And Bunin is the main theme of creativity. The main themes in the work of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin are eternal themes: nature, love, death

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870-1953) is called "the last classic". In his stories, novellas, and poems, Bunin shows the whole spectrum of problems of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The themes of his works are so diverse that they seem to be life itself.

The main theme of the early 1900s is the theme of the outgoing patriarchal past of Russia... The most vivid expression of the problem of changing the system, the collapse of all the foundations of the noble society, we see in the story "Antonovskie apples"... Bunin regrets the passing past of Russia, idealizing the noble way of life. Bunin's best memories of his former life are saturated with the smell of Antonov apples. He hopes that along with the dying noble Russia, the roots of the nation will nevertheless remain in her memory.

In the mid-1910s, the themes and problems of Bunin's stories began to change. He moves away from the theme of Russia's patriarchal past to criticism of bourgeois reality... A striking example of this period is his story "The gentleman from San Francisco".

Bunin's collection "Dark Alleys" is entirely devoted to love. Most of the stories were written during the Second World War in France, in Grasse, under the "gloomy, pleading howl of a siren" and "very loud roar and hum" of aircraft. According to V.N. Muromtseva, the writer's wife, while working on a book about love, it was easier to "endure the unbearable." Apparently, only by thinking about the eternal (namely, the eternal is love), a person can adequately survive the transitory, even such a terrible transitory as war.

The theme of love is interpreted in different ways in Bunin's stories, but in this understanding, undoubtedly, one can find common features. So, in the collection there is not a single story where the relationship between a girl and a young man ended in marriage. The writer portrays not ordinary earthly desires, not just the need to continue the race, but a real miracle - that high feeling called love. In Bunin's love, as in life, there is always a tragedy. After all, love is too strong a shock to last long. Perhaps that is why the heroes of his stories part or even die. But love in their hearts remains forever.

All the works of the collection are brought together by the motive of memories of youth and homeland.

Story "Dark alleys", which gave the name to the collection, was written, according to Bunin himself, "very easily, unexpectedly."

The story of the relationship between Nadezhda and Nikolai Alekseevich, the heroes of the story "Dark Alleys", is as simple as life itself. Thirty years later, people met who once loved each other very much. She is the mistress of the "private room" at the post station, he is a "slender old military man" who stopped in the autumn storm to rest and dine. The owner of the warm and tidy room turned out to be Nadezhda, "a beautiful woman not for her age", dark-haired, "with a dark fluff on her upper lip." She recognized her former lover immediately, said that she did not marry, because she loved him all her life, despite the fact that he left her “heartlessly”. She could not forgive. Nikolai Alekseevich married, as it seemed to him, out of love, but he was not happy: his wife left, cheating on the one who “loved her without memory”, the son grew up “a scoundrel” and a “bastard”.

That seems to be the whole story, in which nothing can be corrected. And is there any need to change anything? Does this make sense? Bunin does not give answers to such questions. We do not know what happened in the previous life of our heroes. However, it seems that the relationship with the serf beauty Nadezhda seemed to Nikolai Alekseevich then to be an easy flirtation. Even now he is perplexed: “What nonsense! This same Nadezhda is not the keeper of the inn, but my wife, the mistress of my St. Petersburg house, the mother of my children? "

Nadezhda, on the other hand, has nothing left in her life except memories of her first love, although she lives hard, “she gives money in growth”. She is respected for her fairness, honesty, and intelligence.

Nikolai Alekseevich left, unable to cope with the surging feelings, remembering the magic poems that he had once read to his beloved: “Around the scarlet rosehip bloomed, there were dark linden alleys ...”.

This means that the trace in the soul remained deep enough, the memories did not recede. And who is not flattering to be the only one in life? The thorn in the heart has stuck firmly, now forever. How else? After all, it turned out that more love did not happen. The chance is given only once. They needed to be used, having survived, perhaps, a break with family, misunderstanding and condemnation of friends, and maybe abandoning a career. All this is within the reach of a real Man, capable of loving and protecting his Woman. For such, there are no class distinctions, he does not accept the law of society as binding, but challenges it.

