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The literature of Russian abroad is the branch of Russian literature, which arose after the Bolshevik coup 1917. There are three periods or three waves of Russian emigrant literature. The first wave - from 1918 to the beginning of World War II, the occupation of Paris - was massive. The second wave originated at the end of World War II (I. Lagin, D. Klenovsky, L.Razhevsky, N. Morushen, B. Filipov). The third wave began after the Khrushchev "thaw" and carried out the largest writers (A. Solzhenitsyn, I. Berrovsky, s.Odladovsky). The greatest cultural and literary significance is the work of writers of the first wave of Russian emigration. Literature abroad Emigrant writer

First wave of emigration(1918-1940)

The concept of "Russian abroad" arose and took shape after the October coup, when Russia was massively launched to leave refugees. After 1917, about 2 million people left Russia. In the scattering centers - Berlin, Paris, Harbin - Russia in miniature was formed, which preserved all the features of Russian society.

Abroad went out Russian newspapers and magazines, schools and universities were opened, the Russian Orthodox Church was operating. But, despite the preservation of the first wave of emigration of all the peculiarities of the Russian pre-revolutionary society, the position of refugees was tragic: in the past - the loss of families, the Motherland, the social status, who collapsed in non-existence, in the present - the brutal necessity in alien reality. Hope for a quick return was not justified, by the mid-20s it became obvious that Russia did not return to Russia and not return to Russia. The pain of nostalgia was accompanied by the need for heavy physical labor, home appreciation: most of the emigrants were forced to recruit on the Renault plants or what was considered more privileged, master the taxi driver's profession.

Russia left the color of the Russian intelligentsia. More than half of philosophers, writers, artists were expelled from the country or emigrated for life. Religious philosophers N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov, N.Lotovsky, L.Shrestov, L. Carsawin were outside the Motherland. Emigrants became F. Shalyapin, I. Rupin, K. Korovin, famous actors M. Chekhov and I. Mozzhukhin, Ballet stars Anna Pavlova, Vaclav Nizhinsky, composers S. Rashmaninov and I. Sestavinsky. From among the well-known writers, emigrated: Yves. Bunin, Iv.Shelev, A. Averschenko, K. Balmont, Z.Gippiius, Don Aminevo, B. Zaitsev, A.Kuprin, A. Grazov, I.Serevierin, A. Tolstoy, Tafffi, I.Shelev, Sasha black. We left abroad and young writers: M.TSvetaeva, M. Aldayan, Aadamovich, Ivanov, V.Odsevich. Russian literature that responded to the events of the revolution and the Civil War, who captured the pre-revolutionary entry collapsed into non-existence, turned out to be in emigration by one of the spiritual optical nation. The National Holiday of Russian Emigration was the birthday of Pushkin.

At the same time, in emigration, the literature was delivered to unfavorable conditions: the lack of readers, the collapse of socio-psychological oblasts, the nobleness, the need of most writers They should inevitably undermine the forces of Russian culture. But this did not happen: from 1927 the flourishing of Russian foreign literature begins, great books are created in Russian. In 1930, Bunin wrote: "The decline over the past decade, in my opinion, did not happen. Of the prominent writers, both foreign and" Soviet ", none, it seems, did not lose their talent, on the contrary, almost everything was growing, rose. A Also, here, abroad, there are several new talents, indisputable on their artistic qualities and very interesting in the sense of the impact on them of modern times. "

Senior generation emigrant writers

The desire to "keep something really valuable that the past has evident" (Aadamovich) is the basis of the creativity of the older generation writers who have time to enter the literature and make a name in pre-revolutionary Russia. To the older generation of writers include: Yves. Bunin, Iv.Sheleva, A. Grazov, A. Kuprina, Z.Gippius, D. Mezhkovsky, M.Sorgin. Literature "Elders" is presented mainly prose. In the exile, great books are created in the expulsion of the older generation: "Life Arsenyev" (Nobel Prize 1933), "Dark Alleys" IV. Bunin; "The Sun of the Dead", "Summer Lord", "Bogomol Iv.Sheleva"; "Sivetsev enemony" M. Zorgin; "Travel Gleb", "Rev. Sergius Radonezh" B. Zaitsva; "Jesus Unknown" D. Mezhkovsky. A. Kuprin produces two novels "Dome of St. Isaacia Dalmatsky and Juncker", the story "Wheel of Time". A significant literary event becomes the appearance of the book of memories "Living Persons" Z.Gippius.

The main motive of the literature of the older generation was the motive of nostalgic memory of the lost homeland. Exchange tragedies opposed the huge heritage of Russian culture, mythologized and poetted past. The topics that are most often treated by the older generation, retrospective: longing for "Eternal Russia", the events of revolution and civil war, the historical past, memories of childhood and adolescence.

The meaning of the appeal to the "Eternal Russia" received biographies of writers, composers, saints' lives: Yves. Bunin writes about the Tolstoy (Liberation of Tolstoy), M.TSvetaeva - O Pushkin (My Pushkin), V.Tsevich - About Derzhavin (Derzhavin), B. Zaitsev - About Zhukovsky, Turgenev, Chekhov, Sergia Radonezhsky (biographies of the same name), M. Sreatle about the Decembrists and a mighty cum (Decembrists: the fate of one generation, five and others). Available in autobiographical books in which the world of childhood and adolescence, not yet affected by the great catastrophe, seemingly "from the other side of the idyllic, enlightened: poets the past Iv.Smelev (Bogomol, the summer of the Lord), the events of youth reconstructs A. Kuprin (Junker), the last The autobiographical book of the Russian writer-nobleman writes Yves. Bunin (Arsenyev's life), the journey to the "sources of days" is captured by B. Zaitsev (Travel Gleb) and A. Tolstoy (Childhood Nikita). The special reservoir of Russian emigrant literature is the works in which the tragic events of the revolution and the Civil War are evaluated.

Junior generation of writers in emigration. Another position adhered to the younger "unnoticed generation" (the term writer, literary critic V.varshavsky), dependent on the other social and spiritual environment, refused to reconstruct hopelessly lost. To the "unnoticed generation" belonged to young writers who did not have time to create a solid literary reputation in Russia: V.Nabokov, Gazdanov, M. Aldayan, M.Ageev, B. Poplavsky, N. Berbberova, A.Steiger, D. Knut , I. CNORRING, L. HERCHINSKAYA, V.SMOLEN, I.ODOEVTSEVA, N.OTSUP, I.GOLENISHEV-Kutuzov, Y.Mandelshtam, Y.Terapiano and others. Their fate has developed differently. V.Nabokov and Gazdanov won the pan-European, in the case of Nabokov, even world glory. M. Aldayan, who began to actively print historical novels in the most famous emigrant magazine "Modern Notes", joined the "seniors".

V.Nabokov and Gazdanov belonged to the "unnoticed generation", but did not divide his fate, without having learned not the bohemian-nishchensky lifestyle "Russian Montparno" or their hopeless worldview. They were united by the desire to find an alternative to despair, exhausted inconsistency, without participating in the circular order of memories characteristic of the "senior". Meditative prose Gazdanov, technically witty and felt-elegant, was addressed to the Paris reality of the 20s - 60s. At the heart of Gazdanov's globility - the philosophy of life as resistance and survival.

In the first, largely autobiographical novel "Evening at Claire" gazdanov gave a peculiar turn of nostalgia traditional for emigrant literature, replacing melancholy on the lost real incarnation of "beautiful sleep". In the novels "Night Roads", "Ghost Alexander Wolf", "The Return of the Buddha" of the calm despair of "unnoticed generation" of the Gazdanov opposed heroic stoicism, faith in the spiritual forces of the person, in its ability to transformation.

The experience of Russian emigrant was peculiarly and in the first novel V.Nabokova "Masha", in which the journey to the depths of memory, to "delightfully accurate Russia" released the hero from the captivity of a dull existence. The brilliant characters, the heroes of the winners who won the sophisticated, and sometimes dramatic, life situations, Nabokov depicts in their novels "invitation to execution", "gift", "hell", "feat." The triumph of consciousness over the dramatic and poor circumstances of life is such a pathos of creativity Nabokov, hidden behind the game doctrine and declarative aestheticism. In Nabokov emigration also creates: the collection of stories "Spring in Phility", the world bestseller "Lolita", the novels "Despair", "Chamber of Complete", "King, Lady, Valet", "Look at the harlequins", "Plin", "pale Flame "and others.

In the intermediate position between the "seniors" and "younger", poets, published their first compilations before the revolution and quite confidently declaring themselves in Russia: V.Cetsevich, Ivanov, M.TSvetaeva, Aadamovich. In the emigrant poetry they are a mansion. M.TSvetaeva in emigration is experiencing a creative takeoff, refers to the genre of the poem, the "monumental" verse. In the Czech Republic, and then in France, she was written in France: "Tsar-Maiden", "Poem Mountain", "Poem of the End", "Poem of Air", "Rats", "Staircase", "New Year's", "room attempt".

Scattering centers. The main centers of scattering of Russian emigration were Constantinople, Sofia, Prague, Berlin, Paris, Harbin. Constantinople became the first place of refugee - the center of Russian culture in the early 20s. The Russian White Guards, who were then scattered in Europe were fled here. In Constantinople, a weekly "Zarnitsa" was published in Constantinople, A.Vestinsky was published. A significant Russian colony emerged in Sofia, where the magazine "Russian thought" went out. In the early 20s, Berlin became the literary capital of Russian emigration. The Russian diaspora in Berlin before the arrival of Hitler was 150 thousand people.

From 1918 to 1928, 188 Russian publishers were registered in Berlin, Russian classic was printed in large circulations. When hope for a quick return to Russia began to fade and economic crisis began in Germany, the Emigration Center moved to Paris - from the mid-20s - the capital of Russian abroad.

By 1923, 300 thousand Russian refugees settled in Paris. With Paris, the activities of the main literary circles and groups, the leading position among which occupied the "green lamp" was connected. Green Lamp was organized in Paris Z. Hippiius and D. Mezhkovsky, at the head of the Society, Ivanov got up. The meeting of the "green lamp" discussed new books, magazines, it was about Russian leadership writers. The "green lamp" united the "senior" and "younger", during all pre-war years was the most lively literary center of Paris.

Eastern scattering centers - Harbin and Shanghai. The young poet A. Aachair organizes the literary association "Churaevka" in Harbin. Collections "Churaevki" included up to 1000 people. Over the years of the existence of "Churaevki" in Harbin, more than 60 poetic collections of Russian poets were issued. Poets A.Nesmelov, V. Perleshin, M. Kolosova were printed in the Harbinsk magazine "Rubezh". The essential direction of the Harbin branch of Russian literature will be an ethnographic prose (N. Bakiki "in the wilds of Manchuria", "Great Van", "Belo Light"). From 1942, literary life will shift from Harbin to Shanghai. The scientific center of Russian emigration was a long time Prague.

Russian scattering affected Latin America, Canada, Scandinavia, USA. The writer G. Grebschikov, having moved in 1924 in the United States, organized the Russian publishing house "Alatas". Several Russian publishers were open in New York, Detroit, Chicago.

The controversy of Smenovovekhov and Eurasians will significantly affect the atmosphere of Russian literature in exile. In 1921, a collection of a change of milestone was released in Prague (the authors of N. Offers, S. Lukyanov, A. Bobrovyev-Pushkin - Former White Guards). Shangehovtsy urged to take the Bolshevik regime, in the name of the Motherland to make a compromise with the Bolsheviks. In the Smenovovekhov, National Bolshevism - "The Use of Bolshevism for National Objects" will be born. The tragic role to change the replacement in the fate of M.TSvetareva, whose husband S. Efron was recruited by Soviet services. In the same 1921, the collection "Exodus to the East" was released in Sofia. The authors of the collection (P. Savitsky, P. Suvchinsky, Prince N. Trubetskaya, Plorovsky) insisted on a special intermediate position of Russia - between Europe and Asia, seen Russia as a country with Messianic destination. On the Eurasian platform, the magazine "Mestes", which was printed by M.TSvetaev, A.reizov, A. Bely.

