How to determine the type of literature. Literary genus

By the genus of literature called epic, lyrics and drama. Epos- this is narrative works... Epic genres are epic, epic novel, novel, story, story, short story, sketch. In oral folk art, epics include the genres of epics, fairy tales, and also anecdotes. Lyrics- these are mainly poetic works that express the emotional state of their authors. Lyric genres: elegy, ode, sonnet, ballad, message, epigram, madrigal. Drama- these are works built mainly on the dialogues of the heroes, according to which they usually put theater performances. Dramatic genres: tragedy, comedy, drama, melodrama, vaudeville, farce.

First division of literature

For the first time, theoretically, literary genera was isolated by the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. He created a large treatise, which is called "Poetics", where he pointed out that poetry is imitation. Imitation exists in three forms, which are called the kinds of literature.

The emergence of the genus of literature is directly related to the emergence of art. Art emerged at the earliest stages of development human society... The famous art critic A.N. Veselovsky said that literary genera were formed from primitive ritual songs, which were performed in connection with three main events in human life: the birth of a child, marriage and death.

The ritual songs were sung by the chorus and expressed the collective emotion, i.e. the emotional state of members of a tribe or clan. Emotions were expressed in emotional exclamations that were emitted by the participants in the ceremony. From these exclamations, the lyrics arose, which subsequently separated from the rite and turned into an independent genus.

How to distinguish between the types of literature

There were singers in the choir. They performed parts, from which later appeared lyric-epic, and then heroic poems, which laid the foundation for the epic. The choir members often engaged in ritual dialogue. A drama was formed on the basis of this dialogue.

By the time of occurrence, literary births appeared in different time... First came the lyrics, later the epic, the drama was formed at a very late stage. Distinctive features childbirth are emotion, appreciation, attitude for lyrics, storytelling for an epic, dialogue and action for drama. It should be remembered that within each of the genera there are elements of a different kind. For example, in the epic there are elements of dialogue, which are characteristic of the kind of drama.

Literary genus is a set of works of art united general style presentation, characteristic plot lines. The genus of a literary work is lyrics, epic or drama. The most famous examples of each of them are described in this article.

Drama

Translated from this word means "action". In modern Russian, the term has acquired a different meaning. But this will be discussed below. Drama is a literary family that originated in Antiquity. It was the ancient Greek authors Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides who owned the first dramatic works... This literary genus of works combines works of two types: comedy, tragedy.

Drama reached its perfection in the sixteenth century. French authors strictly adhered to certain provisions established by the ancient Greeks. Namely: the unity of time and place, the duration of events is no more than twenty-four hours.

Examples of dramatic works

In the drama of Sophocles "Oedipus the King" it comes about a man who, by perfect coincidence, once killed his father, and then, ironically, married his mother. The viewers of the first production knew the plot. But even if they were unfamiliar with the story of Oedipus, they would recognize him short biography... Nevertheless, the drama is designed in such a way that its action covers the whole day. All events take place in the palace of the king.

Moliere, Racine and Corneille adopted the traditions of ancient playwrights. Their creations also follow the above principles. And, finally, it is worth giving an example of which every schoolchild is familiar - “Woe from Wit”. Chatsky arrives at Famusov's house. She learns that Sophia is in love with a selfish and narrow-minded person. The hero of Griboyedov conducts conversations with other characters in the comedy. He expresses extraordinary thoughts. As a result, Famusov's entourage decides that Chatsky is a little out of his mind. He, in turn, leaves the house of a relative with the words “Carriage to me, carriage!”. All this happens during the day.

None of the heroes go anywhere outside the Famusov mansion. Because drama is a literary genus of works of art in which everything that happens takes place during the day. It is worth mentioning one more feature of such compositions. Namely, they do not contain the words of the author. Only dialogues. Whether it's a comedy or a tragedy.

Epos

This term can be found as a masculine noun in literary dictionary... And in this encyclopedic edition it will be said that an epic is nothing more than a work that tells about events that happened in the past.

Epic examples

The famous "Odyssey" is a striking example. In his essay, Homer describes at length and in detail the events that once took place. He talks about the journey of his hero, not forgetting to mention other characters and describe their life and everyday life in sufficient detail. How does an epic differ from a drama? First of all, the fact that the narration is on behalf of the author. The next difference is impartiality.

Homer's works are written in the form of poetry. In the eighteenth century, new trends began to develop in literature: a type of prose appeared that had the characteristics of an epic. An example is Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. The events span a rather impressive time span. In the novel great amount characters.

