Writing: the death of the human soul in the story of Chekhov Ionch. Essay on the topic: death of human soul in the story Portrait, Gogol

04.04.2019

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In many of their stories A.P. Chekhov appeals to the problem of the rebirth of the person, spiritual degradation of a person. One of these stories is "Ionch", in which the example of Dr. Startseva, a writer shows a fall human soul.

At the beginning of the story, Dr. Elders - Young, Thinking, educated personnot lost its individuality among boring and empty residents provincial town. The doctor is not yet rich, walks on foot, as it does not have horses. But he is able to think, dream, understand people, love, finally. We see how the power of love elevates the hero above the gray, monotonous reality. However, at the same time, we see another, as if reverse side The souls of the Chekhov Hero, whose "some cold heavy piece" in the head ". It makes Starteva, along with the sublime dreams and hopes, doubt, "To face Lee, Zemsky Dr. ... Sugge, get notes ..., do stupidity?" The same "cold piece" in the head makes Starteva think about giving the bride at the moment when he makes a marriage offer.

However, while love is ruined over the hero, this dark - landed, cynical, pragmatic - part of his soul poorly manifests itself. But his love is rejected, and what do we see?

All the bright and young crowds out in the soul of Dr. petty, stupid, insignificant: "Startieva stopped fighting his heart." Already three days after the refusal, his life is included in the usual rut, and the episode with the matchmaker is estimated by the hero with some irritation and even relief: "How much trouble, however!"

Meanwhile, the real "troubles" - worldly, ordinary, vulgar - capture Starteva from the moment that love loses its power over him. And now we have a Czech Hero four year later: its calcality, irritability increase, appear, frank dislike and unacted arrogance towards people. He forever lost freshness of thoughts, romanticism, greasibility, naturalness, but he began the top three horses with a kucher and great practice in the city.

The "heavy cold piece" in the head of the hero was growing up to the size of the heart, filled all the soul of Startieva. Only the only time "lights down in the soul" - when meeting with the former beloved. There was regret and pain for their empty life, which "passes dim, without impressions, without thoughts." However, remembering money. Startians again felt that this light was in the soul ...

Thus, the doctor of the elders disappeared forever. Ionch was left, which "fell, obesity", "became heavy, irritable", whom "Be overcome", "which" in the screw played every evening with pleasure "and" loved to remove paper from the pockets mined by practice. "

What did the hero make such? Wednesday? Indeed, the city was gray and boring, the people with whom the elders communicated are basically empty and limited. However, the hero in his youth opposed them, despising the inhabitants, rejecting everyday vulgarity, spiritual worthlessness of existence. But after a few years, the doctor himself was imperceptible to those who were secretly ironed in the soul, becoming an ordinary personality, the average in spiritual sense of this word.

Therefore, it can be argued that the surrounding reality cannot change the person so much, as the features of his personality, warehouse character, inner spiritual installation. Gray medium, closure in the world of ordinary. In my opinion, only contributed to the degradation of the Chekhov hero, but were not the root cause of this. The instability of belief, the weakness of nature, the absence of an inner rod - that's what did not allow him to keep everything bright and beautiful in his soul, to resist the vulgarity, destroy the "cold piece" indifference.

There is a continuous all-consuming, but emphasized did not disinterested and not bringing the true pleasure of work and, as a result of him, money, fame, weakened by Dr. Startsev entirely, making it from it a banal boring ion.

Chekhov does not blame her hero in the desire to have good house, Living in prosperity, indulgent - all these are natural and legitimate human desires. It is terrible that elders loses interest in their work and the fact that first of all the doctor is needed - humanity, love for people. Thus, on the example of ionchcha, the writer also proves the idea that any work depreciates and is shuddered if a person does not invest a part of his soul into it.

So, Czechs show us how easily and imperceptibly can spiritually degrade a person; As a free, thinking nature can become worthless and ordinary. At the fair opinion of the writer, nothing can be worse than the death of the human soul!

Topic: "The death of the human soul"

(According to N.V. Gogol "Portrait")

Literature lesson in grade 8.

Objectives lesson:

Reveal the basic idea of \u200b\u200bthe story;

Learn to see creative method artist, understand and feel itworldview;

Instilling interest in the Gogola writer, Gogol-personality in the history of Russianculture.

Methodical goal: Demonstration of the method of analyzing text as means of forming and improving the ability to perceive, interpret and evaluate the work.

Equipment: Portrait of N.V.Gogol, multimedia security, work N.V.Gogol.

During the classes:

Teacher: "Portrait" - fantastic story. We have already read the "Portrait of Dorian Gray" (O. Wald) and " Shagreen skin"(O. de Balzac). These works are largely similar. But our task today is to comprehend the influence of art per person. The writer believed that art is designed to serve a man, turning his heart to God. But art should be struggling with evil, with hostile To God forces. The question that Gogol tormented, sounds like this: "Is the artist to win a good one in the soul of man?"

The "portrait" is not just one of the "Petersburg Hands", which speaks of the appointment of the writer and his creation, is a work where Gogol's look and the task of art and the artist himself are expressed with the greatest fit. What is herself to Gogol fantastic, supernatural?

Teacher: In the "portrait" the power of money is embodied in the form of a degree of Petroyhali, his money, his terrible portrait. Fantastic becomes ordinary.

When we read the second part of the story, the charts are clearer, his lifestyle is clearer, it is like raising the space where events occur.

(Pupils are easily focused on the habitat of Chartkova, identifying new and new ones of his personality.)

Assistant student:The young artist Chartes find a mysterious portrait, in which part of the life of the devil himself is kept, and the image of this Devil-Roshovist arises against the background of real St. Petersburg.

Teacher: The devil and the "Devilish" in the work of Gogol. This topic is already familiar to us. It was in the "evenings ...", in the "May night ...", in "Vie". Other things are now worried about: the devil is damn - damnshchina - the characteristics of the Chartkova (Charts - Chertkov - the features of the face - the devil - the devil trait). Comment, please, this chain. What associations do you have, comprehending it?

