In what city did Dostoevsky die. Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich: biography, family, creativity, interesting facts from life

Fyodor Dostoevsky is a universally recognized literary classic. He is considered one of the best novelists in the world and the finest expert in human psychology.

In addition to writing, he was an outstanding philosopher and deep thinker. Many of his quotes have entered the golden fund of world thought.

In the biography of Dostoevsky, as well as in, there were many contradictory moments, which we will tell you about right now.

So, here is the biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Brief biography of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on November 11, 1821 c. His father, Mikhail Andreevich, was a physician, and during his life he managed to work, both in the military and in ordinary hospitals.

Mother, Maria Feodorovna, was a merchant's daughter. To feed their families and give their children a good education, parents had to work from dawn to dawn.

Having matured, Fyodor Mikhailovich repeatedly thanked his father and mother for everything that they had done for him.

Dostoevsky's childhood and adolescence

Maria Feodorovna taught her little son to read on her own. To do this, she used a book that described biblical events.

Fedya was very fond of the Old Testament book of Job. He admired this righteous man, who faced many difficult trials.

Later, all this knowledge and childhood impressions will form the basis of some of his works. It is worth noting that the head of the family was also not aloof from training. He taught his son Latin.

The Dostoevsky family had seven children. Fedor felt a special affection for his older brother Misha.

Later, N.I.Drashusov became the teacher of both brothers, who was also helped by his sons.

Special signs of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Education

In 1834, for 4 years, Fedor and Mikhail studied at the prestigious Moscow boarding school of L. I. Chermak.

At this time, the first tragedy occurred in the biography of Dostoevsky. Mother died of consumption.

Having mourned for his dear wife, the head of the family decided to send Misha and Fedor to so that they could continue their studies there.

The father arranged for both sons in KF Kostomarov's boarding school. And although he knew that boys were carried away, he dreamed that in the future they would become engineers.

Fyodor Dostoevsky did not argue with his father and entered the school. However, the student devoted all his free time from studies. He read the works of Russian and foreign classics day and night.

In 1838, an important event took place in his biography: he, together with his friends, managed to create a literary circle. It was then that he first became seriously interested in writing.

After completing his studies after 5 years, Fedor got a job as an engineer-second lieutenant in one of the St. Petersburg brigades. However, he soon resigned from this position and plunged headlong into literature.

The beginning of a creative biography

Despite objections from some family members, Dostoevsky still did not give up his passion, which gradually became the meaning of life for him.

He diligently wrote novels, and soon enough achieved success in this field. In 1844, his first book, Poor People, was published, which received many flattering reviews from both critics and ordinary readers.

Thanks to this, Fyodor Mikhailovich was accepted into the popular “Belinsky circle”, in which he was called “new”.

His next work was "The Double". This time, the success did not repeat itself, but rather the opposite - devastating criticism of the failed novel awaited the young genius.

The Double received a lot of negative reviews, as for most of the readers this book was completely incomprehensible. An interesting fact is that later her innovative writing style was highly praised by critics.

Soon the members of Belinsky's circle asked Dostoevsky to leave their society. This happened due to the scandal of a young writer with and.

However, at that point in time, Fyodor Dostoevsky already had a fairly large popularity, so he was gladly accepted into other literary communities.

Arrest and hard labor

In 1846, an event occurred in the biography of Dostoevsky that influenced his entire subsequent life. He met MV Petrashevsky, who was the organizer of the so-called "Fridays".

"Fridays" were meetings of like-minded people, at which participants criticized the actions of the king and discussed various laws. In particular, questions were raised regarding the abolition of serfdom and freedom of speech c.

At one of the meetings, Fyodor Mikhailovich met the communist N. A. Speshnev, who soon formed a secret society consisting of 8 people.

This group of people advocated the implementation of a coup in the state and the formation of an underground printing house.

In 1848, another novel "White Nights" was published from the pen of the writer, which was warmly received by the public, and in the spring of 1849 he, along with the rest of the Petrashevites, was arrested.

They are charged with attempted coup d'état. For about six months Dostoevsky was kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in the fall the court sentenced him to death.

Fortunately, the sentence was not carried out, since at the last moment the execution was commuted to eight years of hard labor. Soon, the king softened the punishment even more, reducing the term from 8 to 4 years.

After hard labor, the writer was called up to serve as an ordinary soldier. It is curious to note that this fact from Dostoevsky's biography was the first time in Russia when a convict was allowed to serve.

Thanks to this, he again became a full citizen of the state, enjoying the same rights that he had before his arrest.

The years spent in hard labor greatly influenced the views of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Indeed, in addition to exhausting physical labor, he also suffered from loneliness, since ordinary prisoners at first did not want to communicate with him because of his title of nobility.

In 1856, Alexander 2 was on the throne, who pardoned all Petrashevites. At that time, 35-year-old Fyodor Mikhailovich was already a fully formed person with deep religious views.

The heyday of Dostoevsky's creativity

In 1860 the collected works of Dostoevsky were published. Its appearance did not arouse much interest in the reader. However, after the publication of "Notes from the House of the Dead", the popularity of the writer returns again.

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The fact is that the "Notes" describes in detail the life and sufferings of convicts, which the majority of ordinary citizens did not even think about.

In 1861, Dostoevsky, together with his brother Mikhail, created the Vremya magazine. After 2 years, this publishing house was closed, after which the brothers began to publish another magazine - "Epoch".

Both magazines made the Dostoevskys very famous, since in them they published any works of their own composition. However, after 3 years, a black streak begins in the biography of Dostoevsky.

In 1864, Mikhail Dostoevsky dies, and a year later the publishing house itself is closed, since it was Mikhail who was the engine of the entire enterprise. In addition, Fyodor Mikhailovich has accumulated a lot of debts.

The difficult financial situation forced him to sign an extremely disadvantageous contract with the publisher Stelovsky.

At the age of 45, Dostoevsky finished writing one of his most famous novels, Crime and Punishment. This book brought him absolute recognition and universal fame during his lifetime.

In 1868, another epoch-making novel, The Idiot, was published. Later, the writer admitted that this book was given to him extremely hard.

Dostoevsky's study in his last apartment in St. Petersburg

His next works were the no less famous "Demons", "Teenager" and "The Brothers Karamazov" (this book is considered by many to be the most important in the biography of Dostoevsky).

After the release of these novels, Fyodor Mikhailovich began to be considered a perfect connoisseur of the human, capable of conveying in detail the deep feelings and genuine experiences of any person.

Dostoevsky's personal life

The first wife of Fyodor Dostoevsky was Maria Isaeva. Their marriage lasted 7 years, until her death.

In the 60s, during his stay abroad, Dostoevsky met Apollinaria Suslova, with whom he began a romantic relationship. It is interesting that the girl became the prototype for Nastasya Filippovna in The Idiot.

The second and last wife of the writer was Anna Snitkina. Their marriage lasted 14 years, until the death of Fyodor Mikhailovich. They had two sons and two daughters.

Anna Grigorievna Dostoevskaya (née Snitkina), the "main" woman in the writer's life

For Dostoevsky, Anna Grigorievna was not only a faithful wife, but also an irreplaceable assistant in his writing.

Moreover, on her shoulders lay all the financial issues that she skillfully solved, thanks to her foresight and insight.

A huge number of people came to see him on his last journey. Perhaps, then no one guessed that they were contemporaries of one of the most outstanding writers of mankind.

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In 1821, on November 11, Dostoevsky, one of the most famous Russian writers and philosophers, was born. In this article, we will talk about his biography and literary work.

Dostoevsky's family

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) was born in Moscow into the family of the nobleman Mikhail Andreevich, a head physician who works at the Mariinsky Hospital, and Maria Fyodorovna. In the family, he was one of eight children and only the second son. His father was from whose estate was in the Belarusian part of Polesie, and his mother came from an old Moscow merchant family, originating in the Kaluga province. It is worth saying that Fyodor Mikhailovich had little interest in the rich history of his kind. He spoke of his parents as poor, but hardworking people who allowed him to receive an excellent upbringing and quality education, for which he was grateful to his family. Maria Feodorovna taught her son to read from Christian literature, which left a strong impression on him and largely determined his future life.

In 1831, the father of the family acquired the small estate Darovoe in the Tula province. The Dostoevsky family began to visit this country house every summer. There the future writer got the opportunity to get acquainted with the real life of the peasants. In general, according to him, childhood was the best time in his life.

Writer's education

Initially, their father was involved in the education of Fedor and his older brother Mikhail, teaching them Latin. Then their home schooling was continued by the teacher Drachousov and his sons, who taught the boys French, mathematics and literature. This continued until 1834, when the brothers were assigned to the elite Chermak boarding school in Moscow, where they studied until 1837.

When Fedor was 16 years old, his mother died of tuberculosis. Further years F.M. Dostoevsky spent with his brother preparing to enter the engineering school. For some time they spent at Kostomarov's boarding house, where they continued to study literature. Despite the fact that both brothers wanted to write, their father considered this occupation completely unprofitable.

The beginning of literary activity

Fedor did not feel any desire to be in the school and was burdened by being there, in his free hours he studied world and domestic literature. Under the inspiration from her, at night he was engaged in his literary experiments, reading excerpts to his brother. Over time, a literary circle was formed at the Main Engineering School under the influence of Dostoevsky. In 1843 he completed his studies and was appointed to the post of engineer in St. Petersburg, which he soon gave up, deciding to devote himself entirely to literary creativity. His father died of an apoplectic stroke (although, according to the recollections of relatives, he was killed by his own peasants, which is questioned by researchers of Dostoevsky's biography) in 1839 and was no longer able to resist his son's decision.

The very first works of Dostoevsky, whose birthday is celebrated on November 11, have not reached us - they were dramas on historical themes. Since 1844 he has been engaged in translations, while working on his work Poor People. In 1845 he was greeted with pleasure in Belinsky's circle, and soon he became a well-known writer, the "new Gogol", but his next novel, The Double, was not appreciated, and soon Dostoevsky's relationship (his birthday in the new style was November 11) with spoiled in a circle. He also fell out with the editors of the Sovremennik magazine and began to publish mainly in Otechestvennye zapiski. However, the acquired fame allowed him to get to know a much wider circle of people, and soon he became a member of the philosophical and literary circle of the Beketov brothers, with one of whom he studied at an engineering school. Through one of the members of this society, he got to the Petrashevites and began to regularly attend their meetings from the winter of 1847.

Petrashevsky circle

The main topics that the members of the Petrashevsky Society discussed at their meetings were the emancipation of peasants, printing and changing the legal procedure. Soon Dostoevsky became one of several who organized a separate radical community among the Petrashevskyites. In 1849, many of them, including the writer, were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Staged execution

The court recognized Dostoevsky as one of the main criminals, despite the fact that he in every possible way denied the charges, and sentenced him to death by shooting, having first deprived him of his entire fortune. However, a few days later the order of execution was replaced by an eight-year hard labor, and that, in turn, by four years, followed by a long service in the army, according to a special decree of Nicholas 1. In December 1849, the execution of the Petrashevites was staged, and only at the last moment it was announced pardon and sending to hard labor. One of the nearly executed went mad after such an ordeal. There is no doubt that this event had a strong influence on the views of the writer.

Years of hard labor

During the transfer to Tobolsk, a meeting took place with the wives of the Decembrists, who secretly passed on the Gospels to future convicts (Dostoevsky kept his until the end of his life). The next years he spent in Omsk in hard labor, trying to change the attitude towards himself among the prisoners, he was perceived negatively due to the fact that he was a nobleman. Dostoevsky could write books only in the infirmary in secret, since the prisoners were deprived of the right to correspond.

Soon after the end of hard labor, Dostoevsky was assigned to serve in the Semipalatinsk regiment, where he met his future wife Maria Isaeva, whose marriage was unhappy and ended unsuccessfully. The writer rose to the rank of ensign in 1857, when both the Petrashevites and the Decembrists were pardoned.

Pardon and return to the capital

Upon his return to Russia, he had to make a literary debut again - it was "Notes from the House of the Dead", which received universal recognition, since the genre in which the writer told about the life of convicts was completely new. The writer published several works in the Vremya magazine, which he published together with his brother Mikhail. After a while, the magazine was closed, and the brothers began to print another edition - "Epoch", which was also closed a few years later. At this time, he took an active part in the social life of the country, having undergone the destruction of socialist ideals, recognized himself as an open Slavophile, and asserted the social significance of art. Dostoevsky's books reflect his views on reality, which his contemporaries did not always understand, sometimes they seemed to them too harsh and innovative, and sometimes too conservative.

Traveling in Europe

In 1862, Dostoevsky, whose birthday is November 11, went abroad for the first time to receive medical treatment at resorts, but in the end he traveled around most of Europe, becoming addicted to playing roulette in Baden-Baden and squandering almost all his money. In principle, Dostoevsky had problems with money and creditors throughout most of his life. He spent part of the trip in the company of A. Suslova, a young, relaxed young lady. He described many of his adventures in Europe in the novel The Gambler. In addition, the writer was shocked by the negative consequences of the Great French Revolution, and he became firmly convinced that the only possible path of development for Russia was a unique and original one, not repeating the European one.

Second wife

In 1867, the writer married his stenographer Anna Snitkina. They had four children, of which only two survived, and in the end, only the only surviving son Fedor became the successor of the family. The next few years they lived together abroad, where Dostoevsky, whose birthday is on November 11, began work on some of the last novels included in the famous "Great Pentateuch" - this is "Crime and Punishment", the most famous philosophical novel, "The Idiot". where the author reveals the theme of a person trying to make others happy, but ultimately suffering, "Demons", which tells about revolutionary movements, and "Teenager".

The Brothers Karamazov, which is also Dostoevsky's last novel of the five books, was, in a sense, a summing up of the entire creative path, since it contained features and images of all the previous works of the writer.

The writer spent the last 8 years of his life in the Novgorod province, in the town of Staraya Russa, where he lived with his wife and children and continued to engage in writing, completing the novels he had begun.

In June 1880 Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich, whose work significantly influenced literature in general, came to the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow, where many famous writers were present. In the evening, he made a famous speech about Pushkin at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Death of Dostoevsky

The years of life of F.M.Dostoevsky - 1821-1881. Fedor Mikhailovich died on January 28, 1881 from tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, aggravated by emphysema of the lungs, shortly after the scandal with his sister Vera, who asked him to give up the inheritance in favor of the sisters. The writer was buried in one of the cemeteries of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, and a huge number of people gathered to say goodbye to him.

Although Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, whose biography and interesting facts about whose life we ​​have analyzed in this article, gained fame during his lifetime, real, grandiose fame came to him only after his death.

(October 30 (November 11) 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28 (February 9) 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire)

ru.wikipedia.org

Biography

life and creation

The writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11) 1821 in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich, from the clergy, received the title of nobility in 1828, worked as a doctor in the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor on Novaya Bozhedomka (now - Dostoevsky Street). Having acquired a small estate in the Tula province in 1831-1832, he cruelly treated the peasants. Mother, Maria Fedorovna (nee Nechaev), came from a merchant family. Fedor was the second of 7 children. According to one of the assumptions, Dostoevsky comes on the paternal side from the Pinsk gentry, whose family estate Dostoevo in the 16th-17th centuries was located in the Belarusian Polesie (now the Ivanovsky district of the Brest region, Belarus). On October 6, 1506, Danila Ivanovich Rtishchev received this estate from Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Yaroslavich for his services. From that time on, Rtishchev and his heirs began to be called Dostoevsky.

When Dostoevsky was 15 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to KF Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg.

1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of the death of his mother, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose work he (like his brother) is read from childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the military engineering school, now the Military Engineering and Technical University. In 1839 he receives news of the murder of his father by serfs. Dostoevsky takes part in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky for the first time translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: VG Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, runs into a misunderstanding.

Soon after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."
The military court finds the defendant Dostoevsky guilty of the fact that, having received in March this year from Moscow from the nobleman Pleshcheev ... a copy of the criminal letter of the writer Belinsky, he read this letter in the meetings: first from the accused Durov, then from the accused Petrashevsky. Therefore, the military court sentenced him for failure to report on the dissemination of a criminal about religion and the government of the letter of the writer Belinsky ... to deprive him on the basis of the Code of military decrees ... of ranks and all rights of the state and subject to the death penalty by shooting ..

The trial and the harsh death sentence (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was framed as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned and sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Grigoriev, went mad. Dostoevsky conveyed the feelings that he might have experienced before the execution in the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. Ye. Annenkova and ND Fonvizina. The women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. In 1854, when the four years to which Dostoevsky had been sentenced had expired, he was released from hard labor and sent as a private to the 7th Siberian Line Battalion. During his service in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, the future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. A common monument was erected there to the young writer and young scientist. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a high school teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of the assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich receives a letter from Kuznetsk: M.D. Isaeva's husband died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I dies. Dostoevsky writes a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result becomes a non-commissioned officer: on October 20, 1856 Fyodor Mikhailovich was promoted to ensign. On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky was married to Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk.

Immediately after the wedding, they leave for Semipalatinsk, but on the way, Dostoevsky has an epileptic seizure, and they stop for four days in Barnaul.

On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk. The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in the life of Dostoevsky: from a still undecided in life "seeker of truth in man" he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859, in Otechestvennye zapiski, Dostoevsky published his stories The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream.

