Tutorial: History of Russian Culture: XIX century. Russian literature of the first half of the XIX century - knowledge hypermarket

Sentimentalism remained faithful to the ideal of a regulatory personality, but the condition of its implementation was not the "reasonable" reorganization of the world, but the release and improvement of the "natural" feelings. The hero of the educational literature in sentimentalism is more individualized, its inner world is enriched with the ability to empathize, sensible to respond to what is happening around. By origin (or by convictions), the sentimentalist hero - Democrat; The rich spiritual world of commoner is one of the main discoveries and conquests of sentimentalism.

The most prominent representatives of sentimentalism - James Thomson, Eduard Jung, Thomas Gray, Laurence Stern (England), Jean Jacques Russo (France), Nikolai Karamzin (Russia).

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  Motherland sentimentalism was England. In the late 20s of the XVIII century. James Thomson with his poems "Winter" (1726), "Summer" (1727), "Spring" and "Autumn", subsequently connected in one and published in 1730 called "Seasons", promoted development in the English reading public of love To nature, drawing simple, unassuming rural landscapes, watching step by step at different moments of life and the work of the farmer and, apparently, trying to put a peaceful, idyllic rustic environment above the vigorous and spoiled urban.

  In the 40s of the same century, Thomas Gray, author of the Elegy "Rural Cemetery" (one of the most famous works of cemetery poetry), ODD "By Spring" and others, like Thomson, tried to interest the readers with a rustic life and nature, awaken in them sympathy for Simple, inconspicuous people with their needs, sorrows and beliefs, giving together a thoughtful-melancholic character at the same time.

  Another character is the famous Richardson novels - Pamela (), "Clarissa Garloa" (), "Sir Charles Grandison" () are also a bright and typical product of English sentimentalism. Richardson was completely insensitive to the beauty of nature and did not like it to describe it, "but he put forward a psychological analysis for the first place and forced his English, and then the entire European audience was to be interested in the fate of the heroes and especially the heroine of his novels.

  Lawrence Stern, the author "Tristrama Shender" (-) and "sentimental journey" (; by the name of this work and the most destination was called "sentimental") combined Richardson's sensitivity with love for nature and a kind of humor. The "sentimental journey" himself stern called "a peaceful wandering of the hearts in search of nature and for all mental attractions, capable of inspiring us more love towards the neighbor and to the whole world, than we can usually feel."

  Sentimentalism in French literature

  By going to the continent, English sentimentalism found several prepared soil in France. Absolutely independently of the English representatives of this direction Abbot Preview ("Manon Lesko", "Cleveland") and Marivo ("Life Marianna") taught the French public to admire all touching, sensitive, somewhat melancholic.

  Under the same influence, "Julia" or "New Eloise" Rousseau () was created, which always responded with respect and sympathy about Richardson. Julia many reminds Clariss Garlo, Clara is her girlfriend, Miss Howe. The moralizing character of both works also brings them closer between them; But in Romane Rousseau plays a prominent role of nature, with wonderful arts describe the shores of the Geneva Lake - Veve, Clarara, the Grove of Julia. The example of Rousseau did not remain without imitation; His follower, Bernarden de Saint-Pierre, in his famous work "Paul and Virgini" () transfers the place of action to South Africa, precisely foreshadowing the best writings of Shatubriak, makes her heroes the adorable couple of lovers living away from urban culture, in close communication with Natural, sincere, sensitive and clean souls.

  Sentimentalism in Russian literature

  Sentimentalism penetrated into Russia in the 1780s - early 1790s due to the translation of the novels "Werker" I. V. Goethe, Pamela, Clarissa and Grandison S. Richardson, "New Eloise" J.-z. Rousseau, "Paul and Virgini" J.-A. Bernarden de Saint Pierre. ERU of Russian sentimentalism opened Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin "Letters of the Russian Traveler"

  His story "Poor Lisa" (1792) is a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose; From Gothev Verter, he inherited the general atmosphere of sensitivity, melancholy and suicide themes.

  Essays N. M. Karamzin caused a huge number of imitation; At the beginning of the XIX century. "Poor Masha" appeared by A. E. Izmailov (1801) and "Journey to midday Russia" (1802), "Henrietta, or a triumph of deception over weakness or delusion" of Ivan Svoschinsky (1802), numerous tales of P. P. Kamenev (" History of the poor Marya, "" Unfortunate Margarita "," Beautiful Tatyana ") and others.

  Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev belonged to the Karamzin group, who spent the creation of a new poetic language and fantastic against the archaic high-resistant syllable and outlined genres.

  Sentimentalism marked early creativity of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Publication In 1802, the transfer of Elegy's "Country Cemetery" T. Gray became a phenomenon in the artistic life of Russia, for he translated the poem "on the language of sentimentalism in general, translated the genre of Elegy, and not the individual work of the English poet, having his special individual style" (E. Etkind). In 1809, Zhukovsky wrote a sentimental story "Maryina Grove" in the spirit of N. M. Karamzin.

  English sentimentalism by 1820 exhausted himself.

  He was one of the stages of pan-European literary development, which completed the Epoch of Enlightenment and opened the way to romanticism.

  The main features of Russian sentimentalism

  • Care from straightness of classicism,
  • Underlined subjectivity approach to the world
  • Cult feelings
  • Cult of nature
  • The cult of congenital moral purity, unspoken,
  • Approval of the rich spiritual world of lower estate representatives,
  • Attention is paid to the spiritual world of man, in the first place there are feelings, not the mind and great ideas.

  In painting

  The direction of Western art of the second half of XVIII, expressing disappointment in "civilization", based on the ideals of the "Reason" (educational ideology). Sentimentalism proclaims the feeling, secluded reflection, the simplicity of rural life of the "little man." The ideologist of sentimentalism is considered J. Zh. Rousseau.

