Examples of painting, genres, styles, various techniques and directions. Directions in painting All drawing styles List with examples

Gothic (from Ital. Gotico is unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, which covered almost all areas of culture and developing in the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV central. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, which occurred on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and in the era of the revival of the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbar". Gothic art was cult in appointment and religious on topics. It applied to the highest divine forces, eternity, Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into early gothic, a heyday period, late Gothic.

Gothic style masterpieces became famous European cathedrals, who love to photograph tourists in the smallest detail. In the design of the interiors of Gothic Councils, an important role was assigned to color solutions. In the outer and interior decoration reigned the abundance of gilding, the lighting of the interior, the opening of the walls, the crystalline dismemberment of the space. Matter was devoid of heavyness and impermeability, it was, as if spiritualized.

The huge surfaces of the windows were filled with stained glass with compositions reproducing historical events, apocryphic legends, literary and religious plots, images of household scenes from the life of simple peasants and artisans, which were a unique encyclopedia of lifestyle during the Middle Ages. Konom from top to bottom was filled with curly compositions that were enclosed in medallions. The combination of the light and color began painting in the technique of stained glass attached enhanced emotionality of art compositions. Different glasses were used: thick-scarlet, fiery, red, pomegranate, green, yellow, dark blue, blue, ultramarine, carved out the contour of the drawing ... Belt windows like precious gems, penetrated by outdoor light, - they transformed the entire interior of the temple and Customized his visitors to the exalted way.

Thanks to the Gothic Color Glass, new aesthetic values \u200b\u200boriginated, and the paints acquired the highest sound of shining color. Pure color generated an atmosphere of the air environment, painted in various colors due to the game of light on the columns, floor, stained glass. The color turned into a source of light into the perspective. Thick glasses, often unequal, were filled with not completely transparent bubbles, intensifying the artistic effect of stained glass. The light, passing through the uneven steepler glass, crushed and started playing.

The best samples of genuine gothic stained glass windows are open to Furnishing in the Cathedrals of Chartra, Bourges and Paris (for example, "Our Lady with a Baby"). Filled not less magnificence, as well as "fiery wheels" and "fantastic lightning" in the Cathedral of the Chartra.

From the middle of the 1st century, complex colors obtained by duplicating glass began to enter the colorful gamut. Such extraordinary stained glass windows in the Gothic style have been preserved in Saint-Chapel (1250g.). The brown enamel paint was applied on the glass, and the forms at the same time had a plane character.

The Gothic Epoch became the heyday of the art of a miniature book, as well as artistic miniatures. Strengthening secular trends in culture only strengthened their development. Illustrations with multifiant compositions on religious topics included various realistic details: images of birds, animals, butterflies, ornaments of plant motifs, household scenes. Special poetic charm is filled with the works of the French miniaturist Jean Püussel.

In the development of French gothic miniatures of the 13th and 14th century, the leading place was occupied by the Paris school. The psalter of St. Louis is replete with multifigure compositions framed by one motive of gothic architecture, which is why the story acquires extraordinary harmony (Louvre, Paris, 1270g.). Figures of the ladies and knights are graceful, their forms are distinguished by flowing lines, which creates the illusion of movement. The juiciness and density of the paints, as well as the decorative architecture of the drawing, turn miniatures data into unique artworks and precious decorations of pages.

The style of the Gothic book is distinguished by pointed forms, angular rhythm, anxiety, filigree the openwork pattern and the fuels of winding lines. It is worth noting that in the 14-15th century, secular manuscripts were also illustrated. Characters, scientific treatments, collections of love songs and chronicles are filled with magnificent miniatures. In a miniature, illustrated by the work of the court literature, the ideal of knightly love was embodied, as well as scenes from ordinary surrounding life. Similar creation - Manuscript Manes (1320).

Over time, the tutorial in the goth is intensified. "Large French Chronicles" Kona of the 14th century clearly demonstrate the artist's desire to penetrate the meaning of the events depicted by it. Along with these books, decorative elegance was attached by using exquisite vignettes and a framework of bizarre forms.

Gothic miniature had a great influence on painting and made a live stream into the art of Middle Ages. Gothic has become not just a style, but an important link in the overall cultural development of society. The style wizard with incredible accuracy was able to reproduce the image of their contemporary in the subject and natural environment. Magnifier and spiritualized gothic works are surrounded by aura of unique aesthetic charm. Gothic gave rise to a new understanding of the synthesis of arts, and its realistic conquest prepared the ground to transition to the art of the Renaissance.

The number of styles and directions is huge, if not infinite. Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one in another and are in continuous development, mixing and counteraction. As part of one historical artistic style, a new one always emerges, and he, in turn, goes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore "clean styles" does not happen at all.

Abstractionism (from lat. Abstractio - removal, distraction) - artistic direction in art, refused by the form close to reality.

Avangandism, Avangard (from FR. Avant-Garde - an advanced detachment) - the general name of the artistic directions in the art of the 20th century, for which the search for new forms and means of artistic mapping, underestimation or complete denial of traditions and absolutization of innovation are characteristic.

