The term literary flows usually denote a group of writers associated with the community of ideological positions and artistic principles within one direction or artistic movement. So, modernism - common name of different groups in the art and literature of the XX century, which distinguishes the departure from classical traditions, the search for new aesthetic principles, a new approach to the image of being, includes such trends as impressionism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism, acmeism, futurism, imžinism and Dr.

Artists belonging to one direction or flow does not exclude deep differences creative Individuals. In turn, the individual creativity of writers may manifest the features of various literary directions and flows. For example, O. Balzac, being a realist, creates a romantic novel " Shagreen leather", and μ. Y. Lermontov, along with romantic works, Writes a realistic novel "Hero of our time."

The current is a smaller unit of the literary process, often within the direction of the direction, is characterized by the existence in a certain historic period And, as a rule, localization in a certain literature. The basis of the flow also lies the commonality of the meaningful principles, but the similarity of ideological and artistic concepts is manifested more clearly. Often the generality of artistic principles forms forms " artistic system"So, within the framework of French classicism, two currents are distinguished. One is based on the traditions of the R. Descartes rationalistic philosophy (" Cartesian rationalism "), to which the work of P. Cornel, J. Rasina, N. Boulevon. Another course that opped mainly on Sensual philosophy of P. Gassendi, expressed himself in ideological principles such writers like J. Lafonten, J. B. Moliere. In addition, both currents differ and the system used artistic means. In romanticism, two main flows are often distinguished - "progressive" and "conservative", but there are other classifications.

The belonging of the writer to one or another direction or flow (as well as the desire to remain outside the existing flows of literature) implies the free, personal expression of the author of the author, its aesthetic and ideological positions. This fact is connected quite later than the emergence of directions and flows in european literature - the period of the new time when personal, copyright becomes leading in literary creativity. In that fundamental difference The modern literary process from the development of the Literature of the Middle Age, in which the meaningful and formal features of the texts were "predetented by" tradition and "canon". The feature of the directions and flows is that these commonality is based on the deep unity of philosophical, aesthetic and other meaningful principles in many respects of various, individual-copyright art systems.

Directions and flows should be distinguished from literary schools (and literary groups).

Literary school

The literary school is a small combination of writers on the basis of uniform artistic principles formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestations, scientific and publicistic statements, decorated as "Charters" and "Rules". Often, such an association of writers has a leader, "head of school" ("Shchedrian School", poets "Nekrasovskaya school").

Belonging to one school, as a rule, writers who created a number of literary phenomena with a high degree of community are recognized - up to the community of topics, style, language. Such, for example, was in the XVI century. Group "Pleiad". She grew out of a mug of French Humanists poets who united to explore antique literatureAnd finally developed by the end of the 1540s. He headed her famous poet P. de Ronsar, and the main theorist was Joishen Du Belly, who in 1549 in the treatise "Protection and the glorification french"School principles expressed the development of national poetry in the national language, the development of antique and Italian poetic forms. Poetic practice of Ronsar, Zhodel, Baifa and Tirara - Pleiada poets - not only brought the glory of school, but also laid the foundations for the development of French drama XVII-XVIII centuries, developed French literary language and various genres lyrics.

Unlike a flow, which is far from always decorated by manifestos, declarations and other documents, where its main principles are reflected, the school is practically characterized by such performances. It is important not only the presence of general artistic principles divided by writers, the software and theoretical awareness of their belonging to school. "Pleiada" quite corresponds to this.

But many associations of writers, referred to as schools, are named so at the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the "Lake School", called in honor of the place where it has developed (North-West England, Lacter), consisted of romantic poets, Far NA in all consonant with each other. Lakeists include Wordsworth, S. Kolridge, who created a collection of "lyrical ballads", as well as R. Sauti, T. de Quinsi and J. Wilson. But the poetic practice of the latter was largely different from the ideologue of the school - Wordsworth. De Quinsi himself, in memoirs, denied the existence of the "Lake School" existence, and Sauti often performed with criticism of ideas and vordsworth poems. But due to the fact that the union of the poets leukeists existed, had the similarity of the aesthetic and artistic principles reflected in poetic practice, outlined their "program", historians of literature traditionally refer to this group of poets "Lake School".