Literary and public editions of Russian emigration. One of the most influential socio-political and literary journals of Russian emigration was "modern notes", published by Estera Verudnev, M. Vishnyak, I. Bunakov (Paris, 1920-1939, founder of I. Fandamine-Bunyakov). The magazine was distinguished by breadth of aesthetic views and political tolerance. A total of 70 magazine numbers came out, in which the most famous writers of Russian abroad printed. In the "Modern Notes" they saw the light: Protection of a nudio, invitation to execution, Dar V. Nabokova, Mitin Love and Life Arsenyev Yves. Bunin, Poems G. Enimanov, Sivtsev Enezhek M.Sorgin, Walking on the flour of A. Tolstoy, M. Key Aldanova, the autobiographical prose Shalyapin. The magazine gave reviews on the majority of books that came out in Russia and abroad practically in all sectors of knowledge.

Since 1937, the publishers of "Modern Notes" began to issue a monthly magazine "Russian notes", which printed the works of A. Razizova, A. Aachair, Gazdanov, I. Knorring, L. Chervinskaya.

The main print authority of the writers of the "unnoticed generation", who did not have their own edition for a long time, became the magazine "Numbers" (Paris, 1930-1934, Ed. N. OCUP). For 4 years, 10 magazine numbers came out. "Numbers" became the erection of the ideas of "unnoticed generation", the opposition to the traditional "modern memorization". "Numbers" cultured the Paris Note and were published by G.Ivanov, Aadamovich, B. Poplavsky, R. Bloch, L. Hergeyevskaya, M.Ageeva, I. Ohodoevtsev. B. Poplavsky so determined the meaning of the new magazine: "Numbers" there is an atmospheric phenomenon, an almost only atmosphere of limitless freedom, where a new person can breathe. "In the journal also published notes about movies, photos, sports. The magazine distinguished high, at the level of pre-revolutionary publications, Quality of printing execution.

Second wave of emigration(1940-1950)

The second wave of emigration generated by the Second World War did not differ in such a massive character as emigration from the Bolshevik Russia. With the second wave of the USSR, prisoners of war, the so-called displaced persons - citizens who hired by the Germans were in Germany, those who did not accept the totalitarian regime. Most of the emigrants of the second wave settled in Germany (mainly in Munich, which had numerous emigrant organizations) and in America. By 1952, in Europe there were 452 thousand former USSR citizens. 548 thousand Russian emigrants by 1950 arrived in America.

Among the writers made from the second wave of emigration outside the Motherland: I. Lagin, D. Klenovsky, Y.Ivask, B.Narcissov, I. Chinnov, V.Sinzhevich, N.Narokov, N. Morushen, S. Maximov, V. Markov, B.Shiryaev, L.Razhevsky, V.Uurasov, and others. Leaving from the USSR in the 40s, no less severe tests had fallen out than refugees from the Bolshevik Russia: war, captivity, gulag, arrests and torture. It could not not affect the worldship of writers: the most common topics in the works of writers of the second wave are the deprivation of war, captivity, the horrors of Stalinsky terror. In the emigrant poetry of the 40-50s, political topics prevails.

Third wave emigration(1960-1980)

With the third wave of emigration from the USSR, artists, creative intelligentsia, preferably left. In 1971, 15 thousand Soviet citizens leave the Soviet Union, in 1972 - this figure will increase to 35 thousand. The emigrants of the third wave, as a rule, belonged to the generation of the "sixties", with the hope of the CPSU Congress that the Stalinist regime would be promoted. "Decade of Soviet Donity" will call this time of elevated expectations of V. Asksenov. An important role for generation of the 60s played the fact of its formation in the military and post-war time. B. Pasternak so described this period: "In relation to the entire previous life of the 30s, even in the wild, even in the well-being of university activities, books, money, amenities, the war was a cleansing storm, a stream of fresh air, the relaxation of the deliverance. Tragically heavy The period of war was a living period :, free, joyful return of a sense of community with everyone. " "Children of War", grew up in an atmosphere of spiritual lift, laid hopes for Khrushchev "Thaw".

However, it was soon obvious that the radius changes in the life of the Soviet society "Thaw" does not promist. Following the romantic dreams followed the 20-year stagnation. The beginning of the coagulation of freedom in the country is considered to be 1963, when N.S. Khrushchev exhibitions of avant-garde artists in Manege took place. The mid-60s - a period of new persecutions for creative intelligentsia and, first of all, on writers. Works A. Solzhenitsyn are prohibited by publication. A criminal case was initiated against Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky, A. Sinyavsky arrested. I. Berrodsky was convicted of tunes and exiled in the Nainanskaya village. S.Sokolov is deprived of the opportunity to print. The poet and journalist N.Gorbanevskaya (for participating in the demonstration of protest against the invasion of the Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia) was placed in a psychiatric hospital. The first writer deported to the West becomes in 1966 V.Tarsis.

The writers of the Third Wave were in emigration in completely new conditions, they were largely not accepted by their predecessors, alien to "old emigration". Unlike the emigrants of the first and second waves, they did not set themselves the task of "preservation of culture" or imprinted deprivation experienced in their homeland. Completely different experience, worldview, even different language (as A. Solzhenitsyn publishes a dictionary of language expansion, including dialects, camp jargon) interfered with the occurrence of links between generations.

The two largest Writers of the realistic direction worked in emigration - A. Solzhenitsyn and G.Vladimov. A. Solzhenitsyn, who forced to leave abroad, creates a Roman-epic "Red Wheel" in exile, in which he addresses the key events of the Russian history of the twentieth century, originally treating them. I emigrated shortly before the restructuring (in 1983), Vladimov publishes the novel "General and his Army", in which also concerns the historical topic: in the center of the Roman Events of the Great Patriotic War, which abolished ideological and class confrontation within the Soviet Society, the deputy repressions of the 30s years The fate of the peasant race is devoted to his novel "Seven Days" of the creativity of V. Maximov. V.Neekrasov, who received the Stalin Prize for the novel "in the trenches of Stalingrad," after the departure publishes the "Notes of Zewaki", "Little Sad Tale".

Among the poets, which were in exile - N.Corzhorvin, Y. Kublanovsky, A. Tsvetkov, A.Galich, I. Berr. The prominent place in the history of Russian poetry belongs to I. Brozsky, who received the Nobel Prize for "Development and Modernization of Classical Forms" in 1987. In the emigration, Brodsky publishes poetic collections and poems: "Stop in the desert", "part of speech", "End of an excellent era", "Roman Elegances", "New Stations by August", "Autumn Yastreb Creek".

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For a long time, it was unexplored by an ideological reasons. Region of Russian culture. Back in the 20s, the emigrant literature was declared hostile to our worldview as a phenomenon of "bourgeois decay", after which prohibitive measures followed. The works of emigrant writers, even those who even before the revolution in the history of domestic culture, were withdrawn from libraries, their publication ceased. So it was up to the mid-50s, when the situation has changed somewhat in the setting of Khrushchev "thaw". But only from the mid-80s. The systematic publication of works of writers of Russian abroad and the study of their creativity began. But another extreme arose - the assessment of the literature of Russian abroad is noncritical positive, and the Soviet is negative. This cannot be agreed. And the emigrant literature is not the same in its level. Both Soviet literature, even in the conditions of totalitarian regime, introduced outstanding names into the domestic and global culture, magnificent works in which the great traditions of domestic culture continued.

Literature of Russian abroad is one of the brilliant pages of domestic culture, created by its largest masters, which were in emigration. In the emigrant literature, poets and writers of various ideological and artistic flows were presented, which were still in pre-revolutionary Russia at the beginning XX c., - And the naval of Russian symbolism, and former amers, and representatives of futuristic flows, as well as those who have not been adjacent, like, for example, M. Tsvetaeva, or with what course.

A noticeable figure in the literature of Russian abroad was Dmitry Sergeevich Meriarykovsky (1865-1941) - one of the "fathers" of Russian symbolism. He acquired fame as a prose-novelist, literary critic and publicist. Before the revolution, he made a popular trilogy "Christ and Antichrist". In his work, he consistently argued the concept of mystico-religious development of the world - through the contradictions of heaven and earthly to harmonic synthesis.

In emigration there is a certain drop in the glory of Merezhkovsky, although he published a lot. He wrote mostly artistic and philosophical prose with pronounced subjective judgments about the world, man, history. In such a way, the books "Mystery of Three", "Napoleon", Jesus Unknown, as well as Dante Art Research, Francis, Assisi, Jeanne D, Ark, and others in "Contemporary Notes" in 1924-25. He was printed The novels "Birth of the Gods", "Tutankhamon on Crete" and "Messiah". In a number of His historical books, the book "Jesus Unknown", in which he returned to his utopians about the upcoming kingdom of the Third Testament and "Third Humanity", where The deepest contradictions inherent in the world will be removed.

Meriazhkovsky's companion throughout his life, separated by his philosophical and religious searches - Zinaida Nikolaevna Hippiius (1869-1945) - Poet, one of the largest representatives of the older symbolism. Emigrant work Hippius consists of poems, memories, journalists. In 1921, she published part of his Petersburg diary, the so-called "black book". And we must pay tribute to the author's poetic intuition - she wrote: "... Bolsheviks are a passman war, hopeless war. The Bolshevik authorist in Russia is a shipment, the brainchild of war. And while she will be a war. Civil? How wrong! Just war, only double, and external and internal. "

In 1922, her first emigrant collection "Poems was released in Berlin. Diary. 1911-1921 "" - The main theme of poems is politics. But then in poetry, she begins to return to his "Eternal Topics" - about man, love and death. The best of poems, which was created by it in emigration, entered the "Lights" collection. From prosaic works Sami 3. Hippius especially appreciated the novel "Memoirs Martynov" and the story "Pearl cane", based on the extraordinary love adventures of the main character and again reflections on the essence of love, faith, human being. Memoir Prose Hippius is "live persons" (memories of many Russian writers), and an unfinished book about Meriazhkovsky - Dmitry Merezhkovsky (Paris, 1951). Zinaida Hippius until the end of the days was convinced of a certain messenger mission of Russian emigration, considering himself by the envoy of those forces that the only and true history and in the name of this truth do not accept new Russia.

The role of another founder of Russian symbolism - Konstantina Dmitrievich Balmonta (1867-1942) In the literary life of Russian abroad, somewhat modest, although he wrote quite a lot. Of the most significant books of Balmont, who came abroad, are interesting: "Gift of the Earth" (Paris, 1921), "Sun Sonnets, Honey and Moon" (Berlin, 1923), "My - She" (Prague, 1924), "in a broken Dali "(Belgrade, 1930)," Northern Light "(Paris, 1931). Along with magnificent, in these collections there are weak poems. Balmont was also a wonderful translator and made a great contribution to Russian culture in this capacity. He translated, providing articles and comments by Shelley, Edgar Po, Calderon, as well as O. Wilde, Marlo, Lope de Vega, Hauptman, etc. He also made a poetic translation of the "Words about the regiment Igor".

A large poet of the Russian symbolism, which turned out to be emigration (left in 1924 in a scientific business trip and remained in Italy), was Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866-1949). From 1926 to 1934 was a professor of new languages \u200b\u200band literature in the educational institutions of Italy. Published "Roman walls" and no more poems wrote. After 1944, he returned to the intention of his monumental novel "The Tale of the Svetomir-Tsarevich", but from the outlined 12 books wrote only 5. She continued to work on Roman Olga Aleksandrovna Shor, which had an archive of Ivanov and was familiar with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel. For a half decades, she published four more books. The novel in his plan is the myth of man (Svetoomir), which through the transformation of the flesh and the spirit overcomes its sinful human nature. The narration should have ended with the vision of the kingdom of God on the land purified from sin, hesitating the hope of a certain mystical revival of man and humanity.

Their poets adjacent to acmeists, Vladislav Fillyanovich Khodasevich (1886-1939) was the most noticeable in emigration (1886-1939). His personality and creativity were and remain the subject of sharp disputes and contradictory assessments. Throughout his life, Khodasevich published only five small books of poems: "Youth" (1908), "Happy Dress" (1914), "Grain Ways" (from poems 1917-1920; 1920) and two already in Emigrations: "Heavy Lira" (Berlin, 1923) and "Meeting of Poems" (1927), in which the sense of pessimism is dominated, associated with the inability to do outside Russia. He owns a brilliant novel about Derzhavin (Paris, 1921), many historical and literary articles, including Pushkin. Shortly before the death, the book of memories of Khodsevich "Necropolis" (about Bryusov, Sologube, Gumilene, White, Gorky, Block, Yesenin and MN Dt.).