But our hero can neither understand nor evaluate his actions, so there is no repentance. But love lives in the heart of Hope, which does not stoop to reproaches, complaints, threats. She is full of human dignity and grateful to fate, which gave her at the end of her days a meeting with the one whom she once called “Nikolenka”, to whom she gave “her beauty, her fever”.

True love doesn't ask for anything in return, doesn't ask for anything. “Love is beautiful,” because only love can answer love ...

(346 words) Ivan Alekseevich Bunin - poet and writer, the first Russian Nobel laureate, one of the brightest representatives of the Silver Age. Several main themes can be distinguished in his work: nature, love and death.

Ivan Alekseevich always attached great importance to the theme of nature, and landscape details played an important role in his works. They helped to understand the thoughts of the characters, their feelings. So, in the story "Late Night" the hero has to remember all the best in himself, looking at the pale moon, which once also shone in his children's bedroom. The book "Antonov Apples" begins with an unusually beautiful picture of autumn. Throughout the entire work, we, the readers, are accompanied by various smells: cherry twigs, straw, apples. They bring back bright memories from his life to the protagonist, make him feel nostalgic. According to Bunin, man and nature are inextricably linked with each other and cannot exist separately, with which one cannot but agree.

Love also occupies a lot of place in the writer's work. This can be understood by reading at least a few works from the cycle "Dark Alleys". For example, the story "Sunstroke" tells us about a man and a woman who, after a love affair, part forever. The author makes it clear that they will never see each other and will not write to each other, because none of them even gave their name. In "Clean Monday" everything ends no less sadly: the main character decides to leave her companion and go to a monastery. The man is very hard going through this separation and cannot come to terms with the departure of his beloved.

Bunin's love stories end dramatically, the main characters find themselves alone and lose interest in life. This, in my opinion, is his "calling card".

We can see the theme of death in the story "Master from San Francisco", where a wealthy American dies suddenly while traveling. Despite his high status, the man's body is decided to be placed in a soda box so that the rest of the tourists will not know anything and their fun will not stop. With this work, Bunin wanted to show us how insignificant human life is in this vast world, and how helpless the person himself is, regardless of his social status.

Thus, the main themes of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin's work allow us to get to know the writer much better, to understand what is dear and important to him. In my opinion, nature, love and death are eternal problems that are always relevant.

Writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is rightfully considered the last Russian classic, and a real discoverer of modern literature. The famous revolutionary writer Maxim Gorky also wrote about this in his notes.

The philosophical problems of Bunin's works include a huge range of topics and issues that were relevant during the life of the writer and which remain relevant today.

Philosophical reflections of Bunin

The philosophical problems that the writer touches on in his works were very different. Here are just a few of them:

The decay of the peasant world and the collapse of the former rural way of life.
The fate of the Russian people.
Love and loneliness.
The meaning of human life.

The first theme about the disintegration of the peasant world and the disintegration of the rural and ordinary way of life can be attributed to Bunin's work "Village". This story tells about how the life of village peasants is changing, changing not only their way of life, but also their moral values ​​and concepts.

One of the philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich raises in his work relates to the fate of the Russian people, who were not happy and were not free. He talked about this in his works "Village" and "Antonov apples".

Bunin is known to the whole world as the most beautiful and subtle lyricist. Love for the writer was some kind of special feeling that could not last long. He devotes his cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" to this topic, which is both sad and lyrical.

Bunin, both as a person and as a writer, was worried about the morality of our society. To this he dedicated his work "The gentleman from San Francisco", where he shows the heartlessness and indifference of bourgeois society.

All the works of the great master of the word are inherent in philosophical problems.