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and adopted son Pavel, but unofficial surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861 Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail to publish his own magazine "Vremya", after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began to publish the magazine "Epoch". Such works of Dostoevsky appear on the pages of these magazines, such as "The Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground".

Dostoevsky undertakes a trip abroad with the young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he is fond of the ruinous game of roulette, feels a constant need for money and at the same time (1864) loses his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completes the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, forms a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of "Epoch" ceases (February 1865). In a hopeless financial situation, Dostoevsky writes the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to MN Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russian Bulletin, where they are printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher FT Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hires a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, to help him cope with this task.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was completed and paid very well, but so that this money would not be taken away from him by creditors, the writer went abroad with his new wife, Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which A.G. Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for several days in Vilna.

The flowering of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up the roulette wheel forever.

In October 1866, in twenty-one days, he wrote and on the 25th completed the novel "The Gambler" for FT Stellovsky.

For the last 8 years, the writer has lived in the town of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek", 1879 -1880 - The Brothers Karamazov. At the same time, two events became significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky made a famous speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. During these years, the writer approached conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, corresponded with the prominent statesman KP Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn a thing or two ("Twilight of the Idols").

On January 26 (February 9), 1881, Dostoevsky's sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevsky's house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation was the first impetus to the aggravation of his illness (emphysema) - two days later the great writer died.

Buried at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigorievich Dostoevsky (1756 - circa 1819) served as a Uniate priest, later as an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemirov (now the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, served as a doctor in the Borodino infantry regiment, an intern at the Moscow military hospital, a doctor at the Mariinsky hospital of the Moscow orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, still famous called Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, and in 1833 the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:
His addiction to alcoholic beverages apparently increased, and he was almost constantly in an abnormal position. Spring came, promising little good ... It was at that time in the village of Chermashne, in the fields near the edge of the forest, an artel of peasants, of a dozen or a half dozen people, was working; the case, then, was far from home. Pissed off from himself by some unsuccessful action of the peasants, or perhaps only what seemed to him as such, his father flared up and began to shout at the peasants very much. One of them, the more daring, responded to this cry with strong rudeness and after that, fearing this rudeness, shouted: "Guys, karachun to him! ..". And with this exclamation, all the peasants, up to 15 people, rushed at their father and in an instant, of course, finished with him ... - From the memoirs of A. M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Feodorovna (1800-1837), came from a wealthy Moscow merchant family called the Nechaevs, who lost most of their fortune after the Patriotic War of 1812. At the age of 19, she married Mikhail Dostoevsky. She was, according to the recollections of the children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in marriage (son Fedor was the second child). MF Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sophia Andreevna Dolgoruka ("Teenager") and Sophia Ivanovna Karamazova ("The Brothers Karamazov") [source not specified 604 days].

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of his brother, and work on the magazine "Time" was carried out by the brothers to a large extent jointly. The younger brother Andrei became an architect, Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother. Of the sisters of Dostoevsky, the closest relationship developed between the writer and Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: “I love her; she is a glorious sister and a wonderful person ... ”(November 28, 1880). Of the numerous nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), whom, according to the memoirs of L. F. Dostoevskaya, “he loved like his own daughter, caressed her and entertained her when she was still little, later was proud of her musical talent and her success with young people ”, however, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness came to naught.

Fyodor Mikhailovich's descendants continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Philosophy

As OM Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative of "ontological", "reflexive" poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a sense free in his relationship with the text that describes him ( that is, the world for him), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts on the basis of it. Hence all the paradox, contradiction and inconsistency of Dostoevsky's characters. If in traditional poetics the character remains always in the power of the author, always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, it remains completely descriptive, completely included in the text, completely understandable, subordinate to causes and consequences, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time we encounter a character who is trying to resist the textual elements, his subservience to the text, trying to "rewrite" it. With this approach, writing is not a description of the character in diverse situations and his positions in the world, but empathy for his tragedy - his willful unwillingness to accept the text (world), in its inescapable redundancy in relation to it, potential infinity. For the first time, M.M. Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky to his characters.

Political views

During Dostoevsky's life, at least two political currents were in conflict in the cultural strata of society - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately as follows: the adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, the adherents of the second believed that Russians should take an example in everything. Europeans. Both those and others reflected on the historical fate of Russia. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, had his own idea - "soil cultivation". He was and remained a Russian person, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time did not deny the achievements of the culture and civilization of the West. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed, and during his third stay abroad, he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question"

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in Russian life were reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of the peasants freed from serfdom, he writes in the Writer's Diary for 1873:
“It will be so if the work continues, if the people themselves do not come to their senses; and the intelligentsia will not help him. If he doesn’t come to his senses, then the whole, entirely, in the shortest possible time will be in the hands of all kinds of Jews, and here no community will save him ... , therefore, they will have to be supported. "

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, in the opinion of the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish question" asserted: "... in my heart this hatred was never ...".

The writer Andrei Dikiy attributes the following quote to Dostoevsky:
“The Jews will destroy Russia and become the head of anarchy. The Jew and his kagal are a conspiracy against the Russians. "

Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question" is analyzed by the literary critic Leonid Grossman in his article "Dostoevsky and Judaism" and the book "Confessions of a Jew", dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message to the great writer sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his reply letter with the words “Believe in the complete sincerity with which I shake your hand outstretched to me,” and in the chapter devoted to the Jewish question in The Diary of a Writer he extensively quotes Kovner.

According to the critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and the Jews is caused by the incarnation in the Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters.

According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished the concepts of Jew and Jew. In addition, Nasedkin also notes that the word "Jew" and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries a common word-toolkit among others, was used widely and everywhere, it was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, in contrast to modern times ..

It should be noted that Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question", which is not subject to the so-called "public opinion", may have been associated with his religious beliefs (see Christianity and Anti-Semitism) [source?].

According to BV Sokolov, Dostoevsky's quotes were used by the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War for propaganda in the occupied territories of the USSR, for example, this one from the article "The Jewish Question":
What if there were not three million Jews in Russia, but Russians, and there would be 160 million Jews (in the original Dostoevsky had 80 million, but the country's population was doubled - to make the quote more relevant. - B.S.) - well What would the Russians turn to and how would they treat them? Would they have allowed them to equal themselves in rights? Would you let them pray freely among them? Wouldn't they be turned into slaves? Even worse: would they not have flayed their skin completely, would not have beaten to the ground, until the final extermination, as they did with foreign peoples in the old days? "

Bibliography

Novels

* 1845 - Poor people
* 1861 - Humiliated and insulted
* 1866 - Crime and Punishment
* 1866 - The Player
* 1868 - Idiot
* 1871-1872 - Demons
* 1875 - Teenager
* 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Stories and stories

* 1846 - The Double
* 1846 - How Dangerous it is to indulge in ambitious dreams
* 1846 - Mr. Prokharchin
* 1847 - A novel in nine letters
* 1847 - Mistress
* 1848 - Sliders
* 1848 - Weak heart
* 1848 - Netochka Nezvanov
* 1848 - White nights
* 1849 - Little Hero
* 1859 - Uncle's dream
* 1859 - Stepanchikovo village and its inhabitants
* 1860 - Someone else's wife and husband under the bed
* 1860 - Notes from the House of the Dead
* 1862 - Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
* 1864 - Notes from the Underground
* 1864 - Bad anecdote
* 1865 - Crocodile
* 1869 - Eternal husband
* 1876 - Meek
* 1877 - The dream of a funny man
* 1848 - An Honest Thief
* 1848 - Christmas tree and wedding
* 1876 - Christ's boy on the tree

Publicism and criticism, essays

* 1847 - Petersburg Chronicle
* 1861 - The stories of N.V. Uspensky
* 1880 - Sentence
* 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's diary

* 1873 - Diary of a writer. 1873 year.
* 1876 - Diary of a writer. 1876
* 1877 - Diary of a writer. January-August 1877.
* 1877 - Diary of a writer. September-December 1877.
* 1880 - Diary of a writer. 1880
* 1881 - Diary of a writer. 1881

Poems

* 1854 - On European events in 1854
* 1855 - On July 1, 1855
* 1856 - For coronation and peace
* 1864 - Epigram to the Bavarian colonel
* 1864-1873 - Fighting nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
* 1873-1874 - Describe all the priests alone
* 1876-1877 - The collapse of Baimakov's office
* 1876 - Children are expensive
* 1879 - Do not rob, Fedul

Standing apart is the collection of folklore material "My Convict Notebook", also known as "Siberian Notebook", written by Dostoevsky during his hard labor.

Main literature about Dostoevsky

Domestic research

* Belinsky V. G. [Introductory article] // St. Petersburg collection, published by N. Nekrasov. SPb., 1846.
* Dobrolyubov N.A. 1861. No. 9. dep. II.
* Pisarev D.I. Struggle for existence // Business. 1868. No. 8.
* Leont'ev K.N.On world love: Concerning the speech of F.M.Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). S. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). S. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). S. 3-4.
* Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1882. No. 9, 10.
* Solovyov V.S.Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884.55 p.
* Rozanov V.V. The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F.M.Dostoevsky: An Experience of Critical Commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891.Vol. 212, January. S. 233-274; February. S. 226-274; T. 213, March. S. 215-253; April. S. 251-274. Separate ed .: St. Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894.244 p.
* Merezhkovsky D. S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and the Antichrist in Russian literature. T. 1. Life and creativity. Saint Petersburg: World of Art, 1901.366 p. T. 2. The religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. SPb .: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
* Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. SPb., 1906.
* Ivanov Viach. I. Dostoevsky and the novel-tragedy // Russian thought. 1911. Book. 5.S. 46-61; Book. 6.S. 1-17.
* Pereverzev V. F. Creativity of Dostoevsky. M., 1912. (reprinted in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
* Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (To the theory of parody). Pg .: OPOYAZ, 1921.
* Berdyaev N.A. Dostoevsky's worldview. Prague, 1923.238 p.
* Volotskaya M.V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
* Engelgardt B. M. Dostoevsky's Ideological Novel // F. M. Dostoevsky: Articles and Materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L .; M .: Thought, 1924. Sat. 2.S. 71-109.
* Dostoevskaya A.G. Memoirs. M .: Fiction, 1981.
* Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction / Comp. and general ed. V. M. Leibin. SPb .: Peter, 2002.S. 70-88.
* Mochulsky K. V. Dostoevsky: Life and Work. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947.564 pp.
* Lossky N.O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953.406 p.
* Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. Collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
* Leskov NS About the peasant of the celebrities, etc. - Sobr. cit., t. 11, M., 1958. S. 146-156;
* Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1962.543 p. (Life of remarkable people. Series of biographies; Issue 24 (357)).
* Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky's work. L .: Priboy, 1929.244 p. 2nd ed., Rev. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. Moscow: Soviet writer, 1963.363 p.
* Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 volumes. M., 1964.Vol. 1.Vol. 2.
* Friedlander G. M. Realism of Dostoevsky. M .; L .: Nauka, 1964.404 p.
* Meyer GA Light in the night: (On "Crime and Punishment"): Experience of slow reading. Frankfurt / Main: Posev, 1967.515 p.
* F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of F. M. Dostoevsky's works and literature about him: 1917-1965. Moscow: Kniga, 1968.407 p.
* Kirpotin V. Ya. Disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov: (A book about Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"). M .: Soviet writer, 1970.448 p.
* Zakharov V. N. Problems of Dostoevsky's Study: Textbook. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
* Zakharov VN The system of genres of Dostoevsky: Typology and poetics. - L., 1985.
* Toporov V. N. On the structure of Dostoevsky's novel in connection with archaic schemes of mythological thinking ("Crime and Punishment") // Toporov V. N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Research in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995.S. 193-258.
* Dostoevsky: Materials and Research / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. IRLI. L .: Science, 1974-2007. Issue 1-18 (continuing edition).
* Odinokov V. G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981.144 p.
* Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1981.543 p., Ill. (The life of wonderful people. Series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
* Volgin I. L. The Last Year of Dostoevsky: Historical Notes. M .: Soviet writer, 1986.
* Saraskina L. I. "Demons": a warning novel. M .: Soviet writer, 1990.488 p.
* Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Per. with fr. E. Vorobyova. SPb .: Branch of the magazine "Youth"; Dusseldorf: The Blue Horseman, 1993.160 p.
* Guardini R. Man and Faith / Per. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994.332 p.
* Kasatkina T.A. The characterology of Dostoevsky: Typology of emotional and value orientations. Moscow: Heritage, 1996.335 p.
* Louth R. Dostoevsky's Philosophy in a Systematic Presentation / Per. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. Moscow: Respublika, 1996.448 p.
* Balnep RL The structure of the "Brothers Karamazov" / Per. from English SPb .: Academic project, 1997.
* Dunaev M. M. Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian literature: [At 6 hours]. M .: Christian Literature, 1997.S. 284-560.
* Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's Feeling of Life and Death / Author. per. from japan. SPb .: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997.332 p.
* Meletinsky EM Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. Moscow: RGGU, 2001.190 p.
* Novel FM Dostoevsky "The Idiot": The current state of the study. Moscow: Heritage, 2001.560 p.
* Kasatkina T. A. On the creative nature of the word: Ontology of the word in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky as the basis of "realism in the highest sense." Moscow: IMLI RAN, 2004.480 p.
* Tikhomirov B. N. “Lazar! Come Out ": FM Dostoevsky's novel" Crime and Punishment "in a modern reading: Book-commentary. Saint Petersburg: Silver Age, 2005.472 p.
* Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: ghosts, phobias, chimeras (reader's notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006 .-- 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
* Vetlovskaya V. E. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov". SPb .: Publishing house "Pushkin House", 2007. 640 p.
* The novel by FM Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov": the current state of study. Moscow: Nauka, 2007.835 p.
* Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of the Dostoevsky. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
* John Maxwell Coetzee. "Autumn in St. Petersburg" (this is the name of this work in the Russian translation, in the original the novel is entitled "The Master from St. Petersburg"). M .: Eksmo, 2010.
* Openness to the abyss. Meetings with Dostoevsky Literary, philosophical and historiographic work of the culturologist Grigory Pomerants.

Foreign research:

English:

* Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
* Holquist M. Dostoievvsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
* Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
* Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
* Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
* Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1 -, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German:

* Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
* Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung fur die gegenwartige Kulurkrisis. Jena, 1923.
* Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
* Notzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
* Meier-Crafe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
* Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". Munchen, 1974.

Screen adaptations

* Fyodor Dostoevsky (English) on the Internet Movie Database
* St. Petersburg Night - a film by Grigory Roshal and Vera Stroeva based on Dostoevsky's novellas "Netochka Nezvanov" and "White Nights" (USSR, 1934)
* White Nights - a film by Luchino Visconti (Italy, 1957)
* White Nights - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1959)
* White Nights - a film by Leonid Kvinikhidze (Russia, 1992)
* Beloved - a film by Sanjay Leela Bhansalia based on Dostoevsky's novel "White Nights" (India, 2007)
* Nikolai Stavrogin - film by Yakov Protazanov based on Dostoevsky's novel "Demons" (Russia, 1915)
* Demons - film by Andrzej Wajda (France, 1988)
* Demons - a film by Igor and Dmitry Talankin (Russia, 1992)
* Demons - a film by Felix Schultess (Russia, 2007)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Viktor Turyansky (Russia, 1915)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Dmitry Bukhovetsky (Germany, 1920)
* The killer Dmitry Karamazov - a film by Fyodor Otsep (Germany, 1931)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Richard Brooks (USA, 1958)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1969)
* Boys - a free fantasy film based on the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" by Renita Grigorieva (USSR, 1990)
* The Brothers Karamazov - a film by Yuri Moroz (Russia, 2008)
* The Karamazovs - film by Petr Zelenka (Czech Republic - Poland, 2008)
* Eternal Husband - a film by Evgeny Markovsky (Russia, 1990)
* Eternal Husband - Film by Denis Granier-Defer (France, 1991)
* Uncle's Dream - a film by Konstantin Voinov (USSR, 1966)
* 1938, France: The Gambler (French Le Joueur) - director: Louis Daken (French)
* 1938, Germany: "The Gamblers" (German: Roman eines Spielers, Der Spieler) - director: Gerhard Lampert (German)
* 1947, Argentina: "The Gambler" (Spanish: El Jugador) - directed by Leon Klimovski (Spanish)
* 1948, USA: "The great sinner" - director: Robert Siodmak
* 1958, France: "The Gambler" (French Le Joueur) - director: Claude Otan-Lara (French)
* 1966, - USSR: "The Gambler" - director Bogatyrenko Yuri
* 1972: The Gambler - directed by Michail Olschewski
* 1972, - USSR: "The Gambler" - director Alexei Batalov
* 1974 USA: The Gambler - directed by Karel Rice
* 1997, Hungary: The Gambler - directed by Mac Carola (Hungarian)
* 2007, Germany: "The Gamblers" (German Die Spieler, English The Gamblers) - director: Sebastian Binjeck (German)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Pyotr Chardynin (Russia, 1910)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Georges Lampen (France, 1946)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Akira Kurosawa (Japan, 1951)
* "The Idiot" - a film by Ivan Pyriev (USSR, 1958)
* "The Idiot" - TV series by Alan Bridges (UK, 1966)
* "Crazy Love" - ​​a film by Andrzej Zulawski (France, 1985)
* "The Idiot" - TV series Mani Kaula (India, 1991)
* "Down House" - a film-interpretation of Roman Kachanov (Russia, 2001)
* "The Idiot" - TV series by Vladimir Bortko (Russia, 2003)
* Meek - a film by Alexander Borisov (USSR, 1960)
* Meek - a film-interpretation by Robert Bresson (France, 1969)
* Meek - a drawn cartoon film by Petr Dumala (Poland, 1985)
* Meek - a film by Avtandil Varsimashvili (Russia, 1992)
* Meek - a film by Evgeny Rostovsky (Russia, 2000)
* Dead House (prison of peoples) - a film by Vasily Fedorov (USSR, 1931)
* Partner - film by Bernardo Bertolucci (Italy, 1968)
* Teenager - film by Evgeny Tashkov (USSR, 1983)
* Raskolnikov - a film by Robert Wienet (Germany, 1923)
* Crime and Punishment - a film by Pierre Chenal (France, 1935)
* Crime and Punishment - film by Georges Lampen (France, 1956)
* Crime and Punishment - a film by Lev Kulidzhanov (USSR, 1969)
* Crime and Punishment - Aki Kaurismäki's film (Finland, 1983)
* Crime and Punishment - hand-drawn animated film by Petr Dumala (Poland, 2002)
* Crime and Punishment - Film by Julian Jarold (UK, 2003)
* Crime and Punishment - TV series by Dmitry Svetozarov (Russia, 2007)
* Dream of a funny man - cartoon by Alexander Petrov (Russia, 1992)
* The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants - TV movie by Lev Tsutsulkovsky (USSR, 1989)
* A nasty anecdote - a comedy film by Alexander Alov and Vladimir Naumov (USSR, 1966)
* Humiliated and insulted - TV movie Vittorio Cottafvi (Italy, 1958)
* Humiliated and insulted - TV series Raul Araisa (Mexico, 1977)
* Humiliated and insulted - a film by Andrei Eshpai (USSR - Switzerland, 1990)
* Another's wife and husband under the bed - a film by Vitaly Melnikov (USSR, 1984)

Films about Dostoevsky

* "Dostoevsky". Documentary. TsSDF (RTSSDF). 1956.27 minutes. - a documentary film by Bubrik Samuel and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death.
* The writer and his city: Dostoevsky and Petersburg - a film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
* Twenty-six days in the life of Dostoevsky - a feature film by Alexander Zarkhi (USSR, 1980; starring Anatoly Solonitsyn)
* Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
* Return of the Prophet - a documentary by V. E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
* The life and death of Dostoevsky - documentary film (12 episodes) Klyushkin Alexander (Russia, 2004)
* Demons of St. Petersburg - feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008)
* Three women of Dostoevsky - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010)
* Dostoevsky - TV series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011) (starring Yevgeny Mironov).