Georgy Viktorovich Adamovich (1894-1972) -Tell of former ameists. As the poet wrote a little in emigration. In 1939, a collection of poems "in the West" came out. Much and difficult to think Adamovich about the fate and ways of Russian foreign literature. In 1955, his book "Loneliness and Freedom" was published in New York, where he would bring the result to his thoughts about the literature and writers of emigration. It was considered one of the best critics among emigrant writers.

Another famous poet - Georgy Vladimirovich Ivanov(1894-1958). In emigration reprinted his collections "Heather" and "Gardens" and only in 1931 a new collection of his poems "sailing to the island of the Cite", and then (1937) a collection of "Roses", "Portrait without similarity" (1950), and Finally - "Poems 1943-1958" (1988). Known and as a prozaik - in 1926 in Paris published a book of highly subjective literary memories "Petersburg winter".

From ego paturists need to be called Igor Vasilyevich Northerner(Lotareva) (1887-1941). Once in emigration (in Estonia), published several collections of poems: "Solovy" (1918), "Vervena" (1918), "Menestrel" (1921), novels in verses - "Paduchina" (1925), "Bells of the Fellowship Cathedral "(1925), the poem" Rosa Orange Hour "(1925), as well as collections" Classic Roses "(1930)," Adriatic "(1932). He died in poverty and obscurity in the occupied by the Germans Tallinn.

Recently, the name is becoming increasingly popular with us Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) - Poet, Prosaika, Critica. Maria Ivanovna in 1922 went abroad to her husband - S.Ya. Efron - the former officer of the Volunteer Army. Initially lived in Berlin (two collections of her poems came here: "Psyche" and "Craft" - 1923), then in the suburbs of Prague (there was no lives in the capital) and in 1925 moved to France.

To understand the relationship with Tsvetaeva, the poem "Poem Mountain" and "Poem of the Fin" (1924) (1924) - the romanticization of the spiritual beginning was manifested in them. The emigration addresses both drama - works on the trilogy based on Greek mythology - "Ariadna", "Fedra", "Elena". Begins to write a lot in prose.

In 1932-1937. More and more "goes to senses," is distinguished from the emigrant environment. A particularly difficult period of Marina Tsvetaeva's emigrant life was 1937-39, when she stayed with his son George in Paris in full solitude. Husband - S.Ya. Efron, even at the beginning of the 30s. The recruited KGB, worked in the "Union of Return", which served the cover for the KGB agent, left in 1937 to Russia (he took part in the organization that made a lot of noise, killing the Soviet intelligence officer (flight), who decided not to return to the USSR).

In June 1939, Tsvetaeva returns to Moscow. Soon her husband S. Efron and the daughter of Ariadne were arrested (her husband was shot soon) and Marina Tsvetaeva remains alone with her son. Lives very difficult; Her poems do not print, but it earns on the life of translations. In August 1941, together with a group of writers and their families evacuated to Elabuga, where, after unsuccessful attempts to get a job on some work, she committed suicide. The grave of her is lost.

The tragic outcome of the life of Marina Tsvetaeva is most likely due not only to the material unsettless, indifferent to its fate from writers and writing organization at a difficult time, but also an increasing sense of loneliness. It happened so that she did not find her place in emigration, there was no place for her and home. Much of the literary heritage of Tsvetaeva was not published in due time, much remained in the archives of foreign publishers, in private archives, in her personal archive.

Only in recent years, work began on the study of foreign creativity M. Tsvetaeva, its contribution to the Russian poetic culture of the 20th century.

Of Writers-realisti (older generation), found in emigration, first of all, must be said about Leonid Andreyev, Ivan Bunin, Alexander Kuprina, Boris Zaitsev, Ivan Shmelev, etc.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev (1871-1919) After the October Revolution, he left Petrograd to Finland, to the country in Revole, where he was surrounded by the leadership of the Belog Guard Government of Yudenich. All of them, in his opinion, were "Schuler and Scammers", who speculated the high ideals of love for Russia. Abroad, he lived very little. In Finland, he will write its last significant work - the novel-pamphlet "Diary of Satan" - about the adventures of Satan, incarnating in the American billionaire.

Alexander Ivanovich Kubrin (1870-1938) In the autumn of 1919, I emigrated to Finland, and then to France (although it was not due to some clear political reasons).

The works of the Kpenie of the emigrant period according to philosophical content and style differ from its pre-revolutionary creativity. The main motive of their - longing to the abstract ideal of human being and a nostalgic look at the past.

The emigration printed in newspapers, thick magazines, published by individual books "Wheel of Time", "Elan", "Dome of St. Isa Akia Dalmatsky, "Juncker", "Jeanneta" and others also writes fairy tales, legends, fantastic stories, filled with a romantic call on people to be humane.

Creativity ^ of this big, talented writer in emigration was made, of course, a positive attitude. In 1937, he returned to his homeland, but he lived very little - in August 1938, he died from cancer in Leningrad.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870-1953) - the first Russian writer, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933 in the official report on the award of the Bunin of the Nobel Prize, said: "The decision of the Swedish Academy of November 9, 1933. The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Ivan Bunin for this year The truthful artistic talent with which he recreated a typical Russian character in artistic prose. " Bunin continued the best traditions of Russian literary classics.

The writer perceived the February Revolution as an exit from a dead end, in which tsarism went. October - hostile. In 1918, he left Moscow, and in February 1920, together with the residues of White Guard, he left Russia. His essays "the appearance days", which he wrote in Moscow and Odessa in 1918-1920 became a response to the Bunin on the October Revolution. This work is essentially his political credo, the expression of the rejection of revolution and the new Russia: "... One of the distinguishing features of the revolution is a mad thirst for playing, a hypocrite, poses, a Balagan. A monkey wakes up in man. " And further: "For the third year there is something monstrous. The third year only lowness, only dirt, only atrocity. "

Bunin tragically worried a gap from homeland. In his work, he closed on the memoirs of Russia, on experiences for the previous past. During the war, he took a patriotic position.

The main interest of Bunin focused on emigration on "eternal topics", which were still in the Dooktyabrsky creativity, about the meaning of being, about love and death, about the past and the future, which was intertwined with the motives of the hopelessness of personal destiny, with thought about their homeland. The main stages of Bunin's creativity after 1924 were designated in the books: "Mitina Love" (1925), "Sunflow" (1927), "God's Tree" (1931), "Liberation of Tolstoy" (1937 ), "Lika" (1939), then "Dark Alleys" (1946) appeared and finally "Memories" (1950). Poetic works of Bunin were collected in the Tomik of "Selected Poems" (1929).

The most significant phenomenon in the work of the Bunin of the recent years was the novel of the life of Arsenyev, in which he tried to comprehend the events of his life and the life of Russia of the pre-revolutionary time.

In 1934-35 Petropolis publisher has released a meeting of the essays of Bunin in 11 volumes. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin still remains unsurpassed Word Master. His name rightfully stands in a number of the largest writers of Russian literature. Bunin is buried in the Saint-Geneviev de Bou Cemetery in the suburb of Paris.

The closest Bunin was Boris Konstantinovich Zaitsev(1881-1972), who declared himself in 1906 by the collection of stories of the "Quiet Zori". In 1922 he left with his family to Berlin, for about a year he lived in Italy, then in Paris to the very death.

In the work of Zaitsev - IV tonality, and in the subject of his works - a religious start is clearly manifested, as, for example, in the work of the "Rev. Sergius Radonezh" (Paris, 1925).

The most extensive work of Zaitseva is the autobiographical tetralogy "Gleb Travel", including four novels: "Zarya" (1937), "Silence" (1948), "Youth" (1950), "Tree of Life" (1953). A mansion in foreign creativity Zaitseva cost novels: "Life of Turgenev" (1932), "Zhukovsky" (1952), "Chekhov" (1954), written in the style of lyrical impressionism.

Significant contributions to the literature of Russian emigration made writers Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov (1864-1932) ("Life of Tarkhanov" - the autobiographical trilogy on the eternal gap of the intelligentsia and others) and Ivan Sergeevich Shmelev(1872-1950) who declared themselves at the beginning of the century (the book of essays "on the slopes of Valaam" (1890), the story "Man from the restaurant" (1911).

I.S. Shmelev met the February Revolution enthusiastically, the October did not accept, settled in Alushta. His son is an officer of the Volunteer Army, was in Lazarut in Feodosia, from which he was captured, and then shot red. Shmelev went from Russia; He lived at first in Berlin and then in France.

Emigrant period of creativity I. Shmelev was very fruitful. Here are just some of his books: the essays "The Sun of the Dead" (1923) about the post-revolutionary life in the Crimea, where hunger dominated, death, arbitrariness; Novels "Love History" (1929), "Nanny from Moscow" (1936), "Ways of Heaven" (1937-1948) and unfinished: "Soldiers" (1930) and "foreigner" (1938). Shmelev was one of the most readable authors in emigration. Skmelev's autobiographical stuff was obtained very high assessment: "Summer Lord" and "Bogomol", in which the old patriarchal Russia is chanting.

A special figure in the Russian literature of the XX century, including foreign, -ALEksay Mikhailovich Remizov (1877-1957). The basis of his literary and historical concept, which has developed finally in emigration, the idea of \u200b\u200bChaos Being, the disbelief in the victory of the "divine" over the "devilish". His creativity is inherent fantasticity and groteskost, and not as artistic techniques, like Gogol, but as the essence, the content of life itself. Hence, in his works, delusional visions, terrible dreams, hallucinations, every evil - kimair, Baby, Les, etc. Remizov believes that in the secret of the world and its "spheres" can be penetrated only in a dream, which for Remizov has "Special reality "The soul lives in it, the world of the soul is expressed. In 1954, a meeting of the "Literary Dreams" of Remizov - "Martyn Zadeka is coming out in Paris. Dream Interpretation.

Remizov did not accept the October Remision, seeing the final destruction of his ideal of Russia. Then he wrote "the word about the death of the Russian land" (1917). Soon the writer went to Berlin, and in 1923 he moved to Paris, where it remained to live until the end of days.

He printed in emigration a lot. A response to the revolution was his book "Welcome Rus" (1927). At the same time, Remizov plunged into his world of dreams, devils and ledces - "Document and Balagura" (1923), "Grass-Muraba" (1922), "Zvenigorod is sclicking. Nicolines Proverbs "(1924). Many of his works - as if retelling dreams. "Fire of things" (1954) - about dreams in Russian literature ... Dreaming, claims Remizov, underlies mythology, is based on human history. The mystery of the highest space spheres can only look in a dream. Cosmos in Remizov's philosophy combined all living things. One of the best books of Remizov in emigration "trimmed eyes" (1954) has a subtitle "Book of nodes and tighten the memory".

Under the end of life, a lot of literature is engaged in a lot of literature, processing the story of ancient Russia ("the understeed. Savva Grudtsyn and Solomonia" (1951), "Mellazina Bruntsvik" (1952), "Circle of happiness. Legend of Tsar Solomon", "Tristan and Isolda", etc. .).

One of the tragic figures of Russian emigration of the 20th Gg. Was Michael Osorgine (Ilyin) (1872-1942). Love for the Motherland has always been combined with his love for freedom. The writer was expelled from Russia in 1922 ("Philosophical Steamer"); Voluntarily, as he said, he would never leave Russia. Once away from her, despite the difficulty of emigrant life, always remained a Russian patriot. The main theme of his creativity is Russia. Russian literature considered united and responded to all the best, which appeared in Soviet Russia, and in Russian abroad. This put it in a special position in the circles of emigration.

About Russia his books: "Sivtsi enemians" (1928), "history witness" (1931), "Book of the Even" (1935), as well as a memoir "Miracle on the Lake", "Things of Man", "Times". In the novel "Sivtsev enemony" (in 1990, he published in Russia) Osorgin wrote about the tragic situation in which Russia turned out to be in the years of revolution and civil war, that it is impossible to see the truth of our history unequivocal and unilateral, for it was And it was not neither the other side. To see in the history of red and white, it is hardly to see the truth: "The walls against the walls were two fraternal armies, and each had its own truth and their honor ... There were two truths and two credits among themselves, and the battlefield was devoted to corpses The best and honest. "

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1883-1945) - a representative of the Russian realism of the beginning of the century. In the emigration was not long - in 1922, with his family returned to Russia. There, in emigration, began to write "sisters" (1 part of the well-known trilogy), creates such works, where it comes from modernity to the world of fiction: "Caliostro Count" (1921), "Rustic Evening" (1921). He also writes "Childhood Nikita". During the years of emigration (1918-1922), the works were also created on the historical topics of "obsession", "Peter's Day", "the story of the Time of Time", in which the author is trying to find a rid of Russian character.

