neighbors of Russia.

"The word about the regiment of Igor" not only tells about the events of the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich - it gives an assessment and represents a passionate and excited speech of the Patriot, then the living modernity of gray-haired events, then recalling the case of gray-making old days. This speech is that angry, then sad and mournful, but always complete faith in their homeland, full pride, confidence in her future.

"Word ..." and today remains relevant to the work of literature. Despite the fact that it happened about 825 years ago, it remains a great monument of Russian culture and interest in him and interest to it does not fade, but even the opposite increases. It shows all the love of a Russian person to his homeland, his people and his excitement for the future of their country.

The literature of that time does not fade in spite of the past century. Thanks to her, we learn a lot that happened at the time, the teachings of the authors of those times are life and now. In the example of the chronicles, the "Tale of Bygone Years", the "Word about the regiment of Igor" and other works of that period we can see that the Russian people were spiritually high, educated and elevated. He was interested in what was happening in the state and beyond, moreover, he knew how to properly make an assessment of what was happening without taking the reader and blacks of that time. It was really educated peoplewho contributed to the literature of the Domongolian Rus part of themselves. Particle of Russian heritage, feelings, mood.

Folklore

all also important and vital in our time remains folklore ancient Russia. Despite the fact that proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, epics and songs began to be recorded only from the XVII century, they appeared during the period of the Domongolian Rus. All of them are filled with meaning, teachings and ridicule of poor qualities of people. They show us the unity of a person with nature, God, his spiritual power.

With the X century There was the biggest splash of the appearance of epic. Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Mikula Silanovich, Wolga, were their favorite epic heroes.

Russian Epos XI - XII V.V. enriched with plots dedicated to the struggle with Polovtsy. By mid XII - XIII V.V. The emergence of the Novgorod epic about Guest Sadko, rich in the merchant, originating from the ancient noble family, as well as the cycle of legends about Prince Roman, whose prototype is Roman Mstislavovich Galitsky. Sayings of that time ridiculed false, cowardice, human weakness, they praised work, kindness, complicity, again, unity. They passed a person to be a strong spirit and body, read the elders, love their homeland. There are a lot of sayings that appeared in ancient Russia, reached our days. People continue to use them, because semantic load Sayings and proverbs remained the same. Fairy tales, which appeared at that time, also partially reached our time, they were transferred to mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In most fairy tales and tales lie pagan roots. Pagan gods and gods, persisible orthodox Church Found their asylum and refuge in fairy tales and still live there. In fairy tales, we see the forestry, lesors, water, mermaids, houses and other deities of pagan culture. This is a loving in the "princess - frog", water ( sea king In folk fairy tales and epics), they also find their trend and fetishism (tablecloth - self-primary, boots - swords, magic tangle).

In fairy tales, we can also observe the presentation of the people about the afterlime world, about the eternal world of ancestors, the relationships of it with the world of living on Earth. We can observe in fairy tales a vision of death, the afterlime world, about the soul, as a transition to another form of existence. Mostly reflected this faith, they found in magical fairy tales, especially associated with the image of the Yaga women, which carried out an adapter into another world. Fairy tales make it possible to understand the presentation of the pagans about death accomplices, paths leading to the otherworldly peace, the verge between the Earth and the "eternal world", about the ways to overcome it and assistants in a debt and difficult path to "that light". But we will not forget that in fairy tales also rose the topic of honesty, courage, truth, she wrapped evil, lies, laziness, betrayal. The main villains were always punished by gravity of their guilt. Thus, the folklore shows us the ideas of people of that time, its moral qualities, rationality and faith in good good feelings of that generation.

Architecture and painting

A serious contribution to the history of world culture is Russian medieval architecture. We have already experienced the construction of fortresses, towers, palaces, wooden pagan temples, Russian architects with astounding speed have mastered the new Byzantine technique of brick construction and decorated the largest Russian cities with magnificent monumental structures. In some cases, architecture very sensitively reflected political history Countries: short-term rivalry Chernigov and Kiev affected the simultaneous construction of monumental cathedrals (Chernigov 1036, Kiev 1037). Novgorod uprising 1136g. Suspended the princely construction in Novgorod and opened the Boyarsky road. Previously, the separation of Polotsk Principality affected the construction there its Sophia Cathedral with an unusual layout. The full-blooded development of cities, rival with Kiev, led to the flourishing of architecture and the creation of local architectural schools in Galich, Smolensk, Novgorod, Chernigov, Vladimir-on-Klyazemma. With all that Russian architecture XII - XIII V.V. It is a well-known unity. It cannot be said that the Russian architecture of this time be under any influence or impact, although Russia had wide connections with East, West and Byzantia. Having learned at the turn of the X - XI V.V. Byzantine form, Russian architects very quickly modified it, made their own features and created their communional style, varied by regions.

