Authors impressionists. Artistic principles of impressionism
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For me, Impressionism is primarily something air, ephemeral, inconsistently escaping. This is a stunning moment, which the eye barely has time to fix and which later remains in memory of the MiG of the highest harmony. The master of impressionism was famous for the ability to easily transfer this moment to the canvas, having endowed it with tangible sensations and subtle vibrations that arise with all reality when interacting with the picture. When you look at the work of outstanding artists of this style always remains a certain aftertaste of mood.
Impressionism (From impression - the impression) is a direction in art, originated in France in the late 1860s. His representatives sought the most natural and unnecessary to capture the real world in its mobility and variability, transfer their mumbling impressions. Special attention was paid to the transfer of color and light. 
The word "impressionism" comes from the name of the MONE picture impression. Sunrise presented at the exhibition 1874. A little-known journalist Louis Lerua in his magazine aligned with the artists "Impressionists" to express their disregard. However, the name has taken root and lost its original negative meaning. 
The first important exhibition of Impressionists took place from April 15 to May 15, 1874 in the workshop of the Nadar photographer. There were 30 artists, only 165 works. Young artists reproached in the "incompleteness" and "rusty of painting", the absence of taste and meaning in their works, "attempted true art", rebellious moods and even immorality. 
Leading representatives of impressionism -, Alfred Sisley and Frederick Basil. Together with them put their pictures Edward Mana and. The Impressionists also classify the Johd John ,. 
Landscapes and scenes from urban life - perhaps the most characteristic genres of impressionistic painting - wrote "at the plenier", i.e. directly from nature, and not on the basis of sketches and preparatory sketches. The impressionists briefly peered into nature, noticing colors and shades, usually invisible, such as blue in the shadows. 
Their artistic method was in the decomposition of complex tones to their pure color spectrum. Colored shadows and clean bright trepidation painting. Impressionists imposed paints with separate strokes, sometimes using contrast tones on one section of the picture. The main feature of the impressionist paintings is the effect of lively flickering of paints. 
In order to transfer the color of the object, the impressionists began to prefer to use colors, mutually reinforcing each other: red and green, yellow and purple, orange and blue. The same colors create a consistent contrast effect. For example, if we look at the red color for a while, and then we will transfer the look at the white, it will seem greenish us. 
Impressionism did not raise philosophical problems and did not even try to penetrate the color surface of the restriction. Instead, artists focus on surfaceness, momentum of moments, mood, lighting or visual coal. Their paintings were represented only by the positive sides of life without affecting acute social problems. 
Artists often painted people in motion during fun or rest. Flirt plots were taken, dance, staying in a cafe and theater, boat walks, on the beaches and in the gardens. If you judge the pictures of impressionists, then life is a solid series of small holidays, parties, pleasant pastimes outside the city or in a friendly environment. 
Impressionism left the rich heritage in painting. First of all, it is an interest in color problems and non-standard techniques. Impressionism expressed the desire to update the artistic language and a discontinuation with a tradition, as a protest against the painstaking technique of masters of the classical school. Well, we can now admire these magnificent works of outstanding artists. 
The most typical for impressionists the topic is a landscape, however, they affected their work and many other topics. Degi, for example, portrayed jumps, ballerinas and laundry, and Renoir - charming women and children. In the impressionistic landscapes created in the open air, a simple, domestic motive is often transformed by the all-permissive moving light that makes a festive feeling in the picture. In some applications of imprintsionist construction of the composition and space, the influence of Japanese engravings and partly the photograph. Impressionists first created a multifaceted picture of the daily life of the modern city, captured the peculiarity of his landscape and the appearance of the people inhabiting his people, their life, labor and entertainment.
Impressionists did not strive to affect acute social problems, philosophy or shocking in creativity, focusing only in various ways of expressing the impression of surrounding everyday life. In an effort to see a moment and reflect the mood.