A few words must be said about satyrconets. When in August 1918, the publication of the magazine "New Satirikon" ceased, most employees left abroad. This is A. Averchenko, TEFFI (Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Lohvitskaya), Sasha Black (Alexander Mikhailovich Glyckberg), Bukov, Remy, Yakovlev. Their work abroad is quite extensive. Especially many were printed "Taffphi, Sasha Black, Averchenko (for example," Cynic Stories ", Prague, 1922, or Roman" Jokes of the Metsenite "). These were brilliant satyrics. Their creativity before the revolution and in emigration made a whole era in the history of Russian satirical literature .

And about one interesting writer abroad - Evgeny Zamyatin. Printed before the revolution. In 1914 his story "On Kulichki" was published. After the October Revolution, Zamyatin was not going to emigrate. He actively participated in cultural work, published a lot of articles on the problems of literature and art, etc. In 1920, he wrote a novel "We", which was not printed in Motherland, and for the first time appeared in England in 1924 in English . The newspaper injury of the writer, his play "Blokha", who went with the constant success was increasing, was removed from the repertoire, and the books were banned; The novel "We" qualified as "evil pamphlet on the Soviet state." In 1931, Zamyatin, with the assistance of Gorky, received permission to go abroad, although he considered himself an emigrant, hoping to return to his homeland.

Roman Zamytina "We" (We have published in 1990) - Antiutopia, a novel-warning in a possible future. And at the same time, this thing is plentiful. The novel carries us into a society of the dream, where all material problems have been solved, implemented for all mathematically verified happiness, and at the same time freedom, human individuality, the right to freedom of will and thoughts, is being abolished here. This novel, as it were, the response to the naive faith in the first years after October 1917 in the possibility of the implementation of communist utopias. Zamyatin created a lot of magnificent stories, the tragedy "Attila" - about the invasion of the barbarians to the drains Rome, and historically reliable, virtuoso-style story "Beach God" (about the dying Rome).

Especially in a number of Russian abroad writers worth name Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokova (1899-1977). He not only won worldwide fame, but became equally "his" for the Russian and English-speaking intellectual public. It is written eight novels in Russian: "Masha" (published in 1926), "Protection of Luzin", "invitation to execution" and other and eight novels - in English: "The true life of Sebastian Knight" (1939), Roman "Lolita", who made a lot of noise, etc.

Prose Nabokova is intellectually oversaturated, stylistic rejunction, according to some literary critics, is of great interest in many countries. The publication of its works with us, which began during the restructuring, was met with great satisfaction with the reading public. V.V. Nabokov made a major contribution to Pushkinian. In 1964, he published 4 Tomny comment on Evgenia Onegin with the prose translation of Pushkin Roman.

; The list of emigrant writers of the first wave and their works can be continued for a very long time. Now this huge spiritual wealth is gradually returning to us. In recent years, Bunia has been published with us many of the works named and unnamed here. Now, it seems that there are no those who will deny that the literature of Russian abroad is the richest formation of domestic culture. And on its roots, and in the plots, throughout her spirit, she highly carried the great traditions of Russian classics in their best works. In many ways, this literature "fastened" by nostalgia. This is its strength and weakness. The strongest side is primarily in the fact that it gave excellent patterns of poetry and prose on materials of pre-revolutionary Russia. Weakness - the cutoff of it from those real processes that proceeded in their homeland - came around that the literature of Russian abroad had no future, could not have the continuation of her descendants of emigrants. But her future turned out to be in another - new waves of emigration replenished the ranks of the writers of Russian abroad.

Many visible and large names in the literature of Russian abroad entered the third wave of emigration. This, as a rule, was not voluntary emigration. Writers, artists who had the courage do not accept the breakdown of the elementary human rights and freedom of creativity, by systematic persecution, persecution, threats forced to leave their homeland or simply thrown out of its limits.

He heads this extensive list by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn.

Solzhenitsyn passed on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, was awarded orders and medals. At the end of the war, he was arrested as a "traitor of the Motherland" (on the bottoms, for his literary works). More than ten years - prisons, camp, reference and first rehabilitation in 1957. Deadly disease - cancer - and wonderful healing. Wide fame at the time of Khrushchev "thaw" and silence in the years of stagnation.

The literary fate of Solzhenitsyn opened in 1962. Publication of the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" in the magazine "New World", which was then led by A.T. Tvardovsky. It will not be an exaggeration to say that the story has become the top of the literary and public lifting of the 60s. She brought auto fame. (The story was put forward by the magazine for the degree of Lenin Prize, but the times changed, "thaw" ended and anyone could not be anyone.) At the same time, a number of Solzhenitsyn's stories were published and above all "Matre Ning Yard." According to one of the outstanding and honest writers of our time - Viktor Astafieva - Matrenin Dvor has become a real revelation and the starting point of the whole direction of our literature - Writers "Villagers".

The meaning of the story of "One Day Ivan Denisovich" is not only that it opened the camp theme in the literature. Solzhenitsyn showed the suffering of a simple person who is morally cleaner, higher than many leaders and figures of the pores, which are now represented by victims and heroes-sufferers. Ivan Denisovich is a true Russian man, like the stationander Pushkin, Maxim Maximych in the "Hero of our time", men and women in the "Notes of the Hunter" Turgenev, Tolstsky Peasants, Poor-People of Dostoevsky.

In 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. And in his homeland began and increasingly intensified the injury of the writer. The press publishes "letters of workers", writers, scientists, under which the signatures and many of the literature and artists have been published by the awards. "Literary Vlasoves" is not the strongest expressions of such letters.

In February, "1974, after the release in the west of the book" Archipelag Gulag ", and when" surviving "from Solzhenitsyn's country did not succeed, it was captured, he was pushed into a plane and brought out in Germany, degrading Soviet citizenship. For many years, the writer lived and Worked in the United States, in Vermont.

Solzhenitsyn - the phenomenon of Russian literature, a global artist. V. Astafyev, who is stupid, says that with the release of the "Gulag Archipela" and "Red Wheel" before the Soviet reader appears the greatest writer of modernity, the devotee of the Spirit.

At the end of 1991, an international symposium dedicated to Solzhenitsyn took place in Naples. Opening it, Professor Vitto Rio Strade noted that Solzhenitsyn is more than a writer. In these works, as the Gulag Archipelago and Red Wheel, he acts not only as an outstanding writer, but also a deep historian researcher who is looking for an evil root in the Russian past, who led him to decline to decline. In comprehending the complexity of historical processes of his time, he contributed to the contribution of anyone from his contemporaries. His ambitious publicist activities are devoted to the problems of the future of Russia and the world.

Not all is indisputable in the views of Solzhenitsyn for the past and the future. He criticizes the thesis that approves the continuity between Russia before and the post-Betyabrskoye, but also its antithesis, denying the continuity between these two periods, is not indisputable. Russia appears in the form of an incomprehensible victim of foreign cultural and political intervention. There is an idea that the Bolshevik revolution has become possible as a result of the activities of demonic personalities, brightly presented in the episode entitled "Lenin in Zurich". It raises the question of his search for a certain mythical new path, not a capitalist (Western. Criticism of the West, quite reasonable, causes him to be accused of anti-community) and not communist. In search of such a path there was a lot of strength in the past and not only in Russia. Solzhenitsyn's views on these problems contain utopian elements of Christian socialism.

Interesting and significant views of Solzhenitsyn for a role, place, artist's debt in the modern world. They found a bright reflection in his Nobel lecture.

In the Nobel lecture, Solzhenitsyn speaks of the great strength and the sacrament of art, about literature, as a living memory of the people, about the tragedy of Russian literature. "The brave national literature remained there (those in the gulag), buried not only without a coffin, but even without underwear. Naked, with tag on the finger. Russian literature was not interrupted for any moment! - A from the side seemed desert. Where a friendly forest could grow, there were two or three randomly underwent woods. " The lecture is a call for writers of all over the world: "One word of truth will respond the whole world." Solzhenitsyn himself in all his life and work is guided by them formed and become the famous fundamental principle - "Live in Lie".

Another laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature from the third wave of emigration - the poet Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky (1940- 1998).

Its creativity we had an unknown public, but they knew in the circles of the intelligentsia. Poems did not printed. The poet was condemned for "Tunes" and exiled to the north, and in 1972 he expelled from the USSR. In the period of persecution, when the threat of expulsion arose, one of his friends writer V. Maramzin, trying to help the poet, gathered everything they had written here and had from acquaintances. It turned out five volumes of the typewritten text, which he handed over to Samizdat, for which he was arrested and convicted on 5 years of imprisonment conditionally. Maramzin left the USSR, lives in Paris, where a number of his works (the story "The History of Marriage of Ivan Petrovich" and a number of others in the traditions of Kafki, Platonov, the literature is absurd: "Blond both color", "funnier than before", "Tanitolkay" and etc.). As for the works of I. Brodsky, then in the second half of the 90s. The edition of its essays in seven volumes began. A number of works on the poet appeared: Books L. Bat-Kina "Thirty-Third Letter", N. Strishevskaya "On Poetry Joseph Brodsky", reissued a collection of interviews V. Khihina "Brodsky's eyes of contemporaries", and in 1998 another book - "Joseph Brodsky: Proceedings and Days", compiled by L. Losev and P. Wail.

Dramatic fate of the famous, talented writer - Viktor Platonovich Nekrasova, The author of one of the trusted books about the Patriotic War - the story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" (for which the Stalinist Prize received), the novel "in his hometown" and others. However, it was worth him in 1962, in the period of the Khrushchev thaw, publish in "New The world is "magnificent essays" on both sides of the ocean ", as the persecution began and more and more increased persecution, searches on the apartment, detentions, refuses to publications, etc. Nekrasov was forced to leave abroad. He was deprived of Soviet citizenship. He lived in Paris, collaborated in the magazine "Continent", where he published a number of things. Very worried about his emigration. Died in September 1987 in Paris Hospital. The same sad fate has suffered a talented poet singer Alexander Galich, forced to leave the country and died also in Paris.

Another talented writer - Vasily Aksenov, The creative destiny of which began to seem to be safely. Since 1959, he successfully publishes his stories, stories, novels, conquering the appreciation of the reader. Popularity brought a story "Colleagues" (and filmed the film of the same name), sincerely described the life and thinking of Soviet youth. Since 1965, Aksenov became increasingly addressed to the forms of grotesque, absurd, irreality in modern world literature. This was reflected in his works "It's a pity that you were not with us" (1965), "Timberned Boccottar" (1968), "My grandfather-monument" (1972), "Searching for the genre" (1978). In 1978, Aksenov was one of the initiators of the creation of Almanac Metropol, published without the permission of censorship (originally in eight copies). Began the persecution of the authorities. In 1980, Aksenov leaves abroad, lives in Washington. Regularly printed. In 1980, his novel "Burn" came out (now he was published from us), the Anti-Distopian "Island of Crimea", which have gained wide fame in many countries. In 1989 he graduated from the novel in English "Yolk Eggs".

Were sent or forced to leave such well-known writers like Vladimir Winovich - The author of the novel-anecdot "Life and the extraordinary adventures of the soldier Ivan Chonkina" originally published abroad (we were published in the journal "Youth" No. 12 for 1988 and No. 1-2 for 1989) abroad, a number of his works came out, in particular, Roman "Moscow, 2042" - Antiutopia Roman, a novel a warning, which shows the ugly future of the Soviet Union, which expects it if the restructuring does not work. Georgy Vladimov was forced to live and work abroad, the author of "faithful Ruslan", the largest literary critic and writer Lev Copellev, the philosopher and writer Alexander Zinoviev - the author of the magnificent Satir "gaping heights" and "Homo Sovieticus".