Appearance in XIIV. Tower-shaped, striving up, slender buildings (Chernihiv, Smolensk, Polotsk, Pskov) especially vividly testified to the development of a Russian national style, born as a result of the impact of wooden construction. Unstable borders of feudal states were not obstacles for mutual cultural communication. A striking example of such a common style saying that art is not so much geographical as chronological, is a white-named architecture of Vladimir - Suzdal land with its amazing proportions and a thin decorative thread.

The construction of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod is a large nest - quite Russians in their traditions and construction techniques. But on a number of details, they are close to the architecture of the Romanesque style XII century.

The White Temples of Vladimir with their generous carved ornamenty researchers with full right are compared in common harmony and wealth of plots with the "word about the regiment of Igor", where the folk, pagan also flashes the Christian.

A thorough study of the proportions of the ancient Russian buildings made it possible to reveal peculiar geometric techniques of Russian architects XI - XII V.V., who helped them create buildings, amazing on the proportionality of parts. Recent finds in the old Ryazan and Tmutarakani geometric drawings from the system inscribed squares and rectangles, allowed to reveal another method of mathematical calculations, a method that is ascending to the Babylonian architecture and in Russia through the mediation of Transcaucasia and Tmutarakani. A diverse and rich Russian architecture for a long time retained the power of artistic impact.

The same can be said about the painting of ancient Russia. Russian painting and drawing reached us in the form of frescoes, icons, book miniatures. High level artistic expressivenessCovered by ancient Russian painting is partly due to the fact that the perception of Byzantine skill was prepared by the development of Slavic folk art in the pagan period.

Colorful combination of patterns on fabrics, complex ornamental compositions from flowers, trees, birds and animals are made of deep antiquity when people have turned the elements of nature and everything that this nature creates: animals, birds, fish, trees, grass, stones. The bulk of painting and sculpture, the bulk of painting and sculpture, is unfortunately, only to one category - to church art. Light art is known to us only partially.

Each church building was not only beautiful architectural constructionsBut also a whole gallery of fresco painting, subordinate to a single complex intent. In several tiers there were sacred images that were supposed to inspire a superstitious fear and a sense of subordination to the God of Heaven and the princes of the Earth. From church frescoes looked at the below ordinary people Images of Christian saints in the clothes of bishops, kings, warriors of the warriors, monks.

The class essence of the feudal church in its entirety has revealed against the art that the church tried to monopolize, so that through its attractive force to influence the minds of Russian people. Russian medieval cathedrals, like the Cathedrals of Western European countries, were samples of very skillful and subtle use of all types of art in order to approve the ideas of the feudal church. Kiev resident or Novgorod, entering the church, fell into a special world of images separated from the noisy city bargaining. The huge head of Jesus Christ, as it were, Paris in the sky, over the tightened smoke of Ladan, the space of the dome. The harsh "Fathers of the Church" continuously opposed the altar, ready to teach and punish. The Christian Virgin reminded the Slavic of the ancient pagan goddess of the earth and fertility (Ryzhanitsa, Makosh) and thereby united the old one in his mind new cults. When, frightened and depressed by the magnitude of the temple shown on the walls, Slavitic left him, then the picture of the "terrible court" was drawn over his impression. He returned from the Church to his world, and the church rushes his images of terrible torment, waiting for those who dare to disobey church laws.

The development of class struggle and anti-church movements, "Yeresya", led to the spread of certain plots in art, for example, "Miracle Mikhail Archangel in Honakh", where Mikhail, the "heavenly forces of the Governor", punishes the peasants who tried to raise the uprising. The plot "Assure Foma" is directed against skeptics who doubted Christian legends.

In this way, we can conclude that, despite the fact that a lot in architecture and painting appeared with the arrival of Christianity from Byzantium in Russia, they were adopted from him not much. In all manifestations of art, their own with anyone is incomparable, the Russian soul of man. Yes, she changed a little, thanks to the new flows of culture and religion in Russia, his own story of art, the originary and prosperous in pagan Rus, still continued to be present in everything. Also, in spite of the feudal fragmentation of the state and the cross-consumables between the princes, the still cultural and language community of all principalities. It can even be said that the feudal split of the state has a positive effect on the development of architecture and painting in different principalities, and not in some one. This once again shows how powerful and the state of ancient Russia remained in the spiritual plan.

Religion

It is known that baptism in Russia occurred in 988, but at the same time the Russian land was still baptism for a long time.

The people did not want to part with many years of life, even joining christian vera.