Name " Impressionism"It arose after the exhibition of 1874 in Paris, on which the picture of Monet was exposed." Impression. Ascending Sun "(1872; the picture in 1985 was stolen from the Museum Marmottan in Paris and today is listed in the Lists of Interpol).
More than seven impressionist exhibitions were held between 1876 and 1886; Upon completion of the last, only Monet continued to strictly follow the ideals of impressionism. "Impressionists" are also called artists outside of France, who wrote under the influence of French impressionism (for example, the Englishman F.O. Styr).
Artists Impressionism
Famous paintings of IMDS Impressionism:
| Edgar Degas |
Claude Monet |
Impressionism in painting
Sources
The emergence of the name
The first important exhibition of Impressionists took place from April 15 to May 15, 1874 in the workshop of the Nadar photographer. There were 30 artists, only 165 works. Canvas Monet - "Impression. Rising Sun " ( Impression, Soleil Levant) Now in the museum Marmotten, Paris, written in 1872 gave birth to the term "impressionism": a little-known journalist Louis Lerua in his article in the magazine "Le Charivari" to express his neglect called the "Impressionists" group. Artists, from the challenge, accepted this epithette, afterwards he had taken root, lost his original negative meaning and became active.
The name "Impressionism" is quite unwashed unlike the name "Barbizonskaya School", where at least there is an indication of the geographical location of the art group. Even less clarity with some artists who are formally not included in the circle of the first impressionists, although their technical techniques and funds are completely "impressionistic" Wentler, Edward Mana, Eugene Budy, etc.) In addition, the technical means of impressionists were known long before the XIX The centuries and their (partially, limitedly) were used yet Titian and Velasquez, without giving up with the dominant ideas of their era.
There was another article (author Emil Cardon) and another name - "Exhibition of Rebel", absolutely disapproving and condemning. It was precisely how it accurately reproduced the disapproving attitude of the bourgeois public and criticizing artists (Impressionists), which dominated years. Impressionists were immediately accused of immorality, rebellious moods, insolvency to be respectable. At the moment it is surprising, because it is not clear that immoral in the scenery of Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, household scenes of Edgar Degas, still lifes Monet and Renuara.
There are decades. And the new generation of artists will come to the present collapse of forms and impoverish content. Then the criticism, and the public, saw in convicted Impressionists - realists, and a little later and the classics of French art.
Specificity of Impressionism philosophy
French impressionism did not raise philosophical problems and did not even try to penetrate the color surface of the everyday. Instead, impressionism focuses on superficialness, momentum of the moment, mood, lighting or visual coal.
Like the art of Renaissance (revival), impressionism is based on the peculiarities and skills of perception of perspective. At the same time, the renaissance vision is exploded by proven subjectivity and relativity of human perception, which makes the color and form of autonomous components of the image. For impressionism, it is not so important that it is shown in the figure, but it is important as depicted.
Their paintings were represented only by the positive sides of life, without affecting social problems, including such as hunger, illness, death. This led later to the split among the Impressionists themselves.
Advantages of impressionism
The benefits of impressionism as a flow refers democratism. According to inertia, art and in the XIX century was considered a monopoly of aristocrats, higher segments of the population. They performed the main customers on painting, monuments, it is them - the main buyers of paintings and sculptures. The plots with the difficult labor of the peasants, the tragic pages of modernity, the shameful sides of the wars, poverty, social turmoils condemned, did not approve, were not bought. Criticism of the blasphemous morality of society in the paintings of Theodore Zhriko, Francois Mill found a review only from the supporters of artists and few experts.
Impressionists in this issue occupied quite compromise, intermediate positions. Biblical, literary, mythological, historical plots inherent in official Academism were discarded. On the other hand, they destroyed recognition, respect, even awards. The activity of Eduar Man Mane is indicative, which years achieved recognition and awards from the official salon and his administration.