Concept " literary school"It is predominantly historical, not typological. In addition to the criteria for the unity of the time and place of the existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practices, the circles of writers often represent groups united by the" leader ", having followers who are more successful or copying it artistic principles. Group of English Religious Poets early XVII in. Forced Spencer School. Being under the influence of the poetry of his teacher, Brothers Fletchers, W. Brown and J. Whita imitated images, themes, poetic forms of the Creator "Queen Fay". The poets of Spencer School copied even the type of stanza created by him for this poem, directly borrowing the allegories and the stylistic turns of their teacher. Interesting the fact that the work of followers of the poetic school of Spencer remained on the periphery of the literary process, but the creativity of E. Spencer influenced the poetry of J. Milton, and later J. Kita.

Traditionally, the origin of Russian realism is associated with the "Natural School", which existed in the 1840-1850s., Preferably associated with the work of N. V. Gogol and developing its artistic principles. For the "Natural School", many signs of the concept of "literary school" are characterized, and it is as "literary school" she was aware of contemporaries. The main ideologist of "Natural School" was V. G. Belinsky. Related to it early works I. A. Goncharov, N. A. Nekrasova, A. I. Herzen, V. I. Dalya, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. I. Panayev, F. M. Dostoevsky. Representatives of "Natural School" Grouped around the leading literary journals of that time - first Domestic notes", And then, the" contemporary ". The collections" Physiology of St. Petersburg "and Petersburg Collection, in which the works of these writers and Articles V. G. Belinsky were published. The school has its own system of artistic principles, which manifested most brightly. in special genre - physiological essay, as well as in the realistic development of genres of the story and novel. "The content of the novel, - wrote V. G. Belinsky, - artistic analysis modern society, the disclosure of those invisible foundations of him, which is hidden from him habit and unconsciousness ". Features" Natural School "manifested themselves in her poetics: love for details, professional, household peculiarities, extremely accurate fixation of social types, desire for documentary, the underlined use of statistical and ethnographic data has become integral signs of the works of "Natural School". In the novels and the poses of Goncharova, Herzen, early creativity Saltykova-Shchedrin was revealed by the evolution of a character, which occurs under the influence of the social environment. Of course, the style and language of the authors of the "Natural School" was largely different, but the commonality of the themes, the positivist oriented philosophy, the similarity of poetics can be traced in many of their works. Thus, the "Natural School" is an example of a combination of many principles of school education - certain temporary and spatial frameworks, the unity of aesthetic and philosophical installations, the generality of formal features, continuity with respect to the "leader", the presence of theoretical declarations.

Examples of schools in the modern literary process can serve as the "Lianozovskaya Group of Poets", "Order of the Curitu Mañaryist" and many other literary associations.

However, it should be noted that the literary process is not reduced only to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, trends and trends. Consider it in this way - it means to schematize literary life Epochs, dear history of literature, as with such a "directional" approach the most important individual characteristics The writer's creativity remains out of sight of the researcher seeking common, often schematic moments. Even the leading direction of any period, the aesthetic base of which has become a platform for the artistic practice of many authors, cannot exhaust the variety literary facts. Many prominent writers deliberately were part of the literary struggle, arguing their ideological, aesthetic and artistic principles outside the framework of schools, trends, leading directions of a certain era. Directions, flows, schools are, according to V. M. Zhirmunsky, "not a shelf or box", "for which we" expand "poets". "If the poet, for example, is a representative of the Romantic Epoch, this does not mean that there can be no realistic trends in his work." The literary process is the phenomenon of complex and diverse, therefore, to operate with such categories as "current" and "direction", it is necessary to be extremely careful. In addition to them, scientists use other terms when studying a literary process, such as style.