Assistant student:We see chartes who found a bundle with money and began to change in his eyes. Turn to the text:

"Now in his power there was all that he looked at him with heightened eyes, what he admired me, swallowed salons. Wow, how a regulatory was hammered in it, when he just thought about! Dress up in a fashionable fracture, to talk after a long post, hire A nice apartment, go for the same hour to theater, in confectionery, in ... and so on ... "

After all, "he went out into the street alive, the brisk, in Russian expression:hell Not brother. Gogol walked, hovering on everyone Lornet. "

Then he is the samedamn Started by his professor, "what a dumbfounded professor was still still standing on the bridge, depicting a question mark on his face."

Teacher: Why did Chartkov "stumbled" past the teacher?

Assistant student:Chartes remembered the instructions of the professor: "Look, brother, you have a talent; it will be sinner if you destroy him ... Look, so that the fashionable painter does not come out of you ..."

Teacher: How else does the money use?(He gives back their evil charm, changes art, begins to please rich customers, loses moral cleanliness.)

Teacher: How do you understand the expression "moral purity"? (Chartes becomes a "practical" person.)

Teacher: "Practical man" is bad? (Yes, for Chartkova, this is death, because the artist must be free, he must be a dreamer, a dreamer, maybe, in the opinion of the uninitiated in art, somewhat frivolous. He begins to worship Mamon (Syrian word - "wealth". Gospel from Luke, 24 ch.).)

Teacher:

- How was the portrait of a usurist?

By whom?

How is the fall of the artist, who drawn a portrait of the Roshovist? (They master envy to his student.)

Why is there no holy in his pictures? (All figures are devilish eyes.)

How does he belong to the family?

Why didn't he burn a portrait?

(Students retell in detail, as the artist survived the death of his wife, daughter, young son. Especially interesting is the episode of the "Resurrection" of the artist after many pets of suffering. The images of the baby and the Mother of Mother, created by the artist, submit students to understanding Gogol's thoughts:"Who made a talent in himself, the cleaner of everyone should be soul. The other will say a lot, but he will not forgive.")

Conclusions:

This artist, talent is from God.

The power of money, the doomedness of art where the cult of profit is triumphant - it is main topic Tale.

Roshovshchik - the generation of century-bankers, the XIX century, he does not know another subject, except for money. He gives money to growth, at percent, he sells money, receiving money for money.

People go to him in the hope that gold will bring happiness ("you can not believe in God and Mamon").

Terrible price losses understood old master: "Who made a talent. That cleaner must be soul" ...

Teacher: What does Gogol teach?(Creating beautiful and kind art can be spiritually clean, good person. Gogol seems to read the preaching about cleansing, about devotion to the Great.)

Yes, right. Nikolai Vasilyevich always spoke about the role of mobility. The devotee is a person who took heavier work, often ungrateful, deprivation in the name great goal, or in the name of the loyalty of his dream, a noble idea.

The artist is the author of the portrait of the Roshchik - dreamed of portrait as the "Spirit of Darkness", in which he reflected "all the hardest, oppressive man" ... did he have the right to an image of such phenomena in the world around us? We know that it came out of it.

Assistant student:Each real artist must have freedom of choice. Gogol, apparently, he himself believes that the artist has the right to portray everything as he seesunderstands, feels. But at the same time the writer says:"Who made a talent, the cleaner of everyone should be soul."

Teacher: What is the charts?(He is a pity. Gogol talks about him: "All the feelings and gusts turned it to evil." Act - "Torgash", the century-banker is generously paying Chartkov for services, he fards him and gold and uniform. He is rich, known, write about him In the newspapers, sales of writings, he, with his post ... but the particle behind the particle of Chartkova is in return to his graduation and soul.)

Quote:

"Glory can not give pleasure to someone who stole her, and did not deserve; it produces a permanent thrill only in her decent. And therefore the feelings and gusts of his [Chartkova] turned to gold. Gold has been made by his passion, ideal, fear, pleasure, purpose. ... He began to become boring, inaccessible to everything, except for gold, a unreasoned soul, a disturbed collector ... "

Teacher: But something had to wake him up if something was left in it?(Yes, there was one event. He came to the Academy of Arts to give his judgment about the film of the Russian artist sent from Italy.)

Teacher: Let's turn to the text.

Quote:

"Clean, immaculate, beautiful as the bride stood the artist's work in front of him ... Included tears were ready to turn on the persons of visitors who surrounded the picture ... Mustrally with a hole in his mouth stood charts in front of the painting ... The whole composition, his whole life was awakened in One moment, as if youth returned to him, as if the extinct sparks of the talent broke out again. He was suddenly flew by the bandage. God! And destroy so ruthlessly best years his youth ... "

Teacher: So what feelings are experiencing charts?(Gogol says at the beginning of the spiritual excitement, about the terrible flour, which he is experiencing a hero. But he is already spoiled with money, "freedom" and, as the writer notes, "they took a terrible envy, envy to rabies, shrule the bile on his face ... ")

Teacher: But why Chartkov "disappeared angel"? (Probably Chartes compares himself with humiliated, defeated from heaven angel, not recognizing himself that it is more demonic than Angel. Perhaps the chartkov is given the last attempt to stay in this world a person ... "Disappeared angel" is a symbol of falling Only the hero, but also the death of his soul.)

Teacher: What associations do you have with the image of an angel? (Of course, with a demon who depicts A. Pushkin, and Gogol himself says about it.)

The assistant student reads the poem A. Pushkin "Demon":

In those days when I was new

All the impressions of being -

And the eyes of the maiden, and the noise of Dubrov

And at night, Solovna's frying, -

When sublime feelings,

Freedom, glory and love

And inspirational art

So much worried about blood, -

Watch Hope and pleasure

Longing suddenly autumn,

Then some kind of evil genius

He began to secretly visit me.

Our meetings were sad:

His smile, a wonderful look,

His stinging speeches

Cold poison poured into the soul. Inexhaustible slander

He tempting the providence;

He called a beautiful dream;

He inspired despised;

He did not believe love, freedom;

Life mockingly looked-

And nothing in all of nature

He did not want to bless.(L823)

Teacher: The word is capable not only to destroy, but also to protect. All the philosophy of Gogol - in his words. And they are next to us, it is only worth listening by opening the book. Gogol is an artist, Gogol - personality, and life confirmed. Learn from Gogol patience and work is to learn to live. So what, according to Gogol, is the great power of art and the appointment of the artist?

