Georgian literature in Russian. Georgian writers

I will, of course, with A. S. Pushkin

Monastery at Kazbek

High above the family of the mountains

Kazbeg, your royal tent

Shines eternal rays.

Your monastery for clouds,

As in the sky, the cutting ark,

Parit, a little prominent above the mountains.

Far, believed Bregg!

There b, saying forgive the gorge,

Climb free embroidery!

There b, in the exclusive celle,

In the neighborhood of God to hide - me! ...

On the hills of Georgia lies night blades;

Noise Aragva Previously.

I am sad and easy; sorrow my light;

My sadness is full to you.

You, one of you .... Danya my

No one tortured, not disturbing,

And the heart is on again and loves - because

What not to love it can not.

Vladim Majakovsky

Our youth (passage)

Three different sources in me speech

I am not from the katsapov-ring.

I - grandfather Cossack, others - Schech,

And in the birthday of Georgians.

Vladikavkaz-Tiflis (passage)

I know: Stupidity - Eden and Paradise!

But if it sang about it,

Must be Georgia, joyful edge,

Meant poets.

Boris Pasternak

Waves (excerpt)

Already the castle the shadow grew from the scream

Found the word, and in the mountains,

As a mother's scared drill,

Mooked and melted devilors.

We were in Georgia. POWN

Need for tenderness, hell to paradise,

Greenhouse ice take the foot down

And we will get this edge.

And we will understand how thin doses

With the ground and the sky are included in the mixture

Success and work, and debt, and air

So that a person came out like here.

In order for, in the middle of the informs,

And lesions and briefs,

He became a sampling, reachable,

Something durable as salt.

Nikolay Tikhonov

I know Georgia such

And in the heart of strictly shore -

Avalanches loud bite,

And tours will jump in the snow.

Diamond ducts

And over the green world all

Ice Steps hang like rows

Frozen in the air poems.

Overnight in the towers, dinner humble

On this royal zeal

I slept under the vault

And dreams did not see the fun.

The wonderful photo of the yard with the Svan Towers is taken from the site http://www.risk.ru/users/veronika/4755/ and the Veronica Sorokina is made.

Jakov Polonsky

Walk through Tiflis (letter to Lev Sergeevich Pushkin - excerpt)

.... Wonderful look. - Hence, because of the bath,

I am visible a castle for Churo,

And imagine me that stone cornice

Steep shore, with hanging houses,

With balconies, lattice, pillars, -

As a scenery in the magical benefit

Luxuriously lit by Bengal lights.

From here I see - behind the blue mountains

Dawn, as an altar, flames - and Tiflis

Welcome farewell rays -

Oh, how brilliantly passes this hour!

Magnificent for unusual glasses

Picture! Remember the whole lot of these buildings,

All this mixture of ruins without legends -

Houses built, perhaps from ruins -

Gardens, enchanted grape branches,

And these domes, whose appearance one

Recalls you suburb of Tsarope.

And you see what to draw

Tiflis is not my Peru ...

Sergey Yesenin

In the Caucasus

Since ancient times, Russian is our Parnas

Pulled to unfamiliar countries

And most of all you, the Caucasus,

Relled the mysterious fog.

Here Pushkin in originality

Having made his soul with his own:

"Do not sing a beauty with me

You are sad songs in Georgia. "

And Lermontov, longing of the probe,

We told us about Azamat,

How he is for the horse Kazbich

Giving sister kneading Zlata.

For sadness and bile in your face

Boiling yellow rivers worthy

He, as a poet and officer,

There was a bunch of a friend calmed down.

And Griboedov buried here,

As our tribute to Persian Hmari,

In the foot of the big mountain

He sleeps under the cry of Zurna and Tari.

And now I am your gathering

Came, not conducting reasons:

Native dough here to break

Ile to spill your hour of death!

Yakov Helemsky

***

Borjomi is better to drink in Borjomi

And "Akhasheni" - in Akhashena.

Captivates us in an open house

The source is tasted.

Unique miracle it

Everything is familiar and unfamiliar .... So in the home of the poet

Wear poetry - in other things.

Magic current born in the vines

In the soul, in the silence of underground archs,

Does not tolerate complex transport,

Does not tolerate false translations.

Vsevolod christmas

Batumi (excerpt)

So sometimes, light sadness is injured,

Looking at the rank of the band,

Here in Batumi, longtime northerner,

I carry my sun in my chest.

As if I was born here

Or lived for many years

And I am meant, as if brother,

Lighthouse Green Star.

Andrei Voznesensky

Tbilisi bazaars

Down with Rafael!

Long live Rubens!

Trout fountains,

Colorful rudeness!

Here holidays on weekdays

Arba and watermelons.

Tradler - like a tambourine,

In bracelets and beads.

Indigo Indian.

Wine and persimmon.

Are you now without money?

Pey Zadarma!

Long live women

Salad vendor,

By becoming Baobab

In four clashes!

Basaars - fires.

Here fire, young

Garrar flames

Not hands, but gold.

In them reflections oils

And wine gold.

Long live a master

What will write them down!

Alexander Kushner

***

I'm in Georgia. I do not know anyone.

Alien speech. Customs strangers.

As if my life was bent with the edge,

As if I slept - and see blue

Hills. Walks around the yard forty.

When I knew why, forget the nesting,

Crazy, and ride so far away

As the singers used Sophia.

Oh, you see, I like the balcony,

Such a balcony, long, wooden.

Forgive me that so the answer is evading

Like this protrusion of the street.

Cheer up. After all, what happened to us

Not fun than what will happen to us.

Ah, you see, I like the railing,

And everyone wants that buildings and people.

Of course, buildings and people!

But I will die - for the balcony

I grasp - and jump out of the bund

And the dust is dust and jumping handkerchief.

My love kept me - collapsed.

Everyone pulls down, so don't give up you, though

Ah, Georgia, you are in this life - mercy,

An extension to it, refuge and whim!

Alexander Griboedov

***

Where Alazan goes

Does no car and coolness

Where in the gardens are given tribute

Purple grapes

Lightly shines day ray,

Early looking for, love a friend ...

You are familiar with that country

Where the earth does not know the plow,

Eternally young shine

Lucky bright colors

And the kindergarten ditch

Golden fruits?

Wanderer, do you know love

Not girlfriend dreams late

Terrible in heaven burning?

How burns blood it?

She lives and breathe it,

Guard and fall in battles

With her in the shower and on the lips.

So samuym south afraid,

Run the steppe ...

What fate, separation, death! ..

Sergey Gorodetsky

Evening

The shadows fall from the mountains

In my purple city.

Invisible steps

There are a mute hour.

And ringing the cathedrals of important

Flowing into the embroidery

How rusty lilies wet

Cloning to sleep.

And quietly melt smoke

Warmed housing

And month Pilgrim

Coming Nag and NIC.

Chicks are squirreling

And mother - children.

Here flashed the stars of eyelashes

Layout streams.

So flock close night

Cozy wing

So that everyone who is sideways

From the heart gelled.

Bella Ahmadulina

Dreams about Georgia

Dreams about Georgia - this is joy!

And in the morning so chista

Grape sweetness

Calented mouth.

I do not regret anything

I want nothing -

In Golden Svetitskhoveli

I put a poor candle.

Small pebbles in Mtskheta

I give praise and honor.

Lord, let it be

Always as it is.

Let it always be in the news

And sort over me

Mild Motherland Surride

The tenderness of the Motherland is someone else's.

Osip Mandelshtam

***

Tiflis humpback dreams

Sazandarey moan Rings,

On the bridge, the people crowds,

All the carpet capital,

And at the bottom of the Kura is noise.

Above the chrole there are Dukhans,

Where wine and cute pilaf,

And duchker there ruddy

Serves glasses

And serve guests ready.

Kakhetian dense

Well in the basement to drink, -

There in coolness, there alone

Drink plenty, drink two,

One do not need to drink!

In the little bit

You will find a deception.

If you ask "Teliani",

Flowing Tiflis in the fog,

You will swim in the bottle.

Man is old

And lameas young, -

And under a month tolerable

With pinkish wine ferry

Fill a skewed smoke.

Evgeny Evtushenko

My Tbilisi (passage)

Old Platean, foliage shaking barely,

You wise, as if you are punctures.

Galaktion calling the sign

In Tbilisi, Pushkin wanders with Pasternak.

About my city, chinking smoking,

A little crazy and home

Give me such happiness after death

Become forever your shadow, part ...

In Tbilisi there is a special charm.

On this city, the stars stared.

Always in Tbilisi for some reason close

Rome, to Athens and San Francisco.

In Tbilisi with a fraud of an old Tbilisar

All stones of the bridge I know in the face.

Who leaving, he knows immutable

It is impossible to leave Tbilisi.

Tbilisi from you is not leaving

When you defends you on the road.

And you will forget - in the atrum somewhere

Collee crystal mountain porridge.

Like the fact that the Milky Way is immortally moss

I believe that the city is eternal.

Alexander Tsybulevsky

Of course, there is no Dukhana corner,

Like the corner itself - around everything new,

The floresman is dead. Yet the shadow of Maidan

In someone else's asphalt, deafly improved ...

Nothing from the former Dukhana.

Just all. Here is the yurkaya old

She rush to go through the road:

Buy a bottle of lemonade in the heat.

Rush in a glass drum

Pale blue sky knees.

Close is the basis of life to the sulfur bath,

The appearance of an uncomfortable and rosary.

Without selecting anyone,

Like poor plastic rosary.

Bulat Okudzhava

Georgian song

The grape bone in the warm ground I skare,

And the vine kiss, and sweet borders of the Torva,

And friends of Sozov, on love your heart set up ...

Collure, my guests, at my treat,

Speak me right in the face, who before you hear?

The king of Heavenly forgive all the torments of my and doubts ...

And otherwise why on earth this eternal live?

In the dark red one will sing for me, I was given,

In black and white, I wonder before the chapter,

And I heard, and uglu from love and sadness ...

And otherwise why on earth this eternal live?

And when the fog will fall down, the angles are flying,

Let me still fall in reveal

Blue buffalo, and white eagle, and trout golden

And otherwise why on earth this eternal live?

Anton Chekhov

From the letter to. S. Barantsevich

... I survived the Military Georgian road. This is not a road, but poetry, a wonderful fantastic story, written by the demon and dedicated to Tamara ... Imagine yourself at an altitude of 8,000 feet ... imagined? Now please approach the edge of the abyss and look down: far, far you see a narrow bottom, which is in a white ribbon - it's gray, grilling Aragva; On the way to her, your look meets tuchcs, fishing racks, ravines, rocks. Now lift the eyes a little and look forward to yourself: mountains, mountains, mountains, and insects are cows and people ... View up - there is a scary deep sky, blowing a fresh mountain breeze ... to live somewhere on Gudaure or Daryala and not write Fairy tales are a pig! ...

Alexey Tolstoy

In the Caucasus

.... In the morning, I saw the brown, reddish, tiled Tiflis, his east side. Over houses in transparent and stationary air, many smoke rose; On a muddy, fast Kura slowly rotated with large wheels floating mills; For them from the chicken herself stood old walls of houses, such high that the river seemed to flow on the bottom of the deep gorge; From the doors of someone hung the ladies to water; Further, in the Asian side, gray minarets, dome and smoke are visible; Even further, the ring covered the city stony and brown hills, and for them the mountains, even further - snow ...

Konstantin Powesty

Throw south (excerpt)

I already knew many places and cities of Russia. Some of these cities have been captured by their originality. But I have not yet seen such a mandatory, motley, light and magnificent city, like Tiflis.

And finishing my poetic report again A.S. Pushkin J

Alexander Pushkin

Travel to Arzrum during the campaign of 1829

I did not meet anything in Russia or in Turkey, nothing luxurious Tiflis baths. I will describe them in detail.