The image of Dostoevsky is also used in the biographical films Sophia Kovalevskaya (Alexander Filippenko) and Chokan Valikhanov (1985).

Current events

* On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
* A crater on Mercury is named in honor of Dostoevsky (Latitude:? 44.5, Longitude: 177, Diameter (km): 390).
* Writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M. "dedicated to Dostoevsky.
* In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a multi-part film about Dostoevsky, which will be released in 2011 on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
* On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro "Dostoevskaya" was opened. The exit to the city is carried out on Suvorovskaya square, Seleznevskaya street and Durov street. Station decoration: on the walls of the station are depicted scenes illustrating four novels by FM Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons, The Brothers Karamazov).

Notes (edit)

1 IF Masanov, "Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures." In 4 volumes. - M., All-Union Book Chamber, 1956-1960
2 1 2 3 4 5 November 11 // RIA Novosti, November 11, 2008
3 Mirror of the week. - No. 3. - January 27 - February 2, 2007
4 Panaev I. I. Memories of Belinsky: (Fragments) // I. I. Panaev. From "literary memoirs" / Executive editor N. K. Piksanov. - A series of literary memoirs. - L .: Fiction, Leningrad branch, 1969. - 282 p.
5 Igor Zolotussky. String in the fog
6 Semipalatinsk. Memorial House-Museum of F.M.Dostoevsky
7 [Troyes Henri. Fedor Dostoevsky. - Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005 .-- 480 p. (Series "Russian Biographies"). ISBN 5-699-03260-6
8 1 2 3 4 [Henri Troyes. Fedor Dostoevsky. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005 .-- 480 p. (Series "Russian Biographies"). ISBN 5-699-03260-6
9 On the building located in the place where the hotel where the Dostoevskys stayed was, a memorial plaque was unveiled in December 2006 (by the sculptor Romualdas Kvintas) A memorial plaque to Fyodor Dostoevsky was unveiled in the center of Vilnius
10 History of the Zaraysky district // Official site of the Zaraysky municipal district
11 Nogovitsyn O. M. “Poetics of Russian prose. Metaphysical research ", VRFSh, SPb., 1994
12 Ilya Brazhnikov. Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881).
13 F. M. Dostoevsky, "A Writer's Diary". 1873 year. Chapter XI. "Dreams and Dreams"
14 Dostoevsky Fyodor. Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
15 F.M.Dostoevsky. The Jewish Question on Wikisource
16 Dikiy (Zankevich), Andrey Russian-Jewish Dialogue, section "F. M. Dostoevsky about the Jews." Retrieved June 6, 2008.
17 1 2 Nasedkin N., Minus Dostoevsky (F. M. Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question")
18 L. Grossman "Confessions of a Jew" and "Dostoevsky and Judaism" in the Imwerden library
19 Maya Turovskaya. Jew and Dostoevsky, "Zarubezhnye zapiski" 2006, no. 7
20 B. Sokolov. An occupation. Truth and myths
21 "Fools". Alexey Osipov - Doctor of Theology, professor at the Moscow Theological Academy.
22 http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/bened/intro.php (see box 17)

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
11.11.1821 - 27.01.1881

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Russian writer, was born in 1821 in Moscow. His father was a nobleman, landowner and doctor of medicine.

He was brought up to 16 years old in Moscow. In the seventeenth year he passed the exam in St. Petersburg at the Main Engineering School. In 1842 he graduated from the military engineering course and left the school as an engineer-second lieutenant. He was left in the service in St. Petersburg, but other goals and aspirations attracted him irresistibly. He became especially interested in literature, philosophy and history.

In 1844 he retired and at the same time wrote his first rather large story, Poor People. This story at once created a position for him in literature, was met with criticism and the best Russian society extremely favorably. It was a rare success in the full sense of the word. But the constant ill health that followed for several years in a row harmed his literary pursuits.

In the spring of 1849, he was arrested along with many others for participating in a political conspiracy against the government, which had a socialist connotation. Was committed to the investigation and the highest appointed military court. After eight months in the Peter and Paul Fortress, he was sentenced to death by shooting. But the sentence was not carried out: the mitigation of the sentence was read and Dostoevsky, after being deprived of the rights of state, ranks and nobility, was exiled to Siberia to hard labor for four years, with enrollment at the end of the term of hard labor in ordinary soldiers. This verdict over Dostoevsky was, in its form, the first ever case in Russia, for everyone sentenced to hard labor in Russia loses his civil rights forever, even if he ends his term of hard labor. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, was appointed, after serving the term of hard labor, to enter the soldier - that is, the rights of a citizen were returned again. Subsequently, such pardons happened more than once, but then this was the first case and occurred at the behest of the late Emperor Nicholas I, who regretted his youth and talent in Dostoevsky.

In Siberia, Dostoevsky served his four-year term of hard labor in the fortress of Omsk; and then in 1854 he was sent from penal servitude as an ordinary soldier to the Siberian line battalion _ 7 in the city of Semipalatinsk, where a year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and in 1856, with the accession to the throne of the now reigning emperor Alexander II, to the officer. In 1859, being in an epileptic illness, acquired while still in hard labor, he was dismissed and returned to Russia, first to the city of Tver, and then to St. Petersburg. Here Dostoevsky began to study literature again.

In 1861, his elder brother, Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, began to publish a monthly large literary magazine ("Revue") - "Time". F. M. Dostoevsky also took part in the publication of the magazine, having published his novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" in it, which was sympathetically received by the public. But in the next two years he began and finished Notes from the House of the Dead, in which, under assumed names, he told his life in hard labor and described his former convict comrades. This book was read by the whole of Russia and is still highly valued, although the orders and customs described in Notes from the House of the Dead have long since changed in Russia.

In 1866, after the death of his brother and after the termination of the journal Epoch, which he published, Dostoevsky wrote the novel Crime and Punishment, then in 1868 the novel The Idiot and in 1870 the novel The Demons. These three novels were highly appreciated by the public, although Dostoevsky, perhaps, treated them too harshly towards modern Russian society.

In 1876, Dostoevsky began to publish a monthly magazine under the original form of his "Diary", written by him alone, without collaborators. This edition was published in 1876 and 1877. in the amount of 8000 copies. It was a success. In general, Dostoevsky is loved by the Russian public. He deserved even from literary opponents his opinion of a highly honest and sincere writer. By his convictions, he is an open Slavophil; his former socialist convictions have changed quite dramatically.

Brief biographical information dictated by the writer A. G. Dostoevskaya (Published in the January 1881 issue of "A Writer's Diary").