Academism (from FR. Academisme) - direction in European painting of the XVI-XIX centuries. Bashed on dogmatic consequences by external forms of classical art. The followers characterized this style as reasoning over the shape of the art of ancient ancient world and the Renaissance. Academism fled the traditions of ancient art in which the image of nature is idealized, compensating for the standard of beauty. In this style, Annibal, Agostino and Lodoviko Karracchi wrote.

Acception (From English. Action Art - art action) - Happensing, Performance, Event, art of the process, the art of demonstration and a number of other forms of the 1960s arising in the avant-garde art. In accordance with the ideology of the share of the shareholder, the artist must be engaged in organizing events, processes. Shareness seeks to erase the line between art and reality.

Ampir (from Franz. Empire - Empire) - style in architecture and decorative art arising in France at the beginning of the XIX century, during the first empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ampir - finals of the development of classicism. For the embodiment of Majesty, sophistication, luxury, power and military force, an ampir is characterized by an appeal to the ancient art: ancient Egyptian decorative forms (military trophies, winged sphinxes ...), Etruscane Vases, Pubyan painting, Greek and Roman decor, Renaissance frescoes and ornaments. The main representative of this style was J.L.David (paintings "Kryatva Horatiyev" (1784), "Brut" (1789))

Underground (From English underground - underground, dungeon) - a number of artistic directions in contemporary art, opposing themselves by mass culture, mainstream. The underground rejects and violates the political, moral and ethical orientations and types of behavior adopted in society, implementing asocial behavior in everyday life. In the Soviet period, almost any unofficial mode, i.e. Not recognized by the authorities, art turned out to be undergraded.

Art Nouveau (From Fr. Art Nouveau, literally new art) - common in many countries (Belgium, France, England, USA, etc.) Modern style. The most famous artist of this direction of painting: Alphonse Fly.

Art Deco (from FR. Art Deco, Sokr. From Decoratif) - Direction in art in the middle of the 20th century, denoting the synthesis of avant-garde and neoclassicism, has replaced constructivism. Distinctive features of this area: fatigue, geometric lines, luxury, chic, expensive materials (ivory, crocodile leather). The most famous artist of this area is Tamara de Lempitsk (1898-1980).

Baroque (from Ital. Barocco is a strange, fancy or port. Perola Barroca is the pearl of the wrong shape, there are other assumptions about the origin of this word) - artistic style in the art of late revival. Distinctive features of this style: exaggeration of dimensions, brokenness of lines, an abundance of decorative details, heaviness and colossality.

Revival, or Renaissance (from Fr. Renaissance, Ital. Rinascimento) - the epoch in the history of the culture of Europe, who has replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and the previous culture of the new time. Exemplary chronological framework of the era - the XIV-XVI century. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance - the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, to the person and his activity). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is a "revival", as it were, the term appeared. Drawing pictures of traditional religious themes, artists began to use new artistic techniques: building a bulk composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make images more realistic, lively. This sharply distinguished their creativity from the previous iconographic tradition, abundant conventions in the image. The most famous artists of this period: Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Rafael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarot (1475-1564), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Corredjo (1489 -1534), Jerome Bosch (1450-1516), Albrecht Durer (1471-1528).

Woodland (from English - Forest Land) - style in art, originating in the symbolism of rock paintings, myths and the legends of North American Indians.

Gothic (from Ital. Gotico is unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, which covered almost all areas of culture and developing in the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV central. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, which occurred on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and in the era of the revival of the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbar". Gothic art was cult in appointment and religious on topics. It applied to the highest divine forces, eternity, Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into early gothic, a heyday period, late Gothic.

Impressionism (from FR. IMPRESSION is an impression) - direction in European painting, originated in France in the middle of the XIX century, the main goal of which was the transfer of fleeting, volatile impressions.

KITCH, KICH (from him. Kitsch - a miserable) is a term denoting one of the most odious phenomena of mass culture, synonymous for pseudoism, which focuses on the extravagancy of the external appearance, the crying of its elements. In essence, Kitch is a kind of postmodernism. Kitch is a mass art for chosen. The work belonging to the kitch must be done at a high artistic level, it should be a fascinating plot, but this is not a real work of art in a high sense, but a skillful fake for it. In Kitche, there may be deep psychological conflicts, but there are no genuine art discoveries and revelations.

Classicism (from lat. Classicus - exemplary) - Art style in art, the basis of which was the appeal, as an ideal aesthetic standard, to the images and forms of ancient art and the Renaissance, which requires strict adherence to a number of rules and canons.

Cosmism (from Greek. Kosmos is an organized world, Kosma - decoration) - the artistic and philosophical worldview, which is based on knowledge about space and the idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a citizen of the world, as well as a microcosm, like a macrocosm. Cosmism is associated with astronomical knowledge of the universe.

Cubism (from FR. Cube - cube) - the modernist direction in art, depicted objects of reality laid out on the simplest geometric shapes.

Letterism (from English. Letter - a letter, message) - direction in modernism, based on the use of images similar to font, unreadable text, as well as compositions based on letters and text.

