The main features of Russian literature of the 19th century briefly. General characteristics of Russian literature of the XIX century

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Topic: general characteristics Russian literature of the 19th century. Poetry, prose and

Dramaturgy of the 19th century in Russian criticism and journalism.

Target: 1. To acquaint students with the features of Russian literature of the 19th century, with

Classic works.

2. Develop the ability to appreciate their dignity, to feel their inner

Beauty and perfection - required condition education...

3. Raise love and respect for the culture of the Russian people.

DURING THE CLASSES

Russian literature... has always been the conscience of the people.

Her place in public life countries have always been

Honorary and influential. She raised people

Strived for a fair reorganization of life.

D. S. Likhachev. Great legacy.

I. General characteristics of Russian literature of the XIX century

1. Discussion of the words of academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, taken out in the epigraph.

Issues for discussion:

1. What is the main content of the concepts classical works, inner beauty, education?

2. Why did D.S. Likhachev call Russian literature “the conscience of the people”? How do you understand these words?

3. What is the place of literature in modern social life? Argument your position.

4. Does literature help to educate people today and does it contribute to a just reorganization of life?

At the beginning of the XIX century. happened very important events in our country and in Europe, which had a great influence on the development of Russian literature.

• Teacher's message about the main events (table)
• Speech by the student with reports:

1. "Golden Age" of Russian literature of the XIX century
2. Directions of Russian literature of the XIX century
3. Journals about Russian literature of the 19th century
4. Representatives of Russian literature of the XIX century.

D. S. Likhachev emphasized that "Russian literature ... closely accompanies Russian history and constitutes its essential part."

Z: We will write down the main provisions of the lecture in the form of a generalizing table.

II. Poetry, prose and dramaturgy XIX century in Russian criticism and journalism

In order for you to get an idea of ​​the diversity of Russian literature of the 19th century, let us repeat the problems of the main works that you studied in grades 5-8.

Z: Arrange the following works chronologically and answer the question, what problems are raised in them:

A. S. Pushkin. " Captain's daughter"(1836);

M. Yu. Lermontov. "Borodino" (1937); "Mtsyri" (1939);

N. V. Gogol. "Taras Bulba" (1834), "Inspector" (1836);

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a hunter" (1852);

N. A. Nekrasov. "Railroad" (1862);

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" (1869);

A. P. Chekhov. "Chameleon" (1884).

Final question:

- Why the works of the great Russians writers of the 19th century we call masterpieces?

1. Reading a textbook article on poetry early XIX v.

Presentation of students with reports (individual tasks):

1. "Golden Age" of Russian poetry: general characteristics

1. The "Golden Age" of Russian Poetry: Key Representatives - PRESENTATION
2. Russian journalism first half of XIX century

III. The concept of romanticism and realism

Z: Find out the main differences romanticism and realism . In Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century, these trends did not replace one another, but coexisted and interacted, so it is difficult to draw a clear line between them.

Z: Take, for example, for comparisonCaptain's daughter "A.S. Pushkin and " Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov, finding in them features of both romanticism and realism.

Questions for benchmarking:

1. What events are depicted in the works?

2. What problems do the authors raise in them? What is author's attitude To

Events and issues?

3. How are these works related to Russian history?

4. Give brief description Petr Grinev and Mtsyri. Is there between them

Commonality? What differences in their lives and characters do you consider the main ones?

5. Do you think it makes sense that The Captain's Daughter was written

Prose, and "Mtsyri" - in verse? Comment on your opinion.

Z: Let us summarize the information about the main features of romanticism and realism in the form of a table.

Romanticism and Realism in Russian Literature of the 19th Century

IV. Lesson summary

Russian literature XIX centuries absorbed the richest spiritual experience of mankind. She raised and tried to solve the most important social and moral issues, proclaimed love for the world and man and hatred for all manifestations of oppression, admired the courage and strength human soul. Russian literature creatively used experience European literatures, but did not imitate them, but created original works, the basis for which was Russian life and its problems.

v. Homework

Prepare a story about the problems and heroes of the literature of the 19th century, confirming your thoughts with examples,

or

message about Russian lyrics of the beginning of the 19th century (optional). Illustrate the main differences between romanticism and realism.

Individual task:

Prepare a written report about one of the poets Pushkin's time(optionally).

Literature as an art form.

Literature is not just an academic subject that provides a certain amount of knowledge, but, above all, literature is an art form.

Literature (from the Latin litera - letter, writing) is an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.

Fiction is a kind of art capable of revealing the phenomena of life in the most multifaceted and broad way, showing them in motion and development.

How the art of the word fiction originated in the oral folk art. Songs, folk epic tales became its sources. The word is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and an amazing means for creating artistic images. In the words, in the language of any people, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. The living word is rich and generous. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word:

Words can kill, words can save
In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you.
In a word, you can sell and betray and buy,
The word can be poured into smashing lead.