Another example of epic prose is Galsworthy's novel The Forsyte Saga. This book tells about representatives of several generations of a large family.

Lyrics

What literary genus does any of the poems of Annensky, Fet, Tyutchev belong to? Of course, to the lyrics. The works of this literary kind are characterized by sensuality and emotionality. Unlike the epic, here the feelings of the hero are conveyed extremely vividly, and even somewhat subjectively.

Examples of lyric works

V Ancient Greece was born not only dramatic art... Antiquity is the heyday of other trends in literature. The first lyric authors are Terpander. This ancient greek poet I read my creations to the sounds string guitar... To the accompaniment, he recited poetry and Alkey, the author who preferred political themes... Sappho's poetry has also survived to this day.

In the Middle Ages, which is usually called "gloomy", it was created myriad romantic ballads written by troubadours from France. Their plots were subsequently used more than once by later authors. Lyrics as received special development in the Renaissance. In the thirteenth century appeared new type troubadours. Not French, but Italian. After all, it was in Italy that lyric poetry flourished.

In the nineteenth century, lyricism penetrated all His features are present in the works of Shelley, Byron, Coleridge. Lyricism also inspired Russian poets - Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Ryleev, etc. Then interest in lyrics faded for a while: its place was taken by epic prose. And, finally, the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia was marked by the emergence of a whole galaxy of talented lyricists. Among them are Pasternak, Blok, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Yesenin.

In everyday speech

The literary genus, as we found out, is a set of works of art that have characteristic signs... It can be lyrics, epic or drama. In modern speech, each of these terms has a slightly different meaning.

Film drama is a genre characterized by tragedy. It is customary to understand lyric poetry as love poetry. In literary terminology, these concepts have a different meaning. What literary genus is characterized by tragedy, sentimentality? Drama or lyrics. But at the same time, a dramatic work can be a comedy. And an essay by a lyric author is not necessarily a story about his unrequited love or homesickness.

Video tutorial 2: Literary birth and genres

Lecture: Literary birth. Literature genres

Literary birth

Epos- a story of past events. Large epic works contain descriptions, reasoning, lyrical digressions, dialogues. The epic involves the participation of a large number actors, many events, not limited by time or space. In works of an epic character, a significant role is assigned to the narrator or narrator, who does not interfere in the course of events, evaluates what is happening in a detached, objective way (the novels of I. Goncharov, the stories of A. Chekhov). Often times, the narrator tells the story he heard from the narrator.

Lyrics unites a lot of poetic genres: sonnet, elegy, song, romance. Lyric work easy to distinguish from the other two main types of literature - epic and drama - by the absence of eventfulness and the presence of an image inner peace a person, a description of the change in his moods, impressions. In the lyrics, the description of nature, event or object is presented from the standpoint of personal experience.

Between these main types of literature, there is an intermediate one, lyric-epic genre. Lyro-epic combines epic narration and lyrical emotionality into one whole (A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").

Drama- the main literary genus, dwelling in two hypostases - genus stage action and genre of literature. In a dramatic work there is no detailed narrative description, the text consists entirely of dialogues, remarks, monologues of the characters. In order for the stage action to show signs of drama, a conflict is necessary (the main and only one, or several conflict situations). Some playwrights masterly know how to show inner action when the heroes only think and worry, thereby "moving" the plot to a denouement.

So, remember what is the difference between the main literary genders:

Epic - the event is told

Lyrics - the event is experienced

Drama - the event is portrayed

Literature genres

novel- belongs to the epic genus of literature, is distinguished by a significant time period in the development of the plot, filled with many characters. Some novels trace the fate of several generations of the same family ("family sagas"). In a novel, as a rule, several plot lines, complex and deep life processes are shown. A work written in the genre of a novel is full of conflicts (internal, external), events do not always preserve the chronology of succession.

The novel is an epic describes wide strata folk life v climaxes, at the break historical eras... Other features of the epic are similar to those of the novel as an epic work. The genre includes “ Quiet Don"M. Sholokhov," War and Peace "by L. Tolstoy.

The story– prose average volume ( less romance by the amount of text and by the number of characters, but more than a story).

Compositional features: the story is characterized by chronic development of events, the author does not pose large-scale historical tasks for the reader. Compared to the novel, the story is a more "chamber" literary genre, where the main action is focused on the character and fate of the protagonist.

Story is a work of small prosaic form. Typical signs:

short duration of events,

a small number of characters (there can be only one or two characters),

one problem,

one event.