The owner left me on the care of the Tatarin-Bashchka. I have to admit that he was without a nose; It did not prevent him from being a master of his business. Hassan (so-called warless Tatar) began with the fact that he laid down on the warm stone floor; After that, he began to break me the members, pull the joints, beat me very fist; I did not fight the slightest pain, but an amazing relief. (Asian baths come sometimes delight, bother to you on the pole, slide on your feet on the thighs and get on the back of the back, and excellent. After now, he is a woolen head of me and, heavily surfing with warm water, began to wash the linen bubble. The feeling inexplicable: Hot soap pours you like air! NB: Woolen supervision and linen bubble must certainly be accepted in the Russian bath: experts will be grateful for such innovation.

After the bubble, Gassan let me go to the bath; Those ended the ceremony.

The first written Georgian monuments are known from 5 V. However, the beginning of Georgian literature leaves its roots even deeper. It is closely connected with many factors, the most important of which was the adoption of Christianity, proclaimed by the official state religion at the beginning of the 4th century. in Kartli (Eastern Georgia). The absence of written Georgian sources of the pre-Christian era does not allow to judge the book culture of this time, although the rich archaeological material (including the data of the epigraphic monuments in Greek and Aramaic languages), as well as evidence of foreign language, mainly Greek, sources identify an organized state device, developed culture and High civilization of the pre-Christian era in both Eastern and Western Georgia.

All this created a favorable prerequisites for the development of Christian literature, which became absolutely dominant in Georgia for several centuries, until the occurrence of secular literature in 11 c. The emergence of Georgian writing (alphabet) is associated with a Christianization, which made the possibility of widespread literature in his native language. Georgian historical chronicles attribute the invention of Georgian writing to the Tsar Parnavazu, who lived at the end of 4 c. BC. However, before the 5th century. AD Samples of Georgian writing are unknown.

The earliest Georgian monument for a long time was considered an inscription on the temple in Bolnisi (60 km from Tbilisi), dated 493. Discovered in Palestine (in the middle of the 20th century) during archaeological excavations Georgian inscriptions give reason to consider the earliest one of them, executed, judging According to the names of the historical persons mentioned in it, at the beginning of the 5th century. Starting from that time, the Georgian alphabet gradually modifies its graphic form. Early mRGVLOVANI (letters. "Round") is replaced by its graphic modification nushuriwho became the main view of the letter from 11 c. (Although it was much earlier). The next stage of its development is medered ("Military"), being again a graphic modification of angular nushuri, already by 13-14 centuries. Takes the form almost completely coinciding with modern. Thus, this system, which has a continuous history, for at least 15 centuries, is the only one for the transfer of text in Georgian. The model for its construction (the location and sequence of letters, numeric values) served as a Greek alphabet, the graphic forms are original. Information that the Georgian alphabet, along with Albanian and Armenian, was invented by a certain Master, are later interpolation in Armenian sources. The adoption of Christianity and the invention (or possibly the restoration of the old, for some reason that came out of use) of the Georgian system of the letter was the most important factors that caused the occurrence of the richest ancient Gruzin literature, both transferable and original. The centers of the book were monasteries in Georgia itself and outside it. First of all, in Palestine, since Christianity penetrated Georgia precisely from there; Then, in 9-10 centners, when Muslim dominion forced Georgian scribes to look for other shelters, a significant cultural and book center was the monastery of St. Catherine on Sinai and, finally, the famous Iverly monastery on Athos, founded in the 80s 10th century, became The main focus of the Georgian book. Many such cultural centers were both in Georgia itself: monasteries in the south of Georgia are especially allocated (now within Turkey): Oshki, Shatberdi, Parhali, and others. In Georgian monasteries, famous writers and translators worked: Eutemy Svyatogorets (955- 1028), George Svyatogorets (1009-1065), Ephraim Mzir (approx. 1025-1100) and others.

Monuments of the ancient Gruzin literature. Translation writings.

Directly for the adoption of Christianity in Georgia began very active translation activities. The first samples of the ancient German literature, which came to us in fragmentary manuscripts of 6-7 centuries, are translated: texts from the Bible (Old and New Covenants), apocryphic writings, the creations of the Fathers of the Church: John of Zlatoust, Vasily Caesarian, Severian Gavali and many others, lives saints ( cm. HAGIOGRAPHY). These lists on paleographic and linguistic signs are dating; All of them are characterized by the use of special verb indicators of the person (which are also found in the oldest dated epigraphic materials of 5-6 centuries., so-called "Hanmetity"), who have completely disappeared already in the 8th century.

Starting from that time, almost all outstanding works of Christian writing were translated into the Georgian language. Some of them are preserved only in Georgian translations; Therefore, they are of great importance for studying the history of Christian culture at all. Many translations are equipped with extensive comments (Ephraim Mzir, Arseny Ikalto, Ionna Petritsa). The first dated Georgian manuscript is the so-called Sinai Multidogo - a huge collection corresponded to Jerusalem in 864; It contains more than forty hands of outstanding Byzantine writers. Comparison with "Hanmed" texts shows that many works included in the collection are translated no later than 5-6 centuries. Georgian translations of books of the Bible, starting with texts of 5-6 centuries, presented in many ancient lists: for example, Adysh Third-term (Gospel Tetr) 897; The Bible, rewritten in Oshki by order of the builder of the Iberian Lavra by John Torny in 978 and donated to them on Athos. There are other versions of biblical books, made with the purpose of editing and correcting the ancient texts to bring them closer to Greek: These are the new covenant and the Psalter in the editorial office of George Svyatogort (11th century), the Gelant Bible (12-13 centuries). Collected and edited biblical texts and Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani ( see below). In Georgian, many ancient apocryphas are preserved ( Life of the Virgin, Proevoevogenia Yakova 7th century). There are many exegetic writings, for example, Interpretation on Psaltry (1081), collected by Ephraim Mzir from many unknown sources now and supplemented by its own comments. In Georgian translations, almost all genres of spiritual literature are represented. Among the polemical essays can be called Dogmatikon - Collection of works directed against various heresies compiled by the arms of Ikalto in the 7th century.

A huge number of homiletic literature of prominent Greek writers has been translated into the Georgian language, for example, more than 40 works of Gregory Naziazine (in various translations of 6-12 centuries), up to one hundred writings of John Zlatoust. Collection of legal church norms Great Nomocanon It was translated by the arms of Ikalto in 12 V. A special place among the translation writings in their meaning is occupied by the agiographic monuments (saints). The first translations are available in "Hanmetic" texts; In addition to the earliest, there are later (11-12 centuries) transfers of the so-called "metaphrazed" (ie, "converted") texts.

Georgian lives presented in the form of collections for months of the year (10 collections are preserved), the actual gap is replenished in Greek materials. In addition, Georgian has new information about the origin of this genre - Simeon logo and its continue - Ionna Xifiline. Georgian liturgical monuments - especially the Apostolic Liturgy - have retained the early Jerusalem traditions, they give significant material for the history of liturgical practice in the Early Christian Epoch.

The significance of the ancient Gruzin translation of church literature attracts the attention of scientists not only in Georgia, but also beyond: many monuments are published in Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland.

Georgian original literature

appears already in 5 c. The earliest work that came to us is Martyrdom of St. Shushanik. In the work, reflecting the real historical events, the life and feats of Chusharik, the wife of the local ruler of Wacquean are described. Her husband for political reasons adopted faith of fireplons to please the Persian King Person (459-484). Sushanik, flatly refused to follow the example of a husband and, stoically withstanding many flour caused by an enraged spouse, died after many years of imprisonment. The work written by her confessor Yakov came to us in the 10th list. It is written no later than 483: Barskin, husband Shushanik, depicted in the work alive, in 483 he was killed. The miser, but expressive narration of Yakov, the skillful use of artistic means show the author not only as a highly educated person, but also as a talented writer, skillfully mixing the life details and not devoid of humor.

Martyrdom of Eustafia Mtskhetsky Describes the mobility of the young shoe, who fled from Persia in 541 because of his Christian beliefs. According to the denunciation of his own compatriots, he accepted martyrdom from the Persian ruler Tbilisi. Author Martyrdom of the Holy and Blessed Christ of Martyr Abo - John Sabanisdze. It is written in 786-790. Arab by nationality, Abo adopted Christianity and, despite the persuasion of the Tbilisi Emir himself, did not become an apostate. He was executed, his head was put on the city square, the body was burned and the ashes were thrown into Kuru. The author leads an example of Araba-Martyr to the edification of its compatriots who in faith "hesitating as a reed from the wind". The author is a patriot that understands that the apostasy from Faith threatens Georgians a loss of national identity. For the language of the work, complex rhetorical turnover and artistic images taken from the Holy Scriptures are characterized. National and religious motifs are traced in other works ( Konstantin-Kahi martyrdom, Mihaila-Gobron Martyr and etc.); Not all of them are equal in artistic terms, but are important as indicators of the national attitude and increasing Greco-Byzantine political orientation.

In 9-10 centuries. In Georgian literature, the genre of "Life", or "Acts" is becoming popular. This was facilitated by new phenomena and trends in the life of the country: a reaction against Arabic rule, the growth of national self-consciousness, the beginning of the colonization of the empty areas devastated by Arabic dominion, and strengthening in the 6th century. Monastery construction. Sample of this genre - first of all Life of the enlightener of Georgia Nino. There are several editions of this work, the first of them in the 10th century list., However, it has traces of earlier editorial layers. The first part of the essay contains general information about maps, lists of kings, information about various historical events. The second is described in the birth and youth of Nino, its arrival in Georgia, in Mtskheta, committed by the wonders and healing, the crushing of pagan idols, appeal to the Christianity of the Tsaritsa Nana and Tsar Miriana, the death of Nino; (The place of her burial to this day is honored in Georgia as a shrine). The essay is a somewhat converted form entered into the main narrative source of the history of Georgia - Kartlis TshShovreba.

Life of Serapion Zarznsky (2nd floor. 9th century), the builder of the monastery in Samtzhe (South Georgia), wrote a nephew of Serapion Basili (Vasily). Cycle Life Syrian devotees - an interesting sample of this genre; Traditionally considered by the Syrians who arrived in Georgia to strengthen Christianity, most likely they were Georgians who fled from Syria because of religious persecution. Many monasteries in Georgia are considered to be founded and carry their names.

Life Grigory Handzitsky It is written by George Merchul in 951. It describes the life and activities of the largest church and statesman, the extensive picture of monastic construction in Tao-Clardei, shows the relationship between the church and secular power. This work is not only a brilliant literary essay, but also a primary historical source. It is written, as the author notes, 90 years after the death of Gregory, since his students. The truthfulness of the story, the almost complete absence of fantastic miracles, the dramatic development of plots allocate this product from other samples of the genre. Gregory, who lived 102 years (759-861), built several monasteries (many of them exist now), was engaged in literary activities. The descendant of a noble feudal kind, the man of solid principles and an inflexible will, he undertaken, if necessary, to the conflict with the most royal authority. The work is carried out by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the country, united Christian faith; In the representation of the author, Georgia - "Extensive Earth, where liturgy serves in Georgian language and prayers are committed." Life is known in the only 12 century list, found among the manuscripts of the Cross Monastery in Jerusalem. The text was first published by N.Marre with Russian translation. George Svyatogort, in addition to its numerous translations from Greek, belongs to the original essay - Life of St. John and St. Evfimia. Work written OK. 1045, gives information about the builder of the Iversky Monastery in Athos and his Son, the famous translator of Eutemy, who translated not only from Greek to Georgian, but also from Georgian to Greek. It was he who translated to Greek (then translated into many languages \u200b\u200band became popular in Europe) spiritual novel Tale of Varlaam and Joasafe, christianized version of the Buddha. Evfimia was the abbot of the Afonov monastery. The work describes the biography of the builder of the Lavra, his victory over the rebel wary slide, detailed information about the literary activities of Euphythimia is given, a list of its works is given, a daily monastic life is described. The writing, known on the list of 1074, represents not only a highly artistic work, but also a reliable source on the history of both Georgia and Byzantia of that time.