Metharealism, metaphysical realism (from Greek. Meta - between and GEALIS - real, valid) - direction in art, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich to express superconsciousness, superphone nature of things.

Minimalism (happened from the English. Minimal Art is minimal art) - an artistic course coming from the minimum transformation of the materials used in the process of creativity, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochromicity, creative self-restraint of the artist. For minimalism, a refusal of subjectivity, representation, illusionism is characteristic. Rejecting classic techniques and traditional art materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes and neutral colors (black, gray), small volumes, apply serial, conveyor methods of industrial production.

Modern (happened from Fr. Moderne is the newest, modern) - artist in the ICCCCTVE, in which the benefits of the EPOX will have and are charged and tightened with the help of XYDee-values, the OCNAs of the NAPCIPAX ACIMWERS, OPNAnTable and DEKOPATIVATING.

Neo-plasticism is one of the early varieties of abstract art. Created by 1917 by the Netherlands painter P. Mondrian and others. Artists included in the "Style" union. For neoplasticity, it is characteristic, according to its creators, the desire for "universal harmony", expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated by perpendicular lines of black and painted in the local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones).

Primitivism, naive art, naive - painting style, in which the picture is intentionally simplified, its forms are being made primitive as folk art, the work of a child or primitive person.

OP-ART (from English Optical Art - Optical Art) - Neoavanticardist direction in visual art, in which the effects of spatial movement, fusion and "pariation" of forms are achieved by the introduction of sharp color and tonal contrasts, rhythmic repeats, intersection of spiral and lattice configurations lines.

Orientalism (from Lat. Oriens - East) - Direction in European art in which themes, symbolism and motifs of the East and Indochina are used

Orphism (from FR. Orphisme, from Orp? EE - Orpheus) - direction in the French painting of the 1910s. The name is given in 1912 by the French poet Apolliner painting by the artist Robert Delone. ORPH is associated with cubism, futurism and expressionism. The main features of painting this style of aestheticism, plasticity, rhythm, elegance of silhouettes and lines.
ORFIZMA MASTERS: Robert Delone, Sonya Terk-Delone, Frantiwhea Cup, Francis Picabia, Vladimir Baranov-Rossin, Fernan Leo, Morgan Russell.

Pop Art (from English. POP - a fierce sound, light cotton) - Neoavantistian direction in visual art, in which the reality are typical items of modern urbanized life, samples of mass culture and the whole environment of an artificial material environment

Postmodernism (from FR. PostModernisme - after modernism) - a new artistic style, differing from modernism by returning to the beauty of secondary reality, narration, appeal to the plot, melodies, the harmony of secondary forms. For postmodernism, it is characterized by an association within one product of styles, figurative motives and artistic techniques borrowed from different eras, regions and subcultures.

Realism (from lat. GEALIS - real, valid) - direction in art characterized by the image of social, psychological and other phenomena, as appropriate as possible.

Rococo (derived from Fr. Rococo, Rocaille) - style in art and architecture, originated in France at the beginning of the 18th century. Valid grace, ease, intimate-flirty character. Having come to replace the heavy baroque, Rococo appeared at the same time and the logical result of its development, and its artistic antipode. With the Baroque style, Rococo unites the desire for the completion of the forms, however, if Baroque is in monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers the elegance and ease.

Symbolism (from Fr. symbolisme - a sign, identification sign) - an artistic direction in art based on the embodiment of the main ideas of the work through the multi-valued and multipoint associative aesthetics of symbols.

Socialist realism, socialism is an artistic direction in art, which is aesthetic expression of the socialistly conscious concept of peace and man, due to the epoch of the Socialist Society.

Hyperealism, superrealism, photorealism (from English. HyperRealism is over realism) - direction in art based on accurate photographic reproduction of reality.

Surrealism (from FR. Surrealisme is over + realism) - one of the directions of modernism, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich to express the subconscious (combine sleep and reality).

Trans-gangs (from Lat. Trans - through, through and Fr. Avantgarde - Avangard) is one of the modern directions of postmodernism, which arose as a reaction to conceptualism and pop art. Trans-gangs covers mixing and transformation of styles born in the forefront, such as cubism, fusism, futurism, expressionism, etc.

Expressionism (happened from FR. Expression - expressiveness) - the modernist direction in art, considering the image of the outside world only as a means to express the author's subjective states.

We continue the section "Needlework" and subsection "" Article. Where we offer you the definitions of several well-known and unknown modern and not very styles, as well as illustrate them as best as possible.

Art styles in pictures are needed, in particular, so that you can find out, in what style do you draw (or needlework in general), or what style it is most suitable for drawing.

Let's start with the style called "realism". Realism - This is an aesthetic position, according to which the task of art consists in as accurate and objective fixation of reality as possible. There are many "realism", critical realism, socialist realism, hyperrealism, naturalism and many others. In the broader sense of the word, realism is the ability of art truthfully, to unconventfully depict a person and the world around him in life-like, recognizable images, while not copying passively and impassively nature, and selecting the main quality of items in visible forms in visible forms in it .