The literature of the third wave of emigration is presented, in addition to those mentioned above and well-known in the world, as many as many names that we were almost or completely unknown. Only at the end of 1991, the anthology of Russian abroad "Third Wave" was published, which gives a certain idea of \u200b\u200bsome of them. This is S. Dovlatov, F. Berman, V. Matlin, Y. Mamleev, S. Yury-Nen, K. Kozrinsky, O. Kustarev, E. Limonov, I. Ratushinskaya, Sasha Sokolov, etc. Of course, it's hard to judge them In some, as a rule, small works placed in the anthology. This may be not the magnitude of the first order, but the authors who are trying to "declare themselves."

In the silver age, Russian culture declared itself as one of the leaders of the global spiritual movement. The silver century was broken by political, military and social turmoils 1917 - 1920. But the powerful cultural movement could not disappear at one point only from external adverse circumstances. The silver age has not disappeared. He was broken, and his big part continued to exist in the culture of "Russia 2", as sometimes called Russian emigration.

The second wave originated at the end of World War II. The third wave began after the Khrushchev "thaw" and carried out of Russia of the largest writers (A. Solzhenitsyn, I. Berrovsky, S.Dadetov). The most cultural and literary importance is the work of the writers of the first wave of Russian emigration.

The concept of "Russian abroad" arose and took shape after the October Revolution of 1917, when Russia massively began to leave refugees. After 1917, about 2 million people left Russia. In the scattering centers - Berlin, Harbin, Paris - Russia in miniature was formed, which preserved all the features of Russian society. By the mid-1920s, it became obvious that Russia would not return to Russia to Russia ..

The desire to "keep it is really valuable that the past has evident" - at the heart of the creativity of the older generation writers who have managed to enter the literature and make a name even in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the exile, great books are created in the sense of cross-generation: Nobel Prize 1933.

The main motive of the literature of the older generation was the topic of nostalgic memory of the lost homeland. The most frequently used topics are - this is a "Eternal Russia"; - events of revolution and civil war; - Russian history; - Memories of childhood and youth.

Antiproducing "yesterday" and "current", the older generation made a choice in favor of the lost cultural world of old Russia, without recognizing the need to organize in a new reality of emigration. It led to the aesthetic conservatism of the "seniors": "It's time to throw to go in the footsteps of Tolstoy? - Bunin wondered. - And on whose footsteps it is necessary to go? "

Check yourself. 1. How many periods of Russian emigrant literature do you know? Name the dates of these periods. 2. What scattering centers of Russian emigration are you known? What is the difference? 3. Which year begins the flourishing of Russian foreign literature? What books are created? 4. Name the names of writers and poets emigrated abroad? 5. What glances in the literature were the writers and poets of the older generation? What is the aesthetic conservatism of "seniors"? 6. Who called the "unnoticed generation"?

"It is hardly the most valuable contribution of writers to the general treasury of Russian literature will be recognized by different forms of non-educated literature" - Dstruv (researcher of emigrant literature) criticism essistics philosophical prose High journalism Memoir prose

The emigrants have always been against the authorities in their homeland, but always loved their homeland hotly and dreamed and dreamed of back there. They retained the Russian flag and the truth about Russia. Truly Russian literature, poetry, philosophy and faith continued to live in foreign Rus. The main goal was to "convey the candle to the Motherland" to everyone, to preserve Russian culture and the Solved Russian Orthodox faith for future free Russia.

Check yourself! 1. What is the basic motif of the works of the Junior Generation of Emigrants? 2. What forms of non-educated literature brought emigrants writers to Russian literature? 3. Explain the term "intermediate position" of some poets. Name these poets. 4. What was the goal of emigrant writers?

Read the passages from the book of Irina Odoin "on the banks of the Neva" and answer the question: "What the block appears in front of readers in her memoirs:" Of course, a block, as we all, and, perhaps, even more than all of us, are littered with work. He almost the director of the Alexandrinsky Theater and honestly refers to his duties, which is delivering to everything decisively, reads the actors of lecture on Shakespeare, disassembles role with them and so on. True, the actors wake him. The monks of the other day said: "We only play for Alexander Alexandrovich. For us, his praise is the highest award. " "Of course, the block is littered with work. He, besides himself pulls firewood on the third floor and himself rolls them, he, such a Beller, Barin. And he has a solid blood pressure at home, not the "quiet hell", but with a clapping doors, with a cry on the whole house and female hysteries. Love Dmitrievna, Block's wife, and his mother does not bring each other and in the morning to night it quarrels. They settled together now. And the block of both loves the most in the world. " "Block-riddle. Nobody understands him. He just judged about him ... it seems to me that I solved him. The block is not at all a decade, not a symbolist how he is considered. Block - romantic. Romantic of the purest water, and besides - a German romantic ... German blood in it is very felt and reflected on his appearance. Yes, a block of a romantic with all the advantages and disadvantages of romanticism. For some reason, no one understands this, but the key, the solution of his creativity and his personality.

Emigrants accounted for a unique community abroad. His exclusivity consisted of that supercount that he set the history of refugees from Russia: "No emigration ... did not receive such an imperative punishment to continue and develop a business of native culture as foreign destroyers" the preservation and development of Russian culture in the traditions of the Silver Age and puts emigration of 20- X - 30s to the position of cultural phenomenon. Neither the second nor the third wave of emigration from Russia of common cultural and national tasks was not set.

In the composition of the group of subsequent "unreliable" (first emigration wave), they consisted of an intelligentsia, mainly the intellectual elite of Russia: professors, philosophers, writers, journalists. Emigrant newspapers called this action "generous gift" for Russian culture abroad. Abroad, they became the founders of historical and philosophical schools, modern sociology, important areas in biology, zoology, technique. The "Generous Dar" of Russian abroad turned the loss for Soviet Russia of whole schools and directions, primarily in historical science, philosophy, cultural studies, other humanitarian sciences.

The expulsion of 1922 was the largest state action of the Bolshevik authority against the intelligentsia after the revolution. But not the very last. The ruffles of expulsion, departures and simply the flight of the intelligentsia from the Soviet Union dried only by the end of the 20s, when the "iron curtain" of ideology was killed between the new world of the Bolsheviks and the entire culture of the old world. By 1925 - 1927. Finally formed the composition of "Russia 2". In emigration, the share of professionals and people with higher education exceeded the pre-war level.

The high proportion of cultural people in emigration contributed to the active continuation of the spiritual traditions of the Silver Age. A unique situation was created: there is no state, no government, no economy, there is no politics, and there is a culture. The disintegration of the state does not entail the death of the nation! Only the death of the culture means the disappearance of the nation!

This ephemeral "Russia 2", having no capital, nor the government nor the laws, held only one - the preservation of Russia's former culture in an inocultural, inactious environment. This emigration saw the only historical meaning of what happened, the meaning of his existence. "We are not in exile. We are in the message, "said DS Memerhkovsky. The task of preserving the culture of the disappeared old Russia has turned into a mission of Russian emigration.

In the situation of national "scattering", the Russian language turned out to be the main sign of belonging to the departed Russia. Newspapers, magazines, books - all this was the only effective way to preserve and transmit cultural traditions. Newspapers, magazines, books - became the most effective means of unification of emigration.

To establish some similarity of the National Spiritual Life, a creative association was required. The spiritual life of emigration began to gather around small intellectual points of gravity: publishing houses, educational and educational institutions. Emigrant libraries and archives quickly formed.

Among the libraries highlighted the library them. I.S.Turgenev in Paris. It was founded back in 1875 by I.S. Turgenev himself with the support of the singer Polina Viaro. In the 20s - 30s, the Turgenev Library experienced its second flourishing. In its funds, not only the books and magazines published in emigration were received, but the literature, documents, letters, diaries departed from Russia.

In the Turgenev library began to be equipped with his own museum with paintings, presented by artists, with personal things Shalyapin, Bunin, Lifer, Nizhinsky, Benoit. The catastrophe occurred in 1940, when the German army occupied Paris. Most of the library foundation was taken to Germany. The exported funds were disappeared, their fate is still unknown. After World War II, the Turgenev Library in Paris was restored, albeit in more modest sizes. It acts and now.

Russian cultural centers in emigration provided a kind of "defense" from another cultural medium, contributed to the preservation of their own cultural traditions. So many pure Russian institutions were created that it was possible to be born, learn, marry, work and die, without saying a word in French. Among the emigrants even told such a joke: "Good city of Paris, only the French here is a bit too much."

But the present, a full literary salon in Paris, we can consider Sunday meetings in the apartment Hippiius and Meriazhkovsky on Street Bonne Street. There were politicians here, philosophers, sometimes bunin came. The Tsaritsa Salon was the mistress itself - "Magnificent Zinaida".

The literary society with the Pushkin name "Green Lamp" turned out to be popular and existed for more than 10 years. At his meetings, reports on culture and literature were listened, read new works .. here were P.Milyukov, A. Karensky, I.A. Bunin, A.N. Benua, Ivanov, and Odoevtshev and others.

The main mechanism of the existence of Russian culture abroad was the principle of "cultural nest", which was assumed by the close interaction of all areas of creativity: literature, music, painting, scenography. Relatively more conservative steel and artistic tastes: realism, symbolism, modern. Avant-garde searches of the 10th Gg. The emigration did not fit. The interaction of artists in emigration sometimes turned around the direct vital necessity of survival.

Check ourselves 1. But the society, which amounted to emigrants is considered unique? What is its exception? 2. What kind of "generous gift" of Russians wrote emigrant newspapers? 3. What do you know about Russia 2? 4. What method of unification of emigrants was the most effective?

Continue the phrase! "No emigration received such an imperative punishment ..." "In emigration, the share of professionals and people with higher education ..." "The disintegration of the state does not entail it ... only ... means ..." Dmitry Merezhkovsky said: "We are not in exile. We…." "We did not leave Russia ..."

Today the dream of the first emigrants come true: their works, as well as the writers of writers of the two subsequent waves of emigration, return to their homeland, their names are sounding among those who enriched Russian culture and science. The first attempts of scientific understanding of the contribution of Russian abroad to the national and global culture are also made.

First Emigration Wave (1918-1940)

The position of Russian literature in exile. The concept of "Russian abroad" arose and took shape after the October coup, when Russia was massively launched to leave refugees. Emigration existed in Tsarist Russia (so the first Russian emigrant writer, Andrei Kurbsky, who lived in 16th century, consider), but did not carry such a large-scale nature. After 1917, about 2 million people left Russia. In the scattering centers - Berlin, Paris, Harbin - Russia in miniature was formed, which preserved all the features of Russian society.

From among the well-known writers, emigrated: Yves. Bunin, Iv.Shelev, A. Averschenko, K. Balmont, Z.Gippiius, Don Aminevo, B. Zaitsev, A.Kuprin, A. Grazov, I.Serevierin, A. Tolstoy, Tafffi, I.Shelev, Sasha black. We left abroad and young writers: M.TSvetaeva, M. Aldayan, Aadamovich, Ivanov, V.Odsevich. Russian literature that responded to the events of the revolution and the Civil War, who captured the pre-revolutionary entry collapsed into non-existence, turned out to be in emigration by one of the spiritual optical nation. The National Holiday of Russian Emigration was the birthday of Pushkin.

At the same time, in emigration, the literature was delivered to unfavorable conditions: the lack of readers, the collapse of socio-psychological men, carelessness, the need of most writers should inevitably undermine the forces of Russian culture. But this did not happen: from 1927 the flourishing of Russian foreign literature begins, great books are created in Russian. In 1930, Bunin wrote: "The decline over the past decade, in my opinion, did not happen. Of the prominent writers, both foreign and" Soviet ", none, it seems, did not lose their talent, on the contrary, almost everything was growing, rose. A Also, here, abroad, there are several new talents, indisputable on their artistic qualities and very interesting in the sense of the impact on them of modern times. "

Losing loved ones, homeland, any support in being, the support of anywhere, exile from Russia received in return the right of creative freedom - the opportunity to speak, write, publish it created without regard to totalitarian regime, political censorship. This, however, does not reduce the literary process to ideological disputes. The atmosphere of emigrant literature was determined not the political or civilian motionlessness of the writers who salted from the terrorist, but a variety of free creative searches.

In new unusual conditions ("there is neither the elements of the living life, nor the ocean of a living language that feed the work of the artist" - defined B. Zaitsa) writers retained not only political, but also internal freedom, creative wealth in opposition to the bitter realities of the emigrant existence.