The life of the George Svyatogort itself is described by his student, George Small, shortly after the death of his teacher. The work of this in his literary dignity should be counted for the best examples of Georgian gortgage narches.

Georgian "Lives" created a tradition that became one of the prerequisites for the occurrence of the genre of historical narrative prose.

Ephraim Mzir - Translator and commentator, was a multifaceted Scientist's scribe; His theoretical views regarding the theory of translation, grammar, spelling, the nature of historical writings and many other, expressed in Scholias, which are abundantly equipped with its translations, provide valuable material for the history of the development of humanitarian sciences. He owns the first famous in Georgia Lexicon - Interpretation of words found in Psalti (Manuscript 1091). He is the author of the original essay, which analyzes the information of Greek sources regarding the adoption of Christianity in Georgia. Ephraim had a great influence on the further development of Georgian book. It can be considered the founder of the Helnoophil destination, although it manifests itself in its works is not as strong as the later writers and translators; Such are: John Petritsa (end 11-th. 12 centuries) of theologian and philosopher-neoplatonic, author of the original comments to his translations of Byzantine philosophers. Petritsa made a lot for the formation of Georgian philosophical terminology. Many terms produced by them are also used by modern philosophers.

In the ancient Gruzin church literature, the poetry occupies a significant place. Following the samples of transferable liturgical poetry already in the 8th century. Original Georgian poetic works appear. It is noteworthy in this respect a huge collection of Mikaela Modresili (end 10 century), the anthology of church poetry with original musical signs. Samples of Georgian church poetry called "Iambico" are known. They have a certain size, later appear under the influence of folklore and rhyme. The classical subsequently for Georgian poetry form - "Shairi" (poetic size, in which each structure contains 16 syllables). The authors of the original poetic works are many famous Georgian scribes - including John Minchchi, George Svyatogorets, Ephraim Mzir, Tsar David Builder (1089-1025), an educated man of his time, founder of the library, who wrote awesome in his own strength Revealing chants.

The emergence of secular artistic literature. General review.

The beginning of Georgian secular artistic literature should be coincided by 10-11 centuries. By the end of 10 century. The process of consolidating feudal formations to a large centralized state begins; The ethnic name "Kartli" is inferior to the cultural and political term "Sakartvelo" (letters. "Country Cartvalev", i.e. Georgian). The geographical, cultural and scientific horizon is expanding. By that time, interest in accurate sciences, astronomy, medicine is intensified. Cultural ties are becoming closer with the eastern countries, especially with the Islamic world. All this creates prerequisites for the emergence of Georgian artistic literature. The strong centuries-old traditions of Georgian church literature became the basis for secular literature. The spiritual literature also contributed to a meeting with the cultural world of Greek antiquity: in the translation writings of Christian Byzantine authors there are detailed information about Greek mythology. Agiographic fiction, "spiritual novels" type Wisdom Balavara Prepared the soil for secular fiction. Agiography, with her heroes, - fighters for Christianity, - opened the way for the appearance of the ideal hero of the knightly and romantic epic in the secular literature. From the church literature, Georgian secular fiction Many composite patterns and forms took over. The Georgian Literary Literal language with its lasting norms and richest vocabulary has become the basis for the language of secular literature, which, for its part, has made a lot of new to the language from the live speech. The Georgian folklore also had a great influence on fiction literature (both in prose and poetry).

From the earliest stage of the existence of secular literature, humanism is characterized for it. A person, with his personal feelings and worldly aspirations, appears in Georgian literature much earlier than in the literature of other Christian peoples of Europe, anticipating, thus, the European Renaissance.

Secular literature 11-12 centuries.

Not all monuments of secular literature, especially early, reached us; The existence of some can be judged only at the mention of their later authors. The earliest work of a secular character that has come down to us - Vecurayani. The plot of the works reveals the thematic similarity with the novel about Tristan and Isolde. It describes the love of Ramina to the Beauty Vis, his brother's wife, Shah Moabad. Lovers, which helps nanny, are experiencing many misadventures, but after the death of Moabad connect their lives, and, coping 83 years old, die together - after the death of Vis Ramin voluntarily concludes himself in her tomb. The work is a free prose translation of the poems of the Persian poet of Fahr-Ud-Dina Gurgani; It came in the lists of 12-14 centuries, but the translation was made earlier, in the era of the reign of Tsaritsa Tamar (1189-1213), since the suffering of lovers mentioned in the Pustaveli poem Vityaz in Barca Shkure. According to the work, love is the most important event in a person's life, its meaning. Separate lovers shed streams tears and strive for death. Translator traditionally considered Sargis Tmogwell. Vecurayani It became very popular, despite the hostile attitude towards it some (mainly clerking) circles. Novelty of the plot and psychological situations, description of the flour and the joys of earthly love are opposed Vecurayani By her church literature, where the highest goal of human existence was considered the service of God in the name of salvation of the soul. The captured skill of the word, the subtlety and accuracy of artistic means, the wealth of vocabulary contributed to the fact that Vecurayani It has long been perceived not as a translation, but as an original work of Georgian fiction.

Amirandareganiani - prosaic work, such as the "knight's novel", consisting of 12 parts. The author of him, according to tradition, consider Mosez Honeli; There are no biographical information about it. The chronological writing framework should be limited to 11-12 seconds. Most likely, it was created during or a little earlier reign of Tamar Tamar, which is indicated by some realities. The novel describes the heroes made by half penal feats. The place of action is conditionally "eastern". In the composition, together, quite casually in compositional relations, several different cycles of legends and fairy tales, most of which are Georgian origin, although there are among them the so-called "stray" plots. The work is not transferable; The author is Georgian, who combined the entire material around the central hero - Amiran; His name coincides with the name of the hero of Georgian folklore. In the tale of Amirane find a lot in common with the Tale of Promethea. The cult of heroic knighthood is clearly evoked in Amirandareganiani; Heroes possessing fantastic force fighting terrible beasts and hordes of enemies; Friendship of twin, assisting in trouble - the mandatory property of heroes; However, the motive of love is the indispensable attribute of the knightly novel over time - here is expressed weaker. Amirandareganiani was very popular; Having their roots in the folklore, he subsequently influenced the Georgian folklore.

The most significant product of the epic genre is the poem Shota Rustaveli Vityaz in Barca Shkure.

The lyric genre of Georgian poetry of the classical period is represented in Tamariani, the author of which by legend is considered to be Chahruhadze, and in another poem - Abdulmemiani.. Both works are laudatory OD; The first is in honor of the Tamar Tamar and her husband - David Scelas. The second, written, by legend, John Shaverae, praises David Resume and Tamaritsa Tamar. Both are written in size that got the name "Chakhruhauli" is a 20-sophisticated verse with a complex rhyme system; In both poems, the virtuoso possession of verse and the word, the musicality of the verse and the wealth of internal and external rhymes.

In 11-12 centuries. The original Georgian historiography is developing, in which national self-consciousness finds its expression. From the compositions of a similar nature and was subsequently compiled a major narrative source on the history of Georgia - Kartlis TshShovrebawho came to us in the lists of 16-17 centuries. Leonthy Mrowel (2nd floor. 11th century) amounted to a big historical work. Leonthi used many ancient sources and agiographic works, describing the ancient history of Georgia. The life of the king of the kings of David The contemporary of David Resumes is written soon after his death in the first half of the 12th century. Detailed the life and feats of the king, who freed the country from alien and transoving it to a strong blooming state; Numerous literary parallels, figurative comparisons, rhetorical passes represent a work not only as a historical essay, but also as a classic example of Georgian prose. Stories and praise of the vendrana, praising in the main part of the Tamar Tamar, is also of interest as an artistic work. It clearly felt knowledge of both the Hellen-Byzantine-Christian culture and the Persian-Arab cultural world. Other historical writings describe events of later times. In 13-15 centuries. Georgia experienced a difficult period of its history. The destructive invasions of Khorezmians, Mongols and Tatars devastated the country, caused her decay. All this could not not affect its culture. However, in 13-15 centuries. Significant literary works appear ( Life of Peter Iver, Zhamtaagmsheli and etc.).

Renaissance era literature.

From the beginning of the 16th century. In Georgian culture begins the era of the Renaissance. Despite the serious political position of the country, which has become an israhi of the collision of the political interests of two neighboring Muslim countries - Iran and Turkey, the gradual involvement of Georgia begins to the circle of European and Russian political and cultural aspirations. In Georgian literature, the national motive strengthens, the subjects expands; New genres and literary forms appear. In the 18th century, when contacts with Russia are becoming closer, translations from the Russian language appear. The free translations of many samples of Persian literature are popular. Part Shah-Nome. Firdusi was translated by prose, and then washed by a poetic size. The cycle of Rustam was extremely popular. Alterations and continuation of the poema of Rustaveli and other romantic works (traditional Persian plots) appear, the works of didactic (translated and original) are applied. Sample of fabulous epic - Rusudaniani- Twelve "fairy tales" that contain many Christian-religious, national and didactic motives. Written no later than 17 cent.

Teimuraz I, King Kakheti, (1589-1663) - the man of tragic fate, who lost the throne and family (the mother died with a martyrdom for refusing to accept Islam, two sons were dedicated), died in exile in Persia. Nevertheless, all his work is under the strengths of Persian literature. Four of his poems are written on traditional Persian poetry plots (for example, Leyl-Majnuniani). The original poem describing the death of his own mother was created in the same style. In the lyrics of Teimuraz, religious Christian motives are clearly traced. Archil II (1647-1713) reigned in Imereti (Western Georgia) and Kakheti. Having lost both throne, last years of life spent in Moscow. Engaged in translations, wrote lyrical works, historical and philosophical poems. Man's dispute with life Created under the influence of the Russian essay Abdominal and death. In Russia, Archil was engaged in cultural activities; editing, translation and publishing books of the Georgian Bible.

Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani (1658-1725) - a representative of the aristocratic family related to the relationship with the royal family was a writer, a scientist, a diplomat. In 1698 he accepted the post under the name of Sabi (Savva), but continued active activity. Trying to interest European countries to the fate of Georgia, went to Europe with a diplomatic mission in 1713-1716. ITALY and France visited, the Parim and Louis XIV was adopted. Together with Vakhtang VI moved to Russia, where he died. The most significant literary work - Wisdom Lie., Collection Proverbs, built according to the traditional scheme: Proverbs are told by different persons living in the royal yard, to edify young Tsarevich. Proverbs themselves, although they have some parallels with well-known Proverbs collections (for example, with Calil and Dimnoy), Most likely from Georgian folklore, in which there are many common "stray" plots. Sulkhan Saba described his journey to Europe, (his first part was preserved), wrote a collection of teachings. Orbeliani Sulkhan Saban is a simple, clear, close-to-living spoken language. The important work of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, who has retained its meaning to this day, is a documented explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language, the material for which he collected and edited for thirty years. Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani was engaged in the editing of the Georgian Bible. Edited by him also translated by his grandchildren Vakhtang VI Collection Kalills and Dimna.

Vakhtang VI (1675-1737), many years of their life spent in Persia, from 1724 to death lived in Russia, vainly hoping to find help to liberate Georgians from the rule of Persians. He is the author of many lyrical works; His poems written in the traditional email manner for that time reflect a genuine feeling. Vakhtang in 1709 founded the first in Georgia in Georgia, where in 1712 the first edition of the poema Rustaveli with textual comments of the Vakhtang was published; Under his leadership, the collection was assembled and edited. Kartlis TshShovreba (History of Georgia) and laws of laws; He also owns the translations of many scientific books. David Gururashvili (1705-1792) spent most of his life outside of Georgia, since in 1729 he was abducted by Lezgins and sent to the North Caucasus. He managed to escape and get to Moscow, where he was in the Vakhtanga VI retinue. Becoming due to the military, he graduated from his days in Ukraine, in Mirgorod, as a granted estate. A collection of works by David Guriramisvili is compiled by them himself, called Davitiani. It includes 4 poems and lyrical poems. In full drama historical poem Sorrow Kartli He described the suffering experienced by his homeland, and directly indicated that there are not only countless invasions of their various enemies, but also internal parties and moral degradation. His philosophical poems discusses the opposition of life and death, the relationship between the person and the surrounding world.