• Belinsky V. G. Full collection Works: at 13 t. T. 10. M., 1956. P. 106.
• Zhirmunsky V. M. Introduction to literary studies. St. Petersburg., 1996. P. 419.

Literature lesson in grade 9 № 1. Introduction Literary directions, schools, movements.

Objectives:

Introduce students with a textbook, program and objectives of the course of literature in grade 9;

summarize knowledge, expand the ideas about the stages of the development of domestic literature;

start repetition of literary genera and genres, to summarize and systematize the grades studied in grade 8.

Type of lesson : Lecture with interview elements.

Teaching methods : Frontal survey, work with a textbook, theses.

Theoretical - Literature concepts: literary situation, historical and literary process, literary direction.

Reiteration: literary delivery And genres.

During the classes:

1. Repetition passed:

What is literature?

Give the definition of the concept of "literature" (the art of the word).

What classic literature? Give examples of classics of 18 -19 centuries.

To which literary link And the genre includes works by A.S. Pushkin: " Winter morning"," Song about things Oleg"," Tale of Tsar Saltan "," Dubrovsky "," Stationander "?

1. Working with a textbook (Part 1, p.3-5); Write the theses.
2. The word teacher about the features of UMK S.A. Zimin.

What's new in the contents of the textbook?

What principle is located educational material? (chronology)

What writers and genres are of interest?

1. Lecture. Recording theses and definitions.

4.1. Storiko-literary process

*** Historical and literary process - a combination of non-profitable changes in the literature. L I. therapist is continuously developing. Each era enriches art with some new thinabout jested discoveries.

The development of the literary process is determined by the following xw. impressive systems: creative method, style, genre, literary directions and trends.

Continuous change of literature - obvious factBut significant changes occur far from every year, not even every decade. As a rule, they are associated with serious historical shifts (a change of historical eras and periods, war, revolution associated with access to the historical arena of new social forces, etc.).

*** You can selectmain steps Development of European Arts, which determined the specifics of historical and literaryabout process: antiquity, middle ages, revival, education, nineteenth and twentieth century.

*** The development of the historical and literary process is due to a number of factors, among which first should be notedhistorical situation (socio-political system, ideology, etc.),the effect of preceding literary traditions and artistic experience of other peoples. For example, the work of its predecessors was a serious impact on the work of Pushkin not only in Russian literature (Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and others), but also European (Voltaire, Rousseau, Byron and others).

Literary process - this is a complex system literary interactions. It is the formation, functioning and shift of various literary directions and flows.

***Literary direction - steady and repeated in one or another period historical Development literature The circle of the main features of creativity, expressed in the nature of the selection of reality phenomena and in the principles of the choice of funds artistic image In a number of writers.

4.2. Literary Destinations: Classicism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism (Symbolism, Axism, Futurism), Postmodernism

Classicism (from lat. Classicus - exemplary) is an artistic direction in the European art of the turn of the XVII-XVIII - early XIX century, formed in France at the end of the XVII century.Classicism argued the primacy of state interests over personal, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, the cult of moral debt. For aesthetics of classicism, the severity of artistic forms is characterized: composite unity, regulatory style and plots. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Tredyakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin and others.

The main conflict of classic works is the struggle of the hero between the mind and feeling. At the same time, the positive hero should always make a choice in favor of the mind (for example, choosing between love and the need to completely surrender to the state, he is obliged to choose the latter), and negative - in favor of feeling.

The same can be said about the genre system. All genres shared on high (soda, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fables, epigram, satire).

Special rules existed for dramatic works. Three "unity" should be observed in them - places, time and action. · Purity of the genre (in high genres Funny or domestic situations and heroes could not be depicted, and in low - tragic and sublime);

· Purity of the language (in high genres - high vocabulary, in low - spurant);

· Strict division of heroes on positive and negative, while positive heroes, choosing between feeling and mind, give preference to the latter;

· Compliance with the rules of "three unities";

· Approval of positive values \u200b\u200band state ideal.