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich - famous writer. Born on October 30, 1821 in Moscow in the building of the Mariinsky Hospital, where his father served as a headquarters doctor. He grew up in a rather harsh environment, over which hovered the gloomy spirit of his father - a man of "nervous, irritable and proud", always busy with caring for the welfare of the family. Children (there were 7 of them; Fedor is the second son) were brought up in fear and obedience, according to the traditions of the old days, spending most of their time in front of their parents. Rarely leaving the walls of the hospital building, they communicated very little with the outside world, except through the patients with whom Fyodor Mikhailovich, secretly from his father, sometimes spoke, and even through former nurses who usually appeared in their house on Saturdays (from them Dostoevsky got acquainted with a fairy world). Dostoevsky's brightest memories of late childhood are associated with the village - a small estate that his parents bought in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province in 1831. The family spent the summer months there, usually without a father, and the children enjoyed almost complete freedom. Dostoevsky left for his whole life many indelible impressions from peasant life, from various meetings with peasants (Muzhik Marey, Alena Frolovna, etc.; see "Diary of a Writer" for 1876, 2 and 4, and 1877, July - August). Liveliness of temperament, independence of character, extraordinary responsiveness - all these traits manifested in him already in early childhood. Dostoevsky began his studies quite early; his mother taught him the alphabet. Later, when they began to prepare him and his brother Mikhail for an educational institution, he studied the Law of God from the deacon, who carried away with his stories from the Holy History not only children, but also parents, and French in half board N.I. Drashusov. In 1834 Dostoevsky entered Herman's boarding school, where he was especially fond of literature lessons. At that time he read Karamzin (especially his story), Zhukovsky, V. Scott, Zagoskin, Lazhechnikov, Narezhnago, Veltman and, of course, the "demigod" Pushkin, whose worship remained with him for the rest of his life. For 16 years Dostoevsky lost his mother and was soon assigned to an engineering school. He could not put up with the barracks spirit that reigned in the school; he was not very much interested in the subjects of teaching; he did not get along with his comrades, he lived in solitude, and acquired a reputation as an "unsociable eccentric." He all goes into literature, reads a lot, thinks even more (see his letters to his brother). Goethe, Schiller, Hoffmann, Balzac, Hugo, Cornelle, Racine, Georges Sand - all this is included in his reading circle, not to mention everything original that appeared in Russian literature. Georges Sand captivated him as "one of the most clairvoyant presenters of a happier future awaiting humanity" ("A Writer's Diary", 1876, June). Georges-zand motives interested him even in the last period of his life. By the beginning of the 40s, his first attempt at independent creativity belongs to the dramas Boris Godunov and Maria Stuart that have not come down to us. Apparently, "Poor People" was also started at the school. In 1843, at the end of the course, Dostoevsky was enlisted in the service of the St. Petersburg engineering team and was sent to the drafting engineering department. His life was still secluded, full of a passionate interest in literature alone. He translates Balzac's Eugene Grandet, as well as Georges Sand and Syu. In the fall of 1844, Dostoevsky resigned, deciding to live only by literary labor and "work hellishly." "Poor people" are already ready, and he dreams of great success: if they pay little in Otechestvennye Zapiski, then 100,000 readers will read it. At the direction of Grigorovich, he gives his first story to Nekrasov in his "Petersburg Collection". The impression she made on Grigorovich, Nekrasov and Belinsky was amazing. Belinsky warmly greeted Dostoevsky as one of the future great artists of the Gogol school. It was the happiest moment in Dostoevsky's youth. Subsequently, remembering him in hard labor, he strengthened his spirit. Dostoevsky was accepted into Belinsky's circle, as one of his equals, he often visited him, and then, probably, the social and human ideals that Belinsky so passionately preached were finally strengthened in him. Dostoevsky's good relations with the circle soon deteriorated. The members of the circle did not know how to spare his morbid pride and often laughed at him. With Belinsky, he still continued to meet, but he was very offended by the bad reviews of his subsequent works, which Belinsky called "nervous nonsense." The success of Poor People had an extremely exciting effect on Dostoevsky. He works nervously and passionately, grasps on many topics, dreaming of "plugging in the belt" both himself and all others. Before his arrest in 1849, Dostoevsky wrote 10 stories, in addition to various sketches and unfinished things. All were published in Otechestvennye Zapiski (with the exception of Roman in 9 Letters, - Contemporary 1847): Double and Prokharchin - 1846; "The Mistress" - 1847; "Weak Heart", "Another's Wife", "Jealous Husband", "Honest Thief", "Christmas Tree and Wedding", "White Nights" - 1848, "Netochka Nezvanova" - 1849 The last story remained unfinished: on the night of April 23, 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed for 8 months ("Little Hero" was written there; published in "Otechestvennye Zapiski" 1857). The reason for his arrest was his involvement in the Petrashevsky case. Dostoevsky got along with the Fourierist circles, the closest was with Durov's circle (where his brother Mikhail was also). He was accused of having attended their meetings, took part in the discussion of various socio-political issues, in particular - the issue of serfdom, rebelled together with others against the severity of censorship, listened to the reading of the Soldier's Conversation, knew about the proposal to start a secret lithograph and read several times at meetings the famous letter from Belinsky to Gogol. He was sentenced to death, but the sovereign replaced it with hard labor for 4 years. On December 22, Dostoevsky, along with other convicts, was brought to the Semyonovsky parade ground, where they underwent the ceremony of announcing the death penalty by execution. The convicts survived all the horror of the "death row", and only at the last moment was it announced to them, as a special favor, the real sentence (for Dostoevsky's feelings at that moment, see "The Idiot"). On the night of December 24-25, Dostoevsky was shackled and sent to Siberia. In Tobolsk he was met by the wives of the Decembrists, and Dostoevsky received the Gospel from them as a blessing, with which he never parted. Then he was sent to Omsk and here in the "Dead House" he served his sentence. In "Notes from the House of the Dead" and even more precisely in letters to his brother (February 22, 1854) and Fonvizina (early March of the same year), he reports about his experiences in hard labor, about his state of mind immediately after leaving there and about those the consequences that she had in his life. He had to experience "all the revenge and persecution that they (convicts) live and breathe towards the nobility." "But the eternal concentration in himself," he writes to his brother, "where I ran away from the bitter reality, has borne fruit." They consisted - as can be seen from the second letter - "in strengthening the religious feeling" that was extinguished "under the influence of the doubts and unbelief of the age." This is what he means, obviously, by the "rebirth of convictions", about which he speaks in the "Diary of a Writer". One must think that penal servitude further deepened the anguish of his soul, increased his ability to painfully analyze the last depths of the human spirit and its sufferings. At the end of the term of hard labor (February 15, 1854 g. ) Dostoevsky was assigned as a private in the Siberian line No. 7 battalion in Semipalatinsk, where he stayed until 1859. Baron A.Ye. Wrangel took him there under his patronage, largely easing his position. We know very little about Dostoevsky's inner life during this period; Baron Wrangel in his "Memoirs" gives only its external appearance. Apparently, he reads a lot (requests for books in letters to his brother), works on "Notes". Here, it seems, the idea of ​​"Crime and Punishment" is already being born. From the external facts of his life, it should be noted his marriage to Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the widow of the overseer for the tavern section (February 6, 1857, in the city of Kuznetsk). Dostoevsky went through a lot of painful and difficult things in connection with his love for her (he met her and fell in love with her during the life of her first husband). On April 18, 1857, Dostoevsky was restored to his former rights; On August 15 of the same year he received the rank of ensign, soon filed a letter of resignation and on March 18, 1859, he was dismissed, with permission to live in Tver. In the same year he published two stories: "Uncle's Dream" ("Russian Word") and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" ("Notes of the Fatherland"). Longing in Tver, striving with all his might to the literary center, Dostoevsky is busy trying to get permission to live in the capital, which he soon receives. In 1860 he was already based in St. Petersburg. All this time Dostoevsky endured extreme material poverty; Maria Dmitrievna was already sick with consumption, and Dostoevsky earned very little from literature. In 1861, together with his brother, he began to publish the Vremya magazine, which immediately gained great success and fully supported them. In it, Dostoevsky publishes his "Humiliated and Insulted" (61 years, books 1 - 7), Notes from the House of the Dead (61 and 62 years old) and a small story "Bad Anecdote" (62 years, 11 books). In the summer of 1862, Dostoevsky traveled abroad for medical treatment, spent time in Paris, London (meeting with Herzen) and Geneva. He described his impressions in the Vremya magazine (Winter Notes on Summer Impressions, 1863, books 2 - 3). Soon the journal was closed for an innocent article by N. Strakhov on the Polish question (1863, May). The Dostoevskys tried to get permission to publish it under a different name, and at the beginning of 64 the Epoch began to appear, but without the previous success. The patient himself, spending all his time in Moscow at the bedside of his dying wife, Dostoevsky almost could not help his brother. The books were compiled in a hurry, extremely late, and there were very few subscribers. April 16, 1864 the wife died; On June 10, Mikhail Dostoevsky died unexpectedly, and on September 25, one of the closest associates, beloved by Dostoevsky, Apollon Grigoriev, died. Blow after blow and a mass of debts finally upset the business, and at the beginning of 1865 "Epoch" ceased to exist (Dostoevsky published "Notes from the Underground" in it, books 1 - 2 and 4, and "Crocodile", in the last book). Dostoevsky had 15,000 rubles in debt and a moral obligation to support the family of his deceased brother and his wife's son from her first husband. At the beginning of July 1865, having somehow settled his financial affairs for a while, Dostoevsky went abroad, to Wiesbaden. Nervously upset, at the edge of despair, whether in the thirst for oblivion or in the hope of winning, he tried to play roulette there and lost to a penny (see the description of the sensations in the novel "The Gambler"). I had to resort to the help of my old friend Wrangel in order to somehow get out of the difficult situation. In November, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg and sold his copyright to Stellovsky, with the obligation to add a new one to his previous works - the novel The Gambler. Then he finished "Crime and Punishment", which soon began to be published in the "Russian Bulletin" (1866, 1 - 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 - 12 books). The impression from this novel was great. Once again, Dostoevsky's name was on everyone's lips. This was facilitated, in addition to the great merits of the novel, and the distant coincidence of its plot with the actual fact: at the time when the novel was already being published, a murder was committed in Moscow for the purpose of robbery by student Danilov, who motivated his crime somewhat similar to Raskolnikov. Dostoevsky was very proud of this artistic insight. In the fall of 1866, in order to fulfill his obligation to Stellovsky by the deadline, he invited the stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina to his place and dictated "The Gambler" to her. On February 15, 1867, she became his wife, and two months later they went abroad, where they stayed for over 4 years (until July 1871). This overseas trip was an escape from creditors who had already filed for foreclosure. On the way he took from Katkov 3000 rubles for the planned novel "The Idiot"; he left most of this money to his brother's family. In Baden-Baden, he was again captivated by the hope of winning and again lost everything: his money, his suit, and even his wife's dresses. I had to make new loans, work desperately, "on postage" (31/2 pages per month) and need the bare essentials. These 4 years, in terms of funds, are the most difficult in his life. His letters are filled with desperate requests for money, all kinds of calculations. His irritability reaches the extreme, which explains the tone and character of his works during this period ("Demons", and partly "The Idiot"), as well as his collision with Turgenev. Driven by need, his creativity went on very intensively; written "The Idiot" ("Russian Bulletin", 68 - 69), "Eternal husband" ("Dawn", 1 - 2 books, 70) and most of the "Demons" ("Russian Bulletin", 71. , 1 - 2, 4, 7, 9 - 12 books and 72 years, 11 - 12 books). In 1867 the "Diary of a Writer" was conceived, at the end of 68 - the novel "Atheism", which later formed the basis of "The Brothers Karamazov". Upon his return to St. Petersburg, the brightest period in the life of Dostoevsky begins. Smart and energetic Anna Grigorievna took all financial affairs into her own hands and quickly corrected them, freeing him from debts. From the beginning of 1873 Dostoevsky became the editor of "Citizen" with a fee of 250 rubles a month, in addition to the fee for the articles. There he reviews foreign policy and publishes feuilletons: "A Writer's Diary". At the beginning of 1874, Dostoevsky already left "Citizen" to work on the novel "Teenager" ("Notes of the Fatherland" in 1975, books 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11 and 12). During this period the Dostoevskys spent the summer months in Staraya Russa, from where in July and August he often left for Ems for treatment; once they stayed there for the winter. From the beginning of 1876 Dostoevsky began to publish his "Diary of a Writer" - a monthly magazine without employees, without a program and departments. In material terms, the success was great: the number of dispersed copies ranged from 4 to 6 thousand. "The Writer's Diary" found a warm response both among its adherents and among its censors, for its sincerity and rare responsiveness to the exciting events of the day. In his political views, Dostoevsky is very close in him to the Slavophiles of the right wing, sometimes even merges with them, and in this respect, The Diary of a Writer is of no particular interest; but it is valuable, firstly, according to memories, and secondly, as a commentary on the artistic work of Dostoevsky: often you find here a hint of some fact that gave impetus to his fantasy, or even a more detailed development of one or another idea touched on in a work of art; There are also quite a few excellent stories and essays in the Diary, sometimes only outlined, sometimes completely finished. Since 1878, Dostoevsky stops "The Diary of a Writer", as if passing away, in order to begin his last legend - "The Brothers Karamazov" ("Russian Bulletin", 79 - 80 years old). "A lot of mine lay in him," he himself says in a letter to I. Aksakov. The novel was a huge success. During the printing of part 2, Dostoevsky was destined to experience the moment of the highest triumph at the Pushkin holiday (June 8, 1880), at which he delivered his famous speech, which led a large audience into indescribable delight. In it, Dostoevsky, with true pathos, expressed his idea of ​​a synthesis between west and east, by merging both principles: general and individual (the speech was published with explanations in the only issue of the "Diary of a Writer" for 1880). It was his swan song, on January 25, 1881, he censored the first issue of the "Diary of a Writer", which he wanted to resume, and on January 28 at 8:38 pm he was no longer alive. In recent years he suffered from emphysema. On the night of 25-26, there was a rupture of the pulmonary artery; he was followed by a seizure of his usual illness - epilepsy. The love of reading Russia for him showed on the day of the funeral. Huge crowds of people saw off his coffin; 72 deputations took part in the procession. All over Russia they responded to his death as a huge social misfortune. Dostoevsky was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra on January 31, 1881 - Characteristics of creativity. From the point of view of the foundations, the main guiding ideas, Dostoevsky's work can be divided into 2 periods: from "Poor People" to "Notes from the Underground" and from "Notes" to the famous speech at the Pushkin holiday. In the first period, he is an ardent admirer of Schiller, Georges Sand and Hugo, an ardent defender of the great ideals of humanism in their usual, generally accepted understanding, the most devoted disciple of Belinsky - a socialist, with his deep pathos, his intense emotion in defending the natural rights of the "last man" is not inferior to himself teacher. In the second, if he does not completely abandon all his previous ideas, then some of them undoubtedly overestimate and, having overestimated, rejects, while some, although they leave, try to put completely different grounds under it. This division is convenient in that it sharply emphasizes that deep crack in his metaphysics, that apparent "degeneration of his convictions", which in fact was revealed very soon after hard labor and - one must think - not without its effect on the acceleration, and perhaps the direction inner mental work. He begins as a faithful student of Gogol, the author of The Overcoat, and understands the duties of an artist-writer, as Belinsky taught. "The most downtrodden last man is also a man and is called your brother" (words spoken by him in "The Humiliated and Insulted") - this is his main idea, the starting point of all his works for the first period. Even the world is the same Gogolian, bureaucratic, at least in most cases. And he, according to the idea, is almost always divided into two parts: on one side there are weak, miserable, downtrodden "officials for writing" or honest, truthful, painfully sensitive dreamers who find comfort and joy in someone else's happiness, and on the other - inflated to the point of losing their human appearance, "their excellencies", in essence, may not be evil at all, but according to their position, as if by duty, distort the lives of their subordinates, and next to them are middle-sized officials claiming to be bonton, imitating their bosses in everything ... Dostoevsky's background is much broader from the very beginning, the plot is more confusing, and more people participate in it; mental analysis is incomparably deeper, the events are outlined brighter, more painful, the sufferings of these little people are expressed too hysterically, almost to the point of cruelty. But these are inalienable properties of his genius, and they not only did not interfere with the glorification of the ideals of humanism, but, on the contrary, further strengthened and deepened their expression. Such are "Poor People", "Double", "Prokharchin", "Novel in 9 Letters" and all other stories published before hard labor. According to the guiding idea, Dostoevsky's first works after hard labor also belong to this category: "The Humiliated and Insulted", "The Village of Stepanchikovo" and even "Notes from the Dead House". Although in the "Notes" the pictures are entirely painted with the gloomy-harsh colors of Dante's hell, although they are imbued with an unusually deep interest in the soul of the criminal, as such, and therefore could be attributed to the second period, nevertheless, here the goal, apparently, is the same: to awaken pity and compassion for the "fallen", to show the moral superiority of the weak over the strong, to discover the presence of the "spark of God" in the hearts of even the most notorious, notorious criminals, on whose foreheads are the stigma of eternal damnation, contempt or hatred of all living in the "norm." Here and there and now and then, Dostoevsky has even earlier come across some strange types - people "with convulsively strained will and inner impotence"; people to whom insult and humiliation give some kind of painful, almost voluptuous pleasure, who already know all the confusion, all the bottomless depth of human experiences, with all the transitional steps between the most opposite feelings, know to the point that they already cease to "distinguish between love and hatred ", they themselves cannot contain (" The Mistress "," White Nights "," Netochka Nezvanova "). But nevertheless, even these people only slightly violate the general appearance of Dostoevsky as the most talented representative of the Gogol school, created mainly thanks to the efforts of Belinsky. "Good" and "Evil" are still in their former places, the former idols of Dostoevsky are sometimes, as it were, forgotten, but they are never offended, they are not subjected to any reappraisal. Dostoevsky sharply distinguishes from the very beginning - and this, perhaps, is the root of his future convictions - an extremely peculiar understanding of the essence of humanism, or, rather, of the being that is taken under the protection of humanism. Gogol's attitude to his hero, as is often the case with a humorist, is purely sentimental. Clearly gives itself to feel a shade of condescension, looking "from top to bottom". Akaky Akakievich, with all our sympathy for him, all the time is in the position of a "little brother". We pity him, sympathize with his grief, but for a single moment do not merge with him entirely, consciously or unconsciously feel our superiority over him. This is him, this is his world, but we, our world, are completely different. The insignificance of his experiences by no means loses its character, but only skillfully hides behind the soft, sad laugh of the writer. At best, Gogol refers to his position as a loving father or an experienced elder brother to the misfortunes of a small, unreasonable child. Dostoevsky is not at all like that. Even in his very first works, he looks at this "last brother" quite seriously, approaches him close, intimately, precisely as a completely equal. He knows - and not with his mind, but with his soul - the absolute value of each personality, whatever its social value. For him, the experiences of the most "useless" being is as sacred and inviolable as the experiences of the greatest figures, the greatest benefactors of this world. There are no "great" and "small", and the point is not that more began to sympathize with the lesser. Dostoevsky immediately transfers the center of gravity to the area of ​​the "heart", the only sphere where equality prevails, and not an equation, where there are no and cannot be any quantitative correlations: every moment there is exclusive, individual. It is this particular feature, by no means arising from some abstract principle, inherent in Dostoevsky alone due to the individual qualities of his nature, and gives his artistic genius that tremendous strength that is needed to rise in the outlining of the inner world of the smallest of the smallest to world level, universal. For Gogol, for those who always evaluate, always compare, such tragic scenes as the funeral of a student or Devushkin's state of mind when Varenka leaves him (Poor People) are simply unthinkable; what is needed here is not recognition in principle, but a sense of the absoluteness of the human "I" and the resulting exceptional ability to become entirely in the place of another, without bending over to him and not raising him to himself. Hence follows the first characteristic feature in the work of Dostoevsky. At first he seems to have a completely objectified image; you feel that the author is somewhat aloof from his hero. But his pathos begins to grow, the process of objectification stops, and then the subject - the creator and the object - the image are already fused together; the experiences of the hero are made by the experiences of the author himself. That is why Dostoevsky's readers have the impression that all his characters speak the same language, that is, in the words of Dostoevsky himself. Other features of his genius, also very early, almost at the very beginning, which manifested themselves in his work, correspond to the same peculiarities of Dostoevsky. Striking is his addiction to depicting the most acute, most intense human torment, an irresistible desire to cross the line beyond which artistry loses its softening power, and pictures of unusually painful, sometimes more terrible than the most terrible reality begin. For Dostoevsky, suffering is an element, the original essence of life, raising those in whom it is most fully embodied to the highest pedestal of fatal doom. All people for him are too individual, exclusive in each of their experiences, absolutely autonomous in the only important and valuable area for him - in the area of ​​the "heart"; they obscure the general background surrounding their reality. Dostoevsky precisely breaks the closed chain of life into separate links, at each given moment so riveting our attention to a single link that we completely forget about its connection with others. The reader immediately enters the most secret side of the human soul, enters in some roundabout way, always lying aside from reason. And this is so unusual that almost all of his faces give the impression of fantastic creatures, with only one side of their own, the most distant, in contact with our world of phenomena, with the kingdom of reason. Hence the very background against which they act - everyday life, the situation - also seems fantastic. And yet the reader does not doubt for a minute that this is the real truth. It is in these features, or rather, in one reason that gives rise to them, that is the source of the bias towards the views of the second period. Everything in the world is relative, including our values, our ideals and aspirations. Humanism, the principle of universal happiness, love and brotherhood, a wonderful harmonious life, the resolution of all issues, the quenching of all pains - in a word, everything we strive for, what we so painfully crave, all this is in the future, in a distant fog, for others, for subsequent, for not existing yet. But what about now with this particular person who has come into the world for the time allotted to her, what about her life, with her torments, what kind of consolation can I give her? Sooner or later, but inevitably a moment must come when a person will protest with all the strength of his soul against all these distant ideals, demand, and above all from himself, exclusive attention to his short-term life. Of all the