  One of the characteristic features of Russian portrait art of this period was citizenship. The heroes of the portrait no longer live in their closed separate world. Consciousness to be a necessary and useful Fatherland, caused by the patriotic rise in the Patriotic War of the Patriotic War of 1812, the flourishing of humanistic thought, which was based on respect for the dignity of a separate person, waiting for close social changes to rebuild the world weight of an advanced person. The portrait of N. A. Klyukov, the granddaughter A. V. Suvorov, presented in the hall, presented to this area, copied by an unknown master with a portrait of I. B. Lamp, depicting a young woman in the park, away from the conventions of secular life. She looks at the audience thoughtfully with half jelly, everything is simplicity and naturalness. Sentimentalism is opposed to rectilinear and unnecessarily logical reasoning about the nature of human feeling, emotional perception, directly and more reliably leading to the comprehension of truth. Sentimentalism has expanded the idea of \u200b\u200bman's mental life, approaching the understanding of its contradictions, the process of human experience. At the turn of the two centuries, the creativity of N. I. Argunova, gifted serfaceans of Sheremetev developed. One of the essential trends in the works of Argunova, which was not interrupted during the 19th centuries - the desire to concrete expression, the unassumability of the approach to person. The hall shows the portrait of the graph N. P. Sheremeteva. He was donated by the Graph of the Rostov Savior-Yakovlevsky monastery itself, where the cathedral was erected at his funds. Portrait of a realistic simplicity of expression, free from decoration and idealization. The artist avoids writing hands, focuses on the face of the model. Portrait flavor is built on the expressiveness of individual spots of pure color, colorful planes. In the portrait art of this time there is a type of a modest chamber portrait, fully freed from any features of the external situation, demonstrative behavior of models (Portrait of P. A. Babina, P. I. Mordvinova). They do not claim to be deep psychologism. We are dealing only with a fairly clear fixation of models, a quiet spiritual state. Separate group are presented in the hall of children's portraits. They bribe the simplicity and clarity of the interpretation of the image. If in the XVIII century most often the children were depicted with the attributes of mythological heroes in the form of Amurov, Apollonov and Dian, then in the XIX century, artists seek to pass the direct image of a child, a children's warehouse. Portraits presented in the hall, with rare exceptions come from the noble estate. They entered the manor portrait galleries, the basis of which were family portraits. The assembly was intimate mainly memorial character and reflected personal attachments of models and their attitude towards the ancestors and contemporaries, the memory of which they tried to keep for descendants. The study of portrait galleries deepens the idea of \u200b\u200bthe era, allows you to more reliefly feel the specific situation in which the works of the past lived, and understand a number of features of their artistic language. Portraits give the richest material to study the history of domestic culture.

  V. L. Borovikovsky, who portrayed many of his models, especially the strong influence of sentimentalism, depicting many of its models against the background of the English Park, with a soft, sensually wounded expression on his face. Borovikovsky was associated with the English tradition through the circle of N. A. Lviv - A. N. Olenina. He knew well the typology of the English portrait, in particular, according to the works of the German artist A.Kaufman, who was educated in England in England in 1780.

  Some influence on Russian painters had English landscape players, for example, such masters of an idealized classic landscape as Ja. F. Hakkert, R. Shuson, T. Hams, J. Forrester, S. Delon. In the landscapes of F. M. Matveyev, the influence of the "waterfalls" and "species of tivoli" is traced. Mora.

  J. Flaxman's graphics were also popular in Russia (illustrations to Homer, Eshil, Dante), which had an influence on the drawings and engravings of F. Tolstoy, and the petty plastic of the meshwood - in 1773 the Empress made the British manufactory fantastic for the volume of the order for " Meeting with a green frog»Of the 952 items with the views of the UK, which is now stored in the Hermitage.

  In the English taste, miniatures G. I. Okodumumova and A. H. Ritta were performed; On china, the genre "picturesque sketches of the manner, customs and entertainment of Russians in a hundred painted drawings" (1803-1804) was reproduced on china.

  British artists in the second half of the XVIII century in Russia work less than French or Italian. Among them, Richard Brompton, the court artist George III, who worked in St. Petersburg in 1780-1783 acquired the greatest fame. He belongs to the portraits of the great princes of Alexander and Konstantin Pavlovich, and Prince Georg Wales, who became samples of the image of the heirs at the youth. The image of Catherine's unfinished by Brompton on the background of the fleet was embodied in the portrait of the Empress in the Temple of Minerva D. G. Levitsky.

  Frenchman on the origin of P. E. Falcone was a student of Reynolds and therefore represented the English school of painting. The traditional English aristocratic landscape presented in his works, ascending to Wang Deika of the English period, was not widely recognized in Russia.

  Wang Dequean's paintings from the Hermitage collection often copied, which contributed to the spread of a costume portrait genre. The fashion image in the English spirit has acquired more distribution after returning from the Britain of Gabriel Skorodumum, appointed "Cabinet of Emperorsky Majesty Gragraver" and elected academician. Thanks to the activities of Engraver J. Walker in St. Petersburg, engraved copies of J. Romini paintings, J. Reynolds, U. Khora, were distributed in St. Petersburg. In the notes left by J. Walker, a lot is said about the advantages of the English portrait, and the reaction to the acquired G. A. Potemkin and Catherine II Painting Reynolds: "The manner of dense paint ... It seemed strange ... on their (Russians) taste it was too much " However, as Rainolds theorist was adopted in Russia; In 1790, his "speeches" were translated into Russian, in which, in particular, the right of portrait belong to a number of "higher" painting of painting and introduced the concept of "portrait in historical style".

  Class: 10.