Feature article- a literary prose work of a small form, a kind of story. The essay touches on the most pressing social problems... The plot is based on the facts, documents, observations of the author.

Parable- a small prosaic story of an instructive nature, the content is conveyed with the help of allegories, in an allegorical manner. A parable is very close to a fable, however, unlike it, it does not end the narrative with a ready-made morality, but invites the reader to think for himself and draw a conclusion.

Poetry

Poem- a voluminous poetic story work. The poem combines the features of lyrics and epic: on the one hand, it is an expanded, voluminous content, on the other, the inner world of the hero is revealed in all details, his experiences, the movements of the soul are carefully studied by the author.

Ballad. Ballads are not so common in contemporary literature, like poems or songs, however, in the old days, ballad art was very widespread and popular. In ancient times (presumably in the Middle Ages), the ballad was a folklore work of a ritual nature, combining song and dance. The ballad is easily recognizable by the plot of the narration, subordination to a strict rhythm, repetitions (refrains) of individual words or whole lines. They especially loved the ballad in the era of romanticism: the thematic diversity of the genre allowed romantic poets to create fantastic, fabulous, historical, humorous works... Quite often, plots from translated literature were taken as a basis. The ballad experienced its rebirth at the beginning of the 20th century; the genre developed during the years of the development of the ideas of revolutionary romanticism.

Lyric poem. The most beloved representative of readers and listeners poetic genre- a lyric poem. Small in volume, often written in the first person, the poem conveys feelings, moods, experiences lyric hero, or directly the author of the verse.

Song. Small poetic works containing stanzas (verse) and refrain (chorus). As a literary genre, the song is in the culture of every nation, it is oldest specimens amateur oral creativity – folk songs... Songs are composed in the most different genres: there are historical, heroic, folk, humorous, etc. A song can have an official author - a professional poet, a song can have a collective author ( folk art), songs are composed by professional amateurs (the so-called "author's", amateur song).

Elegy. You can guess what the elegy is by translating the meaning of the word from Greek- "plaintive song". Indeed, elegies always bear the imprint of a sad mood, sadness, sometimes even sorrow. Certain philosophical experiences of the lyrical hero are turned into elegiac form. The elegiac verse was very popular among romantic and sentimental poets.

Message. A letter in verse addressed to a specific person or group of persons received the name "message" in poetry. The content of such a work could be friendly, lyrical, mocking, etc.

Epigram. This poem, small in volume, could be quite capacious in content: often in just a few lines there was a capacious, destroying characteristic of a person or several persons. The recognition of the epigram was given by two circumstances: wit and extreme brevity. A. Pushkin, P. Vyazemsky, I. Dmitriev, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev were famous for their magnificent, sometimes impartial epigrams. V modern poetry A. Ivanov, L. Filatov, V. Gaft are considered the outstanding masters of the "striking line".

Oh yeah composed for the glory of an event or a specific person. A poetic work of a small form was filled with solemn content, was distinguished by pompous presentation ("high calm"), bombast. If Oda was dedicated to a reigning person, small form could significantly "enlarge", so that the poet could mark with verse all the excellent qualities of the addressee.

Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines (4 + 4 + 3 + 3), has certain rules build:

Three-line. Interchange

Three-line. The denouement is outlined

Quatrain. Exposure development

The final line of the denouement expresses the essence of the poem.

Comedy, tragedy, drama

It is very difficult to define funny. What exactly gives rise to laughter? Why is it funny?

Comedy(Greek "funny song") from the moment of its appearance to the present day is the most beloved type of stage work and literary creation... In works of comedic content, the authors depict human types and various life situations in a comic manifestation: ugliness is presented as beauty, dullness is presented as a manifestation of a brilliant mind, etc.

Comedies are of several types:

"High" ("Woe from Wit") - serious life situation is presented against the backdrop of the actions of comic characters.

Satirical ("The Inspector General") - exposes characters and actions in a funny, ridiculous light.

Lyric (" The Cherry Orchard") - there is no division of heroes into" good "and" bad ", there is no action, there is no visible conflict. The importance of acquire sounds, details, symbolism.

Tragedy- special dramatic genre: there is no, and cannot be, a happy ending in the work. The plot of the tragic work consists in the irreconcilable collision of the hero with society, with Fate, with the world around him. The outcome of a tragedy is always sad - in the finale, the hero will surely die. Especially tragic were ancient greek tragedies created according to strictly prescribed rules. Later (in the 18th century), the tragedy began to gradually lose its genre severity, drawing closer to the drama. New genres are being formed - heroic historical, tragic drama. V late XIX v. the unification of tragedy and comedy took place, new genre - tragicomedy.