theories of happiness, the most painful for a given personality is positively sociological, which is most consistent with the prevailing scientific spirit. She proclaims the principle of relativity both in quantity and in time: she means only the majority, undertakes to strive for the relative happiness of this relative majority, and sees the approach of this happiness only in a more or less distant future. Dostoevsky begins his second period with a merciless criticism of positive morality and positive happiness, with the debunking of our dearest ideals, since they are based on such a cruel foundation for a single personality. In "Notes from the Underground" the first antithesis is put forward very strongly: "I and Society" or "I and Humanity", and the second is already outlined: "I and the World." For 40 years a man lived in the "underground"; digging in his soul, tormented, realizing his own and others' insignificance; more morally and physically, he strove somewhere, did something and did not notice how life went stupidly, disgustingly, boringly, without a single bright moment, without a single drop of joy. Lived a life, and now persistently pursues a painful question: what for? Who needed it? Who needed all of his suffering, which distorted his entire being? But he, too, once believed in all these ideals, also saved someone or was going to save, worshiped Schiller, wept over the fate of his "little brother", as if there was someone else less than him. How can we live through the pale remnant years? Where to look for consolation? It does not exist and cannot be. Despair, boundless anger - that's what he was left with as a result of life. And he brings out this anger of his, hurls his bullying in the face of people. All lies, stupid self-deception, stupid game of spillikins of stupid, insignificant people, in their blindness bothering about something, worshiping something, some stupid invented fetishes that do not stand up to any criticism. At the cost of all his torment, at the cost of all his ruined life, he bought his right to the merciless cynicism of the following words: for me to have tea and whether the world should die, I will say: "I want tea and let the world perish." If the world does not care about him, if history in its progressive movement ruthlessly destroys everyone along the way, if the ghostly improvement of life is achieved at the cost of so many sacrifices, so much suffering, then he does not accept such a life, such a world - does not accept in the name of his absolute rights, as a single time of an existing personality. And what can they object to him: positivistic-social ideals, the coming harmony, the crystal kingdom? The happiness of future generations, if it can console anyone, is a complete fiction: it is based on a wrong calculation or an outright lie. It assumes that as soon as a person finds out what his benefits are, he will immediately and certainly begin to strive for it, and the benefit is to live in harmony, to obey common established norms. But who decided that a person is looking only for benefits? After all, it seems only from the point of view of reason, but reason plays the least role in life, and it is not for him to curb the passions, the eternal striving for chaos, for destruction. At the very last moment, when the crystal palace is about to be completed, there will certainly be some gentleman with a retrograde physiognomy, who will put his hands on his hips and say to all people: "Why, gentlemen, should we not push all this prudence at once , with the sole purpose that all these logarithms go to hell and that we will live again of our own stupid will, "even if in misfortune. And he will certainly find followers for himself, and not even a few, so all this gimmick called history will have to start all over again. For "your own, free and free will, your own, even the wildest whim, your own fantasy - this is all that missed, the most profitable benefit that does not fit into any classification and from which all systems , all theories go to hell all the time. " This is how a man from the "underground" is malignant; Dostoevsky reaches such a frenzy, standing up for the ruined life of an individual person. It was the ardent student of Belinsky who, together with his teacher, who recognized the absoluteness of the beginning of the personality, could come to this conclusion. The whole future destructive work of Dostoevsky is also inscribed here. In the future, he will only deepen these thoughts, evoke from the underworld more and more forces of chaos - all passions, all ancient human instincts, in order to finally prove the entire inconsistency of the usual foundations of our morality, all its weakness in the fight against these forces and thereby clear the ground for another justification - mystical and religious. Raskolnikov, the hero of one of the most brilliant works in world literature: "Crime and Punishment", fully assimilates the thoughts of a man "from the underground". Raskolnikov is a consistent nihilist, much more consistent than Bazarov. Its basis is atheism, and his whole life, all his actions are just logical conclusions from it. If there is no God, if all our categorical imperatives are just a fiction, if ethics can thus be explained only as a product of certain social relations, then wouldn't it be more correct, or more scientific, the so-called double-entry bookkeeping of morality: one - for gentlemen, the other is for slaves? And he creates his theory, his ethics, according to which he allows himself to violate our main norm, which prohibits the shedding of blood. People are divided into ordinary and extraordinary, into the crowd and heroes. The first is a cowardly, submissive mass, according to which the prophet has every right to fire from cannons: "obey, trembling creature, and do not reason." The second are brave, proud, born masters, Napoleons, Caesars, Alexandra the Great. By this, everything is allowed. They themselves are the creators of laws, the setters of all values. Their path is always strewn with corpses, but they calmly step over them, carrying with them new higher values. It's up to everyone to decide for himself and for himself who he is. Raskolnikov decided and sheds blood. This is his scheme. Dostoevsky puts into it a content of extraordinary genius, where the iron logic of thought merges together with the subtle knowledge of the human soul. Raskolnikov kills not an old woman, but a principle, and until the last minute, being already in hard labor, does not recognize himself as guilty. His tragedy is not at all a consequence of remorse, revenge on the part of the "norm" he has violated; it is completely different; she is all in the consciousness of her insignificance, in the deepest resentment, for which only fate is to blame: he turned out to be not a hero, he did not dare - he, too, is a trembling creature, and this is unbearable for him. He was not resigned; to whom or to what should he accept? There is nothing obligatory, there is no categorical; and people are even smaller, stupider, nastier, more cowardly than him. Now in his soul there is a feeling of complete isolation from life, from the people most dear to him, from everyone who lives in the norm and with the norm. This is how the starting point of the "underground man" becomes more complicated. In the novel, a number of other persons are also displayed. And as always, deeply tragic and interesting are only the fallen, martyrs of their passions or ideas, struggling in torment on the verge of a line, sometimes crossing it, then executing themselves for having crossed (Svidrigailov, Marmeladov). The author is already close to resolving the questions he posed: to the abolition of all antitheses in God and in the belief in immortality. Sonya Marmeladova also violates the norm, but God is with her, and this is her inner salvation, her special truth, the motive of which deeply penetrates the entire gloomy symphony of the novel. In The Idiot, Dostoevsky's next great novel, the criticism of positive morality and, along with it, the first antithesis is somewhat weakened. Rogozhin and Nastasya Filippovna are simply martyrs of their irresistible passions, victims of internal contradictions that tear the soul apart. The motives of cruelty, unbridled voluptuousness, gravitation towards Sodom - in a word, Karamazovism - are already sounding here with all their terrible catastrophic power. Of the minor ones - after all, all the images, including Rogozhin and Nastasya Filippovna, are conceived only as a background for Prince Myshkin - these motives become the main ones, captivate the tense soul of the artist, and he reveals them in all their breathtaking breadth. The more the second antithesis, even more painful for man, is put forward: I and the world or I and the cosmos, I and nature. Few pages are devoted to this antithesis, and one of the secondary characters, Hippolytus, puts it, but its gloomy spirit hovers over the entire work. The whole meaning of the novel changes under its aspect. Dostoevsky's thought goes along the following path, as it were. Can even those chosen ones, Napoleons, be happy? How can a person live without God in his soul, with only one mind, since there are inexorable laws of nature, the all-consuming mouth of a "terrible, dumb, mercilessly cruel beast" is eternally open, ready to devour you every moment? Let a person put up in advance with the fact that all life consists in continually eating each other, let, accordingly, take care of only one thing, in order to somehow save a place at the table, so that he himself can eat as many people as possible; but what joy can there be in life at all, once a time is set for it, and with every moment the fatal, inexorable end is moving closer and closer? Even Dostoevsky's "underground" man thinks that the rational capacity is only one twentieth part of the entire capacity to live; the mind knows only what it has managed to learn, and human nature acts as a whole, with everything that is in it, consciously and unconsciously. But in this very nature, in her unconscious, there are depths where, perhaps, the true answer to life is hidden. Among the raging passions, amid the noisy and colorful worldly vanity, only Prince Myshkin was bright in spirit, although not joyful. For him alone, gaps in the mystical area are open. He knows all the powerlessness of the mind in resolving eternal problems, but with his soul he senses other possibilities. Foolish, "blessed", he is clever with a higher mind, comprehends everything with his heart, with his insides. Through the "sacred" illness, in a few unspeakably happy seconds before a seizure, he learns the highest harmony, where everything is clear, meaningful and justified. Prince Myshkin is sick, abnormal, fantastic - and yet it is felt that he is the healthiest, strongest, most normal of all. In depicting this image, Dostoevsky reached one of the highest heights of creativity. Here Dostoevsky embarked on a straight path to his mystical sphere, in the center of which Christ and the belief in immortality are the only unshakable foundation of morality. The next novel, The Demons, is another daring ascent. It contains two parts that are uneven in both quantity and quality. In one - evil criticism, reaching as far as caricatures, of the social movement of the 70s and its old inspirers, the reassured, self-righteous priests of humanism. The latter are ridiculed in the person of Karmazinov and the old man Verkhovensky, in which they see disfigured images of Turgenev and Granovsky. This is one of the shadow sides, of which there are many in Dostoevsky's journalistic activities. Another part of the novel is important and valuable, which depicts a group of persons with "theoretically irritated hearts" struggling to resolve world issues, exhausted in the struggle of all kinds of desires, passions and ideas. The former problems, the former antitheses, pass here into their last stage, in opposition: "The God-Man and the Man-God." Stavrogin's tense will equally gravitates towards the upper and lower abyss, towards God and towards the devil, towards the pure Madonna and towards the sins of Sodom. Therefore, he is able to simultaneously preach the ideas of God-manhood and man-deity. The first is Shatov, the second is Kirillov; he himself is not captured by either one or the other. He is hindered by his "inner powerlessness", weakness of desires, inability to ignite with either thought or passion. There is something of Pechorin in him: nature gave him great strength, a great mind, but in his soul there is a deadly cold, his heart is indifferent to everything. He is deprived of some mysterious, but most necessary sources of life, and his last destiny is suicide. Shatov also perishes unfinished; Kirillov alone carries out the idea of ​​humanity that he has assimilated to the end. The pages devoted to him are amazing in terms of the depth of mental analysis. Kirillov - at a certain limit; one more movement, and he seems to comprehend the whole mystery. And he, like Prince Myshkin, also has seizures of epilepsy, and in the last few moments he is given a feeling of supreme bliss, all-permissive harmony. Longer - he says himself - the human body is not able to withstand such happiness; it seems that one more moment - and life would end by itself. Perhaps these seconds of bliss give him the courage to oppose himself to God. There is in him some kind of unconscious religious feeling, but it is littered with the tireless work of reason, its scientific convictions, his confidence as a mechanical engineer that all cosmic life can and should be explained only by mechanical means. The languor of Ippolit (in The Idiot), his horror before the inexorable laws of nature - this is Kirillov's starting point. Yes, the most offensive, the most terrible thing for a person, with which he absolutely cannot put up, is death. In order to somehow get rid of her, from her fear, man creates a fiction, invents God, at whose bosom he seeks salvation. God is the fear of death. This fear must be destroyed, and God will die with it. For this, it is necessary to show self-will, in its entirety. No one has yet dared to kill himself like that, without any extraneous reason. But he, Kirillov, will dare and thus prove that he is not afraid of her. And then the greatest world revolution will take place: man will take the place of God, become a man-god, for, having ceased to be afraid of death, he will physically begin to be reborn, finally overcome the mechanicalness of nature and will live forever. This is how a person measures up against God, dreaming of overcoming Him in a half-delusional fantasy. Kirillov's God is not in three persons, there is no Christ here; it is the same cosmos, the deification of the same mechanicalness that so frightens him. But it cannot be mastered without Christ, without faith in the Resurrection and in the resulting miracle of immortality. The suicide scene is stunning for the terrible agony that Kirillov is going through in his inhuman horror before the coming end. - In the next, less successful novel "Teenager", the pathos of thought is somewhat weaker, comparatively less and mental tension. There are variations on previous themes, but already complicated by somewhat different motives. It is as if the possibility of overcoming the previous extreme denials is outlined by a person, and in our everyday sense healthy. The protagonist of the novel, a teenager, knows the distant echoes of Raskolnikov's theory - the division of people into "daring" and "trembling creatures." He would also like to rank himself among the first, but not in order to cross the "line", to violate the "norms": there are other aspirations in his soul - a thirst for "good looks", a presentiment of synthesis. He, too, is attracted to Wille zur Macht, but not in the usual manifestations. He bases his activity on the original idea of ​​the "stingy knight" - the acquisition of power through money, assimilates it entirely up to: "I have had enough of this consciousness." But, being alive, mobile by nature, he paints such a consciousness for himself not as tranquility in contemplation alone: ​​he wants to feel mighty for just a few minutes, and then he will give out everything and go into the desert to celebrate even greater freedom - freedom from the mundane. hustle and bustle, on your own. Thus, the highest recognition of one's "I", the highest affirmation of one's personality, thanks to the organic presence in the soul of the elements of Christianity, at the very last edge turns into its negation, into asceticism. Another hero of the novel, Versilov, also gravitates towards synthesis. He is one of the rare representatives of the world idea, "the highest cultural type of concern for everyone"; torn apart by contradictions, he languishes under the yoke of an incredibly huge egoism. There may be a thousand like him, not more; but for their sake, perhaps, Russia existed. The mission of the Russian people is to create, through this thousand, such a general idea that would unite all the particular ideas of the European peoples, merge them into a single whole. This idea of ​​the Russian mission, which is dearest to Dostoevsky, is varied by him in different ways in a whole series of journalistic articles; it was already in the mouths of Myshkin and Shatov, it is repeated in The Brothers Karamazov, but its bearer, as a separate image, as if specially created for this, is only Versilov. - "The Brothers Karamazov" is the last, most powerful artistic word of Dostoevsky. Here is a synthesis of his entire life, all his intense searches in the field of thought and creativity. Everything that he wrote before is nothing more than ascending steps, partial attempts at embodiment. According to the main idea, Alyosha was to be the central figure. In the history of mankind, ideas die out and along with them people, their carriers, but they are replaced by new ones. The situation in which mankind has now found itself cannot continue any longer. There is the greatest confusion in my soul; on the ruins of old values, an exhausted person bends under the weight of eternal questions, having lost all justifying meaning of life. But this is not absolute death: here is the torment of the birth of a new religion, a new morality, a new person who must unite - first in himself, and then in action - all the private ideas that until then guided life, to illuminate everything with a new light, to answer everyone's hearing to all questions. Dostoevsky managed to complete only the first part of the plan. In those 14 books that have been written, birth is only being prepared, a new being is only outlined, attention is mainly paid to the tragedy of the end of the old life. The last blasphemous cry of all its deniers, who have lost their last foundations, sounds powerfully over the entire work: "Everything is allowed!" Against the background of spider voluptuousness - Karamazovism - the naked human soul is ominously illuminated, disgusting in its passions (Fedor Karamazov and his bastard son Smerdyakov), unrestrained in its falls and yet helplessly restless, deeply tragic (Dmitry and Ivan). Events are rushing by with extraordinary speed, and in their impetuous run there is a mass of sharply outlined images - old, familiar from previous creations, but here deepened and new, from different strata, classes and ages. And they all got entangled in one strong knot, doomed to death, physical or spiritual. Here the acuteness of analysis reaches its extreme dimensions, reaches cruelty, to torture. All this is, as it were, the foundation on which the most tragic figure rises - Ivan, this defender, the plaintiff for all people, for all the suffering of mankind. In his rebellious cry, in his rebellion against Christ himself, all the groans and cries that emanated from the lips of men merged. What meaning can there still be in our life, what values ​​should we worship, since the whole world is in evil and even God cannot justify it, since the Chief Architect himself built it and continues to build every day with tears already, in any case, innocent of anything creatures - a child. And how can you accept such a world, so falsely, so cruelly built, if even there is God and immortality, there was and will be the Resurrection? The future harmony in the second coming - no longer positivistic, but the most real, genuine universal happiness and forgiveness - can really pay off, justify at least one tear of a child hunted by dogs or shot by the Turks at the very second when he smiled at them with his innocent childish smile? No, Ivan would rather remain outside the threshold of the crystal palace, with his unrevenged resentment, but he will not allow the mother of a tortured child to embrace his tormentor: for herself, for her maternal torments, she can still forgive, but she should not, she dare not forgive for torment your child. So Dostoevsky, once accepting the "last man" in his heart, recognizing his feelings as absolute value in itself, took his side against everyone: against society, the world and God, carried his tragedy through all his works, elevated it to the level of a world, brought it to struggle against himself, against his own last refuge, against Christ. This is where the "Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" begins - the final idea of ​​this final creation. The entire thousand-year history of mankind is focused on this great duel, on this strange, fantastic meeting of a 90-year-old old man with a second coming Savior, who descended on the haystones of weeping Castile. And when the elder, in the role of the accuser, tells Him that He did not foresee the future history, was too proud in His demands, overestimated the Divine in man, did not save him, that the world had turned away from Him for a long time, left along the path of the Smart Spirit and would follow him to the end that he, the old inquisitor, is obliged to correct His feat, to become the head of the feeble suffering people and at least deceive them to give them the illusion of what was rejected by Him during the three great temptations - then in these deeply sorrowful speeches it is clear self-mockery is heard, Dostoevsky's revolt against himself. After all, the discovery that Alyosha makes: "Your inquisitor does not believe in God" still saves little from his murderous arguments. No wonder, just about the "Grand Inquisitor" Dostoevsky burst out the following words: "Through a great furnace of doubts, my hosanna came." In the written parts, there is one crucible of doubts: his hosanna, Alyosha and the elder Zosima, are strongly obscured by the greatness of his denials. This is how the artistic paths of the martyr Dostoevsky come to an end. In his last work, again, with titanic power, the same motives as in the first one sounded: pain for the "last man", boundless love for him and for his suffering, willingness to fight for him, for the absoluteness of his rights, with everyone, not excluding God. Belinsky would certainly have recognized him as his former student. - Bibliography. 1. Editions: the first posthumous collected works of 1883; publication by A. Marx (supplement to the magazine "Niva" 1894 - 1895); edition 7, A. Dostoevskaya, in 14 volumes, 1906; edition 8, "Enlightenment", the most complete: here are variants, excerpts and articles that were not included in previous editions (the supplement to "Demons" is valuable). - II. Biographical information: O. Miller "Materials for the biography of Dostoevsky", and N. Strakhov "Memories of FM Dostoevsky" (both in the I volume of the 1883 edition); G. Vetrinsky "Dostoevsky in the memoirs of contemporaries, letters and notes" ("Historical Literary Library", Moscow, 1912); Baron A. Wrangel "Memories of Dostoevsky in Siberia" (St. Petersburg, 1912); The collection "Petrashevtsy", edited by V.V. Callash; Vengerov "Petrashevtsy" ("Encyclopedic Dictionary" Brockhaus-Efron); Akhsharumov "Memories of Petrashevts"; A. Koni "Essays and Memories" (1906) and "On the Path of Life" (1912, vol. II). - III. Criticism and bibliography: a) About creativity in general: N. Mikhailovsky "Cruel Talent" (vol. V, pp. 1 - 78); G. Uspensky (vol. III, pp. 333 - 363); O. Miller "Russian Writers after Gogol"; S. Vengerov, "Sources of the Dictionary of Russian Writers" (vol. II, pp. 297 - 307); Vladislavlev "Russian Writers" (Moscow, 1913); V. Soloviev, "Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky" (works, vol. III, pp. 169 - 205); V. Chizh "Dostoevsky as a Psychopathologist" (Moscow, 1885); N. Bazhenov "Psychiatric conversation" (Moscow, 1903); Kirpichnikov "Essays on the History of New Literature" (vol. I, Moscow, 1903); V. Pereverzev "Works of Dostoevsky" (Moscow, 1912). From the latest trends in the field of criticism about Dostoevsky: V. Rozanov "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" (edition 3, St. Petersburg, 1906); S. Andreevsky "Literary Sketches" (3rd edition, St. Petersburg. , 1902); D. Merezhkovsky "Tolstoy and Dostoevsky" (5th edition, 1911); L. Shestov "Dostoevsky and Nietzsche" (St. Petersburg, 1903); V. Veresaev "Living Life" (Moscow, 1911); Volzhsky "Two Sketches" (1902); his "Dostoevsky's Religious and Moral Problem" ("The World of God", 6-8 books, 1905); S. Bulgakov, collection "Literary Business" (St. Petersburg, 1902); Y. Eichenwald "Silhouettes" (vol. II); A. Gornfeld "Books and People" (St. Petersburg, 1908); V. Ivanov "Dostoevsky and the novel-tragedy" ("Russian Thought", 5 - 6, 1911); A. Bely "The Tragedy of Creativity" (Moscow, 1911); A. Volynsky "On Dostoevsky" (2nd edition, St. Petersburg, 1909); A. Zakrzhevsky "Underground" (Kiev, 1911); his "Karamazovshchina" (Kiev, 1912). - b) On individual works: V. Belinsky, vol. IV, Pavlenkov's edition ("Poor People"); him, v. X ("Double") and XI ("Mistress"); I. Annensky "The Book of Reflections" ("Double" and "Prokharchin"); N. Dobrolyubov "Downed People" (vol. III), about "Humiliated and Insulted". About "Notes from the House of the Dead" - D. Pisarev ("The Dead and Perishing", vol. V). "On" Crime and Punishment ": D. Pisarev (" The Struggle for Life ", vol. VI); N. Mikhailovsky (" Literary Memoirs and Contemporary Troubles ", vol. II, pp. 366 - 367); I. Annensky ( "The Book of Reflections", vol. II). About "Demons": N. Mikhailovsky (op. Vol. I, pp. 840 - 872); A. Volynsky ("The Book of Great Wrath"). About "The Brothers Karamazov": S Bulgakov ("From Marxism to Idealism"; 1904, pp. 83 - 112); A. Volynsky ("The Kingdom of the Karamazovs"); V. Rozanov ("The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor"). On the "Writer's Diary": N. Mikhailovsky (in the collected works); Gorshkov (MA Protopopov) "Preacher of the new word" ("Russian Bogatstvo", 8th book, 1880) Foreign criticism: Brandes "Deutsche literarische Volkshefte", No. 3 (B., 1889); K. Saitschik "Die Weltanschauung D. und Tolstojs" (1893); N. Hoffman "Th. M. D. "(B., 1899); E. Zabel" Russische Litteraturbilder "(B., 1899); Dr. Poritsky" Heine D., Gorkij "(1902); Jos. Muller" D. - ein Litteraturbild "(Munich, 1903); Segaloff" Die Krankheit D. "(Heidelberg, 1906); Hennequi" Etudes de crit. scientif. "(P., 1889); Vogue" Nouvelle bibliotheque popoulaire. D. "(P., 1891); Gide" D. d "apres sa correspondance" (1911); Turner "Modern Novelists of Russia" (1890); M. Baring "Landmarks in Russian Literature" (1910). See the free work of M. Zaydman: "F. M. Dostoevsky in Western Literature". A more complete bibliography - A. Dostoevskaya "Bibliographic Index of Works and Works of Art Relating to the Life and Work of Dostoevsky"; V. Zelinsky "Critical commentary on the works of Dostoevsky" (bibliography up to 1905. ); I.I. Zamotin "FM Dostoevsky in Russian Criticism" (Part I, 1846 - 1881, Warsaw, 1913). A. Dolinin.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