Sentimentalism (from English Sentimental - Sensitive, from French Sentiment - Feeling) - Literary Direction Second halves XVIII century, who came to change classicism. Sentimentalists proclaimed the primacy of feelings, and not reason. Unlike classicists, sentimentalists consider not a state with higher value, but a person. Heroes in their works are clearly divided into positive and negative. Positive are endowed with natural sensitivity (responsive, kind, compassionative, capable of self-sacrifice). Negative - calculating, selfish, arrogant, cruel. In Russia, sentimentalism originated in the 1760s (the best representatives of Radishchev and Karamzin). As a rule, in the works of Russian sentimentalism, the conflict is developing between a serf peasant and a serfshit, and the moral superiority of the first persistently emphasizes.

Romanticism - - artistic direction in the European and american culture end of XVIII - FIRST halves XIX. century. Romanticism arose in the 1790s first in Germany, and then spread throughout Western Europe.

All romance reject the worldhence their romantic flight from existing life And looking for an ideal outside. This gave rise to the emergence of romantic doolmirine.

Rejection, the denial of reality determined the specifics of the romantic hero. It is in hostile relationship with the surrounding society, is opposed to him. This is an extraordinary person, restless, most often lonely and with tragic fate. Romantic hero - The embodiment of the romantic riot against reality.

Realism (from Latin Realis - real, valid) - a literary direction, which embodied the principles of a vital attitude to reality, as decided to the artistic knowledge of the person and the world.

Realist writers showed a direct dependence of social, moral, religious representations Heroes from social conditions much attention paid to a social and domestic aspect. Central problem Realism is the likelihood ratio and artistic truth.

Writers-Realists create new types of heroes: type " little man"(Scratchkin, marmalands, girls), type" excess person"(Chatsky, Onegin, Pechorin, Oblomov), the type of" new "hero (NiHist Bazarov in Turgenev," New People "Chernyshevsky).

Modernism (from the French Modern - the newest, modern) philosophical and aesthetic movement in literature and art that emerged on turn XIX - XX centuries.

The most bright I. meaningful directions Russian modernism has become symbolism, acmeism and futurism.

Symbolism - - The unrealistic direction in the art and literature of the 1870-1920s, is focused mainly on artistic expression using the symbol of intuitive entrusted entities and ideas. Symbolism declared itself in France in the 1860-1870s.

Symbolism The first put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating art free from the task to portray reality. Symbolists argued that the goal of art is not in the image real Mirawhich they considered secondary, and in the transfer of "Higher Reality". They intended to achieve this with the symbol. The symbol is the expression of the superfluid intuition of the poet, which in minutes of illusion opens true essence of things. The symbolists have developed a new poetic language that does not call a direct item, but hinting on its content through allegory, musicality, color Gamma., free verse.

The symbol is fundamentally multi-rival and contains the prospect of limitless deployment of meanings.

Axism (from Greek. AKME - higher degree something, blooming power, top) - a modernist literary flow in Russian poetry of the 1910s. Representatives: S. Gorodetsky, Early A. Akhmatova, L. Gumilev, O. Mandelstam. The term "acmeism" belongs to Gumilev.

Aqmeists proclaimed the liberation of poetry from the symbolistic impulses to the ideal, from the meaningfulness and turnover of images, complicated metaphoricity; talked about the need to return to the material world, subject, accurate value the words.

Futurism - One of the main avant-garde directions (avant-garde is the extreme manifestation of modernism) in the European arts of the beginning of the 20th century, which has become the greatest development in Italy and Russia.