The development of Russian literature in the exile was in different directions: the senior writers confessed the position of "preservation of covenants", the intrinsicity of the tragic experience of emigration was recognized as the younger generation (Poetry of Ivanov, "Paris notes"), appeared writers focused on the Western tradition (V.Nabokov , Gazdanov). "We are not expelling, we are sent," the "senior" position "Mezhkovsky" formulated "Messianic". "To give yourself aware that in Russia or in emigration, in Berlin or Montparnasse, human life continues, life with a capital letter, in Western, with sincere respect for it, as the focus of all content, the whole depth of life at all:" - This was the task of the writer of the Junior Generation Writer B. Poplavsky. "Whether to remind one more time that the culture and art of the essence of the concept of dynamic," the nostalgic tradition of Gazdanov was questioned.

Older generation emigrant writers. The desire to "keep something really valuable that the past has evident" (Aadamovich) is the basis of the creativity of the older generation writers who have time to enter the literature and make a name in pre-revolutionary Russia.

To the older generation of writers include: Yves. Bunin, Iv.Sheleva, A. Grazov, A. Kuprina, Z.Gippius, D. Mezhkovsky, M.Sorgin. Literature "Elders" is presented mainly prose. In the exile, great books are created in the expulsion of the older generation: "Life Arsenyev" (Nobel Prize 1933), "Dark Alleys" IV. Bunin; "The Sun of the Dead", "Summer Lord", "Bogomol Iv.Sheleva"; "Sivetsev enemony" M. Zorgin; "Travel Gleb", "Rev. Sergius Radonezh" B. Zaitsva; "Jesus Unknown" D. Mezhkovsky. A. Kuprin produces two novels "Dome of St. Isaacia Dalmatsky and Juncker", the story "Wheel of Time". A significant literary event becomes the appearance of the book of memories "Living Persons" Z.Gippius.

Among the poets, whose creativity has developed in Russia, I.Severyanin, Chernyuk, D.Bullyuk, K. Balmont, Z.Gippiius, were left abroad. In the history of Russian poetry in exile, they made a minor contribution, giving way to the palm of the championship to young poets - Ivanovich, Aadamovich, V.Chesevich, M.TSvetaeva, B. Poplavsky, A.Shteyger, and others.
The main motive of the literature of the older generation was the motive of nostalgic memory of the lost homeland. Exchange tragedies opposed the huge heritage of Russian culture, mythologized and poetted past. The topics that are most often treated by the older generation, retrospective: longing for "Eternal Russia", the events of revolution and civil war, the historical past, memories of childhood and adolescence.

The events of the Civil War and the Revolution are interspersed with dreams, visions, leading to the depths of the people's mind, the Russian spirit in the books of A.reizov "Welcome Rus", "Music Teacher", "Through Sorrow". Sorrowful accusability are saturated with the Diaries of Yves. Bunin "The Okayan Days". Roman M.Sorgina "Sivtstsev enemy" reflects the life of Moscow in the military and pre-war years, during the revolution. Yves. Shamelev creates a tragic story about the Red Terror in the Crimea - the Epopeus of the "Sun of the Dead", which T.mann called "a nightmare, shrouded in the poetic shine of the Epoch document." The "Ice Hike" of R. Gulikova, the "Beast from the Abyss" of E. Chirikov, the historical novels of the senior generation of M. Aldayan (key, escape, cave), three-volume Rasputin V.Nazhivina, are dedicated to the reasons for the revolution.

Hosting "yesterday" and "current", the older generation made a choice in favor of the lost cultural world of old Russia, without recognizing the need to organize in a new reality of emigration. It led to the aesthetic conservatism of the "seniors": "It's time to throw to walk in the footsteps of Tolstoy? - Bunin wondered. - And on whose footsteps it is necessary to go?"
Junior generation of writers in emigration. Another position adhered to the younger "unnoticed generation" (the term writer, literary critic V.varshavsky), dependent on the other social and spiritual environment, refused to reconstruct hopelessly lost.

To the "unnoticed generation" belonged to young writers who did not have time to create a solid literary reputation in Russia: V.Nabokov, Gazdanov, M. Aldayan, M.Ageev, B. Poplavsky, N. Berbberova, A.Steiger, D. Knut , I. CNORRING, L. HERCHINSKAYA, V.SMOLEN, I.ODOEVTSEVA, N.OTSUP, I.GOLENISHEV-Kutuzov, Y.Mandelshtam, Y.Terapiano and others. Their fate has developed differently. V.Nabokov and Gazdanov won the pan-European, in the case of Nabokov, even world glory. M. Aldayan, who began to actively print historical novels in the most famous emigrant magazine "Modern Notes", joined the "seniors".

The most dramatic fate of the victim of B. Poplavsky, early deceased A.Steyger, I. Knorring. Almost none of the youngest generation of writers could earn a literary work: Gazdanov became a taxi driver, D. Knutov delivered goods, Y.Terapiano served in a pharmaceutical firm, many were interrupted by the papermaster. Describing the position of the "unnoticed generation" inhabited in small cheap cafes of Montparnasses, V.Casevich wrote: "The despair, which owns the souls of Montparnasse feeds and is supported by insults and poverty: people sitting at the tables of Montparnasse, from which many days did not have dinner, and in the evening it makes it difficult to ask themselves A cup of coffee. On Montparnasse, sometimes sitting until morning because there is no night. Poverty deforms and the very creativity. "

The most acute and dramatic burden that fell out the "unnoticed generation" was most well reflected in the painful poetry of the Paris notes created by Gadamovich. The extremely confessional, metaphysical and hopeless "Paris note" sounds in collections of B. Poplavsky (flags), N.Ozupa (in smoke), A.Shteyger (this life, twice and two - four), L. Himinskaya (approximation), V. Smolensk (alone), D. Knuta (Paris nights), A.Prismanova (shadow and body), I. Knorring (poems about themselves). If the older generation was inspired by nostalgic motifs, then the youngest left the documents of the Russian soul in exile, depicting the reality of emigration. The life of Russian Montparno is captured in the novels of B. Poplavsky "Apollo disorders", "home from heaven." "Roman with cocaine" M.Ageyev (pseudonym M. Uvei) was considerably popular. The household prose was widespread: I. Okoevtseva "Angel of Death", "Isolde", "Mirror", N. Berbber "Latest and First". Roman from emigrant life.

The first researcher of the emigrant literature G.struveva wrote: "It is hardly the most valuable contribution of writers to the general treasury of Russian literature, various forms of non-counseable literature will be created - criticism, essistics, philosophical prose, high journalism and memoir prose." The younger generation of writers made a significant contribution to the memoiristics: V.Nabokov "Other Beach", N. Berbraova "Italic My", Y.Terapiano "Meetings", Varshavsky "Unnoticed Generation", V.Yanovsky "Fields Elisees", I. Odoevtseva "On the banks of the Neva", "on the shores of the Seine", Kuznetsova "Graars".

V.Neshevich publishes the epigrations of the "heavy Lira" vertex, "European Night", becomes a mentor of young poets, who united in the "Crossroads" group. G.Ivanov, surviving the lightness of the early collections, receives the status of the first poet of emigration, produces poetic books enrolled in the Golden Fund of Russian Poetry: "Poems", "Portrait without similarity", "posthumous diary". A special place in the literary heritage of emigration is occupied by Quasiimemoirs of Yuvanova "Petersburg winter", "Chinese shadows", his scandalous poem in the prose "of the decay of an atom". G.Aadamovich publishes the unity program collection, a well-known book Essa "Comments".

Scattering centers. The main centers of scattering of Russian emigration were Constantinople, Sofia, Prague, Berlin, Paris, Harbin. Constantinople became the first place of refugee - the center of Russian culture in the early 20s. The Russian White Guards, who were then scattered in Europe were fled here. In Constantinople, a weekly "Zarnitsa" was published in Constantinople, A.Vestinsky was published. A significant Russian colony emerged in Sofia, where the magazine "Russian thought" went out. In the early 20s, Berlin became the literary capital of Russian emigration. The Russian diaspora in Berlin before the arrival of Hitler was 150 thousand people.

From 1918 to 1928, 188 Russian publishers were registered in Berlin, the Russian classic was printed in large circulations - Pushkin, Tolstoy, works of modern authors - Iv. Bunin, A.rezovova, N. Berber, M.TSvetareva, was restored by the house of arts (according to Petrogradsky ), the Commonwealth of Writers, Musicians, Artists "Veretny" was formed, "Academy of Prose" worked. The essential feature of the Russian Berlin is a dialogue between the two branches of culture - foreign and remaining in Russia. Many Soviet writers go to Germany: M. Gorky, V.Makovsky, Y. Tynyanov, K. Fire. "For us there is no in the field of the Book of separation into Soviet Russia and emigration," the Berlin Journal "Russian Book" declared. When hope for a quick return to Russia began to fade and economic crisis began in Germany, the Emigration Center moved to Paris - from the mid-20s - the capital of Russian abroad.

By 1923, 300 thousand Russian refugees settled in Paris. In Paris, they live: Yves. Bunin, A. Kuprin, A.Mizov, Z.Gippiius, D. Mezhkovsky, V.Odsevich, Ivanov, Aadamovich, Gazdanov, B. Poplavsky, M.TSvetaev, etc. With Paris, the activities of the main literary circles and groups, the leading position among which occupied the "green lamp" was connected. Green Lamp was organized in Paris Z. Hippiius and D. Mezhkovsky, at the head of the Society, Ivanov got up. The meeting of the "green lamp" discussed new books, magazines, it was about Russian leadership writers. The "green lamp" united the "senior" and "younger", during all pre-war years was the most lively literary center of Paris.

Young Parisian writers united into the Kochye group, founded by a philologist scientist and criticism of the M. Slonim. From 1923 to 1924, a group of poets and artists "through" was also gathered in Paris. Paris emigrant newspapers and magazines were the chronicle of the cultural and literary life of Russian abroad. Literary discussions were unfolded in the cheap cafe Mongarnas, a new school of emigrant poetry, known as the Paris Note, was created. Paris's literary life will come to not with the beginning of World War II, when, according to V.Nabokova, "will be dark in Russian Parnassus." Russian emigrant writers will remain true to the binding country encouraged by Paris.

The term "resistance" will arise and takes on the environment of Russian emigrants, many of which will be its active participants. Aadamovich will be written by a volunteer to the front. The writer Z.Shakhovskaya will be a sister in a military hospital. Mother Maria (poetess E.Kuzmina Karavaeva) will perish in the German concentration camp, planting spiritual assistance and support, Gazdanov, N. Ortsup, D. Knut will be added to resistance. Yves. Bunin in the Bittle years of occupation will write a book about the celebration of love, human principle (dark alleys).

The Russian People's University was founded in Prague, 5 thousand Russian students who could continue their education on Kazyny cat were founded. Many professors and teachers of universities were moved here. An important role in the preservation of Slavic culture, the development of science was played by the "Prague linguistic circle". Creativity M.TSvetaeva is connected with Prague, which creates the best works in the Czech Republic. Before the beginning of World War II, about 20 Russian literary magazines and 18 newspapers published in Prague. Among the Prague literary associations are the "Skit of Poets", the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists.

The main events of the life of Russian literary emigration. One of the central events of the life of Russian emigration will be the controversy of V. Sodsevich and Aadamovich, who lasted from 1927 to 1937. Mostly the controversy unfolded on the pages of the Paris newspapers "Latest News" (Adamovich printed) and "Revival" (Khodasevich printed). V.Neshevich believed the main task of Russian literature in exile preservation of the Russian language and culture. He spoke for the skill, insisted that the emigrant literature should inherit the greatest achievements of predecessors, "instill a classic rose" to the emigrant Dichka.
The young poets of the "Crossroads" group were united around Khodasevich: Zheevsky, I. Golenishev-Kutuzov, Y.Mandelshtam, V.Smolensky. Adamovich demanded that young poets not so much skill, how much simplicity and veracity of the "human documents", a vote to defend the "Chernovikov, notebook". Unlike V. Zsevich, opposing the dramatic realities of emigration by the harmony of Pushkinsky, Adamovich did not reject the falnial, sorrowful world, and reflected him. G. Aadamovich is an inspirer of the literary school, which included in the history of Russian foreign literature under the name of the Paris notes (A.Steiger, L. Hervinskaya et al.). Adamovich and Khodsevich's literary disputes joined the emigrant press, the most prominent critics of Emigration A. Bem, P.Bicilli, M. Slonim, as well as V.Nabokov, V.varshavsky.