(The evil soul can not bring beauty into the world, because good and evil are incompatible. The Roshovist after his death received the material shell in the form of a portrait and continued his black affairs among people, - this was the terrible crime of the artist who created this image. Gogol believes that the artist does not dare to betray his calling for money, wealth, if he wants his art to serve a person."But someone made a talent in himself, the cleaner of everyone should be soul. The other will say a lot, but he will not forgive.")

Teacher: The question of the purpose of the artist was very tormented by Gogol. All my life, this writer was looking for the opportunity to serve the Fatherland and more than once doubted in choosing his destination. For this there were several reasons: the responsibility of the writer for his work, faith in the mighty force of the impact of art per person and, of course, the deep religiosity of Gogol. However, we will talk about it in more detail in high school. And now I will stop your attention on your homework.

Homework. The teacher offers several topics for essays:

- "Gogol's word in the story" Portrait ";

- "Charts - Hero or Antiger?";

- "The image of the Roshovshchik in the story of N. V. Gogol" Portrait ";

- "Antitza like literary reception In creating the image of the chartkova. "

Objectives lesson:

Reveal the basic idea of \u200b\u200bthe story;

Learn to see the creative method of the artist, understand and feel his worldview;

We instill an interest in the Gogola writer, a Gogoly personality in the history of Russian culture.

Methodical goal: Demonstration of the method of analyzing text as means of forming and improving the ability to perceive, interpret and evaluate the work.

Equipment: Portrait, multimedia, work.

During the classes:

Teacher: "Portrait" - a fantastic story. We have already read the "Portrait of Dorian Gray" (O. Uald) and "Shagreen Skin" (O. De Balzac). These works are largely similar. But our task today is to comprehend the effect of art per person. The writer believed that art is designed to serve a person, turning his heart to God. But art at the same time should fight evil, with hostile to God forces. The question that Gogol was tormented, sounds like this: "Is the artist who is able to win a good one in the soul of man?"

Teacher: In the "portrait" the power of money is embodied in the form of a degree of Petroyhali, his money, his terrible portrait. Fantastic becomes ordinary.

When we read the second part of the story, the charts are clearer, his lifestyle is clearer, it is like raising the space where events occur.

(Pupils are easily focused on the habitat of Chartkova, identifying new and new ones of his personality.)

Assistant student: The young artist Chartes find a mysterious portrait, in which part of the life of the devil himself is kept, and the image of this Devil-Roshovist arises against the background of real St. Petersburg.

Teacher: The devil and the "Devilish" in the work of Gogol. This topic is already familiar to us. It was in the "evenings ...", in the "May night ...", in "Vie". Other things are now worried about: the devil is damn - damnshchina - the characteristics of the Chartkova (Charts - Chertkov - the features of the face - the devil - the devil trait). Comment, please, this chain. What associations do you have, comprehending it?

Assistant student: We see chartes who found a bundle with money and began to change in his eyes. Turn to the text:

After all, "he went out into the street alive, the brisk, in Russian expression: hell Not brother. Gogol walked, hovering on everyone Lornet. "

Then he is the same damn Started by his professor, "what a dumbfounded professor was still still standing on the bridge, depicting a question mark on his face."

Teacher: Why did Chartkov "stumbled" past the teacher?

Assistant student: Chartes remembered the instructions of the professor: "Look, brother, you have a talent; it will be sinner if you destroy him ... Look, so that the fashionable painter does not come out of you ..."

Teacher: How else does the money use? (He gives back their evil charm, changes art, begins to please rich customers, loses moral cleanliness.)

Teacher : How do you understand the expression "moral purity"? (Chartes becomes a "practical" person.)

Teacher: "Practical man" is bad? (Yes, for Chartkova, this is death, because the artist must be free, he must be a dreamer, a dreamer, maybe, in the opinion of the uninitiated in art, somewhat frivolous. He begins to worship Mamon (Syrian word - "wealth". Gospel from Luke, 24 ch.).)

Teacher:

- How was the portrait of a usurist?

How is the fall of the artist, who drawn a portrait of the Roshovist? (They master envy to his student.)

Why is there no holy in his pictures? (All figures are devilish eyes.)

How does he belong to the family?

Why didn't he burn a portrait?

(Students retell in detail how the artist's death was survived,daughter, young son. Especially interesting is the episode of the "Resurrection" of the artist after many pet suffering. Images of the baby and the limited mother created by the artist, pumped students to understand the thoughtGogol: "Who made a talent, the cleaner of everyone should be soul. The other will say a lot, but he will not forgive. "

Conclusions:

This artist, talent is from God.

The power of money, the degradability of art where the cult of profit is triumph, is the main topic of the story.

Roshovshchik - the generation of century-bankers, the XIX century, he does not know another subject, except for money. He gives money to growth, at percent, he sells money, receiving money for money.

People go to him in the hope that gold will bring happiness ("you can not believe in God and Mamon").

Scary price losses understood the old master: "Who concluded talent.that cleaner must be soul "...

Teacher: What does Gogol teach? (Create beautiful and kind arts can be spiritually clean, kind person. Gogol as it should read the preaching about purification, about loyalty to the Great.)

Yes, right. Nikolai Vasilyevich always spoke about the role of mobility. The devotee is a person who accepted heavier labor, often ungrateful, deprivation in the name of the Great Goal, or in the name of the loyalty of his dream, a noble idea.

Assistant student: Each real artist must have freedom of choice. Gogol, apparently, he himself believes that the artist has the right to portray everything as he sees, understands, feels. But at the same time the writer says: "Who concludedtalent, the cleaner of everyone should be soul. "

Teacher: What is the charts? (He is a pity. Gogol talks about him: "All the feelings and gusts turned it to evil." Act - "Torgash", the century-banker is generously paying Chartkov for services, he fards him and gold and uniform. He is rich, known, write about him In the newspapers, sales of writings, he, with his post ... but the particle behind the particle of Chartkova is in return to his graduation and soul.)

Quote:

Teacher: But something had to wake him up if something was left in it? (Yes, there was one event. He came to the Academy of Arts to give his judgment about the film of the Russian artist sent from Italy.)

Teacher: Let's turn to the text.

