English classic literature characteristic. England

British literature has a number of specific non-biology, which are generated by the originality of the culture, social and political development of the country. This is in the XIX century. determined the problems of literature and those forms she gained. England's novelists, namely, the novel is primarily developing at this stage, they were looking for their heroes not among bankers, aristocrats, those who sought to make a career like in France - their heroes were and small owners, like J. Eliot ("Mill On the floss "), and even workers, like E. Gaskell (Mary Barton) or Ch.Dikkens (" Heavy Times ").
But the social protest in English literature is unlike French manifest. 1641, when the king was executed and a constitutional monarchy was created, changed the state system of the country. There is no violent change in the regime in English literature, since new dantones or crumels do not occur, although the extremism of the hungry workers sometimes leads to attempts on the power of the property. For British political life, the problems of unemployment and election reform, "bread laws", generating hunger of the poor and wealth of the owners of the places are becoming relevant. Bunctric mood carries the poetry of charters. One of the first places in this row is occupied by the verses of T. Guda, in particular, cited in the introductory chapter; Poems K. J. Rossetti are dedicated to the hardest situation.
The judicial reform, as well as the reform of the education system, is particularly relevant to English society. As E.Saio wrote: "Until 1832 in England, I did not occur to anyone to organize the state system of coordinating education." The topic of the school, as well as the topic of education, has become one of the central in English literature. The genre of "Roman Education" developed especially intensively in England.
Opening in the field of science give birth to a new type of thinking. "Fundamentals of geology" (1830-1833), Ch. Laelel, as well as "Rudimia of Creation" (1844) R. Chembers, testified to the continuity of the development of animal and plant world. Ch. Darwin's book "The origin of species by natural selection" (1859) made a coup in consciousness not only the British, for its conclusions contradicted the Bible.
The teachings of economists I. Bentam, D. Mill, J. S. Mill, Zh. B. SEI set it to explain the laws of society's life.
A. Smith first drew attention to the fact that the foundation of the country's flameness is not reserves of money, but human labor products. The question of man workers began on the agenda. They solved it in different ways, sometimes under the influence of Socialists A. K. Sen Simon and S. Fourier. Of particular importance to the works of Robert Owen (1771 - 1858), which in the work of a new look at society, or experiments on the principles of human education "(1813-1816), based on the belief in the possibility of improving the human person, it was assumed that the rich will come to Help the poor and create conditions capable of destroying such a sharp separation of classes.
The desire of oppressed masses to achieve changes in its position leads to the preparation of the Charter. The English word Charter gave the name to the political movement of workers in the first half of the century. The Charter was written with the participation of the followers of Owen, and the peak of chartism was 1848. It was then that the opposition to the rich and poor sometimes acquires particularly acute forms: in the novel "Mary Barton" strikers decide to kill the owner. The limit voltage of the situation is reflected in the "Heavy times" dickens novel. In the literature of England at this stage, unemployment and workbooks were included in this stage ("Oliver Twist" of Dickens), nicknamed prisons for the poor (there were forced by vagrants, and the vagabilities were punished by law - let's remember the poor man from the "Cold House"!), Schools where children beat And not taught, and if you are taught, then that is very far from life ("Nicolas Niklby" Dickens, "Jane Air" Sh. Bront).
The problems of unemployment and hunger gave birth to the problem of overpopulation, excessive working hands. The priest T. R. Maltholus from the most noble motives came to the conclusion about the need to reduce fertility in the families of the poor, and those who could not get a job in their homeland offered to move to the colony. However, his ideas were encountered with indignation most of the Society ("Bells" and "Cold House" Ch. Dickens).
Another feature of English life should be noted, without which the style of English realism will not be fully understood. The XIX century is the opening age of archaeologists who restored the past on the basis of the subjects found by them, G. Shliman first. Troy and Babylon received their second birth in this age. Attention to the relevant world, for the first time, the novels of the studied period (first of all, C. Dickens) are unthinkable without descriptions of space, in which heroes live are unthinkable without descriptions of the space: it becomes a means of human characteristics.
The period from 1837 to 1902 is called Victorian in England, because in these many years the country of Queen Victoria rules. The literature of Victorism was distinguished by the desire to safely resolve conflicts, although life situations remained extremely tense in the works of themselves; Victorian inherent in faith in the inviolability of moral laws.
The origins of the realism of the XIX century. It should be sought in the work of the writers of the preceding century. The works of the city of Fielding "The History of Jonathan Wilde the Great" and "The History of Tom Jones, Found" reproduced the real pictures of life, forced to see the hidden ulcers of the world. The comic beginning of his work was primarily developed by Dickens, as well as by E. Trollop. "Journey Humphrey Clinker" by Tsmollett, where comic scenes are no less significant, opened the possibility of multi-chain, and therefore the meaningfulness requiring the reflection of the reader, because the narrative of the face of several actors created the "volume" of the picture, depriving its moral mono-linearity.
The psychology of Romanov S. Richardson receives development in the works of J. Osten, and then S. Bront, J. Eliot, E. Trollop, Late Dickens and Techkeea. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the social orientation of the novels of W. Godwin, the isob-rejuvenated life of people from the lowest society.