The collapse of peasant life and the world

One of the works where the writer raises philosophical problems is the burning story "Village". It contrasts two heroes: Tikhon and Kuzma. Despite the fact that Tikhon and Kuzma are brothers, these images are opposite. It is no coincidence that the author endowed his characters with different qualities. This is a reflection of reality. Tikhon is a well-to-do peasant, a kulak, and Kuzma is a poor peasant who himself learned to write poetry and did it well.

The plot of the story takes the reader to the beginning of the twentieth century, when people in the village were starving, turning into beggars. But in this village, ideas of revolution suddenly appear and the peasants, torn off and hungry, come to life, listening to them. But poor, illiterate people do not have the patience to delve into political nuances, they very soon become indifferent to what is happening.

The writer writes with bitterness in the story that these peasants are incapable of decisive actions. They do not interfere in any way, and do not even make attempts to prevent the devastation of their native land, poor villages, allowing their indifference and inaction to ruin their native places. Ivan Alekseevich suggests that the reason for this lies in their lack of independence. This can be heard from the protagonist, who admits:

“I don’t know how to think, I’m not taught”

Bunin shows that this shortcoming appeared among the peasants due to the fact that serfdom existed in the country for a long time.

The fate of the Russian people

The author of such wonderful works as the story "Village" and the story "Antonov apples" bitterly talks about how the Russian people are suffering and how difficult their fate is. It is known that Bunin himself never belonged to the peasant world. His parents were nobles. But Ivan Alekseevich, like many nobles of that time, was attracted by the study of the psychology of a simple person. The writer tried to understand the origins and foundations of the national character of a simple peasant.

Studying the peasant, his history, the author tried to find in him not only negative, but also positive features. Therefore, he does not see a significant difference between a peasant and a landowner, this is especially felt in the plot of the story "Antonov Apples", which tells about how the village lived. The small local nobility and peasants worked together and celebrated the holidays. This is especially pronounced during harvesting in the garden, when Antonov's apples smell strong and pleasant.

At such times, the author himself loved to wander in the garden, listening to the voices of men, observing changes in nature. The writer also loved fairs, when the fun began, the men played the accordion, and the women put on beautiful and bright outfits. In times like these, it was good to wander around the garden and listen to the conversation of the peasants. And although, according to Bunin, the nobles are people who carry a true high culture, but ordinary peasants, peasants also contributed to the formation of Russian culture and the spiritual world of their country.

Love and loneliness in Bunin

Almost all the works of Ivan Alekseevich, which were written in exile, are poetic. Love for him is a small moment that cannot last forever, therefore the author in his stories shows how it fades away under the influence of life circumstances, or at the behest of one of the characters. But the topic leads the reader much deeper - it's loneliness. It can be traced and felt in many works. Far from his homeland, abroad, Bunin missed his native place.

In Bunin's story "In Paris", it is said that if love may break out far from home, but it is not real, since two people are completely alone. Nikolai Platanovich, the hero of the story "In Paris" left his homeland long ago, as the white officer could not come to terms with what was happening in his homeland. And here, far from his homeland, he accidentally meets a beautiful woman. With Olga Aleksandrovna they have a lot in common and unite. The heroes of the work speak the same language, their views on the world coincide, they are both lonely. Their souls were drawn to each other. Far from Russia, from their homeland, they fall in love.

When Nikolai Platanovich, the main character, dies suddenly and completely unexpectedly in the metro, Olga Alexandrovna returns to an empty and lonely house, where she experiences incredible sadness, bitterness of loss and emptiness in her soul. This emptiness has now settled in her soul forever, because the lost values ​​cannot be replenished far from her native land.

The meaning of human life

The relevance of Bunin's works lies in the fact that he raises questions of morality. This problem of his works concerned not only the society and the time when the writer lived, but also ours, modern. This is one of the biggest philosophical problems that human society will always face.

Immorality, according to the great writer, does not appear immediately, and it is impossible to notice it even at the beginning. But then it grows and at some turning point begins to generate the most dire consequences. The immorality that grows in society hits the people themselves, making them suffer.