Teaching students - Didactically edifying work. His poems are very direct and lyric, although pessimism and sadness of the author's deprived of the author appear here. The shape of the verse David Gurasischvili is diverse. There are not only "Shairi" here, who was ruled by the dominant form in poetry; David Gurarishevvili uses folklore poetic dimensions; The Russian and Ukrainian folklore also enrich his predication. Original poetic size poem Shepherd Katsviawhere in half-form is described by the misadventures of young lovers trying to encroach on the holiness of a married bed. The folk response Sayat-Nova, who lived at the end of the 18th century, Armenian by nationality, wrote poems and sang in Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijani. Besarion Gabashvili, a better known under the name Besyaki (about 1750-1791), was a poet and diplomat. His successful career at the court of Irakli II was probably prevented by political motives, then he was engaged in diplomatic activities at the court of King Imereti (Western Georgia); Smeted for negotiations to General Potemkin, he died in Issa, where he was buried. Love lyrics are most clearly distinguished in his poetry, although he has very vascular satirical poems. His love lyrics expressive, which is promoted by the musicality and ease of his poems, various poetic sizes. Vocabulary is rich, style is close to the folk; However, in prose, in epistolary and historical works, he experienced the "high calm" influenced in the Georgian literary language under the influence of the literary school of Catholicos Anthony (1720-1788).

Literature 19 in.

The accession of Georgia to Russia in 1801 caused many changes in the cultural life of the Georgian society. On the one hand, the loss of political independence caused a sharp reaction of society and led to the rise of patriotic feelings, which was reflected in the literature. On the other hand, communication with Russian culture and through Russian - with European brought new trends in all fields of art and, first of all, into literature.

In 1819, the Georgian newspaper began to publish in Russian, in 1829 "Tiflis Vedomosti", in 1832 - the magazine "Literary part of the Tifliss Vedomosti" "Editable by one of the participants of 1832 - Solomon Dalushvili.

In the work of writers, especially poets, in the 1st half of the 19th century. Specified as the traditions of classical Georgian literature and moods that have arisen under the influence of new factors. Therefore, the Georgian romanticism arising at this time is not homogeneous. His origins are Alexander Chavchavadze (1786-1846), a representative of a brilliant aristocratic order, Catherine II sickness, a member of the Patriotic War of 1812. He participated in the conspiracy of 1832 (for which he was exiled to the Tambov province, but soon he was forgiveness). Alexander Chavchavadze was a test of A.S. Hriboyedov. The main motive of his poetry - longing, caused by the loss of national independence and chanting the heroic past Georgia. Pessimistic thoughts about the futility of being are also manifested in his lyrics; Love Lyrics also takes a significant place in creativity. For its poetics is characterized by fourteenth sediments with cross-rhyme. Chavchavadze translated a lot (Russian and French writers).

From the aristocratic race was Grigol Orbeliani (1804-1883); From his youth he chose a military career. He also participated in the conspiracy of 1832, but after returning from the reference to 1838 he held high posts, he received the title of an adjutant general and one time performed the responsibilities of the royal governor in the Caucasus. His poem Cool toast He commemorates the greatness of Georgia, famous her heroes. Elegy sentiment clearly appear in his verses, characterized by literary skill and novelty of poetic forms. Nikoloz Baratashvili is the most outstanding poet Romantic 19 century. In his work, traditional "eastern" feature traditions moved to the background, thereby putting the basis of Europe in Georgian literature. One of the main topics of Baratashvili lyrics is a contradiction between the high aspirations of the poet and the confusion of his ordinary environment.

By mid 19 in. There are changes in Georgian literature, prose begins to develop, reflecting real life, appear images of merchants (L.Adaziani), serfs selling serfs, like cattle (D.Chonkadze). There is an original comediography, the founder of which was Erystavi (1813-1864). Heroes of his comedies ( Litigation, Section) - impoverished nobles, merchants, published from the bottom, are depicted by the author in a realistic manner.

With the name Ilya Chavchavadze (1837-1907), significant phenomena are associated in the public and literary life of Georgia in the second half of the 19th century. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. His first presentation in print, in which the relevance of the refusal of pseudo-airchair language forms was proved and the need to bring the literary written language with a popular spoken language, caused an acute response from the senior writers. In poem Rogue Kako And Tale Naggling story The horrors of serfdom are shown. Social and philosophical problems of Being are considered in the poem Vision. In story Widow Otarashvili The psychological drama of social inequality in the post-conformal time is drawn, the tragic fate of the peasant George who loved the princess Keso is shown. Poem Hermit, created on the basis of a folk legend, speaks of a spiritual collapse of a person who seeks to find the salvation of the soul in caring from real life. In its journalistic articles, Ilya Chavchavadze concerns many issues of the history and culture of Georgia, politics and public life. Chavchawadze was a publisher, editor, founder of the noble bank, chairman of the "Society for Literacy among Georgians". He was elected to the State Duma of Russia, where he opposed the Institute for the Death penalty. Because of its political and national views, he was subjected to sharp attacks by Georgian Social Democrats; He was killed from an ambush near Tbilisi, returning to his estate. The language of Ilya Chavchavadze, especially in prose, is an accurate, expressive model of honed skill.

Akai Tsereteli (1840-1915), known primarily as a lyrical poet, whose poems knew all Georgia, was a writer and a public figure, faithful companion Ilya Chavchavadze. His historical stories and poems acquainted the reader with the heroic past of Georgia. In poetry, chanting beloved, the favorite is allegorically perceived as a homeland - Georgia, which is in captivity. Poems Akakia Tsereteli are distinguished by exceptional musicality and ease, many of them are transferred to music ( Suliko and etc.).

Alexander Kazbegi (1848-1893) was the author of works on the life of the Georgian Highlanders, which he, spending seven years a simple shepherd, knew well (he took place from a noble child). His heroes are honored with honor and freedom. In story Hevisbury Gocha The father of his own hand is executed by a son who, enthusiastic with his loved one, unwittingly betrayed his own, giving the enemy to attack them. On the mountain traditions was raised and Vaja-Pshavela (Luke Razikashvili, 1861-1915), in his work, many plots, relying on folk legends and legends, received a deep philosophical-ethical understanding. In poem Aluda Kapelauri Aluda, who killed in a fierce fight, Macsala, a man from a hostile tribe, did not want to cut the right hand from the dead hand as a sign of victory, as the enemy was thrown by courage. He led to the local shrine of the Black Taurus, intending to devote him to the soul of the Macs killed by him; When the angry Hevisber (Elder) refused to fulfill his request, Aluda himself brought the sacrifice, for which he was expelled from the community. The tragic opposition of the will of the personality and the community is shown in the poem Host and Guest, Where is the brush of Joccol, referring to the custom of hospitality, refused to give the blood enemy to fellow villagers, Hessura Zviadauri, who turned out to be a random guest in his house. The top of the creativity of Vazha-Pshavela is the poem Smereed. Captive the Mindia wizards eats the meat of the snake to die and get rid of the hated captivity. However, this act brings him no death, but an understanding of the language of nature. There is a tragic conflict between a person who comprehended the highest secret is the wisdom of the universe, and people acting according to the needs of their daily being. At the defeated Mind, who lost her magical gift, the output is only one - death. The epic creativity of Vaja-Pshavela includes a heroic, tragic and humanistic start. Nature for him is part of the universe, living with his own animal life. Its language, which detects many features of his native dialect, is also one of the characteristics of his artistic heritage. David Kladiashvili (1862-1931), who came from Western Georgia, described the life of a small impoverished nobility, the comic situations in which his heroes fall, often turn into tragic ( Step by Samanishvili).

Literature 20th century.

20 V. brought a lot of changes in Georgian literature. Along with the representatives of the older generation, writers appeared, whose creativity put a print as new trends in literature and art, and directly the rapid events of the coming century. Many Georgian writers were forced to subordinate their talent requirements of the communist regime, many became victims of political repression. Mikhail Jawakhishvili (1880-1937), a multifaceted writer, a brilliant stylist, was shot as an "enemy of the people." His Quay Quachantradze - A story about the adventurerist, whose adventures are held against the background of up to - and post-revolutionary events in Europe and Russia. IN Khisanov Jaco The former prince, formed by the intellectant Teimuraz Hevystavi, was shown, due to social cataclysms, forced to look for a shelter (i.e., became "chicken") at the rich, illiterate, disgusting novel, Jaco, who in his aggressive ignorance mocks the unfortunate Teymraz, until What turns his wife into his concubine and maid. Historical novel Arsen from Marabda - A wide web that reflects Georgia of the first half of the 19th century. After its accession to Russia. Hero of the novel - Arsen's fortress peasant, struggling with social injustice; He "took away from the rich and gave the poor." He is a man of high morality and pure thoughts, but his defeat and death are inevitable. Numerous novels and the story of Mikhail Jawakhishvili are characterized by the wealth of vocabulary and serve as a model of a modern literary language. Grigol Robakidze (1880-1962) was one of the most active members of the literary association of "Blue Rogov". Poet, Novelist, Dramattorature, Grigol Robakidze at the beginning of his work experienced a strong influence of Russian poets (V. Bruisov, N. Gumilev). He studied in Germany, spent the second half of his life in emigration, died in Europe. In their works Snake skin, Palaestra Tried philosophically to comprehend the essence of human being. Many of his later works are written in German. This, together with the enthusiasm of the work of Nietzsche, made it possible to Soviet criticism to blame him in the commitment of fascism. His drama Lamara In the 1930s put on the Georgian stage and had a great success in Russia.

Konstantin Gamsakhurdia (1891-1975) - the largest prose and novelist of Georgia 20 century. His early romance Smile Dionysus, which is a certain extent autobiographical, is devoted to the problem of "excess person" in the modern world. Abduction of the Moon - Roman, the plot of which is externally built on collectivization in Western Georgia (in Abkhazia and Samegrelo); In fact, here again shows the conflict of the old world with the new; In the new edition of 1990, in which the original text of the author is reproduced, the accents are not in favor of the new; Gamsakhurdia was forced to praise Soviet reality in Blossom of vine and Leader (describing Stalin's childhood). Huge popularity brought him historical novels, especially Dandy of the Great Masters. Using the folk legend about the builder of Svetitskhoveli temple (in Mtskheta), Gamsakhurdia created not just a "historical" novel using the names of real persons, but a truly artistic work showing the heat of human passions and the tragic fate of the artist in a society based on tyranny, which gave the work quite Modern sound. Another novel Gamsakhurdia David Builder Describes events of 11-12 centuries. - Exile of Seljuk Türkov and the consolidation of the Georgian state. Gamsakhurdia Big Wizard Word, although at times not without deliberate manneriness of the letter. Leo Kiacheli (1884-1963) is the author of many novels and leads. Tariel Golua - historical romance about the events of 1905 in Western Georgia; Guady Bigva- On the transformation of the psyche of the peasant Gwadi under the influence of the collectivization process on the village; However, the author deliberately leads the reader to the tragic final: the opposition of Guadas and his "class enemy" leads to the fact that Gwadi becomes a killer. IN Khaki Azba The hero of the story, the peasant, does not understand why he should consider the class enemy of his dairy brother, Prince Emha, fed along the ancient custom of his mother. This relationship is no less strong than the blood, and, without fails to protect Emha, Haki Azba dies along with him.