V. Scott, who defended the attention of personality with its time, who considered it necessary to transmit the character of the character, describing the surrounding subject world, also laid the foundations of the next stage of English literature. Romantic literature using a complex philosophical symbolism (S.T. Kalridge, P. B. Shelly), more deeply revealed the ideas of the work. Romantic contrasts, the unusual situation of situations and characters also had a noticeable impact on literature 1830-180s.
One of the features of England's literature is that among her writers there are many talented women: sisters Bronte, J. Eliot, E. Gaskell. This creates a specific tonality that manifests in a special attention to female psychology, to a family and family relationship, where the topic of love, her joys, mistakes and victims occupies a considerable place, although the most acute social contradictions attract the attention of women writers not less than men.
The relationship of the creative consciousness of writers and artists of England 1830 - 1860s. Help more fully imagine the life of the country.
They pass a number of significant stages revealing the evolution of art, subordinate to the changes in public interest.
John Constable (1776-1837) in the 1830s. Looking for new ways: He depicts the Cathedral in Salisbury from different points, anticipating the opening of impressionists.
William Törsner (1775-1851) is not without the influence of the industrial revolution of the middle of the century creates a picture "Rain, steam and speed" (1844), introducing into a landscape with blurred forms carrying the locomotive on the bridge. Earlier, only ships could appear in his paintings.
Man and his spiritual life in the XVIII century. Found their incarnation in portrait painting. Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) and Thomas Gainesboro (1727-1788) retained the spiritual appearance of the British of the British of that time. At the end of the century, Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830), who developed the traditions of his famous predecessors, who had developed the traditions of his famous predecessors and who had experienced some impact of romanticism: the individuals of the British in his paintings help to understand the life of the country on the verge of centuries.
William Hogart (1697-1764) was a cartoon master. The broken lines in its paintings transmit the absence of harmony in the life of society and the tragic essence of the existence of a separate person. His tradition was developed by Thomas Rowlendon (1756 - 1827) and James Gilrey (1757-1815). Without taking into account this direction in English art, it is difficult to imagine illustrators of the Romans of Dickens (J. Krokshenka above all), and satirical figures created by the writer himself.
The novels of English writers introduce the reader to the world of ordinary people, so the genre painting is of particular interest. Picture of Devid Wilki (1785 - 1841) "First earrings" (1835) is deprived of social content: a young pretty girl elderly lady piercing ush. The girl is terribly and however, she understands that this is already entry into such a tempting "adult" life.
The appointment of genre painting was seeing to meet the needs of the mesh and bourgeois, but it transmits that ordinary life, which became the content of the works of English realists.
Within the framework of the Victorianism, the so-called "medieval revival" is developing, which is essentially associated with post-coatism. But unlike the art of romanticism at this stage, the Middle Ages, remaining the ideal time, for they saw the basis of spirituality, perceived as the period of the highest development of the art performed. Early revival, Derafaalevskoye, seems to be free from canons, and Rafael is recognized by the top of the Renaissance - only its followers see the use of its discoveries. "Medieval revival" was reflected in painting and poetry.
As a significant phenomenon in art was the emergence of a group of Pre-Faelites. In 1848, students of the Royal Academy of Arts, the youngest of which were 19, and the older was 21 years old, refusing the canons of the Academy, founded their union. It includes seven people: they were not alien to mysticism, and the number seven acquired their special meaning. The name of the Union is associated with the name of Raphael Santi (1483 - 1520), but also Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510), the author of the "Annunciation", was one of those who, according to Pre-Fales, created genuine masterpieces. They were especially close to the ideas of the early rebirth of the "anthropomorphism of the world around the world" and "the cosmicity of a person in the original, the Greek meaning of this word, that is, its divine beauty as an expression of absolute harmony of external and internal, bodily and spiritual, beautiful and kind" 1. The thought of Petrarks that "love is a comprehensive, pure, youthful feeling, of course and very human idealizing a woman," became one of the postulates of Pre-Faelites.
William Holman Hunt (1827 - 1910) and Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) were inspirations of movement. In his work, Prerafaelites wanted to transfer the truth of the feeling, individual movements of the soul.
Walking in something behind the consteblom, the Pre-Faelites believed that each bush, every leaf, no matter how far he was located from the foreground of the picture, should be written extremely accurately. They were looking for opportunities to capture an unusual game of light in the paintings, they sought to transfer all the bright colors of life on their canvas, so they were sometimes treated for the exoticism of the East, knightly times. But in front of the prefailelets stood not only purely artistic tasks: they were convinced that art should awaken high feelings, raise a person. Therefore, in their paintings, there were biblical plots or open morality in genre scenes. Allegory and symbol, as at the stage of early rebirth, created the deep sense of works.
For the first time, Pre-Faelites declared themselves at the exhibition of 1849. The first paintings of John Everett Milles (182 ^ -1896) and W. X. Khanta, largely thematically associated with romanticism, were met quietly. Scandal arose after the appearance of Milles of Milles "Christ in the Parental House" and Rossetti "Annunciation"