  Start No. 1 "Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century

  Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism. The origin of realism in the Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century. National self-determination of Russian literature. T / l Realism and its formation
  Historical events:
  1801g. - ended the era of palace coups
  (Alexander First became the emperor)
  1812 – Patriotic War with Napoleon 1825 - Decembrist uprising on the Senate Square of St. Petersburg.
  Directions:
  Classicism
  Sentimentalism
  
  
  Romanticism
  
  Realism
  
  A.S. Pushkin. Life and creative way.

  Creative way.

  Dates	Period	Work	Direction
  1.Nack	1799-1811
  2.Sarcosellese	1811-1817	"Memories in the tsarist village", "singer", "pouring students"	discipleship
  3. Petersburg	1817-1820	Oda "liberty", "Village", "To Chaaadaev", "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
  4. South Link	1820-1824	"The daytime shone went out ...", the poems of "Roma", "Caucasian captive".	romanticism
  5. Mikhailovascular	1824-1826	"To the sea", "I remember a wonderful moment ...", "Prophet", "Boris Godunov"	realism
  6. After reference	1826-1830	"In the depths of Siberian ore ...", "Arion", "Anchar", "I loved you"	realism
  7. Boldin Autumn 1830	1830	"Tale of Belkin", "Little Tragedies"	Realism
  8. In St. Petersburg	1831-1833	"Autumn", the poem "Copper Horseman"	Realism
  9. Recent years of life	1834-1837	"I visited again ...", "I am a monument to myself uncomfortable ..."	realism

  The features of the works of Pushkin:

  Harmony

  beauty

  Humanism

  Freedom-loving pathos

  Naturality

  Active attitude to life.

  The main motives of Lyrics A.S. Pushkin: the winster and philosophical lyrics, the theme of the poet and poetry, love lyrics, the theme of nature. "Eternal themes" in Pushkin's poetry: nature, love, friendship, creativity, society and man, freedom and inevitability, meaning of human being.

  A. Pushkin Oda "Volost" (1817)

  Already the very name of ODD was to remind the reader to the Radishchevskaya ODU "Wolney", the famous young people on the lists. In the first rows, Pushkin defines the purpose of the OD - "hit the throne on the thrones." The poet is full of noble, sublime indignation, by refringing "tyranans of the world", which are pouring the natural right of the people to freedom. He encourages himself to observe the law that the people and the king are equally subject to both. Violation of the law is disastrous for the state. In the conditions of autocratic Russia, these ideas of Pushkin acquired a deeply revolutionary meaning, because the poet condemned the tyranny of the Supreme Power and threatened to her inevitable retribution.