Example: V. G. Khudyakov. Smugglers (click to enlarge):

Now let's go to style called "Impressionism". Impressionism (FR. ImpressionNisme, from Impression - Impression) - style where artists tried the most natural and unbiased to capture the real world in its mobility and variability, transfer their mumbling impressions. Impressionism did not raise philosophical problems and did not even try to penetrate the color surface of the restriction. Instead, impressionism focuses on superficialness, momentum of the moment, mood, lighting or visual coal.

Example: J. William Tverner (click to enlarge):

Further, on the list, we have much less known than impressionism and realism, style called "Fovisism". Fovisov (FR. Fauve is wild) - the name was formed, as the paintings left the viewer of the energy and passion from the viewer, and the French critic Louis Vytil called the painters with wild beasts (Fr. Les Fauves). It was the reaction of contemporaries on the color of the color, "wild" paint expressiveness. So random statement has been fixed as the name of the whole course. Formism in painting is characterized by the brightness of colors and simplifying the form.

The next style is modern. Modern - (from fr. Moderne - modern), AR-Nouveau (Fr. Art Nouveau, letters. "New Art"), YueGendstil (it. Jugendstil - "Young Style") - Artistic Direction in Art, where the basis was a refusal of direct Lines and corners in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, interest in new technologies. Modern sought to combine the artistic and utilitarian functions of the works created, involve in the sphere of beautiful all spheres of human activity.

An example of modern architecture - in the article "Magic Houses Gaudi". EXAMPLE PICTURES IN MODERN STYled: A. Sunset (Click to enlarge):

Then then go further. Expressionism (from lat. Expressio, "Expression") - an expression of the emotional characteristics of images (usually a person or group of people) or the emotional state of the artist himself. In expressionism, the idea of \u200b\u200bemotional impact, affecting was placed in opposition to naturalism and aesthetism. The subjectivity of the creative act was emphasized.

Example: Van Gogh, "Starry Night over Ron":

The next course we talked are cubism. Cubism (FR. Cubisme) - direction in the visual arts, characterized by the use of the geometrized conventional forms, the desire to "crush" real objects for stereometric primitives.

Next, style called "Futurism". Style name futurism happened from Latin Futurum - future. The name itself implies the cult of the future and discrimination of the past along with the present. Futurists were dedicated to the train, a car, airplanes in a word, attention was to all the momentary achievements of civilization, fused by technical progress. Futurism was repelled from the Formism, borrowing color findings from him, and from the Cubizm, who took over artistic forms.

And now go to style called "Abstractionism". Abstractionism (Lat. Abstractio - removal, distraction) - the direction of non-fugitive art, refused by the image of the shapes in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstractionism is the achievement of "harmonization", the creation of certain color combinations and geometric forms to cause various associations from the contemplator.

Example: V. Kandinsky:

Next, we are on the list of Dadaism. Dadaism, or Dada - the name of the flow comes from several sources: in the language of the Negro tribe of the Crup. It means the tail of the sacred cow, in some areas of Italy the mother is so called, it can be the designation of a children's wooden horsepower, a doubting approval in Russian and Romanian languages. It could be the reproduction of incoherent infant bowl. In any case, Dadaism is something completely meaningless, which is now and has become the most successful name for the whole course.

And now we go to suprematism. Suprematism (from Lat. Supremus is the highest) - expressed in combinations of multi-colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines (in the geometric shapes of a straight line, square, circle and rectangle). The combination of multi-colored and multiple geometric figures forms a balanced asymmetric suprematic compositions permeated internal movement.

Example: Kazimir Malevich:

The next course we briefly consider is the course with the strange name "Metaphysical Painting". Metaphysical painting (ITAL. Pittura Metafisica) - Here the metaphor and dream become the basis for the release of thought beyond the usual logic, and the contrast between realistic exactly shown by the subject and strange atmosphere in which it is placed, strengthened the surreal effect.

Example - George Moorendi. Still life with a mannequin:

And now we go to a very interesting course named "Surrealism". Surrealism (FR. Surréalisme - superdealism) is based on solving sleep and reality. The first goal of surrealists was the spiritual exaltation and separation of the Spirit from the material. Salvador Dali became one of the greatest representatives of surrealism in painting.

Example: Salvador Dali:

Next, we turn to such a flow as active painting. Active painting (painting on intuition, tashism, from French Tachisme, from Tache - spot) - a flow that is painting spots that do not recreate images of reality, but express the unconscious activity of the artist. The smears, lines and stains in Tashizm are applied to the canvas quick movements of the hand without a predetermined plan.

The penultimate style today is pop art. Pop Art (English Pop-Art, a reduction from Popular Art, etymology is also associated with English. ROR - a ripped blow, cotton) generates works of art for which elements of "folk culture" were used. That is, the image borrowed in the mass culture is placed in a different context (for example, the scale and the material are changed; the reception or the technical method is exposed; informational interference is revealed and so on).