(both 1850). Artists accused of simplifying and reducing the Paphos of the Gospel Text. The painting of Milles is depicted by the workshop of Josera Joseph, with a tool in dirty hands, he leaned over his work desk, under which chips were lying, and a little Jesus in a night shirt, with a snapped face, fell asleep to Mary, gently, humanly kissing his barely woken child . "Annunciation" introduces the viewer into a poor house, where Mary sits in the night shirt on a covered white sheet, and Angel brings her news about her chosenness. On the face of the girl fright and immersion in itself. This is not a canonical image of the Virgin Mary, but a picture of the life of an ordinary person who opens his unusual path. Even Ch.Dikkens was outraged by such an accounting of biblical plots. Only the intercession of the most prominent and authoritative critic D. Roskina forced society to see the significance of the art of a new type.
The exhibition of 1852, where the pictures of Khanta "hired shepherd" and Milles "Ophelia" were presented, forced to recognize the emergence of a new course in painting.
The "hired shepherd" (1851) of Hunt opens a number of genre paintings of Pre-Failelites, in which the edacity is transmitted in almost allegorical unambiguity. In the picture "Awakened shame" (1853), he depicts a young man who collapsed in a chair, and a woman, frightened and alarmed, which breaks out of his arms. On the carpet, a black cat is going to catch a bird, the evapoic glove is lying around, a part of the picture with the name "Woman caught in adultery" is visible on the wall. Both works are distinguished by a bright festive flavor. So, in the picture "awakened shame", all the details, up to the button of the cuff on the sleeve in a man or hairs of the mustache, are discharged extremely clearly. The picture is overloaded with furniture objects, helping to understand the social situation of the characters and the nature of their interests.