Futurists wrote on behalf of a crowd man. The basis of this movement was the feeling of the "inevitability of the crash of the older" (Mayakovsky), awareness of the birth of "new humanity". Artistic creativityAccording to futurists, it was supposed to become not imitation, but by the continuation of nature, which through the creative will of a person creates " new world, today's, iron ... "(Malevich). This is due to the desire to destroy the "old" form, the desire for contrasts, a colloquial speech. Relying on alive colloquial, futurists were engaged in "worship" (created neologisms). Their works were distinguished by complex semantic and composite shifts - the contrast of comic and tragic, fiction and lyrics.

Postmodernism - The literary direction that came to replace modern and differing from it not so much originality as a variety of elements, quotality, a submersibility in a culture, reflecting complexity, chaoticity, modern Mira; "Spirit of literature" of the end of 20 V; The literature of the era of world wars, scientific and Technical Revolution and the informational "explosion."

5. Like lesson. What is the power and potential of literature? Why is the reading of books have become a rare phenomenon today? Try to evaluate this situation.

6. Maximum task:

1.S.6-9 (to minimize theses. Specificity of the Old Russian literature);

(Symbol - from Greek. Symbolon - conditional sign)

1. The central place is given to the symbol *
2. The desire for the highest ideal prevails
3. Poetic image is called upon to express the essence of any phenomenon
4. Characterized by the reflection of the world in two plans: real and mystical
5. Sophistication and musicality of verse

The founder of D. S. Merezhkovsky, who in 1892 made a lecture "On the reasons for the decline and new currents of modern Russian literature" (the article was published in 1893) of symbolists divide on the elders ((V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Hippius, F. Sologub debuted in 1890s) and younger (A. Block, A. White, Vyach. Ivanov, and DR debuted in the 1900s)

Axism

(From the Greek "acme" - the edge, the highest point). The literary flow of acmeism arose in the early 1910s and was genetically related to symbolism. (N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelshtam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.) The impact on the formation was provided by Article M. Kuzmina "On Beautiful Clarity", printed in 1910. In the program article 1913, the "Heritage of Akmeism and Symbolism" N. Gumilev called symbolism " decent Father"But emphasized at the same time that the new generation has developed a" courageous solid and clear look at life "

1. Orientation on the classic poetry of the XIX century
2. The adoption of the earthly world in its manifold, visible concreteness
3. Subject and clarity of images, deposit of parts
4. In rhythmics, the aqmeists used a dolnik (dolnik - a violation of traditional
Regular alternation of shock and unstressed syllables. The lines coincide in the number of strokes, but shock and unstressed syllables are freely located in the string.) That climbed the poem with lively spoken speech

Futurism

Futurism - from Lat. Futurum, future. Genetically literary futurism is closely connected with the avant-garde groups of artists of the 1910s - primarily with the groups "Bubnovaya Valet", " Oslenic tail"," Union of Youth ". In 1909 in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published an article "Manifesto Futurism". In 1912, the Manifesto "Picture of the Public Taste" was created by Russian futurists: V. Mayakovsky, A. Klychey, V. Khlebnikov: "Pushkin is incomprehensible to hieroglyphs." Futurism began to break down in 1915-1916.

1. Rebuilding, anarchicity of the worldview
2. Denial of cultural traditions
3. Experiments in the field of rhythm and rhyme, figured location and lines
4. Active word perment

Imazinism

From lat. Imago - Image The literary flow in the Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the purpose of creativity is to create an image. Basic expressive IMAZHINISTS - metaphor, often metaphorical chains that match the various elements of two images - direct and portable. Imazinism arose in 1918, when the "Order of IMAZHINISTS" was founded in Moscow. The creators of the "Order" were Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Schenevich, and earlier in the group of Novokrestest poets Sergey Yesenin

Literary Direction - is often signed with artistic method. It denotes a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groupings and schools, their program-aesthetic installations used. In the struggle and change of directions, the regularities of the literary process are most clearly expressed. It is customary to allocate the following literary directions:

Classicism

Sentimentalism

Naturalism

Romanticism (to which some beloco literature)

Symbolism

Realism (in which Renaissance realism is distinguished, i.e. Realization of the Renaissance, educational realism, i.e. Realism of the Epoch of Enlightenment, critical realism and socialist realism).