Disputes about literature and in the "unnoticed generation" medium. Articles Gazdanova, B. Poplavsky on the situation of young emigrant literature made their contribution to understanding the literary process abroad. The article "On the Young Emigrant Literature", Gazdanov recognized that the new social experience and status of the intellectuals who left Russia makes it impossible to preserve the hierarchical appearance, an artificially supported atmosphere of pre-revolutionary culture. Lack of modern interests, the spell of the past turns emigration into a "live hieroglyph". Emigrant literature stands before the inevitability of the development of a new reality. "How to live?" Asked B. Poplavsky in the article about the mystical atmosphere of young literature in emigration. - To kill. To smile, cry, make tragic gestures, pass, smiling at a great depth, in a terrible poverty. Emigration is an ideal setting for this. " The suffering of Russian emigrants, which should eat literature, identical to revelation, merge with mystical symphony of the world. Exchange Paris, according to Poplavsky, will be the "grain of future mystical life", the cradle of the revival of Russia.

Literary and public editions of Russian emigration. One of the most influential socio-political and literary journals of Russian emigration was "modern notes", published by Estera Verudnev, M. Vishnyak, I. Bunakov (Paris, 1920-1939, founder of I. Fandamine-Bunyakov). The magazine was distinguished by breadth of aesthetic views and political tolerance. A total of 70 magazine numbers came out, in which the most famous writers of Russian abroad printed. In the "Modern Notes" they saw the light: Protection of a nudio, invitation to execution, Dar V. Nabokova, Mitin Love and Life Arsenyev Yves. Bunin, Poems G. Enimanov, Sivtsev Enezhek M.Sorgin, Walking on the flour of A. Tolstoy, M. Key Aldanova, the autobiographical prose Shalyapin. The magazine gave reviews on the majority of books that came out in Russia and abroad practically in all sectors of knowledge.
Since 1937, the publishers of "Modern Notes" began to issue a monthly magazine "Russian notes", which printed the works of A. Razizova, A. Aachair, Gazdanov, I. Knorring, L. Chervinskaya.

Among the most famous newspapers of Russian emigration is the organ of the Republican-Democratic Association "Latest News", the monarchical expressing idea of \u200b\u200bthe White Movement "Revival", the newspaper "link", "Days", "Russia and Slavs". The fate and cultural heritage of writers of the first wave of Russian emigration is an integral part of the Russian culture of the twentieth century, a brilliant and tragic page in the history of Russian literature.

Second Wave of Emigration (1940-1950)

Poets were made to Russian literature among representatives of the second wave: I. Lagin, D. Klenovsky, V.Yurasov, V. Mornzhen, V.Sinnevich, V. Chinnov, Y.Ivask, V.Markov. In the Emigrant Poetry of the 40-50s, political topics prevails: Iv.Lagin writes political feuilletes in verses, antito-generalitarian poems publishes V.Mornoshen (seal, on the evening of November 7), V.Uurasov describes the horrors of Soviet concentration camps in variations on the topic "Vasily Terkina" Tvardovsky. The first poet of the second wave of Criticism most often calls I. Vegin, who released collections in emigration "On the way from there", "You, My Century", "Squetters of Night", "Spit flight", "Dragon on the roof", "under the constellation of the ax" , "In the hall of the Universe." The main "nodes" of their creativity I. Lagin called: citizenship, refugee and camp themes, horror in front of machine civilization, urban fiction. According to social pointedness, political and civilian pathos, Elagina verses turned out to be closer to the Soviet poetry of wartime, rather than the Paris Note.

Having overcome the horror of the experienced, to the philosophical, the meditative lyrics turned by Y.Ivask, D. Klenovsky, V.Sinjevich. Religious motifs sound in verses Y.Ivaska (collections of the Tsarist Autumn, praise, Cinderella, I - the tradesman, conquering Mexico). The adoption of the world - in the collections V.Sinkevich "Afaulus of the day", "Bloom of herbs", "Here I live." Optimism and harmonious clarity marked Lyrics D. Clenovsky (palette book, travelery, towards the sky, touch, walking sails, singeling burden, warm evening, last). The contribution to the emigrant poetry and I. Chinnow, T.Feshenko, V. Zalyshina, I. Burkin is significant.

The heroes that did not grow up with the Soviet reality are depicted in the books of prosaikov of the second wave. Fate Fate Fedor Panin, running from the "Great Fear" in Roman V.Yurasova "Pararallaks". S. Markov is elegated with the Sholokhov "raised virulent" in the novel "Denis Bushyev". B.Filippov (stories of happiness, people, in taiga, love, motive from "Bayadki"), L.Razhevsky (a tale of a bunker (between two stars) are treated to the camp. The scenes from the life of a blockade Leningrad depicts A.Darov in the book "Blockada", about the history of Solovkov from Peter the first to Soviet concentration camps writes B.Shiryaev (non-vacuible lampada). Against the background of "camp literature", the books of L.Razhevsky "Dina" and "Two Time Litters" are allocated, in which the love of an elderly person and a girl is narrated, about overcoming misunderstanding, life tragedy, barriers to communication. According to critics, in the books of Rzhevsky "the radiation of love was stronger than the radiation of hatred."

Most of the writers of the second wave of emigration were printed in the "new journal" and in the "journal of literature, art and social thought" "the" face "in America.

Third Wave of Emigration (1960-1980)

The persecution and prohibitions gave rise to a new stream of emigration, significantly different from the two previous ones: in the early 70s, the USSR begins to leave the intelligentsia, cultural and science figures, including writers. Of these, many are deprived of Soviet citizenship (A. Solzhenitsyn, V.Aksenov, V. Maximov, V. Dvyanovich, etc.). From the third wave of emigration abroad: V.Aksenov, Y.Alshkovsky, I. Berodsky, G.Vladimov, V. Dvyovich, F.Gorenstein, I. Guberman, S. Podladov, A.Galich, L.Kopelev, N. Korzhavin, Y. Kublanovsky, E. Limonov, V. Maksimov, Y. Mamleev, V.Nekrasov, S.Sokolov, A. Sinyavsky, A. Solzhenitsyn, D. Gruba, and others. Most Russian writers emigrate to the USA, where powerful Russian Diaspora (I. Berrodsky, N.Corzhvin, V.Aksenov, S. Podladov, Yu.Alshkovsky, etc.), in France (A. Sinovsky, M. Rosanova, V.Nexov, E.Limonov, V. Maximov, N.Gorbanevskaya), to Germany (V. Dvyanovich, F. Gorenstein).

Russian language over 50 years of Soviet power has undergone significant changes, the work of representatives of the third wave was not so much under the influence of Russian classics, but under the influence of the American and Latin American literature in the 60s in the 60s in the USSR, as well as poetry M.TSvetaeva, B. Pasternak, A. Platonov prose. One of the main features of the Russian emigrant literature of the third wave will be its grave to the avant-garde, postmodernism. At the same time, the third wave was solid enough: writers of the realistic direction (A. Solzhenitsyn, G.Vladimov), postmodernists (S.Sokolov, Yu.Mamleev, E.Limonov), Nobel Laureate, Antiformist N., were in emigration. Korzorvin. Russian literature of the third wave in emigration, according to Naum Korzhavin, this is a "blot conflict": "We left in order to be able to fight with each other."

A special place in the literature "Third Wave" is occupied by the work of V.Ksenova and S. Podlatov. The work of Aksenov, deprived of Soviet citizenship in 1980, has been drawn to the Soviet reality of the 50s and 1970s, the evolution of its generation. The novel "Burn" gives an enchanting panorama of post-war Moscow life, takes on the advance of the cultic heroes of the 60s - surgeon, writer, saxophonist, sculptor and physics. In the role of the chronicler of the generation of Aksenov acts in the Moscow Saga.

In the work of Assistov - a rare, not characteristic of Russian literature, the combination of grotesque globalism with a refusal of moral incidence, conclusions. In the Russian literature of the twentieth century, the stories and the story of the writer continue the tradition of the image of a "little man." In his novels, Dovlatov accurately conveys the lifestyle and the worldship of generation of the 60s, the atmosphere of bohemian meetings on Leningrad and Moscow cuisines, the absurd validity of the Soviet reality, the National Emigrants in America. In the "Foreighen" written in the emigration, Dovlatov depicts an emigrant existence in an ironic key. 108th Queens Street, depicted in "Foreign", is a gallery of involuntary cartoons on Russian emigrants.

V. Dvdanovich tries abroad in the genre of anti-nightopia - in the novel "Moscow 2042", in which the parody of Solzhenitsyn is given and the agony of Soviet society is depicted.

A. Sinyavsky publishes in the emigration of "walks with Pushkin", "in the shadow of Gogol" - prose, in which literary studies are combined with brilliant writing, and writes an ironic biography of "good night".

The post-concrete tradition is the creativity of S.Sokolov, Y. Mamleev, E.Limonov. Sokolov's novels "Fools", "Between Dog and Wolf", "Palisandria" are sophisticated verbal structures, masterpieces of style, they reflected postmodern installation on the game with the reader, the displacement of the time plans. The first novel S.Sokolova "School for Fools" was highly appreciated by V.Nabokov - idol prose prose. The marginalness of the text is in the prose Y. Mamleyev, at the moment the Russian citizenship has reversed himself. The most famous works of Mamleev - "Wings of Horror", "Utopoo my head", "Eternal House", "Voice of nothing." E.Limonov imitates social realism in the story "We had a wonderful era," it denies the EDICH-EDICH book, "a loser diary", "Teen Svenko", "Young Scottle".

Representatives of the Third Wave turned out to be in isolation from the "old emigration", they created almanacies and magazines. One of the most famous magazines of the third wave "Continent" - was created by V. Maximov and went out in Paris. In Paris, the "Syntax" magazine was also published (M. Rosanova, A. Sinyavsky). The most famous American publications are the newspaper "New American" and "Panorama", Kaleidoscope magazine. Israel founded the magazine "Time and We", in Munich - "Forum". In 1972, Ardis, I.Efimov, begins to work, the publishing house "Hermitage". At the same time, such publications are preserved their positions as "New Russian Word" (New York), "New Journal" (New York), "Russian Thought" (Paris), "Rights" (Frankfurt am Main) .

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Theme lesson: Russian abroad. Russian literature and literature of Russian abroad.

Returned to the domestic literature Names and works

Objectives lesson:

1. To introduce students with one of the most dramatic pages of the history of the Fatherland.

2. Help student understand the causes and meaning of emigration, its influence on the development of Russian and foreign culture.

3. Develop students' intelligence, replenish the active dictionary, to form the ability to logically, consistently express the educational material.

4. At the examples of biographies and destinies of cultural workers, their works are brought up with students love for homeland, moral culture, aesthetic taste.

Equipment: Epidiascop, magnetic board, tape recorder (or multimedia projector), portraits F. I. Shalyapin, I. Bunina, M. Tsvetaeva, S. Rakhmaninova, K. Balmont, Reproductions from paintings by N. Roerich, Music ("Polonaise" M. Oginsky , romance).

Type of lesson: Integrated lesson.

Intergovernmental ties: Literature, history, aesthetics.

Methodical lesson purpose: Active forms of training and education of students based on the integrated use of didactic and technical means, techniques of an advanced job.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

P. Actualization of reference knowledge.

1. What do you think is the main content of the dooktyrab period of our story?

2. What do you think is the main content of the Soviet period of our story?

3. What moral lessons teaches us the domestic history of the 20th century?

III. Studying a new material.

Sounds "Polonaise" M. Oginsky.

Which of you know the name of this work? (Farewell to homeland). I did not accidentally chose this music, since today we will talk about the homeland and people forced for one reason or another to leave their homeland - Russian emigrants.

Different motifs encouraged them to this: political, economic, religious, etc. Today, Russian abroad appears in front of us in all its diversity. This is our common drama and tragedy, not fully conscious and opened.

Many people in different epochs ran from Russia - Prince Karbsky and writer A. Herzen, Dukhobor, Raskolniki, the enemies of Tsarism - Split and Social Democrats. However, a turning point that changed the meaning of the former concept of "emigration" was October 1917.