On the first of them, Jesus Christ is depicted with a lantern in his hands near a simple house. The artist departed from the canon. Night lighting creates a special effect: the light comes from the face of Christ, the lantern in hand enhances the symbolic meaning of the depicted. In the spirit of Pre-Faelites, the artist pays special attention to the game of light spots, carefully recreates every leaf of the curving plant and each bending of its trunk; The clothes of the main character was equally discharged.
D. G. Rossetti. Annunciation
In 1854, Hunt took a journey through the Holy Land, where he borrowed the plot of the second picture. In the custom of Jews, it was to take two goats on a certain day, one of whom was sacrificed, and the other was driven into the wilderness. It was him called the "scapegoat" - with him, abandoned to die on the deserted coast of the Dead Sea, the sins of people who committed this ritual act of people were released. Kantta Pose of Khanta, the expression of his eye, which can rather call human, the skeletons of the previously dead animals, the lifelessness of the water and the mountains around create the symbolic meaning of the picture, which was to pay the thought and feeling of the viewer to the suffering of Christ for the sins of people, to ungratefulness and cruelty Cropling it.
D.E. Milles glorified Ophelia (1852), which he wrote with Elizabeth Sidel, forcing the girl to lie in a cold bath,

in order to more accurately convey all shades on the face of the sinking Ophelia. The faithfulness of nature was also respected in how it was clearly discharged by every leaf and bladeing, as the clothing of Ophelia, fell into the water, and that the artist portrayed the Malinovka, about which the heroine Shakespeare sang. Overloading with details of the second plans, the loyalty to nature and the unity of the model with it, so characteristic of the prefailelites, manifested themselves in this picture especially strongly; She began as if the standard of this flow.
Milleie spoke his paintings about the burning problems of contemporaries. "Believe me" is the approval of the right of a girl to complete confidence in its moral principles from her father. The picture can be attributed to the number of genre cloths with special attention to the details of the life and the situation.
The relationship between the family first members of the Brotherhood broke up by 1852, each of them went his way. In 1857, a new group of seven was created; It has entered William Morris (1834-896), an expert of culture and art, artist, designer of books, patron of applied arts, preacher of the ideas of socialism-ma. Figure of a kind Universal, O'Sozdal the workshop, where new members of the mug of Edward Bern-Jones worked (1833 - 1896), Ford Madox Brown (1821 - 1893), as well as D. G. Rossetti, who, after criticizing his first pictures, Not exhibited, but continued its activity as an artist, although his poems were increasingly important.
F. M. Brown, who sympathized with the Socialists, created the painting "Labor" (1852-1865), where he found a place for workers of various pro-

fesi, philosophers and even ladies, distributing brochure. A special place in the work of Brown is "Farewell to England" (1852 - 1855): the theme of the emigration of disadvantaged, who lost hope, which rushed into the colony, found their tragic embodiment here. All grief, all the flour of these people are embodied in the poses and expression of the eyes of two central phiur - men and women. The poor gathered in the far and unknown path, the clothes of the characters and their choices are evidenced. This topic will not appear at Dickens, but the subject world is discharged at Brown no less carefully than in the novels of this writer.
Gradually, the routine of Pre-Faelites lost its sharpness, their painting technique became close to those demands that members of the Academy - Millea himself became one of them.
Thus, the English painting of the middle of the century comes into contact as thematically (modern man and his care), and aesthetically with the realistic course of this period: there is a person to "enter" a person to the surrounding world, depicted with all the details inherent in it, as in the literature (But in the second case, it is primarily the world of the city, at home). Methods of transmission of reality - allegority and symbolism, sometimes the edge, the world of the Middle Ages and its legends who attracted Prerafaelites - will be reflected in the poetry of the post-translation.

All knows the plot of the novel Daniel Defo. However, the book contains many other interesting details about the organization of Robinson's life on the island, its biographies, internal experiences. If you ask a person who has not read the book to describe the nature of Robinson, it is unlikely to cope with this task.

In the mass consciousness of Cruzo - an intelligent character without character, feelings and stories. In the novel, the image of the main character is revealed, which allows you to look at the plot at a different angle.

Why you need to read

To get acquainted with one of the most famous adventure novels and find out who Robinson Cruzo actually.

Swift does not challenge society in the open. As a true Englishman, he does it correctly and witty. His satire is so subtle that "Travel Gullover" can be read and as a conventional fairy tale.