Was born in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1789-1839), was a doctor (head physician) at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, in 1828 he was promoted to a hereditary nobleman. In 1831 he acquired the village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, in 1833 the neighboring village of Chermoshnia. In raising his children, his father was an independent, educated, caring family man, but he had a quick-tempered and suspicious character. After the death of his wife in 1837, he retired and settled in Darovoe. According to documents, he died of apoplectic stroke; according to the recollections of relatives and oral legends, he was killed by his peasants. Mother, Maria Fedorovna (née Nechaeva; 1800-1837). The Dostoevsky family had six more children: Mikhail, Varvara (1822-1893), Andrei, Vera (1829-1896), Nikolai (1831-1883), Alexandra (1835-1889).

In 1833, Dostoevsky was given to NI Drashusov's half-board; he and brother Mikhail went there "every morning and returned to dinner." From the fall of 1834 to the spring of 1837, Dostoevsky attended the private boarding school of L.I.Chermak, in which the astronomer D.M. The teacher of the Russian language N.I.Bilevich played a certain role in the spiritual development of Dostoevsky. Memories of the boarding house served as material for many of the writer's works.

Hardly enduring the death of his mother, which coincided with the news of the death of A.S. Pushkin (which he perceived as a personal loss), Dostoevsky in May 1837 went with his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg and entered the preparatory boarding school of KF Kostomarov. At the same time, he met I.N.Shidlovsky, whose religious and romantic mood captivated Dostoevsky. Since January 1838, Dostoevsky studied at the Main Engineering School, describing his usual day as follows: "... from early morning until evening, we barely have time to follow the lectures in the classroom. ... , singing ... they put on guard, and all the time goes by in this ... ". The heavy impression of the "convict years" of the doctrine was partially brightened up by friendly relations with V. Grigorovich, doctor A. E. Rizenkampf, duty officer A. I. Saveliev, artist K. A. Trutovsky.

Even on the way to St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky mentally "composed a novel from Venetian life," and in 1838 told Riesenkampf "about his own literary experiences." A literary circle was formed in the school around Dostoevsky. On February 16, 1841, at an evening hosted by brother Mikhail on the occasion of his departure to Revel, Dostoevsky read excerpts from two of his dramatic works - "Mary Stuart" and "Boris Godunov".

Dostoevsky informed his brother about the work on the drama "Zhid Yankel" in January 1844. The manuscripts of the dramas have not survived, but already from their names the literary hobbies of the novice writer emerge: Schiller, Pushkin, Gogol. After the death of his father, the relatives of the writer's mother took care of Dostoevsky's younger brothers and sisters, and Fyodor and Mikhail received a small inheritance. After graduating from college (end of 1843), he was enrolled as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the Petersburg engineering team, but already at the beginning of the summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself entirely to literature, he resigned and resigned with the rank of lieutenant.

In January 1844, Dostoevsky completed the translation of Balzac's story "Eugene Grande", whom he was especially fond of at that time. The translation was Dostoevsky's first published literary work. In 1844 he began and in May 1845, after numerous alterations, he finished the novel Poor People.

The novel Poor People, whose connection with Pushkin's Stationmaster and Gogol's Overcoat was emphasized by Dostoevsky himself, was an exceptional success. Based on the traditions of a physiological sketch, Dostoevsky creates a realistic picture of the life of the "downtrodden" inhabitants of the "Petersburg corners", a gallery of social types from the street beggar to "his excellency."

Summer 1845 (like the next) Dostoevsky spent in Revel with his brother Mikhail. In the fall of 1845, upon his return to St. Petersburg, he often met with Belinsky. In October, the writer, together with Nekrasov and Grigorovich, compiles an anonymous program announcement for the almanac "Zuboskal" (03, 1845, No. 11), and in early December, at an evening at Belinsky's, reads the chapters of "The Double" (03, 1846, No. 2), in which for the first time gives a psychological analysis of the split consciousness, "duality".

The story "Mister Prokharchin" (1846) and the story "The Hostess" (1847), in which many motives, ideas and characters of Dostoevsky's works of the 1860-1870s were sketched, were not understood by modern criticism. Belinsky also radically changed his attitude towards Dostoevsky, condemning the "fantastic" element, "pretentiousness", "mannerism" of these works. In other works of the young Dostoevsky - in the stories "Weak Heart", "White Nights", the cycle of acute social and psychological feuilletons "The Petersburg Chronicle" and the unfinished novel "Netochka Nezvanova" - the problems of the writer's work are expanded, psychologism is enhanced with a characteristic emphasis on the analysis of the most complex, elusive internal phenomena.

At the end of 1846, there was a cooling in the relationship between Dostoevsky and Belinsky. Later, he also had a conflict with the editors of Sovremennik: Dostoevsky's suspicious, arrogant character played an important role here. Mockery of the writer by recent friends (especially Turgenev, Nekrasov), the harsh tone of Belinsky's critical reviews about his works were acutely felt by the writer. At about this time, according to the testimony of Dr. S.D. Yanovsky, Dostoevsky developed the first symptoms of epilepsy. The writer is burdened by exhausting work for Otechestvennye zapiski. Poverty forced him to take on any literary work (in particular, he edited articles for the "Reference Encyclopedic Dictionary" by A. V. Starchevsky).

In 1846, Dostoevsky became close to the Maikov family, regularly attends the literary and philosophical circle of the Beketov brothers, in which V. Maikov headed, and A.N. Maikov and A.N. Pleshcheev are Dostoevsky's friends. From March-April 1847 Dostoevsky became a visitor to MV Butashevich-Petrashevsky's "Fridays". He also participates in the organization of a secret printing house for printing appeals to the peasants and soldiers. Dostoevsky's arrest took place on April 23, 1849; when arrested, his archive was confiscated and, probably, destroyed in Section III. Dostoevsky spent 8 months in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress under investigation, during which he showed courage, hiding many facts and trying to mitigate the guilt of his comrades as much as possible. He was recognized by the investigation as "one of the most important" among the Petrashevites, guilty of "intent to overthrow the existing domestic laws and state order." The initial verdict of the military court commission read: "... the retired engineer-lieutenant Dostoevsky, for failure to report the spread of the letter of the writer Belinsky, which is criminal about religion and the government, and the malicious composition of Lieutenant Grigoriev, to deprive the ranks, all rights of the state and subject the death penalty to execution." On December 22, 1849, Dostoevsky, together with others, awaited execution of the death sentence on the Semyonovsky parade ground. By the resolution of Nicholas I, the execution was replaced by a 4-year hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers.

On the night of December 24, Dostoevsky was sent in chains from Petersburg. On January 10, 1850, he arrived in Tobolsk, where the writer met with the wives of the Decembrists - P.E. Annenkova, A.G. Muravyova and N.D. Fonvizina; they gave him the gospel, which he kept all his life. From January 1850 to 1854 Dostoevsky, together with Durov, served hard labor as a "laborer" in the Omsk fortress. In January 1854 he was enlisted as a private in the 7th Line Battalion (Semipalatinsk) and was able to renew his correspondence with his brother Mikhail and A. Maikov. In November 1855, Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and after long troubles of the prosecutor Wrangel and other Siberian and Petersburg acquaintances (including E.I. Totleben) - to ensign; in the spring of 1857, the hereditary nobility and the right to publish were returned to the writer, but police supervision over him remained until 1875.

In 1857 Dostoevsky married the widowed M.D. Isaeva, who, in his words, was "a woman of the most sublime and enthusiastic soul ... The idealist was in the full sense of the word ... both pure and naive, moreover, she was just like a child." The marriage was not happy: Isaeva agreed after long hesitations that tormented Dostoevsky. In Siberia, the writer began work on memories of hard labor (the "Siberian" notebook containing folklore, ethnographic and diary entries served as a source for "Notes from the Dead House" and many other books by Dostoevsky). In 1857, his brother published the story "Little Hero", written by Dostoevsky in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Having created two "provincial" comic stories - "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants", Dostoevsky entered into negotiations with M.N. Katkov, Nekrasov, A.A. Kraevsky. However, modern criticism did not appreciate and passed over in almost complete silence these first works of the "new" Dostoevsky.

On March 18, 1859, Dostoevsky was dismissed "due to illness" to retire with the rank of second lieutenant, and received permission to live in Tver (with the prohibition of entry into the Petersburg and Moscow provinces). On July 2, 1859, he left Semipalatinsk with his wife and stepson. From 1859 - in Tver, where he renewed his previous literary acquaintances and made new ones. Later, the chief of the gendarmes notified the Tver governor of Dostoevsky's permission to live in Petersburg, where he arrived in December 1859.

Dostoevsky's intensive activity combined editorial work on "other people's" manuscripts with the publication of his own articles, polemical notes, notes, and most importantly, works of art. The novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" is a transitional work, a kind of return at a new stage of development to the motives of the art of the 1840s, enriched by the experience of what was experienced and felt in the 1850s; it has very strong autobiographical motives. At the same time, the novel contained the features of the plots, style and heroes of the works of the late Dostoevsky. "Notes from the House of the Dead" had a huge success.

In Siberia, according to Dostoevsky, "gradually and after a very, very long time," his "convictions" have changed. The essence of these changes, Dostoevsky formulated in the most general form as "a return to the national root, to the recognition of the Russian soul, to the recognition of the spirit of the people." In the journals Vremya and Epoha, the Dostoevsky brothers appeared as the ideologists of "pochvennichestvo" - a specific modification of the ideas of Slavophilism. "Soilism" was rather an attempt to outline the contours of a "general idea", to find a platform that would reconcile Westernizers and Slavophiles, "civilization" and the popular principle. Skeptical about the revolutionary ways of transforming Russia and Europe, Dostoevsky expressed these doubts in works of art, articles and announcements of Vremya, in sharp polemics with the publications of Sovremennik. The essence of Dostoevsky's objections is the possibility, after the reform, of rapprochement between the government and the intelligentsia with the people, their peaceful cooperation. Dostoevsky continues this polemic in the story "Notes from the Underground" ("Epoch", 1864) - a philosophical and artistic prelude to the "ideological" novels of the writer.

Dostoevsky wrote: “I am proud that for the first time I brought out the real man of the Russian majority and for the first time exposed his ugly and tragic side. Tragicism consists in the consciousness of ugliness. it and, most importantly, in the vivid conviction of these unfortunates that everyone is like that, and therefore, it is not worth correcting! "

In June 1862 Dostoevsky went abroad for the first time; visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England. In August 1863 the writer went abroad for the second time. In Paris, he met with A.P. Suslova, whose dramatic relationship (1861-1866) was reflected in the novel The Gambler, The Idiot and other works. In Baden-Baden, carried away, by the recklessness of his nature, playing roulette, "all, completely to the ground" is played; this long-term passion for Dostoevsky is one of the qualities of his passionate nature. In October 1863 he returned to Russia. Until mid-November he lived with his sick wife in Vladimir, and at the end of 1863 - April 1864 - in Moscow, visiting St. Petersburg on business.

1864 brought heavy losses to Dostoevsky. On April 15, his wife died of consumption. The personality of Maria Dmitrievna, as well as the circumstances of their "unhappy" love, were reflected in many works of Dostoevsky (in particular, in the images of Katerina Ivanovna - "Crime and Punishment" and Nastasya Filippovna - "The Idiot"). On June 10, M.M. died. Dostoevsky. On September 26, Dostoevsky is present at the funeral of Grigoriev. After his brother's death, Dostoevsky took upon himself the publication of the Epoch magazine, burdened with a great debt and lagging behind by 3 months; the magazine began to appear more regularly, but a sharp drop in subscriptions in 1865 forced the writer to stop publishing. He remained indebted to creditors about 15 thousand rubles, which he was able to pay only by the end of his life. In an effort to provide conditions for work, Dostoevsky signed a contract with F.T. Stellovsky to publish his collected works and undertook to write a new novel for him by November 1, 1866.

In the spring of 1865, Dostoevsky was a frequent guest of the family of General V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, whose eldest daughter A.V. Korvin-Krukovskaya he was greatly attracted by. In July, he left for Wiesbaden, from where in the fall of 1865 he offered Katkov a story for the Russian Bulletin, which later grew into a novel. In the summer of 1866, Dostoevsky was in Moscow and at his dacha in the village of Lyublino, near the family of his sister Vera Mikhailovna, where at night he wrote the novel Crime and Punishment.

"The psychological account of one crime" became the plot line of the novel, the main idea of ​​which Dostoevsky outlined as follows: "Unsolvable questions rise before the murderer, unsuspected and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, the earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being forced I am compelled to die in hard labor, but to join the people again ... ". Petersburg and "current reality", a wealth of social characters, "a whole world of estate and professional types" are accurately and multifacetedly depicted in the novel, but this is a reality transformed and discovered by the artist, whose gaze penetrates to the very essence of things. Intense philosophical disputes, prophetic dreams, confessions and nightmares, grotesque caricature scenes that naturally turn into tragic, symbolic meetings of heroes, the apocalyptic image of a ghost town are organically linked in Dostoevsky's novel. The novel, in the words of the author himself, was "extremely successful" and raised his "reputation as a writer."

In 1866, the expiring contract with the publisher forced Dostoevsky to work simultaneously on two novels - Crime and Punishment and The Gambler. Dostoevsky resorts to an unusual way of working: on October 4, 1866, the stenographer A.G. Snitkin; he began to dictate to her the novel The Gambler, which reflected the writer's impressions of his acquaintance with Western Europe. At the center of the novel is the clash of the "multi-developed, but unfinished in everything, distrustful and not daring not to believe, rebelling against authorities and fearing them" "foreign Russian" with "complete" European types. The protagonist is "a poet of his own kind, but the fact is that he himself is ashamed of this poetry, for he deeply feels its baseness, although the need for risk ennobles it in his own eyes."

In the winter of 1867, Snitkina becomes the wife of Dostoevsky. The new marriage was more successful. From April 1867 to July 1871, Dostoevsky and his wife lived abroad (Berlin, Dresden, Baden-Baden, Geneva, Milan, Florence). There, on February 22, 1868, daughter Sophia was born, whose sudden death (May of the same year) Dostoevsky was very upset. The daughter Love was born on September 14, 1869; later in Russia on July 16, 1871 - son Fedor; 12 Aug 1875 - son Alexei, who died at the age of three from an epileptic seizure.