Fiction- a type of art in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life. The basic concept of literature is image; with the help of images, fiction recreates entire eras in the diversity of their past, present and future: ups and downs antiquity we learn in tragedies Sophocles and Euripides, epoch Renaissance- at Shakespeare and Lope de Vega; in novels L. Tolstoy and I. Turgenev We are faced with the moral quest of the nobles of the early XIX century.

The main means of literature, as we have already said, is the word. Through the images created by the word, the author tries to captivate the reader, “turn on” him into action, make his presence in time and space of the work “real”. Such "participation" is necessary for a complete and deeper understanding of what is written: for example, the reader worries about Tatyana in "Eugene Onegin", tries to understand the reasons for Katerina's actions in "Thunderstorm" and the complex spiritual world Natasha Rostova in "War and Peace", the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov in " Quiet Don". It is our ("reader's") perception and deep experience of the fate of the heroes that testifies that literature is an art, the art of the word.

Poetry evokes a special emotional reaction in the human soul. Poetry is voluminous and multifaceted in relation to thematic plan: poetry does not mean "poems about love", these are works on different topics- and dark, philosophical, military and others. The reader is not left indifferent by the sincere and confessional lines of A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, the immortal words of A. Tvardovsky, philosophical reflections B. Pasternak and O. Mandelstam and others.

Fiction can be considered the most versatile art form: for example, wonderful picture V. Surikov "Morning archery execution"needs historical commentary, but A. Tolstoy's novel "Peter I" does not: it conveys the breath of the era in the details of everyday life and human relations.

Fundamental drama theater is literature. National theaters were created on the basis of the works of Shakespeare, Ostrovsky, Gogol, Chekhov, Ibsen, Shaw, etc. literary text served to create operatic art: greatest geniuses Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky, when creating their operas, turned to Pushkin's texts ("Eugene Onegin", " Queen of Spades", "Boris Godunov").

On the basis of the text - the script - films are created. Many of them are screen adaptations. works of art(“The Master and Margarita” and “The Idiot” by V. Bortko, “War and Peace” by S. Bondarchuk).

Fiction is closely connected with society, with its movement towards the humanistic ideal. Literature is the focus of socio-historical experience and the experience of the individual in mastering the surrounding world. It helps to establish a connection between generations, to form, develop and strengthen the scale of values.

Literature in society performs several functions: cognitive(study of the surrounding world), aesthetic(cultivating a sense of beauty), heuristic("discovery of the world"), communicative(dialogue "author-reader"), etc.

As you can see, literature is deservedly named the leader among other art forms due to its importance for the development of both an individual and all of humanity - both in a particular era and in a global sense.

Thus, words in human speech and in fiction do not live apart. They are united and coordinated by the thought, the idea of ​​the work and animated by human speech. A simple familiar human word. But by the power of his talent, like a magic wand, a writer or poet turns the word to us unexpected side making us feel, think, empathize.

Art is a great magician and a kind of time machine. Any writer, observing, studying life, embodies with the help of words, everything that he saw, felt, understood. Literature has a special power of education in human beings. It enriches us with very special knowledge - knowledge about people, about their inner world. Literature as the art of the word has an amazing ability to influence the minds and hearts of people, helps to reveal the true beauty of the human soul.

General characteristics of the literature of the XIX century.

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by all means. literary process 17-18 centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.

But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. Specified literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin " Bronze Horseman"(1833)," The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov. Known for it romantic poem"Mtsyri", the poetic story "Demon", many romantic poems. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are poems by A.S. Pushkin "Prophet", ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of a Poet" and many others.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with prose works A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: at the time Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a colossal job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.

A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type « extra person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type " little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story " Stationmaster».
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls, the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys dead Souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices(the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of depicting vices and shortcomings Russian society- a characteristic feature of the whole Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At the same time, many writers implement the satirical trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque satire are the works of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "History of one city".

From the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature, which is created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the government and common people. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. literary critic V.G. Belinsky marks a new realistic trend in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the ways historical development Russia.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The socio-political prevails philosophical problems. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.

The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. Known for his poem “Who in Russia to live well? ”, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.

The literary process of the late 19th century discovered the names of N. S. Leskov, A.N. Ostrovsky A.P. Chekhov. The latter proved to be a master of the small literary genre- a story, and also an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov was Maxim Gorky.

The end of the 19th century was marked by the formation of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realist tradition was beginning to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, hallmarks which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence grew into symbolism. From this opens new page in the history of Russian literature.

Similar information.

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.

But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E. A. Baratynsky, K. N. Batyushkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. A. Fet, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykov come to the fore. The work of F. I. Tyutchev completed the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

A. S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A. S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M. Yu. Lermontov.