The purpose of our lesson: to understand and feel the drama of human destinies, to understand the causes and meaning of emigration, its influence on the development of Russian and foreign culture

Students write the subject of the lesson and epigraph:

You are in the heart, Russia!

You are a goal and foot

You are in the ropot of blood, in the confusion of dreams!

And do me to join the off-road in this age?

I shine still you ...

V.Nabokov.

one). The causes of the "first wave" of Russian emigration.

The disasters of the First World War, the shocks of the two revolutions, finally, the troubled time of intervention, civil war, "red" and "white" terror, hunger, rampant crime - all this was the main reasons for the fact that hundreds of thousands of Russian citizens were forced to leave the limits of their homeland. The mass outcome of the refugees began in early 1919 and the peak reached in 1920, when the troops of Denikin and Wrangel left Novorossiysk and Crimea. The fact that the Bolsheviks not only did not interfere with the process of emigration, but also practiced violent repatriations themselves. So, more than 250 thousand people were officially expelled from the country: it is possible to recall the infamous "philosophical steamer", at which in 1922, about 300 Russian thinkers were sent. By the mid-20s. In connection with the Iron Curtain's Bolsheviks, the flow of emigrants is dried: many citizens of Russia are trying in vain to achieve permission to depart, but the authorities instead of expulsion are more active than the destruction of dissent or sending them into concentration camps. Not the last of the Russian writers, who managed to legally leave the country, E. Zamyatin, after a long weary and written appeals to Stalin achieved in 1931 by departure. In total, according to the League of Nations, as a result of the October Revolution and the events followed, the country left and registered 1 million 600 thousand Russian citizens as refugees; Emigrant organizations also call a figure of 2 million. There was a reverse process - no more than 182 thousand Russians returned to the war, among them there were such well-known writers as A. White (1923), A. N. Tolstoy (1923), M. Gorky (1928, finally - 1933), I. Erenburg (1934), A. Kubrin (1937), M.TSvetaeva (1939) and some others.

2). The composition of Russian emigration.

The "first wave" of Russian emigration mainly consisted of a sufficiently high educational, cultural, professional and material level: first of all, it was a Russian white officer, professorship, officials, people employed in the unproductive sphere (lawyers, doctors, teachers, entrepreneurs and T .), Including representatives of creative professions - writers, musicians, actors, artists, instruments of opposition Bolsheviks of parties. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that in exile was created (or, it can be said, preserved and continued) the most powerful culture. Among those who make up the Pleiad of large workers of world culture, our compatriots who lived away from Russia: Singer F. I. Shalyapin; Composers S. Rachmaninov, A. Glazunov, writers and poets I. Bunin, A. Kubrin, M. Tsvetaeva, K. Balmont, Ballerina A. Pavlova, artist K. Korovin. (Through the epidiascop, their portraits are shown.) Among the biographies of the famous compatriots who lived abroad, there is an unusual history of the life of the famous artist N. Roerich. (Biographical reference, through the epidiascop - portrait, reproduction of his paintings.)

If you look good in the reproduction of his paintings, then you will feel the great miracle of the harmony of the human soul and space.

The pride of Russia, the embodiment of the best features of the Russian people, his deep talent is F. I. Shalyapin (portrait). Story about singer (audio recordings).

Music S. Rakhmaninova sounds, portrait of a composer. Story about him.

Tragic was the fate of I. Bunin, who lived with memories of that Russia, which was close to him and understandable (portrait, story about the poet, the poem "Motherland").

Living most of his life abroad, many poets could not find peace and solitude in it. Motherland has always been relentless, before his eyes. They tell their poems, letters, memories. The name of Konstantin Balmont (portrait, brief story about the poet, poem "in the deaf days") was widely known in the literary world. The Russian diaspora had its own network of higher educational institutions (Russian University, Technical Institute, Agricultural School in Prague).

In the early 20s, in Prague, Belgrade, Paris, using state financial support, arranged the associations of Russian Zemsky and city leaders (Zemgor). In Paris, Zemgor was headed by Prince of G. Lviv - the former Prime Minister of the Interim Government. With the help of zemge, Russian schools were created on the type of old gymnasiums. Russian gymnasium in Paris was created in the fall of 1920 and existed for 40 years. Russian emigration organized various scientific societies: engineers, chemists, etc. The Sikorsky Igor was introduced to the science.

3). "Second Wave" of Russian Emigration: Causes, Composition.

The "second wave" of emigration was caused by the events of the Second World War. The main flow of emigrants was, according to one of the leading researchers of this period V. Agenosov, "... citizens of the Baltic republics who did not want to recognize the Soviet power; Prisoners of war, fairly fearful return home; Young people exported with the territory occupied by the fascists in Germany as cheap labor; Finally ... people who deliberately stuck on the path of struggle with the Soviet Totalitarianism. " Data on the number of emigrants of the "second wave" differ significantly, since to the 1951 Convention, which actually marked the beginning of the "Cold War", representatives of the Soviet repatriagement commission were fluent in Europe and where persuasion, and where they were forced immigrants to return to their homeland. And many, fearing the repatriation, hid their true citizenship, nationality and name. Therefore, according to the League of Nations, only 130 thousand people were registered as official refugees, whereas for other data only in Europe by 1952 were 452 thousand, and in the USA by 1950 - 548 thousand displaced persons from the USSR. Basically, the emigrants of the "second wave" focused in Germany and (most) in the United States.

four). Major representatives. Literary fate.

The composition of the "Second Wave" emigrants, unlike the "first", was more random: among the displaced persons, there were many people who were culturally unemployed, and this was the main reason why the "second wave" did not become as powerful cultural phenomenon as "the first " The largest names among the writers of this period are poets and Prosaiki Ivan Burkin, Ivan Elagin, Yuri Ivask, Dmitry Klenovsky, Vladimir Maksimov, Nikolay Morschez, Vladimir Markov, Nikolay Dosopod, Leonid Rzhevsky, Boris Philippov and Boris Shiryaev. In 1946, "Journal of Literature, Art and Public Thought" "Rights," and Paris resumed already as a revival magazine (1949-1974), in New York since 1942 and still exists "New Journal "(By the end of 1999, more than 214 numbers came out).

five). "Third Wave" of Russian Emigration: Causes, Composition.

The disappointment of the "sixties" in the short-term "thaw", the offensive of "stagnation" in the country's social and cultural life; Changes in the policy of the Soviet state, again, as in the era of the Board of Lenin, replacing the physical elimination or isolation of them unwanted by the flight abroad; caused by the "Cold War" support by Western countries of the DSSID movement in the USSR; Israel's policy for the "reunification" of the Jews - all this was the causes of the occurrence of from the 2nd half of the 60s. "Third Waves" of Russian emigration. The first official emigrant was the writer Valery Tarsis (1966); In the 70s. The departure process took a massive character. The main countries that took Russian emigrants were US, Israel and Germany, to a lesser extent - France, Canada and Australia.

6). The main representatives of the literature "Third Wave" of Russian emigration.

Vasily Aksenov (1980), Joseph Brodsky (1972, sent), Vladimir Winovich (1980), Alexander Galich (1974), Anatoly Gladilin (1976), Friedrich Gorenstein (1980), Sergey Dovlatov (1977), Alexander Zinoviev (1977) Naum Korzhavin (1973), Yuri Kublanovsky (1982), Eduard Limonov (1983), Vladimir Maximov (1974), Victor Nekrasov (1974), Sasha Sokolov (1975), Andrey Sinyavsky (1974), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1974, sent), Boris Khazanov (1982) and MN. Dr.

7). Features of the literature "Third Wave" of Russian emigration.

There is a conviction that the best of the works of the "Third Waves" writers published abroad were at least in general, they were written in their homeland. In contrast to the authors of the "First Wave", these writers mostly developed as creative personalities in context and logic. All the same Soviet literature, culture (no wonder some critics in Prose A. Solzhenitsyn find the features of the poetics of socialism), although foreign influence has also provided for them. Literature, first of all, the works published during the Khrushchev "thaw" (E. M. Remarka, E. Hemingway, F. Kafki), as well as the works of the Silver Century and the 20s., Gradually published in the 60-70s . or who went to "Samizdat" (A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelshtam, B. Pasternak, I. Babel, B. Pilnyak, D. Kharams and Mn. Dr.). In fact, the works of the authors of the Third Waves of Emigration features only a large degree of political courage and aesthetic liberation compared with the works that were found in the USSR official path to the reader.

eight). The literary process of the Third Waves of Russian Emigration.

In exile, many writers were forced to combine literary activities with journalist, working on radio stations broadcasting in the USSR ("Voice of America", "Freedom", "German Wave", BBC, etc.), as well as in the emigrant periodical magazines "Right" (Frankfurt am Main, Germany), "Echo" (Paris), "Time and We" (Tel Aviv, New York, Paris), "Continent" (Munich), "Bulletin of RCD" ( Paris, Munich, New York), "Syntax" (Paris), "New Journal" (New York), etc. In these same editions, artistic works of emigrant authors were published. There were several sufficiently large Russian publishers who published both writers of Russian abroad and the optocial authors remaining in their homeland. The most famous of these publishers: named after A. P. Chekhov (New York), "IMKA-PRES" (Paris), "Sowing" (Frankfurt am Main). However, according to the testimony of many exiles, the literary environment of Russian abroad was demolished by contradictions: there was a serious struggle between representatives of either the real and national-conservative camps, rivalry due to funding, many emigrants were forced to comply with "political correctness" in relation to countries and organizations, their We fit. In a word, the unity in the ranks of the emigrant writers of the "Third Wave" was significantly less than their predecessors. With the fall of the "iron curtain" and the beginning of the liberalization of the Russian economy and politics, Russian emigration has lost its political importance: one (as, A. Solzhenitsyn and Sasha Sokolov) preferred to return, others (as V. Winovich, E. Limonov) spend most of the time Russia, the third (I. Brodsky (1996), A. Galich (1977), S. Dovlatov (1999), V. Nekrasov (1987) and others) will never return. At the same time, some critics spoke about the "fourth wave" of emigration, which is based on the reasons for the most material or psychological rather than a political nature: many prominent writers prefer to live abroad, while remaining participants in the Russian literary process, and among them - E. Evtushenko, T. Thick, etc.

As you understand the words V. Nabokova: "It turned out a stark paradox: within Russia there is an external order, outside Russia - internal"!

Belief in his special writing mission, a sense of debt to Russia led to the fact that, parting from the homeland, all their work writers-emigrants were addressed to her, and if the Soviet authors were forced to be, in accordance with the dogma of social realism, idealize their surviving Soviet reality The authors of Russian abroad did the same in relation to the recent past.

We have shipped with you only some pages from the life of Russian abroad.

According to the Company "Motherland" in 1999, the number of our compatriots abroad amounted to more than 30 million people. About 10 million Russians live in the United States.

V. Fastening the topic. Conclusions.

The global value of the culture of Russian emigration.

Tragic events XX century. The occurrence of such a unique phenomenon as Russian scattering literature. Its main feature in all periods was that, even enriched as a result of contact with adjacent literature, it retained spiritual ties with the national culture, remaining its most important and inseparable part of it.

The value for the global culture of the tragic history of exile from the native country of the creative elite of Russia is difficult to overestimate: Music S. Rakhmaninova I. Stravinsky, Painting Father and Son Reericks and V. Kandinsky, Ballet V. Nizhinsky and S. Lifery, F. Shalyapin and P . Leschenko, philosophical works L.Shestov and N. Berdyaev, scientists of achievements of economist V. Leontiev and inventor I. Sikorsky and MN. Dr. - All this was the precious contribution of Russian culture and science to the world. On the world recognition of the literature of Russian abroad, the fact that among its representatives - two laureate of the Nobel Prize (I. Bunin 1934 and I. Bych 1987), to which D. Merezhkovsky and I.Shelev, whose works, like books, are also claimed

M. Aldanova, R. Gulya, N. Berberova and MN. Dr., also translated into different languages \u200b\u200band find resonance in the world. It is safe to say that in the rapid development of the West countries and America, the contribution was played - intellectual, cultural, material, even genetic - the best representatives of our people, from which their native country refused.

V. Results of the lesson.

Vi. Homework: Choose material about writers - emigrants, read the work of V.V.Nabokova "Circle".

Russian abroad message. Literature of Russian abroad

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