Why you need to read

For children, Roman Swift - a fun and unusual adventure story. Adults need to read it to get acquainted with one of the most famous artistic satire.

This novel, even in the artistic terms and not the most outstanding, definitely sign in the history of literature. After all, in many ways he predetermined the development of the genre of scientific.

But this is not just entertaining felting. It raised the problems of relationships between the Creator and Creation, God and Man. Who is responsible for creating a creature, which is destined to suffer?

Why you need to read

To get acquainted with one of the main works of science fiction, as well as to feel the difficult problems, which is often lost in the filmms.

It is difficult to highlight the best play of Shakespeare. There are at least five of them: "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth". A unique style and deep understanding of life contradictions made the works of Shakespeare by the immortal classics, relevant at all times.

Why you need to read

To begin to understand in poetry, literature and life. And also find an answer to the question, what is still better: to be or not to be?

The main theme of the 19th century English literature was social criticism. Tekkrei in his novel denounces the modern society with ideals of success and material enrichment. Being in society, it means to be sinful - approximately the conclusion of Tekckery regarding its social environment.

After all, the successes and joy of yesterday lose their meaning when ahead is a well-known (albeit unknown), tomorrow, over which we all sooner or later have to think.

Why you need to read

To learn easier to treat life and the opinion of others. After all, in society everyone is infected with "fair-term ambitions", which do not have real value.

The novel language is beautiful, and dialogues are a sample of English wit. Oscar Wilde is a subtle psychologist, so his characters turned out so complicated and multifaceted.

This book is about human vice, cynicism, the difference between the beauty of the soul and body. If you think about, to some extent, each of us is Dorian Gray. Only we have no mirror on which sins would be imprinted.

Why you need to read

To enjoy the stunning language of the most witty Writer of the UK, see how strong the moral appearance may not match the external, and also become a little better. The work of Wilde is a spiritual portrait of not only his era, but also of all mankind.

The ancient Greek myth of the sculptor, who fell in love with his creation, in the play of Bernard Shaw, becomes a new, socially significant sound. What should make a work for your author, if this work is a person? How can it relate to the Creator - to the one who made it in accordance with his ideals?

Why you need to read

This is the most famous play of Bernard Shaw. It is often put in theaters. According to many critics, Pygmalion is a sign of English drama.

Generally accepted masterpiece of English literature familiar to many cartoons. Who at the mention of Mowgli in the head will not sound the lengthy hiss of Kaa: "Human cubs ..."?

Why you need to read

In adulthood, someone is unlikely to take the "Jungle Book". The person has only one childhood to enjoy the creation of kipling and evaluate it to dignity. Therefore, be sure to add your children to the classics! They will be grateful to you.

And the Soviet cartoon comes to mind again. He is really good, and the dialogues in it are almost completely taken from the book. However, the images of the characters and the overall mood of the narrative in the original source.

Roman Stevenson is realistic and pretty severe places. But this is a good adventure work that every child and adult will read with pleasure. Abordaji, sea wolves, wooden legs - marine themes manitis and attracts.

Why you need to read

Because it is fun and exciting. In addition, the novel is disassembled on quotes, which everyone is obliged to know.

Interest in the deductive abilities of the Great Detective and to this day are large due to the huge number of shields. Many people only on films and are familiar with a classic detective. But a lot of shields, and the collection of stories is only one, but what!

Why you need to read

Herbert Wells was largely a pioneer in fiction genre. Before him, people did not beger with, he was the first to start writing about travel travel. Without a "time machine" we would not see the film "Back to the Future", nor the cult series "Doctor Who".

They say, all life is a dream, and besides, a bad, miserable, short sleep, although after all the other will not dreamed anyway.

Why you need to read

To look at the origin of many scientific fiction ideas that have become popular in modern culture.

The winner of the Danes, for almost two centuries devastating Britain. Alfred did a lot to restore the destroyed culture, to raise the formation, he himself was a writer and a translator (translated, including the English-Saxon "church history" of the misfortune written in Latin).