  A. Pushkin "To Chaadaev" (1818). Wolnolyubie with a special force in the St. Petersburg period manifested itself in the poem "to Chaadaev", which is written in the genre of friendly message. Pushkin has a personal theme, without losing an intimate nature, is filled with deep public content. The joy of life and happiness man can comprehend only in a free society. Therefore, in the poem to the forefront, the thought of the debris is put forward, the ministry of which becomes the need of the poet's soul. In the poem of the feeling of Chaadaeva and Pushkin, they are united ("the deception is not enough for us ...", "But there is still a desire for us ...", "We are waiting with Trews to hope ...", "our names will write!"). Their friendship was eager for high civil sensations and thoughts about the freedom of the people moaning under the IGA of Samovhood. The poem begins with a sad note: Eusting with life, her joy, its hopes turned out to be only "deception." In a collision with the reality of the dream of glory, love, freedom often turn into disbelief, doubt. So it was with Chaadaev. Pushkin supports confidence in her friend in the ultimate victory of freedom-loving ideas, in the fact that dreams of glory (and he considered Chaadaev a man of state mind) is not in vain. The sad tone is replaced by cheerful, cheerful. The passionate thirst for the "Saint Willow" cannot defeat the difficulties of struggle, neither threatening obstacles, nor "power griends". Gusting to freedom, impatiently waiting for her celebrations express a mighty-free commolism of the poet. That is why it is so imperative and prisoner ("Comrade, Believe ...") The appeal of Pushkin to a friend, so convinced his speech, a complete prophetic prediction: "And on the wreckage of self-liberty will write our names!" A. Pushkin "To the Sea" (1824). One of the first program lyrical works written in Mikhailovsky was the poem "to the sea". Pushkin rushed in him with south, with the sea, with romanticism, summed up the southern period of his creative destiny. The sea for him is a symbol of freedom, a symbol of the vast free element, a relative of his spirit. The image of the sea, created by Pushkin, beautiful and majestic. The sea is full of hidden strength - it obeys only its law ("wayward gusts"), only his whim. It can be affectionate and destructive, and its noise is "sad", "invoked". The element does not tolerate any external coercion, and in this she is akin to the liberty spirit of man ("My soul is desirable!") Or a strong passion, "a mighty passion is fascinated, I stayed at the coast ..."). A. Pushkin "K ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment ...", 1825). This poem is a masterpiece of Pushkin lyrics (romance to music M.I. Glinka). Addressed K. Anne Petrovna Kern. (1800-1879), P.A. P.A. P. P. P. P. P. P. (1781-1859), Radigar's villagers, Neighbor Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky Pskov province. For Pushkin, love is one of the strongest human feelings and the most natural manifestation of human relations. Love, like poetry, mastering a person to the whole being, and all his inner forces come into motion. It is not by chance that Pushkin love and poetry - native sisters. It is clear that the poet sought to draw a perfect image of female beauty. A. Pushkin "Arion" (1827). The poem was based on a widely known legend about the ancient Greek singer Arion, sailing on the ship by sea. Shippers conceived him to kill to take possession of the property belonging to him. Arion asked them permission to sing before death. Then he jumped into the sea. Enchanted by his singing, Dolphin carried him ashore. Pushkin changed the legend, according to which Arion and Shippers are enemies. In his poem between swimmers and singer there are no hostility. In legend and swimmers and Arion are alive. Pushkin has only a singer. However, the appearance is combined with allegorical. Pushkin gave the mythological plot quite modern sound. The poem was written on July 16, 1827, that is, three days after the anniversary (July 13, 1826) of the execution of the Decembrists. Pushkin again remembered his winsitious youth. Thus, Pushkin remained faithful and the winsted ideals of youth, and its ideas about the power of the poetic word ("Prophet"). But now he deeper understood modernity and felt more clearly a tragedy of an advanced man in a despotic country. Pushkin's own position also considers this tragedy in the light of this tragedy. A. Pushkin "Autumn" (1833). None of the year did not cause such charm in the poet as autumn. In the poem of the poem, he dedicated to her wonderful lines. Usually autumn in poetry is associated with the moods of sadness. Pushkin itself wilting nature is depicting as a powerful manifestation of life. "October has come" - it's simple and clear. Here is an exact indication of the year and at a completely definite time of autumn - October. Next, the painting of the autumn is deployed, fading with picturesque and accurate details. Subject images ("The last sheets with the naked branches", "the road freezes", "Zhurch, still runs for the mill of the stream") Returns with metaphorical ("Grove casts", "dlowed the autumn chlad"). Pushkin found genuine beauty and charm in a modest autumn nature: "Sad time! Ocho charming! My farewell beauty is pleasant to me ... " A. Pushkin "I am a monument to myself erectific ..." (1836). This poem dates back to the tradition of the Roman poet Horata, the author "I will have an erect monument ...", and Derzhavin in Russian lyrics. However, Pushkin retreated from these samples. The plot of the poem is the fate of Pushkin, meaningful against the background of historical movement. The poem keeps traces of grave thinking about the cruelty of the century, about relations with the king and great circles, about the unattainable happiness of freedom, that in poetry he, Pushkin, won a victory over autocracy. The poem is full of bitter premonition of the ambulance, proud to contempt for the royal power, faith in the power of the poetic word, immense love for Russia. In it - the consciousness of the accomplished debt before the people. Who gives the poet the right to immortality? The genius his own creativity himself puts in the life of the "non-manual monument", because he is the voice of the people, his prophet. Already in the first stanza, Pushkin introduces the folk theme "People's trail does not tarnish to him ...". Poetry will be the property of the people: "The rumor about me will pass throughout Russia ...". Word freedom Includes political and spiritual freedom, freedom from slavery and from the estate, religious, national and other prejudices. "Grace to Fallen" is primarily about the Decembrists. But Pushkin's words received a wider address - it's about the fortress peasants, and the tortured soldiers, and about simple urban people. The last stanza sums up and the personal experience of Pushkin, for whom words praise, insult and slander - Temporary and fume. He wrote not for the sake of the "crown". Poetry is disinterested ministry in the name of mankind. The poet bequeathed "indifferent" to the hula and praise, for I was convinced that the muse should strictly follow the truth, to serve freedom, beauty, good and justice. In this, the eternal and unchanged essence of truly folk art.
  Features of the Pushkin lyrical hero, reflected in poems of the poet of the spiritual world of man. Perfection of Pushkin verse. Art discovery of Pushkin.
  Probably there is some kind of symbolism in the fact that Pushkin was born on the eve of the new century. Everything. What he brought with him not only in the literature, but also in the world, was unusual for many of his contemporaries. Pushkin fell to live and create in an era, which became as glorious for Russia, how tragic. His Lira challenged the victory of Russian weapons over Napoleon and captured an unprecedented patriotic and spiritual ascent in the best part of the Russian society. But the mound of the poet was destined to mourn one who came out in December 1825 to the Senate Square, 1 To overthrow the king and despotia, and then support them with the words that sounded at the whole of Russia: "Your sorrowful labor and the Duma will not disappear, and By the end of his days, he remained faithful to the ideals of his winsitious youth. Of course, it is impossible to put a sign of equality between the poet and his lyrical hero. With regard to Pushkin, it is even more important to understand that, perhaps, for the first time in Russian, and in world poetry, the author's "I" appeared in front of the reader so brightly, strongly, flexibly and diverse. The lyrical voice of Pushkin changed over the years with his author, mature, man, but never merged with him. Lovelyubie is the main quality of Pushkin's poetry. But the life of a multifaceted, everything in it is intertwined in it. And it is difficult to "distribute" Pushkin's poems on topics (although it is unfortunately, accepted). In fact, in the famous miniature "on the hills of Georgia ..." are not woven together the themes of love, nature and philosophical pondays about life?! And we feel their continuity primarily thanks to the lyrical hero: on the hills of Georgia there is a night mong of Aragva's noise before me. I am sad and easy; sorrow my light; My sadness is full ... Yes, the lyrical hero of Pushkin is complicated and multifaceted. He seeks to know life in all its diversity. But it is important to note that they are interested in its bright parties first. Whatever the topic would have touched the poet, the mind triumphs in his verses. Pushkin remains faithful to his declaration, proclaimed in young years: "Long live music! Long live the mind! " Recall the famous messages of the lyceum friend. enthusiastic in youth and sad-wise in maturity. Recall caustic epigrams and heartfelt poetic landscapes of all seasons. And the solemn poems who chant the poet and the high appointment of poetry? And passionate words of recognition in love? The lyrical hero Pushkin is a responsive, devoted friend. Recall the message to the Lyceum friend - Decembrist I. Pushchina: My first friend, my friend is invaluable! And I blessed fate when my courtyard was secluded, the sad snow was listed. Your bell accelerated ... Without a doubt, Pushkin poems "I" is not a double poet, and his faithful ally. Do not be a lyrical hero - how lonely there would be a Lira Pushkin. Even in the most tragic for the poet years (mid-thirties), the author always found the strength to get out of a difficult situation, overcome the crisis. Thanks to his lyrical hero, the poet constantly feels the reader: the days of late autumn are wounded usually. But she is her Mila, the reader is dear, - Krasoya is quietly shining humbly ... or: Laura, my friend, it's time! The rest of the heart asks - the days are flying every day, and every hour takes the part of being, and we will alone with you to live ... before us are the poems of the mid -30s. How did the lyrical voice of Pushkin changed! Mature wisdom, solemn and sad, came to replace youthful. It is especially well feeling if you read poet poets in a row. From year to year, the hero becomes an adult, changes literally in his eyes, but still the "heart" remains Pushkin - sunny, optimistic. Here he, an eighteen-year-old, dreaming about the future, temporarily breaks up with a lyceum fraternity: ... Where would I be: in the fire of whether the death battle, with a peaceful rogue brags, the Holy Brotherhood I am faithful .., "separation" is almost two Decades, and are born completely different on the sound of the string: remember, about friends, since then, when our circle of fate has connected, and what, what are we witnesses! Playing a mysterious game, embarrassed peoples rushed; And they rinsed, and the kings fell ... "It was time ..." did not change the main thing - loyalty to her clear and clear life position. In each literature there is a golden beginning that makes it great and unique. In Russian poetry is Pushkin. His lyrics was so organically merged with our lives, our thoughts and feelings, our feeling of the homeland, that we rightly consider the poet with our contemporary. Reading Pushkin, I just want to live, for his verses - life itself ... But I don't want to die, die; I want to live, to think and suffer ... "Elegy" ??? Write an essay of the miniature "What is the lyrical hero A.S. Pushkin?"
  RR Analysis of the lyrical product of the poet.