Instead, there was a vision of everyday life and modernity. Artists often painted people in motion, during fun or rest, presented the species of a certain place with a certain lighting, the motive of their work was also nature. Flirt plots were taken, dance, staying in a cafe and theater, boat walks, on the beaches and in the gardens. If you judge the pictures of impressionists, then life is a turn of small holidays, parties, pleasant pastries outside the city or in a friendly environment (a number of Renuara paintings, Mana and Claude Monet). Impressionists some of the first began to draw in the air, without modifying their work in the workshop.
Technics
The new course was distinguished from academic painting both in technical and ideological terms. First of all, the impressionists abandoned the contour, replacing it with small separate and contrasting strokes, which they imposed in accordance with the theories of the color of Chevreil, Helmholtz and Ore. The sunbeam is split into the components: purple, blue, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, but since blue is a kind of blue, then their number is reduced to six. Two paints laid nearby enhance each other and, on the contrary, when mixed, they lose the intensity. In addition, all colors are divided into primary, or basic and dual, or derivatives, with each dual paint is additional to the first:
- Blue - orange
- Red Green
- Yellow - purple
Thus, it was possible not to mix paints on the palette and get the desired color by the correct imposition of them on the canvas. This later became the reason for the abnormal.
The impressionists are then stopped concentrating all the work on the canvases in the workshops, now they prefer the PLAIR, where it is convenient to grab the mumbling impression from what it seemed that it was possible to close the invention to the steel tube, which, unlike leather bags, could be closed so that the paint did not dry.
The artists also used shelter paints, which poorly miss the light and are unsuitable for mixing because they are quickly gray, it allowed them to create pictures not with " internal", but " external»Light reflected from the surface.
Technical differences contributed to the achievement of other purposes, first of all, the impressionists tried to catch a mimic impression, the smallest changes in each subject depending on the lighting and time of the day, the highest embodiment of the Cycles of the Peace of Monta "Stack of Sen", "Ruenan Cathedral" and "Parliament of London".
In general, the style of impressionism worked many masters, but the basis of the movement was Eduar Mane, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Frederick Basil and Berta Morizo. However, Manne always called himself an "independent artist" and never participated in exhibitions, and degi though he participated, but never wrote his work at the Plenuel.
Chronology by artists
Impressionists
Exhibitions
- First exhibition (April 15 - May 15)
- Second exhibition (April)
Address: ul. Lepellet, 11 (Durane Gallery). Participants: Bazil (posthumously, the artist died in 1870), Belior, Bureau, Debuten, Degas, Kaibott, Calc, Lever, Lepik, Lepik, Mille, Monet, Morizo, L. Otten, Pissarro, Renoir, Rouer, Sisley, Tillan, Francois
- Third exhibition (April)
Address: ul. Lepellet, 6. Participants: Guillaumen, Degas, Kaibott, Calc, Corde, Lever, Lyami, Monet, Morizo, Moro, Piett, Pisserro, Renoir, Rouer, Cezanne, Sisny, Tilla, Francois.
- Fourth exhibition (April 10 - May 11)
Address: Avenue Opera, 28. Participants: Weekend, Mrs. Praemon, Gaugugen, Degas, Dzandomena, Kaibott, Calc, Cassat, Leber, Monet, Piett, Pissarro, Rouer, Somm, Tilla, Forew.
- Fifth exhibition (April 1 - April 30)
Address: ul. Pyramids, 10. Participants: Weekend, Mrs. Praemon, Vidal, Vignon, Guillaumen, Gaugugen, Degas, Dzandomena, Kaibott, Cassat, Lebour, Lever, Morizo, Pissarro, Rafaelli, Rouer, Tillan, Forene.
- Sixth exhibition (April 2 - May 1)
Address: Kapuchin Boulevard, 35 (Atelier Photographer Nadar). Participants: Vidal, Vignon, Guillaumen, Gauguin, Degas, Dzandomena, Cassat, Morizo, Pissarro, Rafaelli, Rouer, Tilla, Forene.
- Seventh exhibition (March )
Address: FOBURG-SENT-ONOROV, 251 (U DURA-RUYEL). Participants: Vignon, Guillaumen, Gaugugen, Kaibott, Monet, Morizo, Pisserro, Renoir, Sisley.