Anglo-Norman literature

In the second half of the XI century, England is subjected to a new invasion of Normans. It falls under the authority of Normans, who for several centuries argue in England the domination of the Norman dialect of French and French literature. A long period begins, known in history under the name of the Anglo-Norman literature period.

During the first century, after the invasion of Normans, the literature in Anglo-Saxon almost disappears. And only later, the literary monuments of church content again appear in this language and later the secular, which were transfers of French works. Thanks to this mixing of languages, the Latin language becomes important among the educated society.

The period of French domination left an important trace in the further history of English literature, which, in the opinion of some researchers, is more related to artistic techniques and the style of French literature of the Norman period than with the ancient Anglo-Saxon literature, from which she was artificially tearing off.

Social protest literature

But not only he was the founder of the new English language. Choseer did a common cause with his famous contemporary John Wicklif (-). Vikelif is adjacent to the accusatory literature aimed against the clergy, but he, the predecessor of the Reformation, goes further, translates the Bible into English, turns to the people in his fight against the papacy. Viklikif and Choseer of their literary activities are of interest to the earthly nature of man, to personality.

In the next century there is a great interest in living folk poetry, which existed already in the XIII, and in the XIV centuries. But in the XV century, this poetry exhibits a particularly active life, and the most vintage samples of it, preserved to our time, belong to this century. Robin Gudi ballads used very popularity.

Renaissance

Ideals Renaissance in Literature

Thomas Mor is a typical representative of English humanism. His "Utopia" is a public organization built in the spirit of ideals of humanism. Her goal is the happiness of man, the welfare of the whole community. He is alien to medieval spiritualism, those consolations that the Catholic Church offered behind the coffin instead of earthly suffering. He wishes joy here on earth. Therefore, there is no ownership in his community, it is dominant for all its members, work in the city and in the village, there are complete religious tolerance, due to the ideal organization of society there are no crimes, etc.

The work of Bekon is a book from which you can develop a positive thought. The author comes from observation and experience as sources of knowledge of truth, believes that he does not know what lies beyond their limits.

The XVI century is the heyday of English humanism, which arose here later than in Italy, met with the reformation. Classical literature and Italian poetry have a great influence on English literature.

Elizabethan epoch

Locke denied the inborn ideas and the only source of any knowledge announced the impressions that our feelings from external items receive. Following Milton, Locke anticipated the theory of Rousseau on the public contract and the right of the people to abandon the obedience of power, if it violates the law. In the era of Cromwell, the theater froze, the classical traditions were supported only among the pursued supporters of the royal house. After the restoration, the theater was opened again, there were funny comedies of morals with not always a decent content (honored, congruil and others), the gallant literature was revived and, finally, there was a French-type classicism. It was his representative, John Dryden (1631-1700) - a typical unprincipled poet of a dissolved court society of restoration, an unsuccessful imitator of Cornel and Racina, strictly defending three unities and in general all the classical rules.

Augustinian epoch

After 1688, with the establishment of the Constitution, the tone of the literature sets the bourgeoisie, the influence of which is clearly felt in the novels and on the scene. The new consumer requires its literature, images of family virtues, honest merchants, sensitivity, nature, etc. He does not touch the legends about classic heroes, about the exploits of the aristocratic ancestors of the court society. He needs satire to loose secular morals. Normal-satirical magazines arise - "Boltun", the "viewer", "guardian" - style and Addison, with talented household essays, implanting luxury, emptiness, fisiness, ignorance and other defects of then society. Didactic, satirical and moral nature wears exemplary classical poetry ass, the author "experience about man." England gave impetus not only the liberation ideas of the French encyclopedists, but also laid the beginning of the moral sentimental literature, the novel of the morals, which spread across Europe. Samuel Richardson, the author "Pamela", "Clarissa" and "Grandsson" displays virtuous Meshchansky girls and opposes them to loose aristocrats, idealizes the Meshchansky virtues and makes the corrupted representatives of the buses of golden young people.