Drama differs as a genre of literature and as a kind of stage performance.

To understand the features of the drama, one can compare the features, characteristic features of the tragedy and the dramatic work.

Literary genres and literary genres are a powerful tool to ensure unity and continuity literary process... They concern characteristic features leading the story, plot, author's position and the relationship of the narrator with the reader.

V.G.Belinsky is considered the founder of Russian literary criticism, but even in antiquity, Aristotle made a serious contribution to the concept of a literary genus, which Belinsky later scientifically substantiated.

So, the kinds of literature are called numerous sets of works of art (texts), which differ in the type of attitude of the carrier of speech to the artistic whole. There are 3 kinds:

• Epic;
• Lyrics;
• Drama.

The epic as a kind of literature aims to tell as much as possible about an object, phenomenon or event, about the circumstances associated with them, the conditions of existence. The author is, as it were, removed from what is happening and acts as a storyteller-narrator. The main thing in the text is the story itself.

The lyrics are intended to tell not so much about the events, but about the impressions and feelings that the author experienced and is experiencing. The main thing will be the image of the inner world and the soul of a person. Impression and experience are the main events of the lyrics. This kind of literature is dominated by poetry..

The drama tries to portray an object in action and show it on theater stage, to present what is described surrounded by other phenomena. The author's text is visible here only in the remarks - brief explanations of the actions and remarks of the heroes. Sometimes the author's position is reflected by a special hero-reasonable.

Each type of literature includes several genres.

Literary genres

A genre is a group of works united by historically characteristic common features of form and content. Genres include novel, poem, short story, epigram and many others.

However, between the concept of "genre" and "genus" there is an intermediate - the type... This is a less broad concept than a genus, but broader than a genre. Although sometimes the term "species" is identified with the term "genre". If you differentiate between these concepts, then the novel will be considered a species fiction, and its varieties (dystopian novel, adventure novel, science fiction novel) are genres.

Example: genus - epic, species - story, genre - Christmas story.

Types of literature and their genres, table.

Modern literary scholars distinguish 4 types of literature - lyroepic (lyroepos). This includes a poem. On the one hand, the poem tells about the feelings and experiences of the protagonist, and on the other hand, it describes the story, events, circumstances in which the hero is.

The poem has a narrative organization, it describes many of the experiences of the protagonist. The main feature is the presence, together with a clearly structured storyline, of multiple lyrical digressions or paying attention to the inner world of the character.

The lyric-epic genres include the ballad. It has an unusual, dynamic and extremely intense plot. It is characterized by a poetic form, it is a story in verse. Can be of historical, heroic or mythical character. The plot is often borrowed from folklore.

The text of an epic work is strictly plotted, focused on events, characters and circumstances. It is built on storytelling, not experience. The events described by the author are separated from him, as a rule, by a long period of time, which allows him to be impartial and objective. Author's position can manifest itself in lyrical digressions. However, they are absent in purely epic works.

Events are described in the past tense. The narration is unhurried, unhurried, measured. The world seems complete and fully cognized. Lots of unfolded details, great detail.

Major epic genres

An epic novel can be called a work that covers a long period in a story that depicts a multitude of heroes, with intertwining storylines. Has a large volume. Roman is the most popular genre these days. Most of the books on the shelves in bookstores belong to the genre of the novel.

The story is attributed either to a small or medium genre, it concentrates on one storyline, on the fate of a particular hero.

Small genres of epic

The story embodies small literary genres. This is the so-called intense prose, in which, due to the small volume, there are no detailed descriptions, listing and abundance of details. The author tries to convey to the reader a specific thought, and the entire text is aimed at revealing this thought.

Stories are characterized by the following features:

• Small volume.
• In the center of the plot is a specific event.
• A small number of heroes - 1, maximum 2-3 central characters.
• Has a specific topic, which the entire text is devoted to.
• It has the goal of answering a specific question, the rest are secondary and, as a rule, are not disclosed.

Nowadays, it is practically impossible to determine where the story is and where the story is, although these genres have completely different origins. At the dawn of its appearance, the short story was a short dynamic work with an entertaining plot, accompanied by anecdotal situations. There was no psychologism in it.

Essay is a genre of non-fiction, based on real facts. However, very often an essay can be called a story and vice versa. There won't be a big mistake here.

V literary tale a fairy tale narration is stylized, it often reflects the mood of the whole society, any political ideas sound.