Quote:

"Clean, immaculate, beautiful as a bride stood before himthe artworks of the artist ... The involuntary tears were ready to ride on the people of visitors surrounding the picture ... Mustly with the hole in the mouth stood charts in front of the picture ... The whole composition, his whole life was awakened in one moment, as if youth returned to him, as As if the extinct sparks of the talent flashed again. With the eyes of him suddenly the bandage flew. God! And destroy so ruthlessly the best years of her youth ... "

Teacher: So what feelings are experiencing charts? (Gogol says at the beginning of the spiritual excitement, about the terrible flour, which he is experiencing a hero. But he is already spoiled with money, "freedom" and, as the writer notes, "they took a terrible envy, envy to rabies, shrule the bile on his face ... ")

Teacher: But why Chartkov "disappeared angel"? (Probably Chartes compares himself with humiliated, defeated from heaven angel, not recognizing himself that it is more demonic than Angel. Perhaps the chartkov is given the last attempt to stay in this world a person ... "Disappeared angel" is a symbol of falling Only the hero, but also the death of his soul.)

Teacher: What associations do you have with the image of an angel? (Of course, with a demon who depicts A. Pushkin, and Gogol himself says about it.)

The assistant student reads the poem A. Pushkin "Demon":

In those days when I was new

And the eyes of the maiden, and the noise of Dubrov

And at night, Solovna's frying, -

When sublime feelings,

Freedom, glory and love

And inspirational art

So much worried about blood, -

Watch Hope and pleasure

Longing suddenly autumn,

Then some kind of evil genius

He began to secretly visit me.

Our meetings were sad:

His smile, a wonderful look,

His stinging speeches

Cold poison poured into the soul.Inexhaustible slander

He tempting the providence;

He called a beautiful dream;

He inspired despised;

He did not believe love, freedom;

Life mockingly looked-

And nothing in all of nature

He did not want to bless. (L823)

Teacher: The word is capable not only to destroy, but also to protect. All the philosophy of Gogol - in his words. And they are next to us, it is only worth listening by opening the book. Gogol is an artist, Gogol - personality, and life confirmed. Learn from Gogol patience and work is to learn to live. So what, according to Gogol, is the great power of art and the appointment of the artist?

(The evil soul can not bring beauty into the world, because good and evil are incompatible. The Roshovist after his death received the material shell in the form of a portrait and continued his black affairs among people, - this was the terrible crime of the artist who created this image. Gogol believes that the artist does not dare to betray his calling for money, wealth, if he wants his art to serve a person. "But someone made a talent, the cleaner of allmust be soul. The other will say a lot, but he will not forgive. ")

Teacher: The question of the purpose of the artist was very tormented by Gogol. All my life, this writer was looking for the opportunity to serve the Fatherland and more than once doubted in choosing his destination. For this there were several reasons: the responsibility of the writer for his work, faith in the mighty force of the impact of art per person and, of course, the deep religiosity of Gogol. However, we will talk about it in more detail in high school. And now I will stop your attention on your homework.

Homework. The teacher offers several topics for writings selectance:

- "Gogol's word in the story" Portrait ";

- "Charts - Hero or Antiger?";

- "The image of a businesswoman in the story" Portrait ";

- "Antiteza as a literary reception in the creation of the Cartkova image".

In the first nine chapters of this book, we tried to state some major aspects of an Orthodox Christian view of life after death, opposing them widespread modern lookAlso that appeared in the West views, which in some respects moved away from the ancient Christian teachings. In the West, a genuine Christian doctrine about the angels, the air kingdom of fallen spirits, about the nature of people's communication with spirits, about the sky and hell was lost or distorted, as a result of which the time of the time "posthumous" experiments receive a completely wrong interpretation. The only satisfactory answer to this false interpretation is the Orthodox Christian teaching.

This book has too limited volume to set out the fully Orthodox doctrine of the past world and posthumous life; Our task was much more narrow - to state this teaching to the extent to which it would be enough to answer the questions raised by modern "posthumous" experiments, and indicate the reader to those orthodox textswhere this teaching is contained. In conclusion, we will specifically give here summary Orthodox teaching about the fate of the soul after death. This presentation consists of a article written by one of the last outstanding theologians of our time, Archbishop John (Maksimovich) a year before his death. His words are printed by a narrower column, and explanations for its text, comments and comparisons are printed as usual.

Archbishop John (Maksimovich)

"Life after death"

The resurrection of the dead, and the life of the future century.

(Nicene Symbol of Faith)

Unlimited and unsuccessful would our grief on dying close, if the Lord did not give us eternal life. Our life would be aimless if she ended the death. What benefit would be then from the virtues and good deeds? Then there would be right speakers: "We will eat and drink, for tomorrow I will die." But the person was created for immortality, and Christ opened the gates of the kingdom of heaven, eternal bliss for those who believed in His Resurrection for those who believed in him and lived righteously. Our earth life - This is a preparation for of the future lifeAnd this cooking ends with death. The people should die once, and then the court (Heb. IX, 27). Then a person leaves all his earthly care; The body disintegrates him to rebel again with the general resurrection.

But the soul continues to live, not stopping his existence for any moment. Many phenomena of the dead was given to us to know partly, which happens to the soul when she leaves the body. When a vision is stopped by bodily art, the spiritual vision begins.

Addressing in a letter to your dying sister, Bishop Faofan Relaimer writes: "After all, you will not die. Your body will die, and you will go to another world, live, remembering yourself and all the world Finding "(" Shortesthele reading ", August 1894).

After the death of the soul is alive, and its feelings are exacerbated, and not weakened. Sv. Amvrosiy Mediologan teaches: "Since the soul continues to live after death, it remains good, which is not lost with death, but increases. The soul is not held by any obstacles that have death, but more actors, because it acts in their own sphere without any connection with The body that she, rather, the burden than the benefits "(sv. Ambrose" Death as good ").