In 1867-1868 Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Idiot. "The idea of ​​the novel," said the author, "is my old and beloved, but so difficult that I did not dare to take on it for a long time. The main idea of ​​the novel is to portray a positively beautiful person. There is nothing more difficult in the world, and especially now ... "

Dostoevsky began his novel The Demons, interrupting his work on the widely conceived epics Atheism and The Life of the Great Sinner, and hastily composing the "Eternal Husband". The immediate impetus for the creation of the novel was the "nechaev's affair". The activities of the secret society "People's Massacre", the murder by five members of the organization of the student of the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy I.I. Ivanova - these are the events that formed the basis of "Demons" and received a philosophical and psychological interpretation in the novel. The writer's attention was drawn to the circumstances of the murder, the ideological and organizational principles of the terrorists ("Catechism of a Revolutionary"), the figures of accomplices in the crime, the personality of the head of society S.G. Nechaev. In the process of working on the novel, the concept was modified many times. Initially, it is a direct response to events. The scope of the pamphlet later expanded significantly, not only nechaevites, but also figures of the 1860s, liberals of the 1840s, T.N. Granovsky, Petrashevtsy, Belinsky, V.S. Pecherin, A.I. Herzen, even the Decembrists and P.Ya. Chaadaev falls into the grotesque-tragic space of the novel.

Gradually, the novel develops into a critical depiction of the common "illness" experienced by Russia and Europe, a striking symptom of which is the "devilry" of Nechaev and the Nechaevites. In the center of the novel, in its philosophical and ideological focus, is placed not the sinister "swindler" Pyotr Verkhovensky (Nechaev), but the mysterious and demonic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin, who "allowed everything" for himself.

In July 1871, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and daughter. The writer spent the summer of 1872 with his family in Staraya Russa; this city has become a permanent summer residence for the family. In 1876 Dostoevsky bought a house here.

In 1872 the writer visited the "milieu" of Prince VP Meshchersky, a supporter of counterreforms and the publisher of the newspaper-magazine "Citizen". At the request of the publisher, supported by A. Maikov and Tyutchev, Dostoevsky in December 1872 agreed to take over the editorial staff of "Grazhdanin", having stipulated in advance that he was taking on these duties temporarily. In Citizen (1873), Dostoevsky implemented the long-conceived idea of ​​a Writer's Diary (a cycle of political, literary, and memoir essays, united by the idea of ​​direct, personal communication with the reader), published a number of articles and notes (including political reviews "Foreign Events "). Soon Dostoevsky began to feel weary about the ed. work, the clashes with Meshchersky also became more and more sharp, the impossibility of turning the weekly into an "organ of people with independent conviction" became more obvious. In the spring of 1874, the writer gave up editing, although he occasionally collaborated in "Citizen" and later. Due to deteriorating health (increased emphysema of the lungs) in June 1847, he leaves for treatment in Ems and repeats trips there in 1875, 1876 and 1879.

In the mid-1870s. Dostoevsky's relations with Saltykov-Shchedrin were resumed, which had been interrupted in the midst of the polemic between Epoch and Sovremennik, and with Nekrasov, at whose suggestion (1874) the writer published his new novel Teenager, a novel of education, in Otechestvennye zapiski. a kind of "Fathers and Sons" of Dostoevsky.

The personality and worldview of the hero are formed in an atmosphere of "general decay" and disintegration of the foundations of society, in the struggle against the temptations of the century. The adolescent's confession analyzes the complex, contradictory, chaotic process of personality formation in the "ugly" world that has lost its "moral center", the slow maturation of a new "idea" under the powerful influence of the "great thought" of the wanderer Versilov and the philosophy of life of the "noble" wanderer Makar Dolgoruky.

At the end of 1875, Dostoevsky again returned to his journalistic work - the "mono-journal" "Diary of a Writer" (1876 and 1877), which had great success and allowed the writer to enter into direct dialogue with correspondent readers. The author defined the nature of the publication as follows: "A Writer's Diary" will look like a feuilleton, but with the difference that a feuilleton in a month cannot naturally resemble a feuilleton in a week. I am not a chronicler: on the contrary, this is a perfect diary in the full sense of the word, that is, a report on what interested me most personally. " The "Diary" refracted the immediate, hot pursuit, impressions and opinions of Dostoevsky about the most important phenomena of European and Russian socio-political and cultural life, which worried Dostoevsky's legal, social, ethical-pedagogical, aesthetic and political problems. "the writer's attempts to see in the modern chaos the contours of a" new creation ", the foundations of a" developing "life, to predict the appearance of" the coming future Russia of honest people who need only one truth "are occupied.

Criticism of bourgeois Europe, a deep analysis of the state of post-reform Russia is paradoxically combined in the Diary with polemics against various currents of social thought in the 1870s, from conservative utopias to populist and socialist ideas.

In the last years of his life, Dostoevsky's popularity increased. In 1877 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In May 1879, the writer was invited to the International Literary Congress in London, at the session of which he was elected a member of the honorary committee of the International Literary Association. Dostoevsky takes an active part in the activities of the St. Petersburg Frebel Society. He often speaks at literary and musical evenings and matinees with reading excerpts from his works and Pushkin's poems. In January 1877 Dostoevsky, impressed by Nekrasov's "Last Songs," visits the dying poet, often sees him in November; On December 30, he makes a speech at the funeral of Nekrasov.

Dostoevsky's activity required a direct acquaintance with "living life". He visits (with the assistance of A.F. In 1878, after the death of his beloved son Alyosha, he made a trip to Optina Pustyn, where he talked with Elder Ambrose. The events in Russia are of particular concern to the writer. In March 1878, Dostoevsky is at the trial of Vera Zasulich in the hall of the St. Petersburg District Court, and in April he replies to a letter from students asking them to speak out about the beatings of the student demonstrators by shopkeepers; In February 1880 he attended the execution of I.O. Mlodetsky, who shot at M.T.Loris-Melikov. Intensive, diverse contacts with the surrounding reality, active journalistic and social activities served as a multilateral preparation for a new stage in the writer's work. In the "Diary of a Writer" the ideas and plot of his latest novel matured and tested. At the end of 1877, Dostoevsky announced the termination of the "Diary" in connection with the intention to take up "one artistic work that had developed ... during these two years of publication of the" Diary "inconspicuously and involuntarily.

"The Brothers Karamazov" is the final work of the writer, in which many of the ideas of his work received artistic embodiment. The history of the Karamazovs, as the author wrote, is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized "image of our contemporary reality, our contemporary intellectual Russia." Philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the dilemma of "socialism and Christianity", the eternal struggle of "God" and "devil" in the souls of people, the theme of "fathers and children", traditional for classical Russian literature - such is the problematic of the novel.

In "The Brothers Karamazov" the criminal offense is connected with the great world "questions" and the eternal artistic and philosophical themes. In January 1881, Dostoevsky speaks at a meeting of the council of the Slavic Charitable Society, works on the first issue of the renewed "Diary of a Writer", learns the role of the schema-monk in "The Death of Ivan the Terrible" by A. K. Tolstoy for a home performance in the salon of S. A. Tolstoy, makes a decision " by all means participate in the Pushkin evening "on January 29. He was going to "publish" The Diary of a Writer "... for two years, and then dreamed of writing the second part of" The Brothers Karamazov ", where almost all the former heroes would appear ...". On the night of January 25-26, Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. In the afternoon of January 28, Dostoevsky said goodbye to the children, at 8:38 am. in the evening he passed away.

On January 31, 1881, with a huge crowd of people, the writer's funeral took place. He is buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

On October 30, 1821, little Fyodor was born in the family of a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital and a daughter of a Moscow merchant, which in Greek means "bestowed by God." Fedya was the second child in the family. The first child was Mikhail. Despite the fact that the family had 8 children, Fedor kept the greatest spiritual connection with Mikhail.
The father of the family was very strict and irritated, but he never raised his hand against his children. There was another main character in the Dostoevsky family - nanny Alena Frolovna. Dostoevsky recalls her with special fondness, as Pushkin recalls Arina Rodionovna.

Youth and creativity

1837 was a very difficult year for Fyodor Mikhailovich. Fascinated by the works of Pushkin, Dostoevsky becomes his admirer and after the death of his beloved poet he grieves no less than the close people of Alexander Sergeevich. In the same year, in the Dostoevsky family, mother Maria Feodorovna dies of consumption.
Later, Dostoevsky enlisted in a military engineering school and moved to live in St. Petersburg. After another 2 years, Father Mikhail dies, who was killed by serfs.

During his studies, Fedor did not forget about literature and reread the works of the great writers and philosophers - Hugo, Balzac, Goethe, Byron, Gogol, Pushkin, etc.
The first steps in literary activity are the translation and publication of Balzac's "Eugene Grande".

In 1844 Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote his first novel Poor People, not counting on any positive feedback. However, the novel was immediately highly appreciated by the author's friends V. Belinsky and N. Nekrasov. After reading the novel N. Nekrasov called Dostoevsky "New Gogol", and Vissarion Belinsky said "Do you understand yourself ... what you wrote! It cannot be that you, in your twenty years, already understood this ... The truth is open to you and announced as an artist, got it as a gift, appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great writer! "As Dostoevsky himself later admitted, “It was the most delightful moment of my whole life.».

Death penalty and years of hard labor

Later, Fyodor Mikhailovich met Petrashevsky, a Russian revolutionary, and became a member of the Petrashevsky circle. In 1849, the writer was brought to trial for participating in a conspiracy with Petrashevsky and sentenced to death. When the writer was on his deathbed, he thought about if death could be "canceled", then he lived his life enjoying every second. And so it happened - death was replaced by 4 years of hard labor. Among the people sentenced to death is the poet Grigoriev, who did not wait for the sentence of hard labor, went crazy. Dostoevsky describes all these memories and events in the monologue of Prince Myshkin in the novel The Idiot.
The writer is put on shackles and sent to Omsk for heavy hard labor. For about 3 years Fyodor Mikhailovich walked in shackles, and after they were removed, the habit of walking with small steps did not leave him until his death.

Marriage and the continuation of the creative process

After four years of hard labor, Dostoevsky was sent to the Siberian battalion, where he met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, whom he would soon marry.
Fyodor Mikhailovich returns to literary activity again. Now, after so many experiences and trials, the writer becomes a devout and the main ideal of his life is God.
1860 - 1966 Fedor, together with his brother Mikhail, continues his literary career in such magazines as "Time", later "Epoch". During this period, the next masterpieces of world classics are born in the literature "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Notes from the Underground", "Humiliated and Insulted". But soon, the writer is in trouble - brother Michael dies, and later his wife Maria dies of tuberculosis.

After the death of two close people, Dostoevsky begins to play roulette, loses and gets into debt. The right to his own work is threatened. In order to somehow pay off debts Fyodor Mikhailovich writes "Crime and Punishment" and sends one chapter to the journal. While writing the novel The Gambler, a young stenographer Anna Snitkina appears to help the writer, thanks to whom the novel was written in 21 days! Despite the big difference in age (Dostoevsky 45, Anna 20), a spark runs between them and the writer marries again. In a happy marriage, daughter Sonya is born, who dies after 3 months, in 1869 daughter Lyuba, son Fedor and son Alexei are born. After 3 years, little Lesha died of epilepsy.

Last years of life, death

The last years were fruitful for the writer - the novels "Demons", "Teenager", "The Brothers Karamazov" were published.
In 1881, a scandal flared up between Fyodor's sister, Vera Mikhailovna, and Dostoevsky himself because of the inheritance. After 2 days, unable to withstand this, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died of emphysema.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was recognized as a great writer during his lifetime, but after his death his works achieved the greatest success. Friedrich Nietzsche himself said that Dostoevsky was a writer - a psychologist and partly his teacher.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich
Birth name:	Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Aliases:	D .; Friend of Kuzma Prutkov; Scoffer; -th, M .; Chronicler; M-th; N.N .; Pruzhinin, Zuboskalov, Belopyatkin and Co. [collective]; Ed .; F. D .; N.N.
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
	Russian empire
Occupation:	Grozaik, translator, philosopher
Years of creativity:
Direction:
Language of works:

Biography

Origin

The flowering of creativity

Family and environment

Dostoevsky's poetics

Political views

Bibliography

Artworks

Stories and stories

Writer's diary

Poems

Domestic research

Foreign research

English

German

Monuments

Memorial plaques

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

Films about Dostoevsky

Current events

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(doref. Edor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; October 30, 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) - one of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Biography

Origin

On the father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Serpukhovsky and Borovsky Ivan Vasilyevich, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Pinsk, which was at that time part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilievich became the prince of Pinsk. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, Ivan Vasilyevich's son, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtischev a part of the Dostoev village in the Pinsk powiat. Hence the Dostoevskys. The writer's ancestors on the paternal side since 1577 received the right to use Radwan - the Polish noble coat of arms, the main element of which was the Golden Horde tamga (brand, seal). Dostoevsky's father drank a lot and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” says Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very severely. The more he drank, the more ferocious he became, until they finally killed him. "

Mother, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837), daughter of the merchant of the III guild Fedor Timofeevich Nechaev (1769-1832), who came from the old townspeople of the town of Borovsk, Kaluga province, was born in a Moscow family of different ranks, where there were merchants, inmates in shops, doctors, university students , professors, artists, spiritual persons. Her maternal grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich Kotelnitsky (1721-1798), was born into the family of the priest Fedor Andreev, graduated from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and took his place after the death of his father, becoming a priest of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kotelniki.

The writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11) 1821 in Moscow. He was the second of 7 surviving children.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to KF Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg.

1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of the death of his mother, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose work he (like his brother) had been reading from childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School. In 1839, his father was killed, possibly by his serfs. Dostoevsky took part in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: VG Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, ran into a misunderstanding.

Soon after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."

Hard labor and exile

The trial and the harsh death sentence (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was framed as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned and sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Nikolai Grigoriev, went mad. Dostoevsky conveyed the feelings that he might have experienced before the execution in the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. Ye. Annenkova and ND Fonvizina. The women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memories of one of the eyewitnesses of the writer's convict life have been preserved. The impressions of his stay in the prison were later reflected in the story "Notes from the House of the Dead". In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the 7th Siberian Line Battalion. During his service in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, the future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a high school teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of the assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: M.D. Isaeva's husband died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I died. Dostoevsky wrote a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result became a non-commissioned officer. On October 20, 1856, Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they went to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky had an epileptic seizure, and they stopped in Barnaul for four days. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in the life of Dostoevsky: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in his life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859, in Otechestvennye zapiski, Dostoevsky published his stories The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream.

After the link

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and adopted son Pavel, but unofficial surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine "Time", after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began to publish the magazine "Epoch". Such works of Dostoevsky appeared on the pages of these magazines as "The Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground".

Dostoevsky undertook a trip abroad with the young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he became interested in the ruinous game of roulette, felt a constant need for money, and at the same time (1864) he lost his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completed the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, formed a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of "Epoch" ceased (February 1865). In a desperate financial situation, Dostoevsky wrote the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to MN Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russian Bulletin, where they were printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher FT Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he would not have had the physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hired a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helped him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel The Gambler was written in twenty-six days and finished on the 25th.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was paid for by Katkov very well, but so that this money would not be taken away by creditors, the writer went abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for several days in Vilna.

The flowering of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up the roulette wheel forever.

From 1872 to 1878, the writer lived in the town of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of his life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek."

In October 1878, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he settled in an apartment in a house at 5/2 Kuznechny Pereulok, in which he lived until his death on January 28 (February 9) 1881. Here, in 1880, he finished writing his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. Currently, the apartment houses the F.M.Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum.

In the last few years of his life, 2 events became especially significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky made a famous speech at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In the same years, the writer became close to conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, corresponded with a prominent statesman KP Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn something ("Twilight of the Idols").

On January 26 (February 7), 1881, Dostoevsky's sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevsky's house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, inherited from his aunt A.F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fedorovna Dostoevskaya, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation was the impetus for an exacerbation of his illness (emphysema) - the writer died two days later.

Buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigorievich Dostoevsky (1756 - circa 1819) served as a Greek Catholic, later as an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemyrov (now the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine) (by genealogy - Archpriest Bratslav, Podolsk province).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), from October 14, 1809 he studied at the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, on August 15, 1812 he was sent to the Moscow Golovinsky hospital for the use of the sick and wounded, on August 5, 1813 he was transferred to the headquarters doctors of the Borodino infantry regiment, On April 29, 1819, he was transferred to the Moscow military hospital as a resident; on May 7, he was transferred to the salary of a senior physician. In 1828 he was awarded the title of Nobleman of the Russian Empire, included in the 3rd part of the Genealogy book of the Moscow nobility with the right to use the old Polish coat of arms "Radvan", which belonged to the Dostoevsky since 1577. He was a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, also known as Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, and in 1833 - and the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:

His addiction to alcoholic beverages apparently increased, and he was almost constantly in an abnormal position. Spring came, promising little good ... It was at that time in the village of Chermashne, in the fields near the edge of the forest, an artel of peasants, of a dozen or a half dozen people, was working; the case, then, was far from home. Pissed off from himself by some unsuccessful action of the peasants, or perhaps only what seemed to him as such, his father flared up and began to shout at the peasants very much. One of them, the more daring, responded to this cry with strong rudeness and after that, fearing this rudeness, shouted: "Guys, karachun to him! ..". And with this exclamation, all the peasants, up to 15 people in number, rushed at their father and in an instant, of course, finished with him ... - From memoriesA. M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), was the daughter of a wealthy Moscow merchant of the 3rd guild Fedor Timofeevich Nechaev (born in 1769) and Varvara Mikhailovna Kotelnitskaya (c. 1779 - died in the period from 1811 to 1815), 7 th revision (1811) the Nechaev family lived in Moscow, on Syromyatnaya Sloboda, in the Basmanny part, the parish of Peter and Paul, in their own house; after the war of 1812, the family lost most of its fortune. At the age of 19, she married Mikhail Dostoevsky. She was, according to the recollections of the children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in marriage (son Fedor was the second child). MF Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sofia Andreevna Dolgoruka ("Teenager") and Sofia Ivanovna Karamazova ("The Brothers Karamazov")

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of his brother, and work on the magazine "Time" was carried out by the brothers to a large extent jointly. The younger brother Andrei became an architect, Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother.