- Eighth exhibition (May 15 - June 15)
Address: ul. Luffitt, 1. Participants: Mrs. Pambone, Vignon, Guillaumen, Gauguin, Degas, Dzandomena, Cassette, Morizo, Camille Pissarro, Lucien Pissarro, Redon, Rouer, Syra, Signac, Tilla, Foreland, Shiffenecner.
Impressionism in literature
In the literature, impressionism did not work out as a separate direction, but his features were reflected in naturalism and symbolism.
First of all, it is characterized by an expression of the author's private impression, the refusal of an objective picture of reality, the image of each moment, which was supposed to entail the lack of a plot, history and replacement of thought by perception, and the reason - instinct. The main features of the Impressionist style formulated the gangur brothers in their work "Diary", where the famous phrase " See, feel, express - this is all art"It became a central position for many writers.
In Naturalism, the main principle was the truthfulness, loyalty of nature, but it is impressed, and therefore the appearance of reality depends on each individual personality and its temperament. It is most fully expressed in the novels of Emil Zol, its detailed descriptions of smells, sounds and visual perceptions.
Symbolism, on the contrary, demanded a refusal of the material world and return to ideal, however, the transition is possible only through mumbling impressions, revealing the secret essence in visible things. A vivid example of poetic impressionism is a collection of fields of Vilna "Romances without words" (). In Russia, the effect of impressionism was experienced by Konstantin Balmont and Innocent Annensky.
Also, these sentiments touched on drama (Impressionist drama), the passive perception of the world invades the play, the analysis of moods, mental states, the whole composition decays to a row of scenes filled with lyricism, and mimolet fragments are concentrated in dialogs. The drama becomes one-act, designed for intimate theaters. These signs found their complete reflection in the work of Arthur Schnitzer.
Impressionism in music
Music impressionism was one of the currents of the musical modern. It is characterized by the transfer of mumbling impressions, moods, subtle psychological nuances.
The founder of impressionism in music is the French composer Eric Sati, published in 1886 "three melodies", and in 1887 - "Three Sarabands" carrying out all the main features of a new style. The bold openings of Erica Sati five and ten years later were picked up and developed by two friends, the brightest representatives of impressionism, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravey.
Literature
- Jean-Paul Celebrel. Casual life of impressionists 1863-1883, Moscow "Young Guard",
- Maurice Serural and Artlete Serilla. Encyclopedia Impressionism, Moscow "Republic",
- "Impressionism", Brodskaya.n.N. St. Petersburg, Aurora, 2002 (254 pages, 269 il., 7 auth. Text sheets)
Links
- Impressionism, N.V. Krodskaya, ed.Ahrora 2010
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Synonyms:Everything takes their origins somewhere in the past, including painting changed together with times, and the current flows are not clear to everyone. But all new is well forgotten old, and to understand the current painting, you do not need to know the history of art from ancient times, it is enough just to remember the painting of the XIX and XX centuries.
The middle of the XIX century is the time of change not only in history, but also art. All that was before: Classicism, Romanticism and More More Academism - currents limited to certain frameworks. In France, the 50-60s, the trend in painting asked the official salon, but the typical "salon" art suited not all, it explained the new directions that appeared. In painting of that time, a revolutionary explosion occurred, which broke with age-old traditions and stood. And one of the epicenters became Paris, where in the spring of 1874, young painter artists, among whom were Monet, Pissaro, Sisan, Degas, Renoir and Cesan, organized their own exhibition. The works presented there completely differed from the salon. Artists used another method - reflexes, shadows and light were transferred to clean paints, separate strokes, the shape of each subject seemed to dissolve in the air-light medium. No other directions in painting knew such methods. These effects helped maximize their impressions from forever changing things, nature, people. One journalist called the group "Impressionists", thereby wanted to show his disregard for young artists. But they accepted this term, and he eventually got involved and entered the active use, having lost a negative meaning. So Impressionism appeared, unlike all other destinations in the painting of the 19th century.