The well-known story of Ivan Alekseevich "The gentleman from San Francisco" can be an excellent confirmation of this. The protagonist does not think about morality or about his spiritual development. He only dreams of this - to get rich. And to this goal he subordinates everything. For many years of his life, he works hard without developing as a person. And now, when he was already 50 years old, he achieves the material well-being of which he has always dreamed. Another, higher goal, the main character does not set himself.

Together with his family, where there is no love and understanding, he sets off on a long and long journey, which he pays in advance. Visiting historical monuments, it turns out that neither he nor his family is interested in them. Material values ​​have supplanted interest in beauty.

The protagonist of this story has no name. It is Bunin who deliberately refuses to give the rich millionaire a name, showing that the entire bourgeois world consists of such soulless members. The story vividly and accurately describes another world that is constantly working. They have no money, and they do not have as much fun as the rich do, and the basis of their life is work. They die in poverty and in the holds, but the fun on the ship does not stop because of this. A cheerful and carefree life does not stop even when one of them dies. A millionaire without a name is simply taken away so that his body does not get in the way.

A society where there is no sympathy, pity, where people do not feel any feelings, where they do not know the beautiful moments of love - this is a dead society, which cannot have a future, but they do not have a present either. And the whole world, which is built on the power of money, is an inanimate world, an artificial way of life. After all, even a wife and daughter do not feel compassion for the death of a rich millionaire, but rather regret for a ruined trip. These people do not know why they were born, and therefore they simply ruin their lives. The deep meaning of human life is inaccessible to them.

The moral foundations of Ivan Bunin's works will never become outdated, so his works will always be readable. The philosophical problems that Ivan Alekseevich shows in his works were continued by other writers. Among them are A. Kuprin, and M. Bulgakov, and B. Pasternak. All of them showed love, loyalty and honesty in their works. After all, a society without these important moral categories simply cannot exist.

Bunin's work is associated with the ideological and creative principles and traditions of Russian classical literature. But the realistic traditions that Bunin strove to preserve were perceived by him through the prism of a new transitional period. Bunin always had a negative attitude towards ethical and aesthetic decadence, literary modernity, he himself experienced, if not the impact, then a certain influence of the tendencies in the development of the "new art". Public and aesthetic views Bunin formed in the setting of a provincial noble culture. He came from an ancient, by the end of the century, finally impoverished noble family. Since 1874, the Bunin family has been living in the last estate left after the ruin - on the Butyrki farm in the Yelets district of the Oryol province. The impressions of childhood were subsequently reflected in the writer's works, in which he wrote about the collapse of the estate nobility, about the poverty that overtook both the manor's estate and peasant huts, about the joys and sorrows of the Russian peasant. In Yelets, where Bunin studied at the district gymnasium, he observes the life of bourgeois and merchant houses, in which he had to live as a parasite. He had to leave the gymnasium due to material needs. At the age of 12, Bunin left the family estate forever. The band of wanderings begins. He works at the zemstvo council in Kharkov, then at the Oryol Vestnik, where he has to be “everything he has to. The beginning of Bunin's literary activity dates back to this time, gaining recognition and fame as a prose writer. poetry occupied an important place. He began with poetry and wrote poetry for the rest of his life. In 1887, the first poems of Bunin's "The Village Beggar" and "Above Nadson's Grave" were published in the Petersburg magazine Rodina; Bunin's poems of the early period bore the stamp of the moods of civic poetry of the 80s. In the early period of his literary career, Bunin defended the realistic principles of creativity, spoke about the civic purpose of art Poetry. Bunin argued that "social motives cannot be alien to true poetry." In these articles, he argued with those who believed that the civic lyrics of Nekrasov and the sixties poets were allegedly evidence of the decline of Russian poetic culture. The first collection of poetry by Bunin was published in 1891. In 1899, Bunin met Gorky. Bunin becomes an active participant in Wednesday. In 1901, a collection dedicated to M. Gorky "Leaf Fall" was published, which included all the best from the early Bunin poetry, including the poem of the same name. The leitmotif of the collection is an elegiac farewell to the past. These were poems about the homeland, the beauty of its sad and joyful nature, about the sad sunsets of autumn and the dawns of summer. Thanks to this love, the poet looks keenly and far away, and his colorful and auditory impressions are rich "2 ..