At the beginning of the 20th century The Georgian poetry appears the Pleiad of young poets, whose creativity brought a lot of new things both in the direction of creative thought and in the field of poetic technique. Poets known under the name of "Bowborns" (by the name of the almanac published in 1916) were under the strong influence of Russian symbolism. Many of them were subsequently known by the famous lyric poets. Galaktion Tabidze (1891-1959), of course, the largest poet of the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to the virtuoso vehicle technique, he gave him a new, modern sound, the most complex poetic images are detected in his crystalline-clean, musical verses. The subject of his poetry is multifaceted: from "clean" lyrics to the motives of daily life; The thematic diversity is characteristic of the poems of all periods of his creativity, but in all cases the skill and diversity of its metric-rhythmic structures, transparency of the sound manifests itself. Poetry Galaktion Tabidze ( Mary., Moon on Mtazminda), remains the vertex of the poetic thought of Georgia; She had an impact on the whole development of Georgian subsequent time poetry. His verses have been translated into Russian many poets, there are translations and other languages. Titian Tabidze (1895-1937) is a cousin of Tabidze, the author of many lyrical masterpieces. In its poetry there are extraordinary symbols, especially in the early period.

Tabidze translated into the Georgian language of Russian and other poets (Pushkin, Mayakovsky), was another B. Pasternak. Fell victim to political repression. Paolo Iashvili (1892-1937), a talented poet, was brought to suicide. Georgy Leonidze (1900-1966) - the poet, whose verse is comprehensive and identifies the variety of new artistic images. He collected and explored the vocabulary of his native land, wrote literary studies and etudes. Irakli Abashidze (1911-1995) is a representative of the older generation in modern literature. His special popularity enjoys Palestinian cycle - poems and poems dedicated to Rustaveli; They are written in direct impressions, after the participation of the author in a scientific expedition to Jerusalem to detect the fresco of Rustaveli in a cross monastery. The short life squeezed by severe illness, Lado Asatiani lived (1917-1943), but managed to say a lot. In his verses, which sound a majorly, he chants the joy of life, dating friends, recalls the heroes of the past who gave life for their homeland; His poems and poems are simple clear style and clear rhythm. Lado Asatiani remains one of the most popular poets in Georgia.

In the 2nd floor. 20 V. A new generation of poets appears: Anna Kalandadze (r. 1924) received universal recognition immediately after the release of its first verses in the 1950s. They showed a characteristic of its poetry almost complete absence of official Soviet topics; Its verses, usually small, are distinguished by the unusual perception of the surrounding world and filigree; Many - as if "still lifes", in which the appeal to flowers, trees and the mountains are an expression of the mood and feelings of the author. At the same time, the transfer of subjective feelings will never develop in autobiographicity; Poetry A. Kalandadze can not be considered a typical "female", there is almost completely missing a love topics. Lyrical intonations sound in verses dedicated to historical persons (Sv.Nina, Georgian enlightenment, David Builder).

Other famous senior poets: Murman Lebanidze (1922-1997), Mukhran Machavariani (r. 1929), Shota Nishnianidze (1924-1995). Many young writers took war in 1941-45. In this war, Georgia, although he did not reach her German occupation, paid heavy tribute: out of 700 thousand young people who went to the front, more than half did not return home. Military topics affected many works, especially in poetry: some poems ( Do not be sad Lonidze, Captain Buhahaidze I.Abashidze) became folk songs.

Since the 1950s, new trends have emerged in Georgian literature, which were particularly affected by prose. There were new names: N.Dadbadze, Grcheulishvili, R.inanishvili. Some senior writers, known as poets, appeared before the reading public as a prose authors ( Tree desires Lonidze). I became famous as the poet Otar Chilaladze (P.1933) wrote several novels, very difficult in their multi-facetedness, they combine realistic and mythological motives, allegorical parables and tragic characters ( Man went on the road 1972, Anything found me 1976). A man of a challenging destiny, Chabua Amirezhby (R. 1921) appeared before the reading public as a writer, after many years of references for political dissident and repeated daring shoots. Date of Tutashchiya (1972) - a big and complex novel. His head hero, the faithfulness of the date of the Tutashchy, becomes a man outside the law, the robber. The effect of the novel was transferred to the pre-revolutionary time; Its motifs - opposition of evil good and personal choice of man. Double Date - his dairy brother, Mushni Zarandia, who made another choice and became the tsarist gendarme. Roman shows the complex relationship of these people without any false sentimentality; Many acting persons are given in tough, sometimes sarcastic manner. The novel had a great success (he went out in Russian in the translation of the author), there was a television film on it. Many autobiographical elements in the second novel Mount Mondorgali (1995), describing the life of the political sink.

Natia Revishvili

Literature:

Kikodze (XIX B..). TB., 1947 (for cargo. Yaz.)
History of Georgian literature, Moscow, 1947
Kotetishvili V. History of Georgian literature(XIX B..). TB., 1959 (for cargo. Yaz.)
Kekelidze K.S. The context of the ancient Gruzin literature. Etudes on the history of ancient Gruzinsky literature, t. IX, TB., 1963
Baramidze A.G. Gamezardashvili D.M. Georgian literature, TB., 1968
Pile S. The newest Georgian literature, t. 1-3, TB. 1972-1975 (for cargo. Dyes.)
Chile S., Georgian literature of the XX century, parts 1-3, TB., 1996 (for cargo. Yaz.)
Kikanadze G.K., Works, t. 3, TB., 1999 (Articles on Georgian Lithuania, on the load. Yaz.)
Rayfield D. The Literature Of Georgia: Curzon PRERS. CAUCASIAN WORLD, 2000
Kiknadze G.K. Works, t. 2, TB., 2003 (Articles on Georgian Lithing, for the load. Yaz.)
Collective authors. History of Georgian literature, vol. 2., TB., 2004 (for cargo. Dyes.)

 Erl Akhvletediani

"Vano, Niko and Hunting"

Once it seemed that it seemed that Vano Bird, and he himself was a hunter.

Vano worried and thought: "What to do, I'm not a bird, I am Vano." But Hiko did not believe, he bought a double rifle and began to look at the sky. He waited when the Vano takes off to kill him. But the sky was empty.

Vano really was afraid to turn into a bird and take off; He dragged the stones in his pocket so as not to take off; a little much to not take off; did not look at the swallows so as not to learn to fly; I did not look at the sky so that I wanted to fly.

Hiko, "said Vano Hiko," Throw this rifle and do not look at the sky. I'm not a bird, I am Vano ... What is I bird?

You are a bird, and over! Take up as soon as possible, I will shoot. I am a hunter.

Hiko, "said Vano Hiko," well, what is I bird when I am Vano.

I get bored, "Hiko smoked," don't get bored, and then a shot. " We will be land - still a shot, as if you just landed.

Vano silent and left.

Having come home, Vano talked tightly, mastered a lot of pockets on the shirt, stoned them with stones and thought.

"Probably, Hiko does not know what a bird is, otherwise I did not turni would be in a bird.

Nodar Dumbadze

"Dog"

This story began in August forty first and ended exactly two years later.

The harsh breath of war our village felt in a month. The collective farmer, accustomed to the wealthy life, could not immediately comprehend the whole horror of what happened, did not calculate his capabilities, and it happened that barns and lari in many houses were empty in August, but in our house and before ...

Exhausted by Water, grandfather Spiridone and nights sat down by the fireplace, and all worries were afraid about my shoulders. What is the farm! I have now begins to break the back, as I remember, how much I ran out of wood and twig from the forest: it would disappear a poor old man without heat.

On August 25, the last piece of msci was eaten. Grandfather extracted from the wall cabinet clogged by a bare-tiel bottle with vodka and said:

Put in the basket, go to Choshatauri and exchanging on the pendant of corn. One who will offer less, fool this very vodka, break the bottle and come back home ... Vodka is here, and there are eighty degrees in it, you must understand! .. That's how.

Miho Mosulishvili

"Dance with a rock"

"If in the eternal snow forever you

You lie - over to you, how close is

Ridge ridges

The most durable in the world of Obelisk. "

Vladimir Vysotsky, "To the top" (Mikhail Hergiani Memory).

Once, in the fall of 1968, Uncle took me, - the boy of six years old - to look at the training of climbers in the Tbilisi Botanical Garden.

And then I, sitting at an exclusively elite place, in the "bed of Benoire", that is, on the uncle, saw a stunning spectacle.

No, it was impossible to call climbing.

It was a dance on a rock! Or with a rock! Oh, as Filigree, in feline, one of them was especially moving. And the truth - as if dancing, deftly climbing up the rock. One finger joined the protrusions that others did not notice.

Who is he? - asked uncle.

Which the? - Picky eyes wrapped in the sun, looked at me.

Won one who dances on the rock.

And you liked it? - Ogunya was delighted. - He is a tiger cliffs!

Why tiger?

In the newspapers, they wrote that for their skill with incredible speed to pass the sophisticated rock routes from English climbers a nickname "Tiger Rock".

And who is he in truth?

Misha Hergiani!

Truth? And I, too, Misha! - I was delighted.

Yes, you are the tests! - I laughed uncle. - And they also say that if he clings to his finger alone for a naked ledge of the rock, a whole week will hold over the abyss and will not leave the moan ...

Akai Tsereteli.

Bashi-Achuk
(historical story)

Chapter first

From somewhere, from the unawarded Dali rushes, wriggling the snake, Burling Aragva and, punching his way, violently, with a swing shelter on a sheer cliff! Ducklied by the disadvantaged hardness, stunned, stunned, she stops her jog here, as if to translate the spirit, and, while on the spot, it rushes forward again, but there is already slower, carefully, with a groan and rocomes, carrying out their waters in the valley.

At the top of this sheer cliff, cutting the clouds, a huge impregnable castle rushes, as if reliable clock, looking from the height of the neighborhood. The castle is acquired by a high strong fence, and only from the east, a balcony stretching along the whole wall.

The castle was already deprained. Erytva, the honorable old man, sat, pursing his legs, on the tachta, stood in the corner of the balcony, and moved the rosary.

Immediately, having moved the chair to the most railing, the spouse of the Ban was read "Canon Passions". Psaltry lay on her knees; After reading the Psalm, - and she had to repeat it, after another, forty times, the princess was baptized and moved another nodule on the lace, which replaced her rosary.

Alexander Kazbegi

"Eleanor"

Young and playful, rampant and deserted, wayward and beautiful Eleanor, the daughter of the rich feudal of Wahtaga Heltubnel, was the subject of dreams of the youth.

Everyone who was nice enough, rich and brilliantly, relentlessly looking for her hands, everyone dreamed of honor to become her spouse, Introducing thousands of ways to please her. But Eleanor, in charge of her beauty and proud to the fact that her father was the ruler of the whole edge, took place from the most relevant kind in the country and possessed with an indispensable wealth, laughed at his fans, at the same time attracting them to himself, focused on the fire of love , without conquering anyone. A lot of young people surrounded a beautiful girl, they sighed, languished on her, devoid of sleep and peace, but everything was in vain. Their fiery words, deep-deemed actions and fire-sparkling views were unable to soften the hearts Eleanora, could not melt ice armor around her.

Anna Antonovskaya

"Great Mooravi"
(Roman-epic in 6 books)

Book first "Awakening Barca"

Part one

Above the abyss of the sullen rock with suede sides. Suddenly, Berkut broke down with his slightly fitted shoulder. Missing seemed forged from black

iron wings and angrily Opening a curved, like a brought the tip of a spear, beak, predator rushed to the sun. The stunned sun was shaken and fell, and the VMIG spreads to pieces, dropping red-green-orange splashes on

didgore's brother heights.

"Oh! .. ho! .." - the arba nickel from the thickets from the thickets. Touching with wrinkled necks yoke, two buffaloes, slightly fed convex eyes, indifferently stumbled to the mountain forest. Papuna Chivadze, raised, wanted to express his opinion about the impolite behavior of the Berkut, but ... what did it spread on a steep ledge?