Godwin in his novel "The Adventures of Caleb Williams" and others. Works protect the most revolutionary ideas of their time not only in the field of politics, but also in the field of education and marriage, goes ahead of the then English revolutionary thought. The so-called "lake school" (from the place of residence around the lakes) includes a number of poets. Of these, VORDSWORT was the head of school. Dreamy, loved in the nature of the poet of small phenomena, which he knew how to do elevated and touching, he, together with his friend Kohlidge, was a representative of that flow in romanticism, which made a simple idle language, patriarchal antiquity, contemplation and dreaminess. The third poet of the Lake School - Sauti wrote in the spirit of his friends, attaching fantastic pictures of exotic countries of Mexico, India, Arabia to idyllic images of lake poetry. And the poets of the lake school were fond of the revolution, but not long. Wordsworth and Kolridge visited Germany, where they were influenced by German romantic idealism and finished their way with pure contemplation.

Next to the National Romantic Romantics of the Lake School, the greatest poet of the Bayron era was a representative of the romance revolutionary-aristocratic. The presence of a large-scale society with whom he was associated with his origin, having broke away from his class, without seeing anything attractive in representatives of capital, greedy and selling triggers, Bayron in his youth broke out a flame speech in defense of workers, but after not returned to this issue, All my life remained a declassed aristocrat, a rebellious revolutionary-individualist, a singer of unsatisfied disappointed natur, starting with mysterious demonic sovereigns and robbers (Gyur, Lara, etc.). The same image is deepened in Childord Harold, which became the subject of broad imitation in European poetry. He graduated from Bayron protest against the universe and world order in his goggle trade tragedies (Manfred and Cain). By the end of his life, Byron came close to political and social satire (Don-Zhuan, "Bronze Age"). Extreme Individualism, feeling of dissatisfaction, attraction to the east and exotic countries, love for nature and loneliness, dreams of the past at the ruins and monuments, - All this makes Bairon in the poet of English romanticism, and its angry accusatory protests against all forms of violence and exploitation, his connection With Italian carbonaries and the struggle for the liberation of Greece made him a singer of freedom in the eyes of the European intelligentsia. His friend Percy Bishi Shelly, a brilliant lyrical poet, also an aristocrat, like Bayron connects the world of fantastic romance with a revolutionary protest against the folding bourgeois and capitalist society. In his poem, "Queen Mab", he depicts this society, where everything "on the public selling is sold," where the owner drives his slaves under the yoke of workplace with the help of cruel hunger. The same revolutionary romantic is Shelly in the other poems ("Laon and Citen", "Rejected Prometheus", etc.). His wife Mary Shelly, author of Frankenstein - a pioneer of the question of the responsibility of the scientist. Walter Scott discovers, like two great poet, a tendency to ancient. He was the creator of the historic novel ("Ivanho", "Rob Roy", "Quentin Dorvard", "Templars", etc.), in which he knew how to connect likelihood and realism with rich romantic fiction and portray the most dramatic moments of the National History of Scotland and England.

In the first third of the XIX century. The first stage of the wrestling of the nobility and the industrial bourgeoisie, which is increasingly becoming Mr. Regulations. The struggle against bread laws, chartism and speeches of the working class, the powerful declaration of their requirements, move the feudal romance and patriarchal-dreamest poetry into the background. The city with his practical interests, increasing bourgeoisie, the beginning of the social struggle between her and the working class becomes the main content of English literature, and its realism is its predominant form. Instead of a medieval castle - a factory city, instead of a distant antiquity - a kipache modern industrial life, instead of fantastic images of the inventive imagination - accurate, almost photographic, image of reality. Bullver-Litton, still continuing traditions of romanticism, aristocrat by origin that fills his novels by transformation, miracles and criminal, leaving us however, a number of literary documents that are social importance depicts the process of depletion and decomposition of the nobility (novels - "Pelgam", "Night and Morning" " and etc.).