In 1903, the Academy of Sciences awarded Bunin the Pushkin Prize for Leaf Fall and Song of Hiawatha. In 1909 he was elected an honorary academician. pictorial-descriptive style.

\. A year after "Leaf Fall", Bunin's poetic book "New Poems" is published, covered with the same sentiments. Today ”invades Bunin's work in the pre-revolutionary years. There are no direct echoes of the social struggle, as was the case in the poems of the "knowledgeists" poets, in Bunin's poetry . Social problems, freedom-loving motives are developed by him in the key of "eternal motives"; modern life is related to some universal problems of being - good, evil, life, death. Not accepting bourgeois reality, negatively referring to the coming capitalization of the country, the poet, in search of ideals, turns to the past, but not only to the Russian, but to the cultures and civilizations of distant centuries. The defeat of the revolution and a new upsurge of the liberation movement aroused Bunin's keen interest in Russian history, in the problems of the Russian national character. The theme of Russia becomes the main theme of his poetry. In the 1910s, philosophical lyrics took the main place in Bunin's poetry. Looking into the past, the writer strove to capture some "eternal" laws of the development of a nation, peoples, and humanity. The basis of Bunin's philosophy of life in the 10s is the recognition of earthly existence as only a part of the eternal cosmic history, in which the life of man and mankind is dissolved. His lyrics sharpen the feeling of the fatal isolation of human life in a narrow time frame, the feeling of a person's loneliness in the world. In the poems of this time, many motives of his prose of the 30s sounded. Supporters of the "new poetry" considered him a bad poet, who did not take into account the new verbal means of depiction. Bryusov, sympathetic to Bunin's poems, at the same time wrote that “the entire lyrical life of Russian verse of the last decade (innovations by K. Balmont, discoveries by A. Bely, searches by A. Blok) passed by Bunin” 5. Later N. Gumilev called Bunin "the epigone of naturalism."

In turn, Bunin did not recognize "new" poetic trends. Bunin seeks to bring poetry closer to prose, which takes on a peculiar lyrical character, marked by a sense of rhythm. Of particular importance in the formation of Bunin's style was his study of oral folk art. in the 900s, in the work of Bunin, a special way of depicting the phenomena of the world and spiritual movements of a person by contrast comparisons... This is not only found in the construction of individual images, but also penetrates the system of the artist's pictorial means. At the same time, he becomes a master of the extremely detailed vision of the world. Bunin makes the reader perceive the outside world by sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. This is a visual experiment: sounds are extinguished, there are no smells. Whatever Bunin narrated, he first of all created a visual image, giving free rein to a whole stream of associations. In this he is extremely generous, inexhaustible and at the same time very accurate. Bunin's “sound” skill had a special character: the ability to depict a phenomenon, thing, state of mind through sound with almost visible power. Combining calm description with unexpected detail will become characteristic of the Bunin novella, especially of the later period. A detail in Bunin usually reveals the author's view of the world, sharp artistic observation and refinement of the author's vision inherent in Bunin.

The first prose works of Bunin appear in the early 90s. Many of them, in their genre, are lyrical miniatures reminiscent of prose poems; descriptions of nature in them; are intertwined with the reflections of the hero and the author about life, its meaning, about a person. In the socio-philosophical range, Bunin's prose is significantly< шире его поэтического творчества. Он пишет о разоряющейся деревне, разрушительных следствиях проникновения в ее жизнь новых капита­листических отношений, о деревне, в которой голод и смерть, физи­ческое и духовное увядание. Bunin writes a lot about old people: this interest in old age, the decline of human existence, is explained by the writer's increased attention to the "eternal" problems of life and death. The main theme of the Bunin stories of the 90s is the impoverished, ruining peasant Russia... Not accepting either the methods or the consequences of its capitalization, Bunin saw the ideal of life in the patriarchal past with its "old-world prosperity."