Prep. Avva Dorofey summarizes the teachings of early fathers on this issue: "For the souls remember everything here, as the fathers say, and words, and things, and thoughts, and nothing can forget then. And it is said in Psalm: on that day All the distillation of it will die (Ps. 145, 4); This is said about the thinking of the century, that is, on the structure, property, parents, children and any act and teaching. Everything about how the soul comes out of the body, dies. .. and what she did relatively virtue or passion, everything remembers everything and nothing of this does not die for her ... And nothing, as I said, does not forget the soul from what I did in this world, but everything remembers everything from Bodies, and moreover, it is better and clearer, as liberated from earthly body "(Avva Dorofey. Partition 12).

The great devotee of the V century prep. John Cassian clearly formulates the active state of the soul after death in the response of heretics, who believed that the shower after death is unconscious: "There are no souls after separation from the body, do not remain without any feeling; this proves the gospel parable about rich and Lazar (onions. XVI, 19-31) ... The souls of the dead not only do not lose their senses, but do not lose both their arrangements, that is, the hopes and fear, joy and grief, and something of what they expect themselves on the Universal Court, they They begin to anticipate ... They are even more alive and rustle to glorify God. And indeed, if, considering the evidence Scripture about the nature of the soul itself as we mean, somewhat striking, it will not, I do not say, extremely foolishness, but madness - even slightly suspect that the precious part of the person (i.e. the soul), in which, for the blissful apostle, is the image of God and the similarity (1 Cor. Xi, 7; count III, 10), on the sedimulation of this debit of bodily, in which it is in of real lifeAs if it becomes an intenseless one that contains all the power of the mind, even a dumb and insensible material of the flesh makes sensitive? It follows from this, and the property of the Mind itself requires that the spirit for the addition of this carnal debit, which is currently weakened, its reasonable forces led to the best condition, restored them cleaner and more subtle, and not lost them. "

Modern "posthumous" experiments made people amazingly aware of the consciousness of the soul after death, about greater sharpness and speed of her mental abilities. But this awareness itself is not enough to protect those in such a state of manifestations of the endless sphere; All should be owned christian teaching about this question.

Beginning of spiritual vision

Often, this spiritual vision begins in dying even before death, and still seeing others and even chatting with them, they see what others see.

This experience of dying was observed for centuries, and today similar cases With dying - not news. However, it should be repeated here above - in ch. 1, Part 2: Only in the graceful visits of the righteous, when saints and angels appear, we can be sure that it was really a creature from another world. In the usual cases when the dying begins to see who have had a friend and relatives, it can only be a natural acquaintance with the invisible world, in which he must enter; The genuine nature of the images that appear at this moment are known, perhaps alone only God, - and we do not need to delve into it.

It is clear that God gives this experience as the most obvious way to inform the dying that the otherworldly world is not a completely unfamiliar place that life there is also characterized by love that man feeds to his loved ones. Pre-Secretary Fauofan touchingly sets out this thought in the words addressed to the dying sister: "They will meet the father and Mother, brothers and sisters. Booked in them and our passions, - and ask you about us. You are surrounded by your children with your joyful brings. There It will be better for you than here. "

Meeting with spirits

But on the outlet of the body of the soul, it turns out among other spirits, good and evil. Usually it stretches to those who closer to her in spirit, and, if being in the body, she was influenced by some of them, then it will remain dependent on them and on the exit of the body, whatever the disgusting they find themselves when meeting.

Here we again seriously remind you that the otherworldly world, although it will not be completely someone else for us, but will not be just pleasant meeting with your loved ones "in the resort" of happiness, and it will be a spiritual confrontation that the location of our soul during life - whether she was inclined more than the angels and saints through a virtuous life and the obedience to the commandments of God or, by non-irregularity, did themselves more suitable for societies of fallen spirits. Pre-Secretary Feofan The Navdnik said well (see above the end of ch. VI) that even the test on air solarms may be, rather, by testing temptations than the accusation.

Although the very fact of the court in afterlife worth any doubt - both the private court immediately by death and Terrible court At the end of the world, the external sentence of God will be only an answer to the internal location, which the soul has created in itself towards God and spiritual beings.

First two days after death

During the first two days, the soul enjoys relative freedom and can visit the places on Earth that the roads to her, but on the third day it moves to other spheres.

Here, Archbishop John just repeats the doctrine, famous church From the IV century. Tradition reports that an angel accompanied in the desert prep. Makaria Alexandria, said explaining church fuss The dead on the third day after death: "When the third day is an offering in the church, then the soul of the deceased receives from the energic angel to relieve in grief, which feels from separation from the body, it receives because the sloopfulness and offering in the Church of God for it are committed Why is it born by good hope. For in the continuation of two days the soul is allowed, along with the angels that are with her, walking on the ground, where she wants. Therefore, the soul, loving body, sometimes wanders near the house where it was separated from the body, sometimes near the coffin , in which the body is laid; and thus spends two days, like a bird, looking for a nest for yourself. And a virtuous soul walks on those places in which we used to create the truth. On the third day, the one who rose from the dead commands, in imitation His resurrection, ascending every soul of Christian to heaven to worship the God of all sorts "(" Words of St. Makaria Alexandrian on the outcome of the souls of righteous and sinful "," Christ. Reading ", August 1831).

In the Orthodox, the burial of the deceased prep. John Damaskin brightly describes the state of the soul that fearful with the body, but still on earth, powerless to communicate with the loved ones, whom she can see: "Alas to me, a yoke feat, to blame the soul, separating from the television! Alas, then picks up a prayer Yu! To the angels of the eyes of the eyes, loosely prays: stretch to people, do not blame helpingly. The same, my beloved of my brotherhood, and our beloved a brief life, the supposed restraint from Christ, we ask, and the souls of our Grace of Grace "(the submission of the burial of the worldly person, a poem of self-person, voice 2).

In a letter to her husband mentioned above his dying sister Sv. Feofan writes: "After all, the sister will not die itself; the body is dying, but the face of the dying remains. It passes only to other orders of life. In the body lying under the saints and then I am not carried out, it is not hiding it in the grave. She is in another the place is also alive as now. In the first hours and days it will be near you. - And just will not say, - Yes, it is impossible to see it, and then ... Sete this in thought. We, remaining, And they are immediately easier: the state is Otradnaya. Those who were burned and then they were introduced into the body, they found it very uncomfortable housing. The same sister will feel and sister. She is better there, and we are killed, as if I did not care what happened. She looks And, right, it is divided into this ("delete reading", August 1894).