In 990, Rostov was baptized, but, residents of Rostov, first taking baptism, then kicked out one after another three bishops. Only the fourth bishop with help military force I was able to destroy the pagan sanctuary in Rostov and make people adopt Christianity. In 992, Polotsk was baptized, a few years later, tours. Smolensk land took Christianity for quite a long time, and the bishoprosis in Smolensk was approved only in 1137. No information was preserved about the appeal to the new faith of the population of Ryazan and Murom regions. It seems that the Christianization of these areas began not earlier than the XII century.

Eastern Slavs very painfully responded to the requirement to abandon the faith of ancestors. Resistant adherents of paganism fled from cities. In 1024, the uprising began in Suzdal under the leadership of pagan priests. Prince Yaroslav brutally suppressed the movement of the priests. However, less than half a century, in 1071, the priests again raised the troubles on the Rostov land and in Novgorod, but she was repaid again.

Nevertheless, if the princes could be forcibly baptized, it was unable to believe that it was impossible forcibly. The result of the religious reform of Prince Vladimir became a two-story reormity that dominated Russia since the X-XI V.V. Christianity was slowly mixed with pagan beliefs, creating a completely new type of worldview, in which the dogmas and the values \u200b\u200bof the old and new religion were peacefully. The rural population, in its main mass, remained right to paganism, with whom the whole folk culture. Moreover, the cities of Christianity fixed only outwardly. This is true for both ordinary citizens and a princely boyars. With this reality I had to put up and the church, forced to make concessions, to instill at least the main thing in the teachings. The church herself tried to get closer to the people and sometimes she was laughed in tricks. It is known, for example, that in Novgorod the Church of St. Vasily stood on a hairpiece, and the Saint in it is depicted on the icon surrounded by livestock, that is, very often the churches were tuned on the site of the former pagan sanctoes. Also, the church tried to make closer and clearer the temple of God for a man in that they resembled pagan worships: this worship of icons and statues (in the example of the goddan idols of the gods), the separation between the pantheon of canonized saints, for each of them was fixed certain strength and They were patrons of one definite orientation (as an example of the separation of forces between the gods in paganism), and even the fact that the candle was put to the right holy, resembled a rite when a fire was lit in front of the desired idol. This applies to the burials, in the XIII century. In the princely burials at the temples put decoration and weapons, as the pagan rite required.

But despite all the prairies, the church, with the arrival of Christianity on Rus made a lot, she opened a qualitatively new page in history and culture.

New religion Raised on new step Literature, architecture, thanks to her there appeared an icon. But, as in the other branching of culture, we see that Russia did not just take a new faith, putting up to the step above, but she, as always, brought his origins to church, making it a similar to other religions.

Conclusions

Starting with the X century. Rus reached high heights in culture. For the most part, the emergence of Christianity, as a new faith and a new round in the history of Russia, was benevolent. She laid great hopes, and as it turned out, not in vain. She helped to preserve the linguistic and cultural unity in the state, glued at that time on many small fragments - feudal principality, but, most importantly, that people did not adopt everything from other countries, completely copying the already established paintings, not, they brought to culture, in the literature, in architecture, painting, religion a piece of themselves, they rebuilt all that they were given the same Byzantium, on his own, leaving, not small, at that time a pagan culture and adapting it to the new-season. Later in the XVIII - XIX V.V. The culture will become even more secular and will lose its Christian and pagan influence, but now, which is very nice, people begin to return to their origins.

Russia XI-XIII V.V. was very high in spiritual and morally. She was able, no matter what, to convey to our time all that they thought they were bothering, what they dreamed about and what they lived.

Now we will not be able to imagine life without a "word ...", without cathedrals, temples, without that oral literature, which appeared at that time, but continues to raise us from childhood, to instruct us. This is a religion, which since the merger of paganism and Christianity has not changed almost. This is a folklore that walked with us from childhood, epics about mighty Bogatyreywho personify all the mighty husbands of the Domongolian Rus.

All this is present in our lives from a small age with the first fairy tale for the night, with the first candle set to the icon, in the temple, with the first stories about the houses, mermaids, ledgers, with the first familiarization already at school with "Word ...", "Tale temporary years. And when you begin to think about how many centuries have passed on the affair, before you read, I heard and saw, it was really joyful for our people, for our past.

This shows how wrong is the wrong opinion that Rus, in the period of feudal fragmentation, was culturally full.

I believe that she really made an invaluable contribution to world culture as a whole and in the culture of today's Russia in particular.

It was a truly culturally rich state, despite all the distribution and turmoil, which at that moment happened in it.

Bibliography

1.B.A. Rybakov "Culture of Ancient Russia" Moscow 1956

.D.S. Likhachev "Word about the regiment of Igor" and the culture of his time "Leningrad 1985.

."Word about the regiment of Igor" Moscow: Enlightenment, 1984

.B.A. Fishermen "Ancient Rus: legends. Epics. Chronicles »Moscow 1963

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