  The analysis plan of the lyrical work:

  1. History

  2.Ma and genre

  3.Central image or image system

  4. Features of poetic speech

  5. Funds

  6.composition

  8. Theest content caused by a poem.

  (1833). Pushkin was constantly interested in the identity of Peter 1, the Great Transducer of Russia. He understood that Petrovskaya Epoch was a steep turn in the history of his country. As a mighty artist, he always has for a depicting of turning era or historical and social catastrophes. The poem "Copper Horseman" is the grand philosophical meditation of the writer about the progressive course of history. The entry of composite is opposed to two parts in which the plot of the "Petersburg story" is deployed. The sublime pathos is replaced by a sad story. What did Petrovsky transformations lead to? Is it better than an ordinary, poor man? Pushkin tells the history of the poor official Eugene, gently in love with Parasha. The dreams of Eugene about family happiness and personal independence are completely legitimate, there are many for Pushkin personal, autobiographical. But they do not come true. The spontaneous perturbation of nature, opposed by the rational will of Peter, carries the death of the pacheracy and poor people. The postperter time for Pushkin is devoid of converting energy inherent in the formidable builder of a mighty autocratic state. Pushkin carries the collision between the elements and the reasonable activity of Peter in the Social Philosophical Plan. His personal Mount Eugene is trying to explain social reasons. But he is already opposed not to the pyotr-converter, but the most autocracy order, which personifies in the bronze sculpture ("Moid on the Bronze Kone"). Evgeny felt the power of Peter's despotism. And he bravely throws him a challenge. But the spontaneous riot of the desperate single is deprived of meaning. Therefore, Eugene is inclusive, destroyed, crushed morally, with a faithful reason. Pushkin expressively depicts the celebration of the autocratic power:

  And it is empty

  Runs and hears about

  As if thunder rumble -

  Heavy-ringing jump

  By shocked pavement.

  And, illuminated the moon pale,

  Shook the hand in the embroidery

  His rider is copper

  On a ring-racing horse;

  And for all night, madness is poor,

  Where foot did not add

  Behind him everywhere the rider copper

  With heavy hooks jumping.

  The greatness of Peter - the architect new state - remains for Pushkin unshakable. But the progressive meaning of its construction turns into conditions of an autocratic state by the death of a poor man who has the right to happiness. And in this - one of the contradictions of history. Modern Pushkin Reality did not give the opportunity to resolve the conflict between the state interests and the dreams of a separate personality. Personality always suffered defeat when her needs and care came to a collision with self-defense. The harmony between the person and the state could not be achieved on the basis of an unfair public system. ??? Is the harmony of the person and the state possible at the present time? Justify your answer.

  Details Category: A variety of styles and directions in art and their features Published 07/31/2015 19:33 Views: 8061

  Sentimentalism as an artistic direction arose in Western art in the second half of the XVIII century.

  In Russia, his flourishing came to the period from the end of the XVIII to the beginning of the XIX century.

  The value of the term

  Sentimentalism - from FR. Sentiment. The ideology of the mind of the Epoch of Enlightenment in Sentimentalism is replaced by the priority of feelings, simplicity, secluded reflection, interest in the "little man." The ideologist of sentimentalism is considered J. Zh. Rousseau.

  

  Jean Jacques Rousseau
  The chief hero of sentimentalism becomes a natural person (living in the world with nature). Only such a person, according to sentimentalists, will be able to be happy, gaining inner harmony. In addition, it is important to raise feelings, i.e. Natural began man. Civilization is the same (urban environment) is a hostile environment for people and distorts its nature. Therefore, in the works of sentimentalists there is a cult of privacy, rural existence. Sentimentalists considered the concepts of "History", "State", "Society", "Education". They were not interested in historical, heroic past (as it was interested in these classicists); Daily impressions were the essence of human life for them. Hero of sentimentalism literature is an ordinary person. If it is even a man of low origin (a servant or a robber), then the wealth of his inner world is no longer inferior, and sometimes surpasses the inner world of the highest estates.
  Representatives of sentimentalism did not suit a person with an unequivocal moral assessment - a person is complex and is capable of both the elevated and low deeds, but from nature in people there is a good start, and evil is the fruit of civilization. However, each person always has a chance to return to its nature.

  Development of sentimentalism in art

  Motherland sentimentalism was England. But in the second half of the XVIII century. He became a pan-European phenomenon. The most brightly sentimentalism manifested itself in English, French, German and Russian literature.