The lyrics are subjective. Appeals to the inner world of the hero or the author himself. This kind of literature is characterized by emotional interest, psychologism. The plot fades into the background. It is not the events and phenomena themselves that are important, but the attitude of the hero to them, how they affect him. Events often reflect the state of the character's inner world. In the lyrics, there is a completely different attitude to time, it seems as if it does not exist, and all events take place exclusively in the present.

Lyric genres

The main genres of poems, the list of which can be continued:

• Oda is a solemn poem designed to praise and exalt
• hero (historical figure).
• Elegy is a poetic work with sadness as the dominant mood, which is a reflection on the meaning of life against the backdrop of a landscape.
• Satire is a caustic and accusatory work; an epigram is referred to as poetic satirical genres.
• An epitaph is a small-scale poem written on the occasion of the death of someone. Often it becomes an inscription on a tombstone.
• Madrigal is a small message to a friend, usually containing a hymn.
• The epithalam is a wedding hymn.
• A message is a verse written in the form of a letter, implying openness.
• Sonnet - strict poetic genre, requiring strict adherence to the form. Consists of 14 lines: 2 quatrains, and 2 three verses.

To understand drama, it is important to understand the source and nature of its conflict. Drama is always aimed at direct portrayal; dramatic works are written to be performed on stage. The only means of revealing the character of a hero in a drama is his speech. The hero, as it were, lives in the spoken word, which reflects his entire inner world.

Action in a drama (play) develops from the present to the future. Although events take place in the present tense, they are not complete, they are directed into the future. Since dramatic works are aimed at staging them on stage, each of them implies entertainment.

Dramatic works

Tragedy, comedy and farce are genres of drama.

At the center of a classic tragedy, implacable eternal conflict which is inevitable. Tragedy often ends with the death of the heroes who were unable to resolve this conflict, but death is not a genre-defining factor, since it can be present in both comedy and drama.

Comedy is characterized by humorous or satirical image reality. The conflict is specific and usually resolvable. There is a comedy of characters and a sitcom. They differ in the source of the comic: in the first case, the situations in which the heroes find themselves are funny, and in the second - the heroes themselves. Often these 2 types of comedy have something in common.

Contemporary drama tends to be genre modifications. Farce is a deliberately comic work in which attention is focused on comic elements. Vaudeville is a light comedy with simple plot and clearly traceable author's style.

Drama as a kind of literature and drama as a literary genre is not worth it. In the second case, the drama is characterized by acute conflict which is less global, implacable and insoluble than tragic conflict... In the center of the work is the relationship between man and society. The drama is realistic and close to life.

All literary works, depending on the characteristics of the narrative and the position of the author in relation to the depicted one, are divided into genders. And each of them, in turn, is divided into genres.

In literary criticism, the following main epos, lyrics, drama are distinguished, in some cases they also add to them, and we will talk about each of them in more detail later in the article.

Epic - a way to see events from the outside

At one time, Aristotle argued that the narrative can be either about something detached from oneself (epic), or directly from oneself (lyrics), or one can put the narration in the mouths of the heroes (drama). And although, of course, this definition is very limited, it helps to some extent to understand the basic principles of species division

The main three kinds of literature, as a rule, begin to be listed with the epic, which is an objectively depicted course of events that take place independently of the author. In such works, he acts, as a rule, as an outside observer and narrator. Even in the case of a first-person narration, the author takes a position in relation to which the events transmitted are in the past - in this way the so-called "epic distance" is maintained.

The pace of the epic narrative is always unhurried and measured, as the epic tends to be circumstantial. This, by the way, often interferes with the production famous novels on stage, as full adherence to the text makes the performance unnecessarily prolonged.

It is customary to refer to the main epic genres as novels, short stories and essays. The epic can also include folklore works- fairy tales, legends, epics or

More on major epic genres

The main types of fiction, as already mentioned, are divided into genres, and the largest of epics is an epic novel. It usually covers some kind of historical period and includes a large number of plot lines intersecting each other (L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" or M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don").

It is followed by a novel in volume. This genre also involves a large number of characters and storylines. Although, for example, modern detective novels often have only one such line.

In the literature there are a huge number of modifications of the named genre - family, social, female, fantasy, fantasy, detective novel, etc.

About small genres of epic

The main types of literature presuppose the presence of minor epic genres. These include a story (this is rather a medium-sized genre), which usually focuses on one fate or one event.