It should be borne in mind that this description of the first two days after death gives a general rule that in no case covers all situations. Indeed, most of the passages quoted in this book are not suitable for this rule, - and according to quite obvious consideration: the saints that were not at all tied to worldly things, they lived in the incessant waiting for the transition to another world, not even attached to the places, Where they did good deeds, but immediately begin their climbing on the sky. Others, like K. Ikskul, begin to climb earlier two days according to a special enactment of God's providence. On the other hand, all modern "posthumous" experiments, no matter how fragmentary, are not suitable for this rule: there is only the beginning of the first period of the infertility of the soul to the places of its earthly attachments, but none of these people stayed in a state of death Long enough to even meet two angels that should accompany them.

Some critics of Orthodox teachings about the posthumous life are found that such deviations from the general rule of "posthumous" experience are evidence of contradictions in Orthodox teaching, but such critics understand everything too literally. The description of the first two days (as well as the subsequent) is by no means some kind of dogma; it's just a model that only formulates the most general order "posthumous" experience of the soul. Many cases both in Orthodox literature and in stories about modern experiments, where the dead instantly were alive on the first day or two after death (sometimes in a dream), serve as examples of the truth that the soul really remains near the earth for some a short time. (Genuine phenomena of the dead after that a brief period Freedom of the soul is much more rare and always happen to God for God with some particular purpose, and not on someone's own will. But by the third day, and often before, this period comes to an end.)

Nataria

At this time (on the third day), the soul passes through the legions of evil spirits, which block her path and accuse in various sins, in which they themselves were involved. According to various revelations, there are twenty such obstacles, the so-called "Nataris", at each of which one or another sin is expected; After passing one, the soul comes to the following. And only successfully passing all them, it may be a shower to continue his way, not being immediately plunged into Geenna. How terrible these demons and solarms can be seen from the fact that the Mother of God, when Archangel Gabriel informed her about the approach of death, prayed to his son to save her soul from these demons, and in response to her prayers the Lord Jesus Christ himself came from heaven Take the soul of the most preching mother and take her to heaven. (This is visibly depicted on the traditional orthodox icon Assumption.) Truly terrible for the third day for the soul of the deceased, and for this reason she is especially needed by prayers.

In the sixth chapter, a number of patristic and agiographic texts are given about Naitaria, and there is no need to add something else here. However, here we can note that the descriptions of Naitaria correspond to the definition models that the soul is exposed after death, and individual experience can differ significantly. Unconscious details of the type of Number of Nuclear States, of course, are secondary in comparison with the main fact that the soul really soon after death is subjected to a court (private court), where the result of that "invisible brahi", which she led (or did not led) on earth against fallen spirits .

Continuing the letter to her husband of a dying sister, Bishop Feofan Relappen writes: "The pilot of the transition is started soon. There is help her! - Become in this thoughts, and you will hear her cry to you:" Help! "- That's what you need All the attention and all love for her should be asked. I think - the most really testing of love will be - if from the minute of waste of the soul, you, leaving the troubles about the body, will remove yourself and, alive, where you can, immerse yourself in the prayer about her in the new it state, about her unexpected needs. Beginning so, be in the urgent crying to God - it's about help, in the continuation of six weeks - and then. In the tales of Theodore - Meshets, from which angels were taken to be separated from Mytari, Her elder. The same will be your prayers ... Do not forget to do so ... se and love! "

The critics of Orthodox teaching often misunderstand the "bag of gold", from which the Angels were "paid for the debts" of the Blessed Feodora; Sometimes it is mistakenly compared with the Latin concept of "ultra-voltage merit" of the saints. And here such criticism too literally read Orthodox texts. It means nothing but the prayers about the departed churches, in particular, the prayers of the saint and spiritual Father. The form in which it is described is unlikely to eat even the need to talk about it - metaphorical.

The Orthodox Church considers the doctrine of Naitaria as important that he mentions them in many worship services (see some quotes in the chapter on Naitaria). In particular, the church emphasizes this teaching with all his dying children. In the "Canon to the Exodus of the Soul", readable by the priest of Odra dying a member of the Church, there are the following Troparies:

"The airway prince rapberry, the tormentor, the terrible ways of the attendant and is in advance of the fact that it is impossible to properly extend from the Earth" (Song 4).

"Saints Angel with a sacred and honest hand in the grandfather, Vladychitsa, Yako and those Krila who are covered, I see no dishonest and smradnago and mrachnago demons of the image" (Song 6).

"Taking the Lord of the Almighty, Gorish Names of the Chief of Miriorja Non-Merya, fragile the worst, and the Slavs, the Holy Virgin" (Song 8).

So the dying Orthodox Christian is prepared by the words of the Church to the upcoming tests.

Forty days

Then, successfully passing through Najaria and bowing to God, the soul for another 37 days visits the heavenly monastery and hellish abyss, not yet knowing where it will remain, and only on the fortieth day it is appointed to her place until the resurrection of the dead.

Of course, there is nothing strange in the fact that, having passed by Nataria and ending forever with earthly, the soul should get acquainted with the real other world, in one part of which it will be forever. According to the revelation of Angel Pub. Makaria Alexandrian, the special church remembrance of the deceased for the ninth day after death (in addition to the general symbolism of nine Angelic Chins) is due to the fact that until now the soul showed the beauty of Paradise and only after that, during the rest of the forty-day period, she shows the torment and horror of hell, Before the fortieth day, she will be appointed where it will expect the resurrection of the dead and the terrible court. And here these numbers also give the general rule or model of the sampling reality and, undoubtedly, not all the dead completes their path according to this rule. We know that Feodorus really completed his visit to hell exactly on the fortieth - on earthly time standards - day.

Soul condition to a terrible court

Some souls after forty days turn out to be in a state of anticipation of eternal joy and bliss, while others are in fear of eternal torment, which will fully begin after a terrible court. Prior to that, changes are possible in a state of souls, especially due to the bringing bloodless victim for them (reconciliation on liturgy) and other prayers.

The teaching of the church on the state of the souls in the sky and in hell to the terrible court in more detail in the words of St. Mark Efesse.

The benefits of prayer, both public and private, about the souls in the hell, are described in the lives of holy devotees and in St. Scriptures.