The legality of the allocation of other areas of uniform opinion is not - such as mannerism, predocutantism, neoclassicism, neoromantism, impressionism, expressionism, modernism, and so on. The fact is that literary directions, replacing, give rise to many intermediate forms that exist not long and are not global. There were attempts to propose more universal systems for division into literary directions - for example. "Classic" and "Romance"; or "realistic" and "surreal" literature.

Literary current

2. The literary current - is often uniform with the literary group and school. Denotes a combination creative personalitiesFor which ideological and artistic proximity and software-aesthetic unity are characteristic. Otherwise, the literary flow is a kind of literary direction.

For example, in relation to Russian romantics, they are talking about "philosophical", "psychological" and "civil" current. In Russian realism, some identify "psychological" and "sociological" current.

Speech as a means of individualization image.

In the drama literature, the character of the hero is detected mainly by means of language, means of scenic speech. Therefore, such a major role in addressing the task of creating a typical nature played in creative practice is widely and brilliantly developed by the method speech characteristics Acting person.

Psychological analysis in literature

Paradoxically, but "psychological analysis" is a concept that is infrequently found in psychological literature.

Psychological analysis began his point of reference long before the appearance of Freud's works, but it was in his writings he acquired a special sound, like new birth and entered his scientific practice.

Psychological analysis is a kind of scientific analysis similar to the philosophical, mathematical and others. A characteristic feature of psychological analysis is that the object of its study is mental reality, mental processes, States, human properties. As well as various socio-psychological phenomena arising in groups, teams: opinions, communication, relationships, conflicts, leadership, etc. Methodological basis Psychological analysis can be philosophical systems, the general scientific principles of knowledge, as well as the general health provisions on the subject, the relationship of the internal and external, specificity of psychological patterns that one or another type of activity is subordinated. For example, a psychological analysis of self-education involves the study of the goals, motives, methods independent work On acquisition, deepening, expanding and improving knowledge, skills, skills, as well as its features in conditions of general and special education.

Psychological analysis is an example psychological image in literature.

Is that complex independent states Heroes are laid out on their components and thereby explain, become clear to the reader. In psychological analysis, the narrative story from a third party has its advantages. This artistic form allows the author without any restrictions to enter the reader in inner world Character and show it in the most detailed and deep.

The concepts of "direction", "current", "School" refer to the terms describing the literary process - the development and functioning of literature on a historic scale. Their definitions are in literary Science Discussion.

Under the direction in the XIX century, the general nature of the content, ideas of the whole national literature or a period of its development was understood. At the beginning XIX century The literary direction was associated as a whole with the "dominant direction of the minds."

So, I. V. Kireevsky in the article "The Nineteenth Century" (1832) wrote that the dominant direction of the minds of the end of the XVIII century is destructive, and the new consists in the "striving for a sedative equation of a new spirit with the ruins of old times ...

In the literature, the result of this direction was the desire to agree on the imagination with the reality, the correctness of the forms with freedom content ... In a word, the fact that they are vainly called classicism, with what is still incorrectly called romanticism. "

Even earlier, in 1824, V. K. Kyuhelbecker announced the direction of poetry as the main content in the article "On the direction of our poetry, especially lyrical, in last decade" Ks. A. Polevoy for the first time in Russian criticism applied the word "direction" to certain stages of the development of literature.

In the article "On the directions and parties in the literature", he called the direction "That, often invisible for contemporaries, the inner desire of literature, which gives the character to all or at least very many works of her in the famous this time... the basis of it, in the general sense, there is an idea of \u200b\u200bthe modern era. "

For "real criticism" - N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubova - the direction agreed with the ideological position of the writer or group of writers. In general, a variety of literary communities was understood under the direction.