In "Knowledge" in 1902, the first volume of his stories was published. However, in the group of "Znanievites" Bunin stood apart both in his worldview and in his historical and literary orientation.

In the 900s, in comparison with the early period, the subject matter of Bunin's prose expanded and its style drastically changed. Bunin departs from the lyrical style of early prose. A new stage in Bunin's creative development begins with the story "The Village". A significant artistic innovation of the author was that in the story he created a gallery of social types generated by the Russian historical process. The idea of ​​love as the highest value of life will become the main pathos of the works of Bunin and the emigre period .. The stories "The Lord from San Francisco" and "The Brothers" were the pinnacle of Bunin's critical attitude to bourgeois society and bourgeois civilization and a new stage in the development of Bunin realism. In Bunin's prose of the 1910s, the emphasized everyday contrast is combined with broad symbolic generalizations. Bunin took the February revolution as a way out of the impasse in which tsarism had entered. But he took Oktyabrskaya with hostility. In 1918 Bunin left Moscow for Odessa, and in 1920, together with the remnants of the White Guard troops, he emigrated through Constantinople to Paris. “In emigration, Bunin tragically experienced separation from his homeland. The mood of doom, loneliness sounded in his works: The mercilessness of a past and passing time and will become the theme of many stories of the writer in the 30s and 40s. The main mood of Bunin's work of the 20s is the loneliness of a person who found himself “in a strange, rented house”, far from the land he loved “to the pain of his heart.” “Eternal” themes , which sounded in the pre-October work of Bunin, are now mated with themes of personal fate, are imbued with the mood of hopelessness of personal existence \

The most significant books by Bunin of the 1920s and 1940s were the collections of stories "Mitya's Love" (1925), "Sunstroke" (1927), "The Shadow of a Bird" (1931), the novel "Life of Arseniev" (1927-1933) and a book of short stories about love "Dark Alleys" (1943), which was a kind of result of his ideological and aesthetic searches. If in the 1910s Bunin's prose was freed from the power of the lyrics, then in these years, conveying the flow of the author's life sensations, it again obeys it, despite the plasticity of the writing. The theme of death, its secrets, the theme of love, always fatally associated with death, sounds more and more insistently and tensely in Bunin's work. After a long time of oblivion, when Bunin was not printed in Russia much, his work returned to his homeland. Bunin was the first Russian writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize.

ANSWER PLAN

One of the realistic stories should be added to your answer. We listened to the following stories as messages: "Konovalov", "Passion-Mordasti", "The Orlov Spouses".

Themes and ideological and artistic originality of I. A. Bunin's work.

ANSWER PLAN

1. A word about the work of the writer.

2. The main themes and ideas of I. A. Bunin's prose:

a) the theme of the leaving patriarchal past ("Antonov apples");

b) criticism of bourgeois reality ("Mister from San Francisco");

c) the system of symbols in the story of I. A. Bunin "The Lord from San Francisco";

d) the theme of love and death ("Mister from San Francisco", "Transfiguration", "Mitya's love", "Dark alleys").

3. I. A. Bunin - Nobel Prize Laureate.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870-1953) is called “the last classic”. Bunin's reflections on the deep processes of life are poured into a perfect artistic form, where the originality of the composition, images, details are subordinated to the tense author's thought.