In the life of the martyr Perpetua (III century), for example, the fate of her brother was open to her in the image of a water-filled reservoir, which was located so high that he could not reach him from that dirty, unbearably hot spot where he was concluded. Thanks to her diligent prayer for the whole day and night, he was able to reach the reservoir, and she saw him in a bright place. From this she realized that he was delivered from punishment ("Life of Saints", February 1).

There are many such cases in the lives of Orthodox saints and devotees. If someone is inclined to excessively concluded in relation to these visions, it should probably say that of course, the forms that take these vision (usually in a dream) - not necessarily "photographs" of what the soul is in another The world, but rather, images transmitting the spiritual truth to improve the condition of the soul on the prayers of the remaining on Earth.

Prayer about Usophest

As it is important to remel by liturgy, you can see from the following cases. Even before the glorification of St. Feodosia Chernigovsky (1896), Hieromona (the famous old man of Alexy from the Goloseevsky Skece of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, who died in 1916), revenue his power, was tired, sitting by the relics, referred and saw the saint, who said to him: "Thank you for your work for me. I also ask you when you will serve as a liturgy, mention my parents"; And he gave their names (Ieria Nikita and Maria). Before the vision, these names were unknown. A few years after canonization in the monastery, where St. Feodosius was igumen, his own dyfulness was found, which confirmed these names, confirmed the truth of the vision. "How can you, saint, ask my prayers when you yourself stand in front of the heavenly throne and serve people God's grace? "Asked Ieromona. -" Yes, it's right, "answered St. Feodosius, - but the offering on the liturgy is stronger than my prayers. "

Therefore, the memorial and home prayer about the departed is helpful, like good deeds, creative in their memories of alms or donation to the church. But it is especially useful for them to remeite on Divine Liturgy. There were many phenomena of the dead and other events confirming how it is useful to remember the deceased. Many who died in repentance, but failed to show him during his lifetime, were liberated from torment and gained rest. The church constantly raises prayers for the rest of the departed, and in the cranked prayer in the evening on the day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit there is a special petition "about the izh in the hell."

St. Gregory Great, answering his "interviews" to the question, "there is something that it might be useful to souls after death," teaches: "Holy Sacrifice of Christ, our saving victim, gives great favor to souls even after death, provided that their sins can be forgiven in the future life. Therefore, the souls of the deceased sometimes ask for them to serve the liturgy ... Naturally, it is more reliable to do what we hope, others will do about us after death. Better make an outcome to free than to look for freedoms, being in chains. Therefore, we must despise this world from the bottom of my heart, as if His glory had already passed, and daily bring God the victim of our tears when we sacrificed his sacred flesh and blood. Only This victim has the power to save the soul from eternal deathFor it mysteriously represents us the death of the only society "(IV; 57, 60).

St. Gregory cites several examples of the phenomenon of the dead alive with a request to serve the liturgy about their rest or thanks for it; One day one is alone, whom the wife considered the dead and on whom she is certain days I ordered a liturgy, returned from the captivity and told her how he was freed from the chains on some days - it was in those days when Liturgy (IV; 57, 59) was performed for him.

Protestants usually believe that church prayers for the deceased are incompatible with the need to gain salvation in the first place in this life: "If you can be saved by the church after death, then why bother yourself to fight or look for faith in this life? We will eat, drink and have fun" ... Of course, none of those who adhere to such views never reached salvation in church prayers, and it is obvious that such an argument is very superficial and even hypocritical. The prayer of the church cannot save one who does not want salvation or who never had no effort to do this for this. In a sense, it can be said that the prayer of the church or individual Christians about the mustache is another result of the life of this person: he would not have prayed if he didn't do anything that could inspire such a prayer after his death.

St. Mark Efesse also discusses the issue of church prayer For the dead and relief, which she delivers them, leading to the example of the prayer of St. Gregory Dvoyeslova about the Roman Emperor Tradyan - Prayer, inspired good thing of this pagan emperor.

What can we do for the dead?

Anyone who wanted to show his love for the dead and submit them real help, maybe the best way Make it a prayer about them and in particular the commemoration of the liturgy, when the particles seized for the living and the dead are immersed in the Blood of the Lord with the words: "Omoe, Lord, sins who remembered the blood of the blood of his own honestly, the prayers of your saints."

We can't do anything better or more for the deceased, than praying for them, remembering on liturgy. It is always necessary for them, especially in those forty days when the soul of the deceased follows the path to the eternal villages. The body does not feel anything: it does not see those who gathered loved ones, does not smell the smell of flowers, he does not hear tomb speeches. But the soul feels the prayer, brought for it, thanks to those who attract them, and spiritually close to them.

Oh, relatives and close deceased! Do them what you need and what is in your power, use your money not to the outer decoration of the coffin and grave, but to help those who need, in memory of their deceased loved ones, on the church, where prayers are asked for them. Be merciful to the departed, take care of their soul. The same path lies both in front of you, and how we will then want to remember us in prayer! We will also be merciful to the departed.

As soon as he died, immediately call the priest or tell him that he could read the "prayers for the outcome of the soul", which should be to read over all Orthodox Christians after their death. Try, as far as possible, so that the funeral is in the church and that the psalmir is read over the departed before the funeral. The funeral should not be carefully furnished, but it is absolutely necessary that it is complete, without a reduction; Think not about your convenience, but about the dead, with which you forever part. If there are several dead in the church at the same time, do not refuse if you are offered that the funeral is common to all. It is better that the funeral can be stopped at the same time about two or more dead when the prayers of the gathered loved ones will be more hot than that several fans and services can be served consistently, due to the lack of time and strength, they were reduced, because every word of the prayer about the dead is like A drop of water for thirsty. Immediately take care of the fortiest, i.e. daily commemoration on liturgy for forty days. Usually in churches where the service is performed daily, the deceased, which they fought, are coming up for forty days or more. But if the funeral was in the temple, where there are no daily services, the relatives themselves must take care and order a forty store where there is a daily service. It is also good to send a donation to the memory of the deceased monasteries, as well as in Jerusalem, where in holy places the unceasing prayer is asked. But forty-day obunimening should begin immediately by death, when the soul is especially needed by prayer assistance, and therefore remelations should be started in the near-place where there is a daily service.