  Sentimentalism in English literature

  

  James Thomson
  In the late 20s of the XVIII century. James Thomson wrote the poems "Winter" (1726), "Summer" (1727), "Spring" and "Autumn", later published under the name "Seasons" (1730). These works contributed to the reading English public to look closely at the native nature and see the charm of idyllic rustic life, unlike the vigorous and spoiled urban. The so-called "cemetery poetry" (Edward Jung, Thomas Gray) appeared, in which the thought was expressed about the equality of all before his death.

  

  Thomas Gray
  But more fully sentimentalism expressed himself in the genre of the novel. And here, first of all, I should remember Samuel Richardson, the English writer and the press, the first English novelist. Usually he created his novels in the epistolar genre (in the form of letters).

  

  Samuel Richardson

  The main characters exchanged long frank letters, and through them Richardson introduced the reader into the innermost world of their thoughts and feelings. Remember how A.S. Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin" writes about Tatyana Larina?

  She was too early to novels;
  They replaced her all;
  She fell in love with cheating
  And Richardson and Rousseau.

  

  Joshua Reynolds "Portrait of Lorenz Stern"

  Laurens Stern was also known, the author of Tristram Shender and Sentimental Travel. The "sentimental journey" himself stern called "a peaceful wandering of the hearts in search of nature and for all mental attractions, capable of inspiring us more love towards the neighbor and to the whole world, than we can usually feel."

  Sentimentalism in French literature

  The origins of French sentimental prose stands Pierre Carle de Chamble de Marvo with Roman "Life Marianna" and Abbot Preview with Manon Lesko.

  

  Abbot Preview

  But the highest achievement in this direction was the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), a French philosopher, a writer, thinker, musicologist, composer and botany.
  The main philosophical works of Rousseau, where his public and political ideals are presented, were "New Eloise", "Emil" and "Public Agreement".
  Rousseau first tried to explain the causes of social inequality and its views. He believed that the state arises as a result of a public contract. According to the contract, the supreme power in the state belongs to the whole people.
  Under the influence of the ideas of Rousseau, such new democratic institutions, as a referendum, etc.
  J.J. Rousseau made the nature of an independent image object. His "confession" (1766-1770) is considered one of the most frank autobiographies in the world literature, in which he pronounced the subjectivistic installation of sentimentalism: an artistic work is a way of expressing the author's "I". He believed that "the mind can be wrong, a feeling - never."

  Sentimentalism in Russian literature

  

  V. Tropinin "Portrait of N.M. Karamzina "(1818)
  The era of Russian sentimentalism began N. M. Karamzin "Letters of the Russian traveler" (1791-1792).
  Then the story "Poor Lisa" (1792) was written, which is considered a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose. She had a great success from readers and was a source of imitation. Works appeared with similar names: "Poor Masha", "Unfortunate Margarita", etc.
  Karamzin's poetry also developed in line with European sentimentalism. The poet is not interested in an external, physical world, and the inner, spiritual world of man. His poems say "in the Head Language", and not reason.

  Sentimentalism in painting

  The artist V. L. Borovikovsky was especially strong influenced by Sentimentalism. In his work prevails a chamber portrait. In women's images V. L. Borovikovsky embodies the ideal of the beauty of his era and the main task of sentimentalism: the transfer of the inner world of man.

  

  On the double portrait "Lizonka and Dashenka" (1794) the artist portrayed the maid family of Lvy. Obviously, a portrait is written with great love for models: he saw and soft curls of hair, and white face, and a light blush. The intelligent look and lively the immediacy of these ordinary girls - in line with sentimentalism.

  In many of their chamber sentimental portraits, V. Borovikovsky managed to transfer the diversity of feelings and experiences of the people depicted. For example, "Portrait of M.I. Lopukhina "- one of the most popular female portraits of the artist's brush.

  

  V. Borovikovsky "Portrait of M.I. Lopukhina "(1797). Canvas, oil. 72 x 53.5 cm. Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
  V. Borovikovsky created the image of a woman who is not connected with any public status is just a beautiful young woman, but living in harmony with nature. Lopukhin is depicted against the background of the Russian landscape: Birch trunks, Ear of Rye, Vasilka. The landscape echoes the appearance of a loop: the bending of its figure eats tenders, white birchs are reflected in the dress, blue cornflowers are echoing with a silk belt, a gentle-livid shawl - with dumped rose buds. Portrait full of life reliability, the depths of feelings and poetry.
  Russian poet Ya. Polonsky almost 100 years later dedicated to the portrait of poems:

  She has long passed, and no already those eyes
  And there is no smile that silently expressed
  Suffering - the shadow of love, and thoughts - the shadow of sadness,
  But her beauty Borovikovsky saved.
  So part of the soul did not fly away from us,
  And this look will look and this beauty body
  To her indifferent offspring attract,
  Learn to love him, suffer, forgive, silence.
  (Maria Ivanovna Lopukhina died quite young, at the age of 24, from Chakhotka).

  

  V. Borovikovsky "Portrait of E.N. Arsenyeva "(1796). Canvas, oil. 71.5 x 56.5 cm. State Russian Museum (Petersburg)
  But in this portrait, Ekaterina Nikolaevna Arsenyev - Senior daughter, Major General N.D. Arsenyev, the pupil of the Society of Noble Maiden at the Smolny Monastery. She will later become Freillan Empress Maria Fedorovna, and in the portrait is depicted by a flavored flirtatious shepherd, on a straw hat - the ears of wheat, in his hand - an apple, an aphrodite symbol. It is felt that the girl's character is light and cheerful.