Example: Richard Hamilton, "What does our today's houses do such different, such attractive?":

Accordingly, the latter today is minimalism. Minimal ART (eng. Minimal ART), also minimalism (eng. Minimalism), ABC art (eng. ABC ART) is a flow that included geometric shapes, purified from any symbolism and metaphoricity, repeatability, neutral surfaces, industrial materials and method of manufacture.

Thus, there is a huge number of art styles - who pursue their own goals.

The style is called the overall direction of the development of art, the representative samples of which are combined with ideological meaning, technique of transmission, characteristic techniques of creative activity. Styles in the art of painting were closely intertwined, surrendered into the federal directions, existed in parallel, enriching each other.

The picturesque styles and directions were formed under the influence of the ideology, political and economic development of society, religion, traditions.

History of development

The history of the development of styles demonstrates the complex cultural evolution of society.

Gothic

Originated in France in the XI - XII centuries. The style has evolved in the territory of Western, and from the XIII - XIV centuries - in Central Europe. The origin and evolution of this direction were under the significant influence of the Church. The Middle Ages is the period of dominance of church power over secular, so Gothic artists worked with biblical plots. The distinctive features of the style are: brightness, personality, dynamism, emotionality, pompousness, inattention to perspective. The picture does not look monolithic - it looks like a mosaic of several actions depicted on canvas.

Renaissance or revival

Came from Italy in the XIV century. About 200 years, this direction was dominant and became the basis for the development of Rococo and the Northern Renaissance. Characteristic feature features of paintings: Return to the traditions of antiquity, the cult of the human body, interest in detail, humanistic ideas. This direction was not concentrated on religion, but on the secular side of life. The Northern Revival of Holland and Germany was different - here the revival was perceived as the renewal of spirituality and the Christian faith preceding the reformation. Representatives: Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael Santi, Michelangelo Buonaroti.

Mannerism

Direction in the development of painting of the XVI century. Idean opposite revival. Artists moved away from the idea of \u200b\u200bperfection of man and humanism towards the subjectivity of art, orientation on the inner meaning of phenomena and objects. The name of the style comes from the Italian word "manner", which completely displays the essence of mannerism. Representatives: I.Pontormo, J.Vazari, Brozino, J.Dyva.

Baroque

Lush, dynamic, luxurious style of painting and culture, originating in Italy in the XVI century. For 200 years, the direction has evolved in France, Germany, Spain. Baroque painting is full of bright colors, special attention is paid to the details, decorations. The image is not static, emotionally, therefore Baroque is considered the most intense and expressive phase of the development of painting.

Classicism

Aged in Western European countries in the XVII century, after 100 years he got to the countries of Eastern Europe. The main idea is a refund to the tradition of antiquity. Portraits, landscapes, still lifes to find out, thanks to dogmatic reproduction, fulfilling clear style rules. Classicism was reborn into academism - the style that absorbed the most vivid features of the antiquity and Renaissance. In this style, N. Lapussen worked, J.-L.David, Russian Movies.

Romanticism

Changed classicism in the second quarter of the XIX century. Art features: the desire to transfer individuality, even if it is imperfect, emotionality, expressiveness of feelings, fantastic images. The art of romanticist artists denies the norms and rules of the classical phase of development of painting. The interest in folk traditions, legends, national history is being revived. Representatives: F. Moya, T.geriko, K. Brulylov, E.Dellakrua.

Symbolism

The cultural direction of the late XIX - XX century, the ideological base has learned from romanticism. In the first place in the work was a symbol, and the artist was an intermediary between the reality and the fantastic world of creativity.

Realism

Artistic surveys, which for the forefront put the accuracy of the transmission of forms, parameters, shades. The naturalness, the accuracy of the internal essence and the outer shell is characteristic. This style is the largest, popular and multifaceted. His branches are modern directions - photos and hyperealism. Representatives: Kurbe, T.russo, Movie Artists, J. Bretton.

Impressionism

Originated at the end of the XIX - early XX century. Motherland - France. The essence of the style is an embodiment in the picture of the magic of the first impression. This short moment artists were transferred with short paint smears on the canvas. Such pictures are better to perceive not at close range. The artists are filled with paints and light. Postpressionism has become a phase of style development - it is characterized by more attention to the form and contours. Artists: O. Rewar, K. Pisarro, K. Mone, P. Sezann.

Modern

An original, bright style that has become the basis for the formation of many picturesque directions of the XX century. The direction collected the features of the art of all epochs - emotionality, interest in ornaments, plasticity, predominance of smooth, curvilinear outlines. The basis for the development was symbolism. Modern is ambiguous - developed in Europe countries in different ways and under different names.

Avant-garde

Artistic styles for which the refusal of realism is characteristic, symbolism of information transfer, brightness of paints, individualization and freedom of creative design. The categories of avant-garde include: surrealism, cubism, fusism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism. Representatives: V. Kadinsky, P. Pikasso, S. Dali.

Primitivism or naive style

The direction for which the simplified image of reality is characteristic.

Listed styles became the main milestones in the development of painting - they continue to reincarnate into new forms of creative expression of artists.

One of the main ways of our thinking. Its result is the formation of the most common concepts and judgments (abstractions). In decorative art, abstraction is the process of styling natural forms.