Known for his romantic poem "Mtsyri", the poetic story "The Demon", many romantic poems. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples of understanding the role of the poet and influence on the political life of the country are the poems of A. S. Pushkin "The Prophet", the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "On the Death of the Poet" and many others.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story The Captain's Daughter, where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the time of the Pugachev rebellion. A. S. Pushkin did a colossal job, exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.

A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of "superfluous person", the model of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A. S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N. V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A. S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".

Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In N. V. Gogol's prose poem "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy The Inspector General is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is being created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that reacts sharply to the socio-political situation in the country. Literary critic V. G. Belinsky denotes a new realistic trend in literature. His position is developed by N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westernizers and Slavophiles about the paths of Russia's historical development.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Goncharov create their own works. Socio-political and philosophical problems prevail. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism. The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. Known for his poem “Who in Russia to live well? ”, as well as many poems, where the difficult and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the collapse of feudalism was obvious. The French bourgeois revolution, which promised that Liberty, Equality and Fraternity would rule the world, led to the victory of the bourgeois system, but it soon became clear that this system could not ensure universal happiness.

Not having the strength to do one

Happy, they neglected him

And they began to look for happiness for everyone

(J. Leopardi)

It turned out that the French Revolution turned people "devoid of bread into people deprived of morality."

The 19th century was rich in revolutions and upheavals. Apart from french revolution, in 1848-1849. revolutions take place in Europe, at the turn of 1850-1860. arises revolutionary situation in Russia, USA is amazing Civil War 1861-1865

In the advanced states of Europe and the United States continues industrial revolution(appear railways, steamships, telegraph). However, many technical inventions designed to improve life only highlight the imperfection of the world.

Capitalism eliminated social injustice(anyone can become rich, and therefore noble), but spawned many other injustices. A generation comes to power that does not know what morality is. Money becomes their golden dream, and money and morality are incompatible. This led to the fact that people who are deeply immoral become the heroes of almost all works (Georges Duroy, Gobsek, Tsakhes, Claude Frollo).

The contradictions of life are naturally transferred to literature. The central question for the artistic trends of the era is not only how a person can survive in this world, but also how how to actively participate in the historical process, how to influence it, that is, to be a “hammer or anvil” for a person(Goethe).

The literary process of the first half of the 19th century is very peculiar in comparison with previous eras. The rate of development of literature is increasing. New artistic trends arise and form into integral systems very quickly (not centuries, but decades are required). At the same time, the emergence of a new method does not mean a complete denial of the old one. So feature era becomes the coexistence of polar opposite directions in art:

1) romanticism (the desire to go to another, perfect world);

2) realism (an attempt to analyze and then change this world).

Romanticism

Romanticism is an artistic movement that originated in Germany, which cultivates the individual, her subjective experiences, her rich inner world.

In the 18th century, this term had a different meaning: everything fantastic, unusual, strange, found more often in books than in reality, was called romantic. At the turn of the 18-19 centuries. this word was used to denote a new artistic direction opposite to classicism.

The social basis of romanticism becomes disappointment in his era, in the new society with which they were associated great expectations, as this society was predicted by the great minds of Europe. Romantics believed that it fell to them to live under an inglorious star when Europe was suffering from revolutions, when all the best human impulses were vulgarized. Such disappointment was certainly accompanied by a mood of hopelessness, despair, “world sorrow is the“ disease of the century ”Alfred de Musset wrote in his novel“ Confession of the son of the century ”:“ Hopelessness walked the earth, and the sons of the century, full of strength, from now on useless, lowered idle hands and drank this poisoned drink from a meager cup. The disease of our age comes from two causes, the people bear two wounds in their hearts. Everything that has been has already passed. Everything that will be has not yet come.” Pushkin said that the misfortune of everything romantic was the premature passion of the soul: “No: sooner the feelings in him cooled down” (Eugene Onegin).

Man falls out of social relations and, as a result, the illusion of freedom of the individual from life circumstances, creates a myth that one person can change the world(personality of Napoleon).

Dissatisfaction with modern reality leads to the emergence of a dual world (the real world and the ideal world, the world of dreams). great attention romance devotes to childhood. Childhood was conceived as an ideal world, a world of harmony, whose depth and beauty attracts adults. “Adulthood” is a time that has lost the immediacy and purity of childhood.

Romanticism rejected one of the basic principles educational literature- "imitation of nature." Romantics believed that the author should be absolutely free, he should create only according to his own laws. Oscar Wilde wrote: "Do not attribute unhealthy tendencies to the artist, he is allowed to depict everything."