At first, the reaction to the innovation was more than hostile. Nobody wanted to buy too bold and new painting, and they were afraid, because all the critics did not accept Impressionists seriously, laughed at them. Many said that artists-Impressionists wanted to achieve quick glory, they were not satisfied with a sharp gap with conservatism and academism, as well as unfinished and "sloppy" type of work. But the artists could not give up his beliefs even hunger and poverty, and they showed perseverance until their paintings were finally recognized. But waiting for recognition had to be too long, some artists-Impressionists were no longer alive.
As a result, the current in Paris during the 60s was of great importance for the development of world art of the XIX and XX centuries. After all, future directions in painting were repelled precisely from impressionism. Each subsequent style appeared in search of a new one. Postpressionism gave rise to the same impressionists who decided that their method is limited: a deep and multivalued symbolism was a response to painting, "lost meaning", and modernity even calls for a new one. Of course, since 1874, many changes occurred in art, but all modern directions in painting are somehow repelled from the fleeting Paris Impression.
The phrase "Russian Impressionism" is still a year ago cut the hearing an average citizen of our immense country. Each educated person knows about light, light and rapid French impressionism, can distinguish Monet from Mana and learn from all still lifes the sunflowers of Van Gogh. Someone heard something about the American branch of development of this direction of painting - more urban compared to French Landscapes of Gassam and portrait images of chase. But the existence of Russian impressionism researchers argue to this day.
Konstantin Korovin
The history of Russian impressionism began with the painting "Portrait of Chores" Konstantin Korovina, as well as with misunderstanding and condemning the public. To see this work for the first time, I. E. Repin did not immediately believe that the work was executed by the Russian painter: "Spaniard! I see. Boldly, juicy writes. Perfectly. But only this painting for painting. Spaniard, though with temperament ... ". Konstantin Alekseevich himself began writing his canvas in an impressionistic manner in student years, being not familiar with the pictures of Cezanna, Monet and Renuara, for a long time before his trip to France. Only thanks to the experienced eye of Polenov Korovin found out that he uses the technique of the French of the time to which intuitively came. At the same time, the Russian artist gives the stories that he uses for his paintings - a recognized masterpiece "Northern idyll", written in 1892 and stored in the Tretyakov Gallery, demonstrates us the love of Korovin to Russian traditions and folklore. This love artist instilled "Mammoth Circle" - a community of creative intelligentsia, which included Repin, Polenov, Vasnetsov, Vrubel and many other friends of the well-known Petrite Sava Mamontov. In Abramtsevo, where the Mamontov estate was located and where members of the artistic mug were gathered, Korovina was lucky to meet and work with Valentin Serov. Thanks to this acquaintance, the creativity of the artist Serov has acquired the features of light, light and rapid impressionism, which we see in one of his early works - "Open window. Lilac".
Portrait of chores, 1883
North idyll, 1886
Cherry, 1912.
Gurzuf 2, 1915
Pier in Gurzuf, 1914
Paris, 1933.
Valentin Serov
Painting Serov is permeated inherent in the inherent in Russian impressionism - in his paintings not only the impression of the artist seen, but also the state of his soul at the moment. For example, in the picture "Saint Mark in Venice", written in Italy, where Serov went to in 1887 due to severe illness, cold gray tones prevail, which gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe state of the artist. But, despite the enough gloomy palette, the picture is a reference impressionistic work, since the Serov managed to capture the real world in its mobility and variability, transfer their mumbling impressions. In the letter, the bride from Venice has written: "in the current century everything is written, no longer. I want, I want to be pleasant, and I will write only the Otradny. "
Open window. Lilac, 1886.