  In the process of its development, literature, both Russian and world, was held many stages. Features of literary creativity, which were repeated on a certain period of time and were characteristic of a large number of works, determine the so-called artistic method or literary direction. The history of the development of Russian literary creativity directly echoes Western European art. The flows that dominated in the world classics, sooner or later were reflected in Russian. This article will consider the main features and signs of such a period as sentimentalism in Russian literature.

  In contact with

  New literary current

  Sentimentalism in the literature belongs to the most notable directions, he originated in European art in the XVIII century, under the influence of the era of the enlightenment. The country of the emergence of sentimentalism is considered to be England. The definition of this direction occurred from french word santimentaswhich translated into Russian means "".

  This name was elected due to the fact that the focus of style adherents paid to the inner world of man, his feelings and emotions. Charged from the Hero-citizen characteristic of classicism, reading Europe with delight adopted a new vane and sensual man depicted by sentimentalists.

  In Russia, this course came at the end of the 18th century through artistic translations of Western European writers, such as Werker, J.Zh. Rousseau, Richardson. This direction arose in the Western European art in the XVIII century. In literary works, this flow manifested itself especially brightly. It has spread to Russia thanks to the artistic translations of the novels of European writers.

  The main features of sentimentalism

  The birth of a new school preaching a refusal to look at the world was the answer to credit samples of the mind of the era of classicism. Among the main signs, the following features of sentimentalism can be distinguished:

  • Nature is used as a background that shades and complementing the internal experiences and state of a person.
  • The foundations of psychologism are laid, the authors put in the first place internal feelings of a separate person, his reflection and torment.
  • One of the leading those sentimental works becomes the theme of death. Often there is a motive of suicide due to the impossibility of resolving the internal conflict of the hero.
  • The environment that surrounds the hero is secondary. It does not have much influence on the development of the conflict.
  • Propaganda initial spiritual beauty of a simple person, wealth of his inner world.
  • A reasonable and practical approach to life is inferior to sensory perception.

  Important! Straight classicism generates completely opposite to himself in spirit the flow in which the internal states of the individual overlook, regardless of its lowest possible origin.

  The uniqueness of the Russian version

  In Russia, this method has retained its basic principles, but there are two groups in it. One represented a reaction look at the serfdom. The leads of the authors entering into it, depicted fortress peasants very happy and satisfied with their destiny. Representatives of this area - PI Shalikov and N.I. Ilyin.

  The second group had a more progressive view of the peasants. It was she who became the main driving force in the development of literature. The main representatives of sentimentalism in Russia - N. Karamzin, M. Muravyev and N. Kutuzov.

  Sentimental direction in Russian works glorified the patriarchal lifestyle, sharply criticized And emphasized the high level of spirituality among the low-class representatives. He tried through the impact on spirituality and internal feelings to teach the reader to something. The Russian version of this direction performed the educational function.

  Representatives of the new literary direction

  Having come to Russia at the end of the XVIII century, the new course found many adherents. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin can be called the most bright follower. It is he who is considered the operator of the era of literature of feelings.

  In his novel, "Letters of the Russian Traveler" he used the favorite Genre of Sentimentalists - travel notes. This genre allowed to show everything that the author saw during his journey, through his own perception.

  In addition to Karamzin, quite bright representatives of this flow in Russia - N.I. Dmitriev, M.N. Muravyev, A.N. Radishchev, V.I. Lukin. At one time, this group belonged to V.A Zhukovsky with some of his earliest leaders.

  Important! N.M. Karamzin is considered the most striking representative and founder of sentimental ideas in Russia. His creativity caused a lot of imitations ("Poor Masha" A.E. Izmailov, G.P. Kameneva "Beautiful Tatyana", etc.).

  Examples and themes of works

  The new literary flow predetermined a new attitude towards nature: it becomes not just a place of action, against the background of which events develop, and acquires a very important function - satisfy feelings, emotions and internal experiences of characters.

  The main theme of the works was in the image of the beautiful and harmonious existence of the person in the world of nature and uninstalistic of the spoiled behavior of the aristocratic layer.

  Examples of the works of sentimentalists in Russia:

  • "Letters of the Russian traveler" N.M. Karamzin;
  • "" N.M. Karamzin;
  • "Natalia, Boyarskaya Daughter" N.M. Karamzin;
  • "Maryina Grove" V. A. Zhukovsky;
  • "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishcheva;
  • "Journey through Crimea and Bessarabia" P. Sumarokova;
  • "Henrietta" I. Svoschinsky.

  

  "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev

  Genres

  The emotional and sensual perception of the world forced to use new literary genres and sublime-shaped vocabulary, corresponding to ideological load. The emphasis on the fact that natural principles should prevail in the person, and that the best habitat is natural, predetermined the main genres of sentimentalism in the literature. Elegy, Diary, Psychological Drama, Letters, Psychological Tale, travel, pastoral, psychological novel, memoirs became the basis of the works of "sensual" authors.

  Important! The prerequisite for absolute happiness sentimentalists considered virtue and high spirituality that should be naturally present in a person.

  Heroes

  If for the predecessor of this direction, classicism, the image of a citizen's hero, a person whose actions are subordinate to the mind, the new style in this respect made a revolution in this regard. Not citizenship and mind comes to the fore, and the internal state of a person, his psychological background. Feelings and naturalness erected in the cult contributed absolute disclosure of hidden feelings and thoughts of man. Each image of the hero became unique and unique. An image of such a person becomes the most important goal of this flow.

  In any product of the Sentimentalist writer, you can find a subtle sensitive nature that faces the cruelty of the surrounding world.

  The following features of the image of the main character in Sentimentalism are distinguished:

  • Clear distinction of positive and negative heroes. The first group demonstrates direct sincere feelings, and the second is selfish liars who have lost their natural origin. But despite this, the authors of this school retain faith in the fact that a person is able to return to true naturalness and become a positive character.
  • An image of opponents' heroes (serf and landowner), the confrontation of which clearly demonstrates the superiority of the lowest class.
  • The author avoids the images of certain people with a concrete fate. Often the prototypes of the hero in the book are real people.