In artistic activities, abstraction is constantly present; In its extreme expression in fine creativity, it leads to abstractionism, a special direction in the visual art of the XX century, for which the refusal of the image of real objects, the limit generalization or a complete failure of the form, free-winning compositions (from lines, points, spots, planes and planes and Dr.), Experiments with color, spontaneous expression of the inner world of the artist, its subconscious in chaotic, unorganized abstract forms (abstract expressionism). To this area can be attributed to the painting of the Russian artist V. Kandinsky.

Representatives of some currents in abstract art created logically ordered structures, relying with the search for a rational organization of forms in architecture and design (Suprematism of the Russian painter K. Malevich, constructivism, etc.) in sculpture abstractionism expressed less than in painting.

Abstractionism was a response to the general disharmony of the modern world and had success because he proclaimed the refusal to conscious in art and called for "to give the initiative forms, paints, color."

Realism

From fr. Realisme, from lat. Realis - real. In art, in a broad sense, true, objective, comprehensive reflection of the reality of specific means inherent in the types of artistic creativity.

General signs of the method of realism are the accuracy in reproducing reality. At the same time, realistic art has a huge variety of methods of knowledge, generalizations, artistic reflection of reality (G. Korzhev, M. B. Greeks, A.A. Plastov, A. M. Gerasimov, T. N. Yablonskaya, P. d . Corin et al.)

Realistic art XX century. Bright national traits and varieties of forms acquire. Realism - the phenomenon is the opposite of modernism.

Avant-garde

From fr. Avant - advanced, Garde - a detachment - a concept that defines the experimental, modernist undertakings in art. In every era, innovative phenomena arose in visual arts, but the term "avant-garde" was established only at the beginning of the XX century. At this time, such directions appeared such as fusism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism. Then in the 20s and 30s, avant-garde positions occupy surrealism. In the period of the 60-70s, new varieties of abstractionism are added - various forms of efforts, work with objects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kinetism, etc. Artist-avant-gardeists express a kind of protest against traditional culture.

In all avant-garde directions, despite their large variety, you can identify general features: a refusal to the norms of classical image, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various game transformations. All this leads to the erosion of the boundaries between art and reality (Redi-Maid, Installation, Environment), creating an ideal of an open work of art directly invading the environment. The art of avant-garde is designed for the dialogue of the artist and the viewer, the active interaction of a person with a works of art, complicity in creativity (for example, kinetic art, heptening, etc.).

The works of avant-garde directions sometimes lose the visual beginning and equal to objects of surrounding. Modern directions of avant-gardium are closely intertwined, forming new forms of synthetic art.

Andersrund

English Underground - underground, dungeon. The concept meaning the "underground" culture opposing itself to the convention and restrictions of traditional culture. The exhibitions of the artists of the area under consideration often passed not in the salons and galleries, but directly on Earth, as well as in underground transitions or subway, which in a number of countries is called the underground (subway). Probably, this circumstance also influenced the fact that this direction in the art of the XX century. This name has been established.

In Russia, the concept of the underground has become the designation of the community of artists who represented informal art.

Surrealism

Fr. Surrealisme - superdealism. Direction in the literature and art of the XX century. The current in the 1920s. Arriving in France at the initiative of the writer A. Breton, surrealism soon became an international direction. Surrealists believed that creative energy comes from the sphere of the subconscious, which manifests itself during sleep, hypnosis, painful nonsense, sudden insights, automatic actions (random pencil wandering on paper, etc.)

Surreal artists, in contrast to abstractionists, do not refuse the image of real objects, but represent them in chaos, deliberately devoid of logical relationships. The absence of meaning, the refusal of a reasonable reflection of reality is the main principle of the art of surrealism. The very name of the direction is also talking about the divorce from real life: "Sur" in French "over"; Artists did not claim the reflection of reality, but mentally placed their creations "over" realism, issuing crazy fantasies for works. Thus, the surrealistic paintings included similar, unable to explaining M. Ernsta, J. Miro, I. Tangi, as well as objects treated with surrealists beyond recognition (M. Oppenheim).

The surrealistic direction, which was headed by S. Dali, was based on the illusory accuracy of reproducing the irreal image arising in the subconscious. Its paintings are distinguished by a thorough manner of writing, accurate transmission of lighting, perspective, which is characteristic of academic painting. The viewer, leaving persuasiveness of illusory painting, is drawn into a labyrinth of deceptions and unsolvable mysteries: solid items spread, dense acquire transparency, incompatible objects are twisted and turned out, massive volumes acquire weightlessness, and all this creates an image impossible in reality.

Known such a fact. Once at the exhibition before the work of S. gave the spectator for a long time, carefully peering and trying to understand the meaning. Finally, in complete despair, he said loudly: "I do not understand what it means!" The expression of the viewer was heard at the exhibition S. Dali. "As you can understand what it means if I myself do not understand," the artist said, thus expressing the basic principle of surrealistic art: writing paintings without thinking, without reflecting, abandoning the mind and logic.