The era of romanticism is characterized by renewal art forms and the entire system of literary genres, there is a reform of the stage (fusion of lyrics and drama). New, transitional genres are being created (lyric-epic and lyric-epic-dramatic), a romantic poem is being created anew (symbolic, moralistic, folklore), romantic drama refers to the traditions of Shakespeare and Calderon, "dramatic poems" appear (Byron, Shelley). Lyricism reaches an extraordinary flowering (words are associative, polysemantic, metaphorical). Romantic theorists preached openness literary genera and genres, the synthesis of art, religion and philosophy, emphasized the musical and pictorial beginnings in poetry. Of the lyrical epic genres, the most popular ballad, poetic forms predominate in prose - fairy tale, lyric novel.

The prose of romanticism developed in many genre directions. Romanticism used both the classic novel and romance(“The Count of Monte Cristo” by Dumas père), and elements of a picaresque novel, and oriental tale rococo. In 30-40 years. romantic social romance (J. Sand, E. Xu, V. Hugo), appears fantasy story . Historical novel, which existed in the previous period, was radically reworked and became one of the central genres.

Realism

Realism (from lat. realis - real, real) is artistic method, which involves a truthful and objective depiction of reality in artistic images.

In the mainstream of realism, the work of most writers of the 19th century developed, and although the realist writers of the first half of the 19th century did not consider themselves to be in a single direction, this did not mean that such a direction did not exist. In 10-20 years. it was already maturing in the depths of romanticism, in the 30s and 40s. declared itself in different countries Europe as a noticeable phenomenon. By the 40s. realism is already an independent and significant trend in European literatures.

Realists sought to penetrate the essence of social processes, they wanted not only to discover new world, but also to explore its laws and connections. For realists, a person was interesting both as a unique personality, and as a typical phenomenon, and as historical person- not in the sense that he played some important role in history, but in the fact that he belonged to history without realizing it.

The totality of all literary works represents the development of the world verbal society. Historically, there have been many national literatures that conditioned this process. One way or another everything literary works have common properties. All of them are the result creative work writer, therefore, they have common images, aesthetic significance, the true form of embodiment, but at the same time, due to the peculiarities cultural development of one country or another, literary works are specific to each nation.

The peculiarity of Russian literature is that it reflects a close connection with Christianity adopted in 988. Centuries-old interaction with dogmas Orthodox faith could not but be reflected in the minds of Russian writers. The most important moral and philosophical problem, Russian high ethical pathos, is associated with the writers' observations on the relationship between the concepts of morality and holiness. From this main feature more particular ones follow:

Russian literature has high spiritual foundations - ancient Russian literature, which was based on spiritual phenomena, principles

Since the 18th century, Russian literature has closely interacted with the world philosophical idea. But at the same time, Russian writers rethought key ideas world, brought them closer to the principles of philanthropy, the search for an ideal

Russian literature is deeply philosophical. M.V. Lomonosov, N. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy

Russian literature always strives for submission in the form of good

Western European writers perceived Russian literature as sacred.

N.V. Gogol in his book "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" pointed to the origins of the sanctity of Russian literature. According to the writer, it lies in the lyricism of our poets (“lyricism is something close to biblical”). “Our poets saw every lofty object in its legitimate touch on the supreme sources of lyricism (by God), some consciously, others unconsciously, because the Russian soul, due to its Russian nature, already hears this somehow by itself”

Periodization of Russian literature

1 period - Old Russian literature begins in the 11th century and ends in the 17th century

2nd period - 18th century - the era of enlightenment

3rd period - 19th century - the era of the golden age, classical era

4 period - the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century is called silver age

5 period - 20th century from 1918 to the 80s

6 period - the end of the 80s, the 90s the beginning of the 21st century

Literature Ancient Russia

Old Russian literature is the spiritual foundation of Russian literature. It arose as a result of the Christianization of Russia. In connection with the adoption of Christianity, Russia joined the cultural and ideological foundations of Byzantium, received literature and writing.

The very first literary monuments in ancient Russia were of a transferable nature. The first were the Gospel and the Psalter.

The Ostromir Gospel (1056-1057) was translated by deacon Gregory for the mayor of Ostromir in Novgorod.

In addition, they often translated historical chronicles, the lives of Saints Anthony the Great, Andrew the First-Called, collections of stories about saints - Pateriki. In addition, theological writings. Over time, original works appeared.

Peculiarities ancient Russian literature

Ancient Russian literature was based on a system of religious .... this system was based on the religious symbolic method

High spirituality. Central theme it could be considered ….

Close connection with history

Handwritten works. So there are options.

All works were written according to certain canons, rules. Each scribe was guided by the previous work.

Based on the canons, genres were formed Old Russian works:

The development of ancient Russian literature followed the path of gradual transformation of the Western system under the influence of the growing ... .. to inner world person.

The original works of ancient Russian literature "The Tale of Bygone Years", conditionally the first original can be called the "Word of Law and Grace" by Hilarion, written in 1037-1050.