The story, which, by the way, is considered young epic genre(it began to take shape only at the beginning of the 19th century), is a story about some episode from the life of the hero. The modern short story is very close in form to the story.

In modern literature, it is customary to speak separately about the essay. The narrative in it, in contrast to the story or novella, is built on documentary facts... True, there are many intermediate forms between all the named genres.

Fairy tales do not lose their popularity - stories about fictional characters with obligatory participation magic powers. Modern fairy tale already bears little resemblance to folklore, as it is more strongly associated with general literary currents and tendencies.

The genres of feuilletons, anecdotes, parables, as well as essays, which are popular in our time, also belong to the epic family.

Lyric genres

One of the three main types of literature - lyricism - differs from the rest in its subjectivity and emphasized interest in to the author's world... She is also characterized by increased emotionality, the desire to reflect not events, but a personal attitude towards them. By the nature of these emotions, one can distinguish several lyric (a solemn, praising poem), an elegy (lyrical reflection on the transience of life) and satire (accusatory, angry work).

But modern poets, as they themselves say, write poetry - that is, works that are difficult or simply impossible to strictly attribute to some genre.

About the drama inside and outside

G. Hegel, trying to deepen the division into the main types of literature proposed by Aristotle, explained that the basis of the drama is the synthesis of lyrics and epic. After all, drama, from his point of view, is a conflict based on individual aspirations, which at the same time is presented as an objectively occurring event.

And the main hallmark drama is its focus not on the story, but on showing (direct image) of a particular situation. The author's principle is practically absent in it, and if in the epic dialogue is just one of the means of revealing the character of the hero, then in the drama dialogue is often the only way to characterize him.

This change of emphasis leads to radical changes in the structure of the work. So, the speech of the heroes becomes more dense, refined, accented than in the epic, because it is she who creates the necessary dramatic tension. The close connection of this genre with the theater also plays a huge role - drama is always spectacular, which, by the way, strictly regulates its size.

But to interpret the drama only as a text for the production is extremely wrong. This genre retains its impact on the reader even without being embodied on stage and, along with theatrical, also has a literary life.

Drama genres

The main types of literature, as you can see, have their own genres. In this sense, drama was no exception. The most striking and historically significant among dramatic genres there has always been tragedy and comedy.

Tragedy is a depiction of an irreconcilable conflict that is usually inevitable and fatal and most often ends with the death of the hero.

Comedy is characterized by a humorous, comic approach to depicting reality and a specific conflict. V this genre it is not irreconcilable and, as a rule, is successfully resolved. Distinguish between a comedy of characters and a sitcom, which is based on the source of the comic. In the first case, these are the ridiculous characters of the heroes, and in the second, the situations in which they find themselves. Often these types of comedies are synthesized.

To genre modifications modern comedy can be attributed to farce - a pointed, deliberate comic performance - and vaudeville, which has an unassuming funny plot.

Drama is also a dramatic genre

The main genres of literature include drama not only as a genre, but also as a genre. It became widespread in the 18th and 19th centuries, gradually displacing tragedy. The drama is characterized by acute conflict, but it is not as global and not as inevitable as in tragedy.

At the center of this work are the problems of relations between a particular person and society. The plot of the drama, as a rule, is very realistic - thanks to this, it has become a leading genre in the repertoire of theaters, rivaling the very popular comedy in our time.

Drama has many varieties: psychological, philosophical, social, historical, love, etc.

What are lyric-epic genres

V educational literature the concept of a genre is interpreted as belonging to a particular group literary works, which are united by common characteristics. Genres, as already mentioned, are formed within the genus, becoming, as it were, a real embodiment of generic characteristics.

But the existence of synthetic, intermediate genres is also possible, in which two or even three main types of literature and its types can be combined. By the way, most of these "interweaving" occurs between the lyrics and the epic, which allows some researchers to add to the already existing one more genus (fourth) - lyric-epic. Some researchers include poems (poems with a lyrical or narrative plot, developing against a historical background), as well as ballads (original stories in verse).

Outcome

Of course, any literary critic, as well as a person who is simply fond of reading, will say that the division into the main genders and is a very complicated matter and doomed to inaccuracy. Many works of art combine the main features of different genres, and even genera. And the reader's task is not to classify them clearly, but to be able to determine the ratio of the principles of each genus in it.

After all, a genre is, in fact, not the work itself, but only the principle of its creation. That is, if the author intends to write a novel, there is only a genre that has creative process birth can be strongly deformed its main features and expand the boundaries of species affiliation, as at one time, for example, happened with Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin". True creativity does not tolerate boundaries.