Exhibitions of works of surrealists were accompanied, as a rule, scandals: the audience was indignant, looking at ridiculous, incomprehensible paintings, believed that they were deceived, mystifies. Surrealists accused the audience, stated that those behind, did not grow up to the work of the "advanced" artists.

The general features of the art of surrealism are fiction absurd, alogyrism, paradoxical combinations of forms, visual instability, variability of images. Artists appealed to the imitation of primitive art, the creativity of children and mentally ill.

Artists of this direction wanted to create a reality on their webs, not reflecting the reality prompted by the subconscious, but in practice it was poured into the creation of pathologically repulsive images, eclectics and kitsch (it. - Kitsch; cheap, tasteless mass products designed for an external effect).

Separate finds of surrealists were used in commercial areas of decorative art, such as optical illusions, allowing to see two different images or plots on one picture depending on the direction of the view.

The works of surrealists cause the most complex associations may be identified in our perception with evil. Fasting vision and idyllic dreams, a rue, despair - these feelings in various versions appear in the works of surrealists, actively affecting the viewer, the absurdity of the works of surrealism acts on the associative imagination and the psyche.

Surrealism is a contradictory artistic phenomenon. Many really advanced cultural figures, conscious that this direction destroys art, subsequently refused to surrealistic views (artists P. Picasso, P. Clee, and others, Poets F. Lorca, P. Neruda, Spanish Director L. Bunuel, who shot surrealistic films ). By the mid-1960s, surrealism was replaced by new ones, even more catchy areas of modernism, but bizarre, mostly ugly, meaningless works of surrealists still fill the halls of museums.

Modernism

Fr. Modernisme, from Lat. Modernus - new, modern. Collective designation of all the latest trends, directions, schools and activities of individual artists of the XX century., Ening the tradition of the creative method (fusism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, abstractionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Pop Art, Art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). Modernism is close to the value of avant-garde and opposite to academism. Modernism has been negatively evaluated by Soviet art historians as a crisis phenomenon of bourgeois culture. Art has the freedom of choosing their historical paths. Contradictions of modernism, as such, it is necessary to consider not static, but in historical dynamics.

Pop Art

English Pop Art, from Popular Art - Popular Art. Direction in the art of Western Europe and the United States from the late 1950s. Pop Art flourishing came to the stormy 60s, when in many countries of Europe and America, bunts of young people broke out. Youth movement did not have a single goal - he was united by a denying pathos.

Young people were ready to throw out the entire past culture abroad. All this was reflected in art.

Distinctive feature of pop art Combination call with indifference. Everything is equally valuable or equally invalid, equally beautiful or equally ugly, equally worthy or not worthy. Perhaps only advertising business is based on the same impassive-business attitude to everything in the world. It is not by chance that the advertisement had a huge impact on pop art, and many of his representatives worked and work in advertising centers. The creators of advertising programs and shows are able to spark on the pieces and combine the washing powder and the famous masterpiece of art, toothpaste and a fugu of the Bach in the combination of them. Similarly, pop art.

Multi-culture motives are operated in different ways. The picture is introduced by collage or photographs. Real objects are usually in unexpected or absurdly absurd combinations (R. Raushenberg, E. Worth Hall, R. Hamilton). Painting can imitate composite techniques and technique of advertising shields, the picture of the comic can be increased to the size of a large canvase (R. Lichtenstain). Sculpture can be combined with milyales. For example, the artist K. Oledenburg created similarities of the show-window moising of foods of huge sizes from unusual materials.

There is often no border between sculpture and painting. The artwork of pop art often not only has three dimensions, but also fills in the entire exhibition room. By virtue of such transformations, the initial image of an object of mass culture is converted and perceived quite differently than in a real household environment.

The main category of pop art is not an artistic image, but his "designation", eliminating the author from the man-made process of its creation, images of something (M. Dushan). This process was introduced in order to expand the concept of art and inclusion in it of an unknown activity, "exit" of art in the field of mass culture. Pop Art artists were the initiators of such forms as heptening, subject installation, Environment and other forms of conceptual art. Similar flows: underground, hyperrealism, op-art, Redi-Maid, etc.

OP-ART.

English OR Art, Redfish. From Optical Art - Optical Art. The direction in the art of the XX century, which was widespread in the 1960s. OP-art artists used various visual illusions, based on the peculiarities of the perception of flat and spatial figures. The effects of spatial displacement, merger, the forms were achieved by the introduction of rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and tonal contrasts, crossing spiral and lattice configurations, wriggling lines. In OP-art, the installations of changing lights, dynamic designs were often used (further in the Kinetic Art section). The illusions of the flowing movement, consistent change of images, unstable, continuously rebuilt form arise in OP-art only in the sensation of the viewer. The direction continues the technical line of modernism.

Kinetic art

From c. Kinetikos - driven in motion. The direction in contemporary art associated with the wide use of moving structures and other dynamics elements. Kinetism as an independent direction was formed in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments to create dynamic plastics in Russian constructivism (V. Tatlin, K. Melnikov, A. Rodchenko), Dadaism.