Not that leopard, not the other unknown sunny beast with molten stains

on like smoking skins. Decided Papuna Chivadze to advise the sun to

leaving it picked up his clothes, but something fell from Arba and hit

roadside stone. Picking up a bowl and throwing it into place, Papuan Chivadze was going to think about the rules of communication of the Earth's travelers with overhead and heaven, but suddenly in the branches of the misfortune of oak, the pink bird and the thought of Papuna moved to a small house where the "bird", similar to Pink, Waiting for the promised beads. He wanted to the twig hurry the buffaloes, but he thought and betrayed the contemplation of the crumbling forest.

Sun rolled over the top, the Berkut disappeared, the memb of Bars. Lightway

the night went down on the ground, the raincoat was dragging, stolen not that flickering

fireless, not the stars.

Konstantin Gamsakhurdia

"Dandy of the Great Masters"

Prologue

The Military Georgian road -Craising in the world, Dardimani - a wonderful horse, and horse riding is the best holiday for me. When a sharply, widthor, aqueous spear, alert ears, looks at me, I wake up inexhaustible energy in me, and it seems that I was again born on the light and did not have time to taste at this beautiful land of delight from the rapid horse run and the joy of movement.

I am ironing small, like beech leaves, Dardimani's ears, I look at his black eyes and infecting that irrepressible force, which the nature of the mother generously awarded him ...

Once it happened that my unfortunate horse suddenly grown up and came to such a rage that at least to the most Kara-kums would jump on him a quarry.

Widely opening its beautiful big eyes on shiny cars, chumadic trucks, it absorbing space, carried me away. I am not inclined to pour out Dardimandi for the fact that the hot blood of the tireless horse boil ...

Tbilisi has grown in our eyes to a big city. Lights of electric lamps are sparkling on the mountain of St. David, in the Park named after Stalin. Electric balls reflected in the waves of chickens, ride near the bridge of the heroes and along the wide embankment of Stalin. And so, when the car with blind headlights were roaring directly in the ears, running along the tarbed highway, the factory sirens, tractors tractors, walking in the collective farms, and cheerfully called cyclists, a powerful Dardimani began to rapidly shudder, smoothly snort and gnawing. Neudar nor the mouthpiece does not hold it. Having stretched curved, like a swan, neck, he rushed forward. I tried to curb him impulse, take to hand, but he, bring the croup, suddenly went sideways.

Guram daughterashvili

"Thousand Small Care"

They could not agree.

Come when you want, - again and again repeated an accountant.

And when after all, you do not sit here from morning to evening!

Here is a man! Once I say, it means that I will.

Can you really not say for sure?

When you like ... well, man! When you think up, then come ...

And if you do not find you? - annoyedly interrupted by the accountant Sandro. - I have time to edit.

Do not worry, will be forced. Is there a cigarette?

Both were lit and as if calmed down; The accountant even leaned down on a chair, with pleasure, launching smoke to the ceiling, but Sandro again doubted and asked as if by the way:

But in fact, in the first half of the day we are or in the second?

Listen, friend ... - Accountant is clearly offended. - I tell you, come at any time. I will not be in place, you will love that you have sled ...

So I knew, - Sandro drifted, - all day I lose it tomorrow! Understand, we leave the day after tomorrow in the morning.

In the morning? And Margo said - in the evening.

This is the evening, and I'm with the car to go in the morning ...

Okay, okay, calm down. You will come tomorrow and get - money will be discharged.

Please do not forget about money for the topograph.

I will not forget how I can forget! Do not worry!

Gram Megrelishvili

"Writer"

Stage I. How it all began

Like the majority of young representatives of my generation, as a result of Lurevelan, games in cards, Domino and Backgammon, smoking the grass and coachable drunken, I fell into the deepest depression. In my vocabulary with an increasing frequency, such phrases began to appear as: - Everything, I hung ... The whole end ... nothing pegs ... I'm already flying ... Everything is before Fenia ... and so on. In addition, I turned out of the surprise In conflict, malicious and ruthless person.

I have any problems in relationship with my parents (I hate: - Dad, give two lari), I began to do not tolerate relatives in the spirit (they went ... What kind of rods? ) And almost became a policeman.

My nerves went might and main. Neither work, nor prospects to find a job, no prospects for the appearance of prospects to find a job. In short, the only dream that I was left - would quarrely and die. And then the American book of wise thoughts fell into my hands. It was written in it:

Stage II. What was written in the American book

wise thoughts: "If you don't know what to do - marry!"

Leo Kiacheli

Almasgir Kibbulan

On Lenherry logging, where Khuberchant is in the Inguri, the Svawa worked. Gathered their man ten. Almazyir Kibibulan was here, a resident of a remote village Halde. Almasygir has sharply stand out among the countrymen with his hedgehog addiction - so the old tower rises over ordinary Svan's houses.

His son Hivergil came with Kibulan. Sedoselian people called the young man "Dali Gazal", which means "son Dali" - such he was a lucky hunter!

Hivergile was barely fifteen years old, and the father first took him on logging.

Almasygira called his relative of Bimurzole Margvelani from the village. He was also a birth from Halde, but he lived now constantly in Lenherher.

A year ago, Bimurzole agreed with the old Contractor Kaiza Pipia that, by the beginning of the future, the summer passed him in the village of Jvari, hundreds of selected pine logs of a certain size. By signing the agreement, Bimurzole received a deposit from the contractor and permission to the forest harvesting. In addition to Almazgira Kibulana and Hivergile, Bimurzole attracted the work of several more former neighbors - experienced lumberjacks.

Gram Petriashvili

"Malym dinosaur"

In the long-standing time, dinosaurs grave on the endless plain.

Huge-superimathers were dinosaurs, each - once in ten more elephant.

Clumsy, smooth, they are superfluous to be lazy to do. Having stretched your long neck, the day-day drove heads from side to side. Just plucking all the grass in front of them, reluctantly steamed.

Passed so dinosaurs.

Slowly, slowly moved and moved by jaws.

Why were they rushing?

Herbs - how much do you want, the equilion of the end-edge is not visible.

It is imperceptible to the time stretched.

Dinosaurs-kids appeared, they studied to pinch grass, grew, became big dinosaurs, and, like all others, from morning to evening her grass, chewed and chewed.

But once some kid raised his eyes from herb. Then stretched the neck and threw the head even higher.

Oh, as wonderful, it turns out, look up.

Niko Lomuri

"Mermaid"

I remember when I was still quite small and could not confidently keep in my hand not the fact that the shepherd beach, but even a rod, who drive the oxen; At the time, when I would not have trusted not only the flock, but even a piglet in the field, "I had one cherished desire: I wanted to visit the forest. All I decided to express my desire, invariably raised me on laughter.

Eka think unprecedented - forest! What are you, kid, treasure there burned or grain pearl sowed?

Casket! Pearl grains! At that time I did not even understand the meaning of these words. My wishes did not stretch so far.

Usually my father and three of my uncle brought me from the forest, then pigeons eggs, then the bunny, then the little squeaky quivering; They gave me a handful of forest nuts with dense juicy nucleoli - my favorite delicacy; They brought me and bunches of reddish flexible scyed rods, of which I knead then small dams for fish, visiting our robust. I received every spring as a gift a small ringing dude, skillfully carved from the cane.

I felt at that time unlimited happy.

ENGANE NINOSHVILI

"Gogia Uysvili"

Again to our village set "Ecutu". Today, the headman did everyone announced and announced: we must make a ten rubles from the house, and still firewood, hay, corn, and so on! - With pain and hopelessness in the voice spoke Marina to her husband Gogry in the evening, when he returned from work.

How! Again "Cottage"! .. You're crazy you left, Baba! If again they put "Ecutu" to us, our focus will cool! .. - said Gogia, and his face frowned.

You're angry with me, for sure I am guilty! - reproached her husband Marina.

Fallen! I'm angry with you! Understand what I'm talking about! You had to say this anathema: ransom, they say, for the barbecue of pay, and the church tax on the maintenance of the population of fee, and the postal tax of pay, and the road tax pay, and not list what the taxes should be supplied to our hump. A little to them seemed, you, they say, the robbers are hidden, they took and put the past year "Ecutu", ruined our village. That's what you had to tell him! - So spoke Gogia, putting on the hearth.

Otar Chilaladze

"Iron Theater"

1
The land was taken by Arbach. In the holes bubbled water. Between the pits were scattered seedlings with scattered in a rag root: some cudak-German conceived smash the garden on the sand. In the port, a few half-jammed bars grabbed onto the sides of each other. The twisted reflection of the mast was swayed on greenish marine stroy. The seagulls shouted, poured laughter. A dead horse was lying on the shore. It suddenly popped a rat, cut the air like a projectile, and fluttered in the world. "Straight to Turkey," said Dad. But all the most surprising was the milkman. The dairy bidon teased it, turning a white, smoking tongue. At the same milkman, the head was lined with a babbie, and a long motley tube was oppressed, which he gladly sat down with a whistle. "I will put you in this ass - the native father will not find out the forego!" He spoke with a smile. Together with an empty bidon, he carried the residues from yesterday's table. After it, it remained on the balcony the smell, warm and wet. So started the morning.

Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani

"O Wisdom Fiction"

There was no time the king, whose deeds no one is able to imagine; He copied in his heart with kindness and the beneficialness so much mercy that he himself could not measure it. The ardentity and cruelty of their angry heart, he won the blessing blow of God-fearing, the generosity quenched the heat is more than the clouds carrying moisture; Abundant rain falling from heaven, there were gifts, which he awarded people.
Fear and trepidation in front of him embraced all the land; People were afraid of his more thunder, according to his mercy and caressing were captivating and sweet than her mother's nipples for the baby.
The name of this great and glorified king was Finesis.
He had Vesir, his wisdom reached heaven. He measured his mind along and across the earthly tumper, the scholarship penetrates the marine abyss, air phenomena and the stellar journey he drawn on the srices of his heart. He told the gloomy of his speeches, like wild animals, likeing them to people. According to the word, his cliffs melted, like wax, birds told human voices.
The name of this Vesir was Sedrak.

Chabua Ammaregi

"Soroka Gossip"

Fox, downtry and cuckoo led to the court to Lion Sokok.
The lion yawned, put on glasses and said:
- What guessed forty?
Lisa said:
- Soroka dismissed the rumor about me, that I am bumping out. I thought: the tail-tail is higher, everyone will see that I have a tail, and I will not laugh at me more. Since then, I have been used to walking. Hunters see me from afar. And what is me now, a dear judge, without a tail to live, suggest yourself! ..
Lisa laid the tail on the table in front of the tail, the whole sweeper and broken fraction. The lion corrected the glasses, carefully examined him, sighed and said:
- What was the lush tail! This, like a fox, the tail has no beast!
The lion turned to forty and asked:
- Why did Lgala?
- How did I know that she has such a magnificent tail? I was wrong, forgive me! - answered forty.

Daniel Chonkadze

"Suram Fortress"

Last summer, when, intense with unbearable heat, the inhabitants of Tbilisi were looking for coolness outside the city, several young people, and among them and your humble servant, persuaded to gather every night in the sands, behind the river, against the Ancholhata Church, and having fun there time until late night . In the perspective there was such a condition: everyone had to tell some legend, parable or a tale from Georgian life.
There was one of those beautiful evenings that so often in our country are replaced by hot days. Young people just bathed in the river; Some drank tea, others were still dressed, the rest were surrounded by D. B., - he, putting the tari on his knee, was playing something and fished in a low voice. After a while, when everyone got drunk and servants began to cook for dinner, young people remembered that this evening had not yet heard the next story. Began to find out whose today; It turned out that everyone already told something. Asked one, asked for another - but the hunters were not. I had to throw lots. One of us, rising from the place, began to consider: "Icylo, Bicycle, Shroshano ...", etc., the belch ended in Niko D.
- Congratulations, Niko! Congratulations! - shouted all in a mixture.
- No, friends, get rid of me today. Right, I do not know what to tell, not prepared.
- Eh, nico! Looking God and start: "Lived, were ...", and then it will go, I assure you! - said by the letter tone Syo.
- Okay ... So listen to the same! - And Niko began.