2. In his stories, stories, poems, Bunin shows us the whole range of problems of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The themes of his works are so diverse that they seem to be life itself. Let's trace how the subject matter and problems of Bunin's stories changed throughout his life.

a) The main theme of the early 1900s is the theme of the leaving patriarchal past of Russia. The most vivid expression of the problem of changing the system, the collapse of all foundations of the noble society, we see in the story "Antonov apples". Bunin regrets the passing past of Russia, idealizing the noble way of life. Bunin's best memories of his former life are saturated with the smell of Antonov apples. He hopes that along with the dying noble Russia, the roots of the nation will nevertheless remain in her memory.

b) In the mid-1910s, the themes and problems of Bunin's stories began to change. He moves away from the theme of Russia's patriarchal past to criticism of bourgeois reality. A striking example of this period is his story "The Lord of San Francisco". With the smallest details, mentioning every detail, Bunin describes the luxury that is the true life of the gentlemen of the new era. In the center of the work is the image of a millionaire who does not even have his own name, since no one remembered it - and does he really need it? This is a collective image of the American bourgeois. “Until the age of 58, his life was devoted to accumulation. Having become a millionaire, he wants to get all the pleasures that money can buy: ... he thought to hold the carnival in Nice, in Monte Carlo, where at this time the most selective society flocks, where some indulge in automobile and sailing races with passion, others roulette, the third to what is commonly called flirting, and the fourth to the shooting of pigeons, which soar very beautifully from the cages above the emerald lawn, against the background of a sea of ​​forget-me-not colors, and immediately knock white lumps on the ground ... "- this is a life devoid of inner content ... The consumer society has etched everything human in itself, the ability to sympathy, condolences. The death of the gentleman from San Francisco is perceived with displeasure, because "the evening was irreparably ruined", the hotel owner feels guilty, gives his word that he will take "all measures in his power" to eliminate the trouble. Money decides everything: guests want to get pleasure for their money, the owner does not want to lose profit, this explains the disrespect for death. Such is the moral decline of society, its inhumanity in its extreme manifestation.

c) There are a lot of allegories, associations and symbols in this story. The ship "Atlantis" acts as a symbol of civilization; the lord himself is a symbol of the bourgeois well-being of society, where people eat deliciously, dress exquisitely and do not care about the world around them. They are not interested in him. They live in society, as in a case, closed forever for people of another circle. The ship symbolizes this shell, the sea - the rest of the world, raging, but in no way touching the hero and those like him. And next to it, in the same shell, are the people who control the ship, working in the sweat of their brow at a giant furnace, which the author calls the ninth circle of hell.

There are many biblical allegories in this story. The hold of a ship can be compared to the underworld. The author hints that the gentleman from San Francisco sold his soul for earthly goods and is now paying for it with death.

The image of a huge, like a cliff, devil is symbolic in the story, which is a symbol of an impending catastrophe, a kind of warning to humanity. Symbolically in the story, the fun continues after the death of the rich man, absolutely nothing has changed. The ship sails in the opposite direction, only this time with the body of a rich man in a soda box, and ballroom music thunders again "amid a furious blizzard sweeping over the ocean humming like a funeral mass ..."

d) It was important for the author to emphasize the idea of ​​the insignificance of the power of man in the face of the same mortal outcome for all. It turned out that everything accumulated by the master has no meaning before the eternal law to which everyone without exception is subject. Obviously, the meaning of life is not in acquiring wealth, but in something else that does not lend itself to monetary evaluation or aesthetic wisdom. The theme of death receives diverse coverage in Bunin's work. This is both the death of Russia and the death of an individual. Death turns out to be not only the resolver of all contradictions, but also the source of absolute, purifying power ("Transfiguration", "Mitya's love").

Another of the main themes of the writer's work is the theme of love. The cycle of stories "Dark Alleys" is devoted to this topic. Bunin considered this book to be the most perfect in artistic skill. “All the stories in this book are only about love, about its“ dark ”and most often very gloomy and cruel alleys,” wrote Bunin. The collection "Dark Alleys" is one of the last masterpieces of the great master.

3. In the literature of the Russian diaspora, Bunin is a star of the first magnitude. After being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933, Bunin became a symbol of Russian literature all over the world.