Of the Dostoevsky sisters, the closest relationship developed between the writer and Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: "I love her; she is a nice sister and a wonderful person ... "(November 28, 1880).

Of the numerous nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), who, according to the memoirs of L.F.Dostoevskaya, "Loved her like his own daughter, caressed her and entertained her when she was still little, later was proud of her musical talent and her success with young people", however, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness faded away.

The second wife, Anna Snitkina, from a wealthy family, became the wife of the writer at the age of 20. At this time (end of 1866) Dostoevsky experienced serious financial difficulties and signed a contract with the publisher on enslaving terms. The novel The Gambler was composed by Dostoevsky and dictated by Snitkina, who worked as a stenographer, in 26 days and delivered on time. Anna Dostoevskaya took all the financial affairs of the family into her own hands.

Fyodor Mikhailovich's family members continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky's poetics

As OM Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative of "ontological", "reflexive" poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a sense free in his relationship with the text that describes him ( that is, the world for him), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts on the basis of it. Hence all the paradox, contradiction and inconsistency of Dostoevsky's characters. If in traditional poetics the character always remains in the power of the author, is always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, it remains completely descriptive, completely included in the text, completely understandable, subordinate to causes and consequences, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time we encounter a character who is trying to resist the textual elements, his subservience to the text, trying to "rewrite" it. With this approach, writing is not a description of a character in various situations and his positions in the world, but empathy for his tragedy - his willful unwillingness to accept a text (world) that is inevitably redundant in relation to him, potentially endless. For the first time, M.M.Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky to his characters.

Political views

During Dostoevsky's life, at least two political currents were in conflict in the cultural strata of society - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately as follows: the adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, the adherents of the second believed that Russians should take an example in everything. Europeans. Both those and others reflected on the historical fate of Russia. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, had his own idea - "soil cultivation". He was and remained a Russian person, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time did not deny the achievements of the culture and civilization of the West. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed: a former member of the circle of Christian socialist utopians, he turned into a religious conservative, and during his third stay abroad he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the "Jewish question"

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in Russian life were reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of the peasants freed from serfdom, he writes in the Writer's Diary for 1873:

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, in the opinion of the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish question" asserted: "... in my heart this hatred was never ...".

On February 26, 1878, in a letter to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, a teacher of the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernigov province, who complained to the writer “that the Russian peasants are completely enslaved by the Jews, robbed by them, and the Russian press is interceding for the Jews; Jews ... for the Chernigov province. ... more terrible than the Turks for the Bulgarians ... ", Dostoevsky replied:

Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question" is analyzed by the literary critic Leonid Grossman in the book "Confessions of a Jew", dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his reply letter with the words: “Believe in the complete sincerity with which I shake your hand outstretched to me,” and in the chapter devoted to the Jewish question of “A Writer's Diary” he extensively quotes Kovner.

According to the critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and the Jews is caused by the incarnation in the Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters. According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished the concepts of "Jew" and "Jew". In addition, Nasedkin notes that the word "Jew" and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries a common word-toolkit among others, was used widely and everywhere, was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, unlike our time.

Assessments of Dostoevsky's creativity and personality

Dostoevsky's work had a great influence on Russian and world culture. The literary heritage of the writer is evaluated differently both at home and abroad.

In Russian criticism, the most positive assessment of Dostoevsky was given by religious philosophers.

And he loved above all the living human soul in everything and everywhere, and he believed that we are all the race of God, he believed in the infinite power of the human soul, triumphant over all external violence and over all internal fall. Taking into his soul all the malice of life, all the burden and blackness of life and overcoming all this with the infinite power of love, Dostoevsky announced this victory in all his creations. Having tasted the divine power in the soul, breaking through all human weakness, Dostoevsky came to the knowledge of God and the God-man. The reality of God and Christ was revealed to him in the inner power of love and forgiveness, and he preached this all-forgiving blessed power as the basis for the external realization on earth of that kingdom of righteousness, which he longed for and to which he strove all his life. V.S.Soloviev. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky. 1881-1883

Some liberal and democratic figures, in particular the leader of the liberal populists N.K. Mikhailovsky, Maxim Gorky, assess the personality of Dostoevsky ambiguously.

At the same time, in the West, where Dostoevsky's novels have been popular since the early twentieth century, his work had a significant impact on such generally liberal-minded movements as existentialism, expressionism and surrealism. Many literary critics see it as the forerunner of existentialism. However, abroad Dostoevsky is usually assessed primarily as an outstanding writer and psychologist, while his ideology is ignored or almost completely rejected.

Bibliography

Artworks

Novels

• 1846 - Poor people
• 1861 - Humiliated and insulted
• 1866 - Crime and Punishment
• 1866 - The Player
• 1868-1869 - Idiot
• 1871-1872 - Demons
• 1875 - Teenager
• 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Stories and stories

Publicism and criticism, essays

• 1847 - Petersburg Chronicle
• 1861 - The stories of N.V. Uspensky
• 1862 - Winter Notes on Summer Impressions
• 1880 - The verdict
• 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's diary

• 1873 - Diary of a Writer. 1873 year.
• 1876 ​​- Diary of a Writer. 1876
• 1877 - Diary of a Writer. January-August 1877.
• 1877 - Diary of a Writer. September-December 1877.
• 1880 - Diary of a Writer. 1880
• 1881 - Diary of a Writer. 1881

Poems

• 1854 - On European events in 1854
• 1855 - On July 1, 1855
• 1856 - For the coronation and the conclusion of peace
• 1864 - Epigram to the Bavarian Colonel
• 1864-1873 - Fighting nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
• 1873-1874 - Describe all of the priests alone
• 1876-1877 - The collapse of Baimakov's office
• 1876 ​​- Children are expensive
• 1879 - Do not rob, Fedul

Standing apart is the collection of folklore material "My Convict Notebook", also known as "Siberian Notebook", written by Dostoevsky during his hard labor.

Main literature about Dostoevsky

Domestic research

• Barsht K.A. Drawings in the manuscripts of F.M. Dostoevsky. SPb., 1996.319 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. The Dostoevsky Genealogy: In Search of the Lost Links. M., 2010.
• Belinsky V.G.

Introductory article // St. Petersburg collection published by N. Nekrasov. SPb., 1846.

• Dobrolyubov N.A. Downed people // Contemporary. 1861. No. 9. dep. II.
• Pisarev D.I. Struggle for existence // Business. 1868. No. 8.
• Leontiev K. N. About world love: On the speech of FM Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). S. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). S. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). S. 3-4.
• Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Notes of the Fatherland. 1882. No. 9, 10.
• V.S. Solovyov Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884.55 p.
• V. V. Rozanov The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F. M. Dostoevsky: An Experience of Critical Commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891.Vol. 212, January. S. 233-274; February. S. 226-274; T. 213, March. S. 215-253; April. S. 251-274. Department ed .: Saint Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894.244 p.
• Merezhkovsky D.S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and the Antichrist in Russian Literature. T. 1. Life and creativity. Saint Petersburg: World of Art, 1901.366 p. T. 2. The religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. SPb .: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
• Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. SPb., 1906.
• Ivanov Viach. AND. Dostoevsky and the novel-tragedy // Russian thought. 1911. Book. 5.S. 46-61; Book. 6.S. 1-17.
• Pereverzev V. F. Creativity of Dostoevsky. M., 1912. (reprinted in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
• Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (On the theory of parody). Pg .: OPOYAZ, 1921.
• Berdyaev N.A. Dostoevsky's worldview. Prague, 1923.238 p.
• Volotskaya M.V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
• Engelhardt B.M. Dostoevsky's ideological novel // F.M.Dostoevsky: Articles and materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L .; M .: Thought, 1924. Sat. 2.S. 71-109.
• Dostoevskaya A.G. Memories . M .: Fiction, 1981.
• Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction / Comp. and general ed. V. M. Leibin. SPb .: Peter, 2002.S. 70-88.
• Mochulsky K.V. Dostoevsky: Life and Works. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947.564 pp.
• Lossky N.O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953.406 p.
• Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. Collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
• NS Leskov. About the Kuffel Peasant, etc. - Sobr. cit., t. 11, M., 1958. S. 146-156;
• Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1962.543 p. (Life of remarkable people. Series of biographies; Issue 24 (357)).
• Bakhtin M.M. Problems of Dostoevsky's Creativity. L .: Priboy, 1929.244 p. 2nd ed., Rev. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. Moscow: Soviet writer, 1963.363 p.
• Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 volumes, Moscow, 1964.Vol. 1.Vol. 2.
• Friedlander G.M. Dostoevsky's realism. M .; L .: Nauka, 1964.404 p.
• Meyer G.A. Light in the Night: (On Crime and Punishment): A Slow Reading Experience. Frankfurt / Main: Posev, 1967.515 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of F. M. Dostoevsky's works and literature about him: 1917-1965. Moscow: Kniga, 1968.407 p.
• Kirpotin V. Ya. The disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov: (A book about Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"). M .: Soviet writer, 1970.448 p.
• Zakharov VN Problems of Dostoevsky's Study: Textbook. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
• Zakharov V.N.The system of Dostoevsky's genres: Typology and poetics. - L., 1985.
• Toporov V.N. On the structure of Dostoevsky's novel in connection with archaic schemes of mythological thinking ("Crime and Punishment") // Toporov V.N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Research in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995.S. 193-258.
• Dostoevsky: Materials and Research / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. IRLI. L .: Science, 1974-2007. Issue 1-18 (continuing edition).
• Odinokov V.G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981.144 p.
• Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M .: Molodaya gvardiya, 1981.543 p., Ill. (The life of wonderful people. Series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
• Volgin I. L. Dostoevsky's Last Year: Historical Notes. M .: Soviet writer, 1986.
• Saraskina L.I."Demons": a warning novel. M .: Soviet writer, 1990.488 p.
• Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Per. with fr. E. Vorobyova. SPb .: Branch of the magazine "Youth"; Dusseldorf: The Blue Horseman, 1993.160 p.
• Guardini R. Man and Faith / Per. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994.332 p.
• Kasatkina T.A. Dostoevsky's characterology: Typology of emotional-value orientations. Moscow: Heritage, 1996.335 p.
• Louth R. Dostoevsky's philosophy in a systematic presentation / Per. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. Moscow: Respublika, 1996.448 p.
• Balnep R.L. The structure of the Brothers Karamazov / Per. from English SPb .: Academic project, 1997.
• Dunaev M.M. Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian Literature: [At 6 hours]. M .: Christian Literature, 1997.S. 284-560.
• Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's Feeling of Life and Death / Author. per. from japan. SPb .: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997.332 p.
• Meletinsky E.M. Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. Moscow: RGGU, 2001.190 p.
• FM Dostoevsky's novel "The Idiot": The current state of the study. Moscow: Heritage, 2001.560 p.
• Kasatkina T.A. On the creative nature of the word: The ontological nature of the word in the works of FM Dostoevsky as the basis of "realism in the highest sense." Moscow: IMLI RAN, 2004.480 p.
• Tikhomirov B.N."Lazarus! Come Out ": FM Dostoevsky's novel" Crime and Punishment "in a modern reading: Book-commentary. Saint Petersburg: Silver Age, 2005.472 p.
• Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: Ghosts, Phobias, Chimeras (Reader's Notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006 .-- 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
• Vetlovskaya V.E. F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov". SPb .: Publishing house "Pushkin House", 2007. 640 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov": the current state of the study. Moscow: Nauka, 2007.835 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of the Dostoevskys. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
• John Maxwell Coetzee... "Autumn in St. Petersburg" (this is the name of this work in the Russian translation, in the original the novel is entitled "The Master from St. Petersburg"). M .: Eksmo, 2010.
• Openness to the abyss. Meetings with DostoevskyLiterary, philosophical and historiographic work of the culturologist Grigory Pomerants.
• Shulyatikov V. M. F. M. Dostoevsky (On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of his death) "Courier", 1901, No. 22, 36.
• Shulyatikov V. M. Back to Dostoevsky "Courier", 1903, No 287.

Foreign research

English

• Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
• Holquist M. Dostoievvsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
• Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
• Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
• Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
• Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1 -, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German

• Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
• Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung für die gegenwärtige Kulturkrisis. Jena, 1923.
• Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
• Nötzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
• Meier-Cräfe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
• Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". München, 1974.

Memory

Monuments

A memorial plaque to the writer is on the house and in Florence (Italy), where he finished the novel "The Idiot" in 1868.

"Dostoevsky's Zone" is the informal name for the area near Sennaya Square in St. Petersburg, which is closely associated with the work of F. M. Dostoevsky. He lived here: Kaznacheyskaya Street, houses No. 1 and No. 7 (a memorial plaque was installed), No. 9. Here, on the streets, lanes, avenues, on the square itself, on the Catherine Canal, the action of a whole series of works of the writer unfolds ("The Idiot", "Crime and punishment ”and others). In the houses of these streets Dostoevsky settled his literary characters - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Svidrigailov, General Epanchin, Rogozhin and others. Rodion Raskolnikov “lived” on Grazhdanskaya Street (formerly Meshchanskaya) in house No. 19/5 (corner of Stolyarny Lane), according to searches of local historians. The building is listed in many guidebooks around St. Petersburg as "Raskolnikov's House" and is marked with a commemorative sign of the literary hero. The Dostoevsky Zone was created in the 1980s and 1990s at the request of the public, which forced the city authorities to put in order the memorial sites located here that are associated with the name of the writer.

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

• The name of F.M.Dostoevsky is associated with the concept that arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries dostoyevshchina, which has two meanings: a) psychological analysis in the manner of Dostoevsky, b) "mental imbalance, acute and contradictory emotional experiences" inherent in the heroes of the writer's works.
• Dostoevsky is named after one of 16 personality types in socionics - an original psychological and social typology that has been developing in the USSR and Russia since the 1980s. The name of the classic of literature was given to the sociotype “ethical-intuitive introvert” (abbreviated as EII; another name is “Humanist”). The socionist E.S. Filatova proposed a generalized graphic portrait of EII, in which, among others, the features of Fyodor Dostoevsky are guessed.

Films about Dostoevsky

• House of the Dead (1932) As Dostoevsky Nikolai Khmelev
• Dostoevsky. Documentary... TsSDF (RTSSDF). 27 minutes. - a documentary film by Samuil Bubrik and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death.
• The writer and his city: Dostoevsky and Petersburg - a film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
• Twenty-six days in the life of Dostoevsky - a feature film by Alexander Zarkhi (USSR, 1980). Starring Anatoly Solonitsyn
• Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
• The return of the prophet - a documentary film by V.E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
• The life and death of Dostoevsky - a documentary film (12 episodes) by Alexander Klyushkin (Russia, 2004).
• Demons of St. Petersburg - a feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008). In the role of Mika Manoilovich.
• Three women of Dostoevsky - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010). As Andrey Tashkov
• Dostoevsky - TV series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011). Starring Yevgeny Mironov.

The image of Dostoevsky is also used in the biographical films Sophia Kovalevskaya (Alexander Filippenko), Chokan Valikhanov (Yuri Orlov), 1985 and the TV series The Lord of the Jury (Oleg Vlasov), 2005.

Other

• In Omsk, a street, a library, the Omsk State Literary Museum, Omsk State University were named in honor of Dostoevsky, 2 monuments were erected, etc.
• In Tomsk, a street is named in honor of Dostoevsky.
• Street and metro station in St. Petersburg.
• Street, lane and metro station in Moscow.
• In Staraya Russa, Novgorod Region - Dostoevsky Embankment on the Porusya River
• Dostoevsky Novgorod Academic Drama Theater (Veliky Novgorod).
• The Boeing 767 VP-BAX of Aeroflot is named after Fyodor Dostoevsky.
• An impact crater on Mercury is named in honor of Dostoevsky.
• In honor of F.M.Dostoevsky, the employee of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory L.G. Karachkina named the minor planet 3453 Dostoevsky, discovered on September 27, 1981.

Current events

• On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
• A crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• On November 12, 2001 in Omsk on the day of the 180th anniversary of the birth of the writer, a monument to F.M.Dostoevsky was unveiled.
• Since 1997, music critic and radio presenter Artemy Troitsky has been conducting an author's radio program called "FM Dostoevsky".
• Writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M. ", dedicated to Dostoevsky.
• Nobel laureate in literature John Maxwell Coetzee wrote in 1994 a novel about Dostoevsky "Autumn in St. Petersburg" (eng. The Master of Petersburg; 1994, rus. translation 1999)
• In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a multi-part film about Dostoevsky, which was released in 2011 on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
• On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro "Dostoevskaya" was opened. The exit to the city is carried out on Suvorovskaya Square, Seleznevskaya Street and Durov Street. Station decoration: on the walls of the station are depicted scenes illustrating four novels by FM Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Demons, The Brothers Karamazov).
• On October 29, 2010, a monument to Dostoevsky was unveiled in Tobolsk.
• In October 2011, the University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur) hosted days dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the birth of F.M.Dostoevsky.