Square St. Mark in Venice, 1887
Girl with peaches (portrait V. S. Mammoth)
Coronation. Miropomanazing Nicholas II in the Assumption Cathedral, 1896
The girl illuminated by the sun, 1888
Bathing Horse, 1905
Alexander Gerasimov
One of the students of Korovin and Serov, who took off their expressive smear, a bright palette and an Etude Maneru of the letter, became Alexander Mikhailovich Gerasimov. The flourishing of artist's creativity came at the time of revolution, which could not not affect the plots of his paintings. Despite the fact that Gerasimov gave his brush to the party service and became famous thanks to the outstanding portrait of Lenin and Stalin, he continued to work on impressionistic landscapes close to his soul. The work of Alexander Mikhailovich "After the Rain" opens the artist as a master of air and light transmission masters in the picture, which Gerasimov is obliged to influence its eminent mentors.
Artists At the cottage from Stalin, 1951
Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin, 1950s
After the rain. Wet terrace, 1935
Still life. Field bouquet, 1952
Igor Grabar
In a conversation about late Russian impressionism, it is impossible not to apply to the work of the great artist of the art of Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, who took over many techniques of French painters in the second half of the XIX century due to their numerous trips to Europe. Using the techniques of classical impressionists, in their paintings, Grabar depicts absolutely Russian landscape motifs and household plots. While Monet paints the flowering gardens of the governion, and Degas - beautiful ballerinas, Grabar depicts the same pastel colors of a harsh Russian winter and a rustic life. Most of all, Grabar loved to portray on his canvases and dedicated him a whole collection of works consisting of more than one hundred small colorful sketches created at different times of the day and with different weather. The complexity of work on such drawings consisted that the paint was frozen in the cold, so it was necessary to work quickly. But it was precisely this and allowed the artist to recreate the "the very moment" and convey his impression from him, which is the main idea of \u200b\u200bclassical impressionism. Often the style of painting Igor Emmanuilovich is called scientific impressionism, because he attached great importance to the light and air on the canvases and created a lot of research on color transfer. Moreover, it is for him that it is obliged to the chronological location of the paintings in the Tretyakov Gallery, the director of which he was in 1920-1925.
Birch Alley, 1940
Winter landscape, 1954
Inay, 1905.
Pears on blue tablecloths, 1915
Corner of the manor (ray of the sun), 1901
Yuri Pimenov
Completely non-classical, but still impressionism developed in Soviet times, the bright representative of whom Yuri Ivanovich Pimenov becomes, who came to the image of a "fleeting impression in bedtime" after work in the style of expressionism. One of the most famous works of Pimenova becomes the picture "New Moscow" of the 1930s - light, warm, as if written by the Renoara air strokes. But at the same time, the plot of this work is completely not combined with one of the main ideas of impressionism - the refusal of the use of social and political topics. Novaya Moscow Pimenova Just greatly reflects social changes in the life of the city, which always inspired the artist. "Pimenov loves Moscow, her new, her people. The painter generously gives her his sense to the viewer, "the artist and researcher Igor Dolbopolov writes in 1973. And indeed, looking at the pictures of Yuri Ivanovich, we will penetrate the love of Soviet life, new quarters, lyrical newsnels and urbanisy, captured in the technique of impressionism.
The work of Pimenova once again proves that in the whole "Russian" brought from other countries, its own special and unique path of development. So, French Impressionism in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union did the features of the Russian worldview, a national character and life. Impressionism as a way of transmitting one perception of reality in its pure form remained a stranger for Russian art, because each picture of Russian artists is filled with meaning, awareness, the state of the changeable Russian soul, and not just a fleeting impression. Therefore, already next weekend, when the Museum of Russian Impressionism will rendet the main exposition of Muscovites and the guests of the capital, everyone will find something for themselves among Sensual portraits of Serov, Pimenov's urbanistics and atypical landscapes for Kustodiyev.
New Moscow
Lyrical housewarming, 1965
Costume Big Theater, 1972
Early morning in Moscow, 1961
Paris. Street Saint-Dominica. 1958.
Stewardess, 1964.
Perhaps, for most people, the names of Korovin, Serov, Gerasimov and Pimenov are not related to a certain style of art, but the Museum of Russian Impressionism, which opened in May 2016, still collected the works of these artists under one roof.