Mikhail Lohvitsky

"Searches for the gods"

Of the summer of 1867, March of the month, seventh day from the Nativity of Christ, in the Gregorian calendar, or the first day of the month of Zul Kaada, 1233, on Muslim, or two weeks before the head day of the first month of the new, non-law from the Ringing of Adygov Sun, Church of the Adygh, over the mountains of the Caucasus, the blue sky, soaked in hot radiance, low and slowly floating daylight shining.
Hot rays have paid the ice on the top of the mountain top to the sun, the rods of the serpents were filled under the thickness of the slaughtered snow, blurred his connection with the frozen earth, and huge, like a nasty horse-alp, avalanche, barely heard sighing, rushed to all accelerating running on a steep slope , sealing air. Snow and air broke the rock from the base of the cliffs, cut off, as if blades, curves of Dubka, spruce, fir, and the gorge was announced by a quiet stroke of horror.

Lado Mrelashvili

"Boys from Ikalto"

In a thunderstorm
Thunder rumbled with such a force that he drown out a crackling and creaking of trees, bent under the gusts of the wind. Shower whipped like a bucket. Noisy streams broken heads rushed along the rocks and lowered in the osculto ravine, where they foam and growled, spinning stones, discarded flow. There was no soul around. On balconies of houses and under the balconies, bugged the noses into warm fluffy tails, laggy dogs were lying. And only behind the Occolic, near the forest, in the old, abandoned Sarage of Zipper highlighted two boyish faces, judging by their expressions, the boys were the bottom of the thunderstorm and the wind, raging over the walls.
- Well, a nose! - Speak one of them and sank on the straw, asking the entire barn.
- Yes, we got here on time, I did not dry us off until the morning.
- ha ha ha! At home are now sure that I have. And your old people think you are ...
- Potache, Gogi, do not laugh so loud!
- Nothing, Sandro, in such noise anyway no one will hear.

Gura Panjikidze

"Seventh heaven"

1
Early July morning.
The air above the airfield is transparent and clean.
The Tu-104 ladder is crowded and passengers talk loudly. Stewardess, understanding all the hopelessness of his efforts, trying to calm them.
- Comrades! Comrades, do not hurry. Everyone will have time.
Levan Hidasheli stands, and silently looks at his restless fellow travelers. He does not like fuss.
With buzz, like bees, passengers disappear one by one in the dark hole input.
Now the last disappeared, and Levan was still not moving away from the place. The stewardess sighed with relief and only now noticed him. Levan felt his eyes. Machinely reached for his pocket, I wanted to pull the box with Papiros, but suddenly remembered that it was impossible to smoke the aircraft. With annoyance, waved his hand and raised his sports bag.
- Are you in Tbilisi? Asked Stewardles, looking at the ticket.
Levan answered nothing.

Niko Lordkpanidze

"Bogatyr"

Prangulashvili has long been famous over the entire lower Imereti of his heroic strength. No wonder they were often called murmup. And in fact they possessed the same monstrous force, as many and monstrous voraciousness. In the battles, Muhapidze was never attracted to the championship, but the dagger, magnitude with a buffalo yarm, was wrinkled as if it was a light twist.
And they used this weapon peculiar. If the enemy squad approached by Guskom, Prangulashvili was painted enemy right in her chest or belly, not sacrificing, in the bone or flesh, one blow was embraced on the edge of the dagger in two or three people and gave them, precisely piglets. If the enemy has fallen by the deployed system, they beat back from the right ear to the left thigh, crushed one blow of two opponents, and the third rolled himself to the ground, or from horror before the sparkling blade, or the overturned by the air wave.
Only one warrior was usually sent to Prangulashvili war, nor more, no less, since all their genus consisted of one family.

Grigol Abashidze

"Long night"

Georgian chronicle of the XIII century

CHAPTER FIRST
Children played at the stream flowing along the stone gutter. Among them was the young man, probably not older than sixteen years, although in appearance, and tall, and the width of shoulders, and serious thoughtfulness in his face, he looked much older than his years. The young man diligently admitted a toy mill wheel. He stuck on both sides of the stream subtle fork on both sides, put on them the axis of the wheel and now gradually lowered it to the bright, flying along the smooth jet jet behind the lightweight wooden blades. Suddenly he took his hands, straightened. The wheel is spinning, splashing small cool drops on the grass. Children crowded in a wonderful mill, kneading and preventing each other.
Having straightened, the young man really turned out to be high, broadly, slim. He stood over a stream as a giant over a big river, leaning his legs on different shores. And the water, and the children, their screech and cheerful laughter were somewhere below, and the young man did not see the water-flying water, nor a cheerful wheel, nor children's faces. For close noise and laughter, he was distinguished by the distance that such that made him alert and listen. Then he darted to a wide goal, coming out just for a driving road.
On the way, the cluster of the Lopouchius donkey. It was not old on him yet, but, as you can see, a wicked, loose man. He was pale with the painful pallor, which appears if a person moves little, sees little sun and fresh air.

§ 3. Georgian literature

The second half of the XIX century is the most important period in the history of Georgian culture, in particular, in the history of the artistic word. By this time, a new generation of writers comes to the literary arena, whose work was displayed by Georgian reality until the 10th of the 20th century. It is noteworthy that this particular Pleiad of Georgian writers approved the realistic method in Georgian literature.

Ilya Chavchavadze (1837-1907) - Certainly is the central figure of Georgian literature and the socio-political life of Georgia of the XIX century. He asked the tone and determined the main directions of development of not only Georgian literature, but also ways to develop a socio-political movement in Georgia, as well as the spiritual life of the Georgian people. Ilya Chavchavadze was the leader and an active participant in all vital beginnings for the nation. As a writer, a thinker and politician, he is a completely unique phenomenon in the history of Georgia. He was rightly painted by the "non-beloved" king of Georgia.

Invaluable the contribution of I. Chavchavadze to the renewal and revival of the Georgian language and literature. He is a reformer of the Georgian literary language.

The main thing in the work of the writer is a national motive. All artistic creativity of Ilya Chavchavadze is imbued with the ideas of the struggle for the salvation of the Georgian people from degeneration, for the preservation of the national identity and unity of the nation, for increasing national self-consciousness.

The treasury of Georgian literature was enriched with unfavorable masterpieces created by Ilya Chavchavadze. This is: "Traffic notes", "Mother of Georgian", "Nice Motherland", "Vision", "Story of Beggar", "Otarov Widow", "Does he?" other.

The works of Ilya Chavchavadze, imbued with hot love of the Motherland and a call to the national struggle, served the spiritual food fighters for the freedom and independence of the Georgian people for a long time. He pointed out the Georgian people, the only way led to the achievement of a cherished goal is to restore lost state independence.

Akai Tsereteli (1840-1915). In the first rows of fighters for national freedom, together with Ilya Chavchavadze stood an outstanding Georgian writer Akai Tsereteli. He, like I. Chavchavadze, was the originator and an active participant in all vital national affairs. Poet, Prose, Publicist, Translator, Satir-humorist, Akai Tsereteli was primarily a poet - lyrics.

Poetry Akakia Tsereteli is imbued with endless love of the Motherland and the ideas of the National Movement, as evidenced by its numerous works: "Sedina", "Chonguri", "Bitter My Sudine", "Spring", "Suliko", "Dawn", "Educator", Tornnoe Eristavi, Bashi-Achuki and others.

The optimistic works of Akakia Tsereteli, penetrated by faith in the future of the Georgian people, played a big role in approving and increasing his national self-consciousness.

Jacob Gogebashvili (1840-1912). A completely special place in the history of Georgian literature and in general, in the history of Georgian culture, the activities of an outstanding figure of the Georgian National Movement, the Great Teacher and Children's Writer Jacob Gogebashvili occupies.

The creation of textbooks "Ded Ena" ("Native speech", 1876), "Georgian ABC is the first book for reading students" (1876), among the phenomena of the XIX century it should be considered the fact of much importance. Jacob Gogebashvili is the author of numerous childish stories of patriotic content, among which it is allocated: "What did Jaavnan have done?", "King Irakli and Ingilaka", "selfless Georgians" and others. These stories served as the awakening and strengthening of patriotic consciousness in children.

Lavrenty Ardaziani (1815-1870) In the novel, Solomon Isakich Medzhganuashvili depicted the process of becoming a Georgian bourgeoisie. It was a completely new topic in Georgian literature.

Rafiel Eristavi (1824-1901). The creative activity of Rafiela Eristavi begins with the 50s of the XIX century. In his work, the patriotic subject occupies a significant place. This topic is devoted to his well-known poem "Motherland Hevsura", recognized as masterpiece of Georgian poetry.

George Tsereteli (1842-1900). Creativity Georgy Tsereteli is a remarkable phenomenon in the history of Georgian literature, journalism and journalism, as well as in the history of the development of political thinking in Georgia. The worldview of the writer determine patriotic motives, the struggle for national freedom and social equality.

In his works: "Flower of our life", "Tetushka Asmat", "Gray Wolf", "First Step" of George Tsereteli drew an interesting picture of the life of the flag and subsequent era of Georgia. His work served as a statement of critical realism in Georgian literature.

Alexander Kazbegi (1848-1893). Writing and civilian courage of Alexander Kazbegi was particularly pronounced in his creative activities of the 1980s of the XIX century. In his novels and stories with a large artistic force, the inner world of heroes, their feelings and experiences were transmitted.

Alexander Kazbega truthfully portrayed the cruelty of Russian enslavers and the heavy position of the Georgian people under the oppression of the colonial regime of the royal autocracy. The tragic paintings of the life of the oppressed people and his unrestrained desire for freedom and independence with great artistic skills are depicted in the works: "Hevisbury Gocha", "Mentor", "Elgudja", "Eleiso" and others.

Vaja-Pshavela (1861-1915) - Pseudonym the great Georgian poet Luke Razkashvili. In the poetry of Vaja-Pshavela, life is an infinite confrontation of light and darkness, good and evil. In his lyrical works: "Good fortress", "Eagle", "Night in the mountains", "the old song of warriors" and others. Motherland is embodied in the image of God.

The crown of poet poets are his poems: "Snake", "Bakhtrioni", "Gogoturi and Aptream", "Alud Kethelauri", "Guest and the owner." It can be said that after Ilya Chavchavadze and Akakiya Tsereteli, it was the patriotic poetry of Vaja-Pshavela that had a great influence on the rise and development of Georgian national self-consciousness.

Egnate Ingorokva (1859-1894) In Georgian literature is known under the ninoshvili pseudonym. In the work of Egnate Ninoshvili reflected the life and life of the native land (Guri). Against the background of the beast of peasants at the time of the assertion of capitalism in Georgia, the writer shows social contradictions that exist between various layers of the Georgian society. It is this topic that the stories "Gogia Wishavili", "Mose, Rural Chericar", "Simona" are devoted.

The rebellion of 1841 in Guria is devoted to his work "Riot in Guria".

Avksie Tsacheli (1857-1902) - famous playwright, commemorner of the renewed Georgian theater.

The art films "Keto and Kote", "other times now" were discontinued on the plots of his unfavorable comedies.

In the Georgian literature, the second Ovovna of the XIX century was reflected by the people. From this point of view, the works of Anton Purceladze (1839-1913), Ekaterina Gabashvili (1851-1938), Sofrom Mgaloblishvili (1851-1925) and Niko Lomori (1852-1915). The writers who were passionateized by the people's ideas at the time were called "fans of commoner." Peru of populars belongs to the most popular works: "Lourdja Magdan", "Kajan", "Mazi".