We will take care of those who have left in the other world to us to make everything we can, remember that Blignii of the Milostivia, Yako Tii Pädovani will (Matt. V, 7).

Resurrection of body

One day, the whole of this cold world will come to an end and the everlasting kingdom of heaven will come, where the souls redeemed, reunited with their resurrected bodies, immortal and non-rented, will forever be with Christ. Then partial joy and glory, which the souls know even now in the sky, will change the completeness of the joy of a new creation, for which a person was created; But those who did not accept the salvation brought to Christ to Earth will suffer forever - along with their resurrected bodies - in hell. In the final chapter "Accurate presentation orthodox faith"Pre. John Damaskin well describes this final state of the soul after death:

"We believe in the resurrection of the dead. For it will be true, there will be a resurrection of the dead. But, speaking of the resurrection, we imagine the resurrection of tel. For the resurrection is the secondary upstream of the fallen; soul, being immortal, how will he be resurrected? For, if death Determine as the branch of the soul from the body, the resurrection is, of course, the secondary connection of the soul and body, and the secondary erection of the resolved and deceased living being. So, the body itself, which is determined and permitted, it will resurrect the imperishable. For the one who at the beginning produced him From the ashes of the earth, he may resurrect him again, after it again, to say the Creator, was allowed and returned back to the ground from which it was taken ...

Of course, if only one soul practiced virtues in the exploits, then only she will be crowned. And if one only she was constantly in pleasure, then by justice it would only be punished. But since neither a virtue, nor to the pork of the soul did not seek separately from the body, then in fairness and the other will receive and reward together.

So, we will be resurrected, as the souls will again be connected with the bodies made by the immortal and crossing themselves, and will appear to the scary judges of the Sedal; And the devil, and the demons of him, and his man, that is, the antichrist, and unholy people, and the sinners will be betrayed in the fire of eternal, not real, what is the fire, which is, but such about what God can know. And the creation of an angels in the life of eternal, together with the Lord, with our Jesus Christ, always looking at him and being visible to them, and enjoying the continuously arising from him having fun, glorifying him with his father and the Holy Spirit in the endless eyelids of centuries . Amen "(p. 267-272).

In the stories of the 1990s, Chekhov still examines life not in general phenomena, but in its private expressions in the field of life. At first glance, small and unimportant topics are derived to social student generalizations. Chekhov writes about intellectuals, their illusions and misconceptions, the insolvency of their life programs. It was brightly manifested in his trilogy "man in a case", "Gooseberry", "On Love". Heroes of her "are associated with a hidden generality": Belikov's gymnasium teacher with his motto "How wouldn't anything happen" to follow my life to follow the instructions and decrees; Official Chimsza-Himalayan subordinated the life of the idea to acquire property - the estate with the gooseberry.

Alekhin, who loved, could not cross over the usual ideas, and love itself died. Each of the heroes subordinates the life of a narrow program, concludes it into the case.

The image of the teacher greek Belikova ("man in a case") developed grotesque. "Story" defines everything that surrounds it: all furniture in the covers, in any weather in caloes and with an umbrella, in dark glasses And with your wool in the ears. The case is a way to hide from life, get away from decision making. Belikov is weak, timid, lonely. He is pathologically fearing. Therefore, he teaches the dead ancient Greek language, so he follows decrees and instructions in all. However, this "man in the case" strangely keeps the whole city in morally. His ominous appearance hovers over all the affairs and conversations of citizens. Belikova's death is the acquisition of an eternal case, no wonder he "lay almost happy to the coffin." The image of a "man in a case" became a symbol of the desire to hide from life. In the story of Chekhov gave a grotesque characteristic of the behavior of the intelligentsia in the late 1990s.

In the story "Gojberry" official Chimsza-Himalayanian realized the fanatic dream of life - bought a manor in which he wanted to breed the gooseberry. Little official, Soldier's son, reborn. Becoming the owner, he argues about the need for corporal punishment for the peasants, turns into a stupid man in the street. Chekhov draws it grotesque: it looks like a pig, a thick dog and thick cooking in pigs look like a pig. The fanatical idea that has been subordinated to life, in general, a good person, is also a case that makes free spirit.

The same case in the form of cut off from real life Conservative ideas about sin and virtue ruffles love in the story "On Love".

In the trilogy, the main topic is incorrectly understood meaning and purpose of life that led to the wreck and moral reincarnation of heroes. Anatomy of the emptying and death of the human soul especially bright Chekhov showed in the story "Ionch".

The hero passes three stages in his life, each of which is characterized by repeating, but undergoing changes in detail.

Dmitry Ionchych Elders comes by a doctor to the Zemstvo hospital with high ideals of serving people. He is not deprived of the romantic perception of life, loves music, dreams, falls in love. He is able to feel beauty moon Night, sharply worry.

Initially, he does not even take care of the money from the poor. He himself is not rich - walks in the city. When the cat refused to Startsev, he suffered three days with all the seeming dustiness and the depth of love, and then comforted and thought only that love brings unnecessary troubles.

Chekhov does not say in detail about the years of the life of Startsev, but puts only the main milestones.

The hero, which had previously different from the inhabitants of the city with sublime dreams and hot feelings, is getting used to the measured, half-life of the averages. They are no longer annoying Startieva. They did not change, but the hero himself changes. He now takes money from all the patients, stops arguing, buys a couple of horses. He is too lazy to love, and he thinks: "It's good that I didn't get married." They call him now Dmitry Ionch.

Moral emptying is completed by the fact that the door of the elders turns into the ion - the lazy, dusted, deprived of the alive thoughts of the average man. He now takes not only money, but all that patients bring; Rides on a troika with buckets and kutcher on goats; In the evenings, he considers money, considers houses scheduled for sale. The circle of his interests is now - only wealth, although he himself does not know why he is so much money. Neither the desires nor the dreams of ion are no longer. The process of identity degradation is completed.

Czechs shows that the medium, environment, philistine morals affect the person, but these are only aggravating factors. The main reason for the devastation of the hero - in himself, in its inability to resistance, confrontation. M. Bakhtin wrote that "man or more of his destiny, or less of his humanity." Chekhov's heroes do not grow up to themselves, these are incomplete people.

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