  

  Fortress and landowners

  The image of the author

  The author plays a big role in sentimental works. He openly demonstrates his attitude towards heroes and their actions. The main task facing the writer is to give the opportunity full emotions of heroes, His sympathy for them and their actions. This task is implemented by calling compassion.

  Features of vocabulary

  For the language of the sentimental direction, it is characteristic of the presence of common lyrical deviations in which the author gives its assessment described on the pipings of the work. Rhetorical questions, appeals and exclamations help him arrange the right accents and draw the attention of the reader to important moments. Most often in such works prevails expressive vocabulary using integral expressions. Acquaintance with literature becomes possible for all layers. This brings it to a new level.

  Sentimentalism as a literary direction

  Sentimentalism

  Output

  The new literary direction completely outlived itself by the end of the XIX century. But, expecting a relatively short time, sentimentalism became a kind of push, which helped all arts, and literature in particular, to make a huge step forward. Classicism, who shoved creativity with his laws, remained in the past. The new course has become a kind of preparation of world literature for romanticism, to the work of A.S. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov.

  Sentimentalism is the course of art and literature, which was widely distributed after classicism. If the cult of the mind dominated the classicism, then the cult of the soul comes into the first place. The authors of works written in the spirit of sentimentalism appeal to the perception of the reader, trying to awaken certain emotions and feelings using the work.

  Sentimentalism originated in Western Europe in the early 18th century. To Russia, this direction came only by the end of the century and took the dominant position at the beginning of the 19th century.

  A new direction in the literature demonstrates absolutely new features:

  • The authors of the works of the main role are removed by feelings. The most important quality of the personality is considered to sympathize and empathize.
  • If in the classicism the main characters were mostly nobles and rich people, then in sentimentalism it is ordinary people. The authors of the works of the Epoch of Sentimentalism promote the idea that the inner world of a person does not depend on his social status.
  • Adherents of sentimentalism wrote about fundamental human values: love, friendship, kindness, compassion
  • The authors of this direction have seen their calling to console ordinary people crushed by deprivation, adversity and money, and open their souls towards virtue.

  Sentimentalism in Russia

  

  Sentimentalism in our country had two currents:

  • Noble. This direction was rather loyal. Speaking of feelings and human soul, the authors did not promote the abolition of serfdom. As part of this direction, the famous work of Karamzin "Poor Lisa" was written. The basis of the story was laid class conflict. As a result, the author nominates the human factor forward, and only after later looks at social differences. Nevertheless, the story does not protest against the order of things that exist in society.
  • Revolutionary.Unlike the "noble sentimentalism", the works of the revolutionary flow promoted the elimination of serfdom. They put a person with his right to free life and happy existence.

  Sentimentalism, in contrast to classicism, did not have clear canons writing works. That is why the authors working in this direction have created new literary genres, and also skillfully mixed them as part of one work.

  

  (Sentimentalism in the product of Radishchev "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow")

  Russian sentimentalism is a special direction that, due to the cultural and historical features of Russia, was distinguished from the same direction in Europe. As the main distinguishing features of Russian sentimentalism, the following can be called: the presence of conservative views on a social structure and tendency to enlighten, instruction, teaching.

  The development of sentimentalism in Russia can be divided into 4 stages, 3 of which occur by the 18th century.

  XVIII century

  • I stage

  In 1760-1765, the magazines "Useful Miscellenus" began to go out in Russia, "free watches", which rallied around themselves a group of talented poets led by Heraskov. It is believed that it was Hranskov who marked the beginning of Russian sentimentalism.

  

  In the work of poets of this period, nature and sensitivity begin to act as criteria of social values. The authors focus on a separate person and his soul.

  • Stage II (since 1776)

  For this period, the flourishing of the creativity of Muravyeva. Muravyov pays great attention to the soul of man, his feelings.

  

  An important event of the second stage was the yield of the comic opera "Rosana and Love" Nikolev. It was in this genre that many works of Russian sentimentalists are subsequently written. The basis of these works was laid conflict between the landlord arbitrariness and the powerless existence of serfs. Moreover, the spiritual world of peasants is often revealed as richer and rich than the inner world of rich landowners.

  • III stage (end of the 18th century)

  

  ()

  This period is considered the most fruitful for Russian sentimentalism. It is at this time that Creates his famous works of Karamzin. Magazines begin to appear, in which the values \u200b\u200band ideals of sentimentalists are promoted.

  XIX century

  • IV Stage (early 19th century)

  The crisis stage for Russian sentimentalism. The direction gradually loses its popularity and relevance in society. Many modern historians and literary critics believe that sentimentalism has become a fleeting transitional stage from classicism to romanticism. Sentimentalism as a literary direction quickly exhausted itself, however, the direction opened the way to the further development of world literature.

  Sentimentalism in overseas literature

  

  The birthplace of sentimentalism as a literary direction is considered to be England. The starting point can be called the work of the "Seasons" of Thomson. This collection of poems reveals the beauty and splendor of the surrounding nature for the reader. The author is trying by their descriptions to call certain feelings from the reader, to instill a love for the amazing beauties of the surrounding world.

  After Thomson in a similar style began to write Thomas Gray. In his works, he also paid great attention to the description of natural landscapes, as well as reflections on the difficult life of ordinary peasants. Important figures of this area in England were Lorens Stern and Samuel Richardson.

  The development of sentimentalism in French literature is connected with the names of Jean Jacques Russo and Jacques de Saint Pierre. The peculiarity of French sentimentalists was that they described the feelings and experiences of their heroes against the background of beautiful natural landscapes: parks, lakes, forests.

  European sentimentalism as a literary direction also quickly exhausted itself, however, the direction opened the way to the further development of world literature.