At the end of the XIX and early XX centuries, a new generation of Georgian writers was performed on the literary field, among which, first of all, should be noted Shio Daedabrishvili (Aragvispireli), David Kldiashvili, Vasily Barnet (Bernova), Kondrate Tatarashvili (unarmed), Cholu (Bicket) Lomttatidze and Shawa Dadiani.

Shio DaedaBishvili (1867-1926) In Georgian literature is known under the pseudonym "Aragvispireli". The main theme of his work is the relationship between humans and society.

David Kladiashvili (1862-1931) - The brilliant chronicler of the life of the Georgian small nobility, which has been deprived of the economic soil and privileges at the time of the assertion of bourgeois relations. The writer with non-sullency and subtle humor shows the tragedy of impoverished nobles, who once proud of his privileged position and reached up to full impoverishment.

In the works of David Kladiashvili: "Solomon Morbeldze", "Magic of Samanishvili", "Darispan's Nevzpects" The heroes in the comic situation become victims of the tragic fate.

Vasily Barnov (1856-1934) In Georgian literature, the genre of historical novel revived. His historical novels "Zarya Isani", "Martyr love", "Destruction of Armazi" conquer the reader with deep patriotism and sublime love.

Kondrathe Tatarashvili (1872-1929) ("Unarmed") in his work "Mamluk" against the background of the tragic fate of two people shows one of the most monstrous phenomena, which took place in Georgia of the XVIII century - the purchase and sale of prisoners.

Chola (Bicket) Lomtatidze (1878-1915) I introduced the topic of the horror of prison life to Georgian literature. The most famous works dedicated to this topic: "Before the gallop" and "in prison".

Shalva Dadiani (1874-1959) He enriched Georgian literature to his dramatic work "yesterday" and the historical novel "Georgy Rusi", dedicated to the era of Queen Tamar.

At the beginning of the 20th century, future masters of the artistic word are beginning their creative activity: Mikhail Jawahishvili, Niko Lordkipanidze, Leo Shengelaia (Kancheli), Alexander Chichia (Abasheli), Galaktion Tabidze, Tizian Tabidze, Joseph Mamulashashvili (Grisheshvili), etc.

Mikhail Jawakhishvili (1880-1937) He began his literary activities at the beginning of the XIX century. He actively participated in the national movement. His first stories (Changchura, "Gabo's shoemaker" and others) are realistic and imbued with the ideas of humanism.

Niko Lordkpanidze (1880-1944) He wrote his first works under the influence of impressionism ("Heart", "Unpassed story", "To the Moon", etc.). His novels are imbued with a feeling of disappointment in the life caused by her serness and cruelty.

From early works Leo Kiacheli (1884-1963) The most significant is the brilliant sample of Georgian prose Roman "Tariel Golua", in which the social struggle found its realistic mapping.

Titian Tabidze (1895-1937) He was one of the most typical representatives of Georgian symbolism. In his work there is a connection of Georgian poetry with romantic and patriotic traditions.

Creation Galaktion Tabidze (1891-1959) - This is an inexhaustible encyclopedia of the human soul, in which the actual and unreal, human weakness and power, joy and sorrow are equally reflected.

Joseph Grisheshvili (1889-1964) He entered Georgian literature with his optimistic, patriotic poems. In his work, besides the topics of love for the Motherland, the leading place occupies the exotic types of antiquities of Tbilisi.

Georgian literature of the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries took a worthy place in the treasury of the achievements of world culture.

Literature is the thoughts, aspirations, hopes and dreams of the people. The art of the word you can hurt, hurt and crucify, and exalted, give sense and make it possible to make it easier.

1. Guram Daughterashvili

Guram Daughterashvili is one of the bright representatives of modern Georgian prose. Born in 1939 in Tbilisi. He belongs to the stories, stories, novels, essays. The Russian reader Daughtershili is familiar with the books "there, behind the mountain", "Song without words", "Only one person", "Thousand Small Care", "I like three times" and other works. The books of Guram Daughterashvili are the ODD of love, good and sacrificial struggle, translated into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world and have repeatedly laid a variety of films and performances.

Roman "Topping the first" is the top of the creativity of Guram Daughterashvili. It is written in the style of magical realism and close in spirit to the Latin American novel. Alloy of Utopia-Antiutopia, and in general - about finding a person in this life and that the true price of freedom, alas, death. Roman can be disassembled by quotes. Unfortunately, the later works of Guram Daughters have not been translated into Russian.

2. Aka Mortiladze

Aka Morceladze (George Ahvlotiani) is a famous Georgian writer living in London. Born on November 10, 1966. In 1988 he graduated from the historical faculty of Tbilisi University. The author of many novels and stories, a five-time laureate of the Georgian literary premium "Saba". For works and scenarios, Aki Morceladyze, such famous Georgian films were shot as "Walk in Karabakh" and "Walk in Karabakh 3", "I do not live without you", "mediator".

Often Aka Morceladze creates works in a detective genre. And for this reason, criticism often compare him with Boris Akunin. However, in parallel with the experiments in the genre of a historical detective, he writes and novels about modernity. They are already talking at all about the other: about the new type of relationship in society, about elitarism, snobsm and teenagers. In the books of Morceladze, you can often meet the stylization of modern manners of the conversation of the Georgian society, as well as the Argo and the jargon of the modern conversational speech of Georgia.

3. Nino Kharatishvili

Nino Kharatishvili is a famous German writer and playwright from Georgia. Born in 1983 in Tbilisi. He studied at the film director, and then in Hamburg - on theatrical director. As the author of the Pieces and the head of the German-Georgian theater group, she has attracted attention from an early age. In 2010, Kharatishvili became the winner of the premium to them. Adelbert von Shamisso, who is awarded the authors, writing in German, and on whose work is affected by the change of cultural medium. Nino Kharatishvili is the author of many prose texts and plays, which were published in Georgia and Germany.

In 2002, her first book "Der Cousin Und Bekina" was published. Cooperated with different theatrical troupes. Currently is a permanent author for the German theater in Göttingen. "When I am in Georgia," says Nino Kharatishvili, "I feel at the highest degree of German, and when I return to Germany, I feel like an absolute Georgian. This, in general, is sad and creates certain problems, but if you look different, it can enrich. Because if I am, by and large, I do not feel at home anywhere, I can build everywhere, create, create my own house. "

4. Dato Turashvili

David (Dato) Turashvili is a writer, playwright and screenwriter. Born on May 10, 1966 in Tbilisi. The first collection of prose Turashvili was published in 1991. Since then, 17 copyright books have been published. At the moment, the work of Turashvili was published in seven languages \u200b\u200bin various countries. In particular, the Roman "Escape from the USSR" ("Generation of Jeans") became a bestseller in Georgia, becoming the most popular work in the country over the past twenty years. This book was reprinted in Holland, Turkey, Croatia and Italy and Germany. The novel is based on real events: In November 1983, a group of young people in Tbilisi attempted the hijacking of the aircraft from the USSR.

David Turashvili worked as a playwright with the world famous Georgian director Robert Stura. Twice awarded the prestigious literary premium of Georgia "Saba" (2003, 2007).

5. Anna Cordzaya-Samadashvili

Anna Cordzaya-Samadashvili is the author of many books and publications in Georgia ("Bericaoba", "Children Shushannik", "who killed a seagull", "rulers of thieves"). Born in 1968 in Tbilisi, a graduate of the Philological Faculty of Tbilisi State University. The last 15 years, Korzdaya-Samadashvili worked as an editor in Georgian publications, as well as a correspondent in Georgian and foreign media.

Anna Cordzaya-Samadashvili is a two-time laureate of the prestigious Georgian literary premium "Saba" (2003, 2005). In 1999, awarded the Prize of the Guete Institute for the best translation of the novel by the Nobel Prize laureate, Austrian writer Elfried Elfrek "Mistere". The collection of her stories "I, Margarita" in 2017 entered the list of the best works of women authors in the world according to the New York Public Library.

6. Mikhail Gigolashvili

Mikhail Gigolashvili is a Georgian writer living in Germany. Born in 1954 in Tbilisi, graduated from the Faculty of Philology and Postgraduate Studies of the Tbilisi State University. Candidate of Philological Sciences, author of Fedor Dostoevsky's creativity. Published a number of articles on the topic "Foreigners in Russian literature". Gigolashvili is the author of five novels and a collection of prose. Among them - "Judea", "Tolmach", "Cherto Wheel" (the choice of readers of the "Big Book" award), "Capture of Muscovy" (prize short list). Since 1991, he lives in Saarbücken (Germany), teaches Russian in Saar University.

This year, his novel "The Last Year" became the winner of the "Russian Prize" in the nomination "Large Prose". He narrates about one of the most mysterious periods of Russian history, when King Ivan Grozny left the throne to Simeon Bekbulatovich and fell on a year in the Alexander Sloboda. This is an urgent psychological drama with elements of phantasmagoria.

7. Nana Ekvtimishvili

Nana Ekvtimishvili - Georgian writer, screenwriter and film director. Born in 1978 in Tbilisi, a graduate of the Faculty of Philosophy of Tbilisi State University. I. Jawahishvili and the German Cinematography Institute and Television. Wolf Conrad in Potsdam. Nana's stories were first published in Tbilisi Literary Almana "Arili" in 1999.

Nana - The author of the short and full-length movies, the most famous and successful of which can be called "long bright days" and "My happy family." These films of Ekvtimishvili shot in collaboration with his spouse-director Simon Gossom. In 2015, the debut novel of Nana Ekvtimishvili "Pearsh Field", which received several literary awards, including "Saba", "Lite", the University of Ilya, and also translated into German.

8. Georgy Kekelidze

George Kekelidze is a writer, poet and TV host. His autobiographical documentary novel "Guriy diaries" for the last three years in a row was an absolute bestseller in Georgia. The book is translated into Azerbaijani and Ukrainian, and will soon be released in Russian.

In his 33 years, Kekelidze is not just a fashionistine writer and a public figure, but also the chief librarian of the country. George Kekelidze is headed by the Tbilisi National Parliamentary Library, and is still the founder of the Museum of the Book. The native of the Georgian city of Ozurgei (Guri region), Georgy - the owner of almost all Georgian literary premiums of Georgia. With his name, the foundation of the first Georgian electronic library is connected. And Kekelidze constantly travels around the regions of Georgia, restoring rural libraries and helping schools with books and computers.

9. Ekaterina Togonidze

Catherine Togonidze is a young prose, television journalist and lecturer. Born in Tbilisi in 1981, graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of the Tbilisi State University. I. Djavahishvili. He worked on the first channel of the Georgian public broadcaster: the leading information program "Bulletin" and the morning release "Alione".

Since 2011, it is published in Georgian and foreign publications and magazines. In the same year, the first collection of her stories "Anesthesia" was published, which was awarded the Georgian literary premium "Saba". Catherine is the author of the novels "Another way", "Listen to me", the novels "Asynchron" and others. Catherine Books Togonidze are translated into English and German.

10. Zaza Burchuladay

ZAZABUBUDZE - one of the most original writers of modern Georgia. He was also published under the name Gregor Head. ZAZ was born in 1973 in Tbilisi. He studied at the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts. A. Kutateladze. The first publication is the story of the Third Candy, published in 1998 in the Tbilisi newspaper Alternative. Since that time, it was published in the Alternative newspaper and in Arili magazine ("Light").

Separate editions of Zazza Burchubladay - Collection of Story (1999), the novels "Old Song" (2000), "You" (2001), "Letter Mom" \u200b\u200b(2002), "Simpsons" story (2001). Among the latest works are the novels "Adidas", "Inflatable Angel", "Mineral Jazz" and a collection of stories "soluble kafka".