Previously, folk art also demonstrated samples of moving objects and toys, such as wooden birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, mechanical toys, imitating labor processes, from the village of Bogorodskoye, etc.

In kinetic art, the motion is introduced in different ways. Some works are dynamically transformed by the viewer itself, the other - the oscillations of the air environment, and the third are driven by the engine or electromagnetic forces. Infinitely variety of materials used - from traditional to super-modern technical means, up to computers and lasers. Often in kinetic compositions apply mirrors.

In many cases, the illusion of movement is created by changing lighting - here kinetism is closed with op-art. Kinetism techniques are widely used in organizing exhibitions, fairs, discos, in the design of areas, parks, public interiors.

Kinetism seeks to synthesize the arts: the movement of the object in space can be complemented by the effects of lighting, sound, light music, film, etc.
Receptions of modern (avant-garde) art

Hyperealism

English Hyperrealism. The direction in painting and sculpture arising in the United States and has become an event in the global visual art of the 70s of the XX century.

Another name of hyperealism is photorealism.

Artists of this area imitated the photos with picturesque means on canvas. They portrayed the world of the modern city: shop windows of shops and restaurants, metro stations and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by on the streets. At the same time, special attention was paid to shiny, reflecting surface light: glass, plastic, car polishing, etc. The game of reflections on such surfaces creates the impression of the interpenetration of spaces.

The goal of the hyperealists was to portray the world not just reliably, but superfluous, super-process. To do this, they used mechanical ways to copy photos and increase them to the size of a large web (diaprosection and large-scale grid). Paint, as a rule, sprayed with an airbrush to preserve all the features of the photo image, eliminate the manifestation of the artist's individual handwriting.

In addition, visitors to the exhibitions of this area could meet in the halls of human figures made of modern polymeric materials in a natural value, dressed in the finished dress and painted in such a way that they did not differ at all from the audience. It caused a lot of confusion and shocked people.

Photorealism raised his task to sharpen our perception of everydayness, symbolize the modern environment, reflect our time in the forms of "Technical Arts", widely spread in our era of technical progress. Fixing and exposing modernity, hiding the author's emotions, photorealism in their software works was on the border of the visual art and almost crossed it, because she sought to compete with his life itself.

Redi-Maid

English Ready Made - ready. One of the common techniques of modern (avant-garde) art, consisting in the fact that the subject of industrial production is escaping from the usual household situation and is exhibited in the exhibition hall.

The meaning of Redi-Maid is as follows: when changing the environment, the perception of the object changes. The viewer sees in the subject exhibited on the podium, not a utilitarian thing, and an artistic object, expressiveness of shape and color. The name of Redi-Maid for the first time in 1913 - 1917 applied M. Dushan in relation to his "finished objects" (comb, bicycle wheel, bottle dryer). In the 1960s, Redi-Maid was widely distributed in various directions of avant-garde art, especially in Dadaism.

Installation

From English. Installation - installation. Spatial composition created by an artist from various elements - household items, industrial products and materials, natural objects, textual or visual information. Foreigners of installation were Dadist M. Dushan and surrealists. Creating unusual combinations of ordinary things, the artist gives them a new symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of the installation in the game of semantic values, which vary depending on where the subject is located - in the familiar household environment or in the exhibition hall. Many artists of avant-garde R. Raushenberg, D. Dyane, Yukker, I. Kabakov, created installation.

Installation - a form of art, widespread in the XX century.

Environment

English Environment - Surroundings, Wednesday. An extensive spatial composition covering the viewer like a real environment, one of the forms characteristic of avant-garde art of the 60-70s. ENVIROONMENT OF NATURALISTICAL TYPE, IMITTING THE INTERIOR WITH FIGURES Created sculptures D. Segal, E. Kinholz, K. Odoland, D. Hanson. Such reality reality could include elements of crazy fiction. Another type of Environment is a gaming space that suggests certain actions of the audience.

Happening

English Happening - thereby taking place. A variety of efforts, the most common in the avant-garde art of the 60-70s. Happening develops as an event, rather provoked than organized, but the initiators of the action necessarily involve the audience. Happensing originated in the late 50s as the form of the theater. In the further organization of Happensing, the artists are most often directly in the urban environment or nature.

They consider this form as a genus of a moving work, in which the environment, items play no less role than living participants in the action.

The effect of hepting provokes freedom of each participant and manipulating objects. All actions are developing according to a previously planned program in which improvisation is very important, which gives out a different unconscious outlook. Hephening may include elements of humor and folklore. In Heptening, the desire of avant-garde to the merger of art with the course of life was vividly expressed.

And finally the most advanced type of modern art - Superplaneness

Superplane

Superflat is a term invented by the modern Japanese artist Takasi Murakami.

The term Superflat is designed to explain the new visual language, actively used by the generation of young Japanese artists, such as Takasi Murakami: "I thought about the realities of Japanese drawing and painting and how they differ from Western art. For Japan, the sensation of the plane is important. Our culture does not have 3D-forms. 2D-forms approved in historical Japanese painting, akin to a simple, flat visual language of modern animation, comics and graphic design. "