But the main unifying sign is that the unity is recorded in the direction general principles embodiments artistic contentCommonness depth bases Artistic world view.

This unity is often due to the similarity of cultural and historical traditions, often connected with the type of consciousness literary era, some scientists believe that the unity of the direction is due to unity creative method writers.

There is no specified list of literary directions, as the development of literature is associated with the specifics of historical, cultural, social Life Societies, national and regional characteristics of one or another literature. However, traditionally allocate areas such as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, each of which is characterized by its set of formal-substantive signs.

For example, in the framework of the romantic worldview of romanticism, such as the motives for the destruction of familiar borders and hierarchies, the ideas of the "spiritualizing" synthesis, who came to the change of the rationalistic concept of "Communication" and "order", awareness of a person as a center and secrecy of being , personality open and creative, etc.

But the specific expression of these common philosophical and aesthetic foundations of world-upsion in the work of writers and their worldview is different.

So, inside romanticism, the problem of the embodiment of universal, new, extra-term ideals was embodied, on the one hand, in the idea of \u200b\u200brebellion, a cardinal reorganization of the existing world order (D. G. Bayron, A. Mitskevich, P. B. Shelly, K. F. Ryleev) And on the other, in the search for your inner "I" (V. A. Zhukovsky), the harmony of nature and spirit (Wordsworth), religious self-improvement (F. R. Shatubol).

As you can see, such a community of principles is international, in many ways, diffant, and exists in sufficiently blurred chronological frameworkWhat is due to the largest national and regional specificity of the literary process.

The same sequence of changing directions in different countries It is usually evidence of their supranational nature. These or another direction in each country acts as a national species of the relevant international (European) literary community.

According to this point of view, French, German, Russian classicism is considered to be varieties of an international literary direction - European classicism, which represents the combination of the most common typological signs inherent in all varieties of the direction.

But should certainly take into account that often national features One or another can manifest themselves much brighter than the typological similarity of varieties. In generalization, there is some schematism that can distort the real historical facts literary process.

For example, the most vividly classicism showed himself in France, where it is represented as a complete system and meaningful, and formal signs of works, codified by theoretical regulatory poetic poetics ("Poetic Art" of N. Balo). In addition, it is represented by significant artistic achievements that have influenced other European literature.

In Spain and Italy, where the historical situation was different, classicism turned out to be the direction in many ways imitated. The leading in these countries was Baroque literature.

Russian Classicism becomes the central direction in the literature also not without the influence of French classicism, but acquires its own national sound, crystallized in the struggle of "Lomonosovsky" and "Sumarokovsky" flows. In national varieties of classicism a lot of differences, still more problems It is associated with the definition of romanticism as a single pan-European direction, in which there are often very different-quality phenomena.

Thus, the construction of pan-European and "world" models of directions as the largest units of functioning and the development of literature seems a very difficult task.

Gradually, along with the "direction", the term "current" is included in circulation, often used with the "direction" synonyms. So, D. S. Merezhkovsky in an extensive article "On the reasons for decline and new currents of modern Russian literature" (1893) writes that "between writers with different, sometimes opposite temperaments are established, both between opposite poles, special mental flows, singular air, saturated with creative trends. " It is them, according to criticism, is due to the similarity of "poetic phenomena", works of different writers.

Often, the "direction" is recognized as a generic concept in relation to the "flow". Both concepts indicate the unity of leading spiritual and most aesthetic principles arising at a certain stage of the literary process, covering the work of many writers.

Under the term "direction" in the literature understand the creative unity of writers of a certain historical era using the general ideological and aesthetic principles of the image of reality.

The direction in the literature is considered as a generalizing category of the literary process, as one of the forms of the artistic worldview, aesthetic views, ways to display life associated with peculiar art style. In the history of national literature european peoples Eliminate areas such as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, naturalism, symbolism.

Introduction to literary studies (N.L. Vertinina, E.V. Volkov, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. LM Kruchachanova. - M, 2005