Realism and binding of centuries

Dickens, the most famous writer of this era, deploys a wide picture of the life of a bourgeois-capitalist society in his famous novels: "Heavy times", "David Copperfield", "Dombey and Son", "Pickwick Club", "Nikolai Nikklby", etc., Creates a gallery of types of capitalist. Small-bourgeois, humane, intellectual point of view of Dickens prevents him from becoming a revolutionary part of the working class. He gives stunning paintings of dryness, greed, cruelty, ignorance and egoism of capitalists, but he writes to educate the exploiters and does not think about the organization of the forces operated. His goal is to touch the human hearts of the spectacle of suffering, and not wake hate and call to the uprising. More embittered, more sarcastic and cruel in his criticism of the noble-bourgeois society of the Tekcakerey, the author of the novels "Vanity Fair", "Penennis". The author does not see the exit. He is filled with pessimism and irritation. He, like Dickens, is not able to understand the liberation role of a starting revolutionary labor movement. I sacrifically as always between large capital and working motion, a petty-bourgeois thought was looking for an agreement pathway. Kingsley In his novels "Yeast" and "Alton Locke" draws horrors of exploitation and needs, but salvation sees in Christian socialism, in the "Spower of God", in repeated richers who applied to charitable affairs. Dizraeli, subsequently famous Lord BiscoupleThe leader of Tori (Sibilla novels, etc.), portraying the flavors of the bourgeois-aristocratic society in the bright colors and the disasters of the peasants and workers, expresses negatively against the revolution and sees the savors in the face of energetic and active aristocrats who take on the work of a folk welfare. Not only the novel, but also lyrical poetry is inspired by social topics, and the main question nosed by the epoch is the question of the operation of the working class with capital, is permitted in the spirit of vague humanity and moral improvement. Poets like Thomas Hood or Element Element (cm.), In their poems, depict individual moments of the heavy existence of workers and urban poverty, create songs against bread laws, give images of workers, brought down to prostitution and suicide. But their positive ideals are reduced to charity: to some lady, comprehended by his duty thanks to the edification dream and dedicated his life to alleviate the fate of the poor.

As the end of the XIX century approaches. In the European, in particular in English literature, the realistic and social direction begins to give way to the reviving ideas of individualism and aesthetism. Instead of militant capitalists who have a way to fight the struggle and energy, creating enterprises, instead of Dombi and Grandgrads, the tone of literature is beginning to ask those representatives of the bourgeoisie who received their inheritance capital, did not pass the harsh school of life, which can enjoy the heritage of fathers, became lovers and connoisseurs arts, buyers of expensive paintings and elegant tomiks of poetry. The literature of sophisticated experiences, mumbling impressions blooms. Individualism, pure art, erotica, cult of sentiment - distinctive features of the literature of the end of the century. True, the main topic of the epoch is the organization of society, the destruction of operation, the position of the working class - occupies a large place in the literature, but also the socialism of the end of the century - there is aesthetic socialism. John Ryuskin comes from the ideal of a beautiful life, calling society to old patriarchal handicraft forms of production and rebel against industrialism and capitalism. He inspires the school of artists known under the name of Pre-Faelites, among which we see Rossetti and Villam Morris, the author of the Romanov - "Sleep John Pray" and "Izvestia", defender of socialism and at the same time passionate astate, together with Rossetti seeking beauty ideals in Past centuries, who dreamed of calling a social revolution by the aesthetic education of workers. Next to Prerafaelitis - Tennison, the poet of pure art, free from the motives of social struggle, Robert Browning and his wife Elizabeth Barrett Brauning, Sinburn , in whose poetry, the ideals of eternal beauty and protection operated are unclear. The greatest popularity of the poets of this destination was used Oscar Wilde , "King of Aesthets", in his "plans" and in the novel "The portrait of Dorian Gray" created the "beauty religion" and the cult of liberating fiction, proclaimed the only reality of art creation, arguing that art creates life, and not vice versa.

The continuing growth of the industry introduces new topics into literature - urbanism, engine. Literature becomes dynamic, satire develops against capitalist lifestyle. Bernard Shaw is the most brilliant and paradoxical of satyrikist writers, virtuoso Sophisoms, a witty instent author, a moderate socialist, going, however, improve the position of workers with the help of bourgeoisie. Herbert Wells is the author of fantastic novels, imbued with a pathos of technology, drawing the wonders of the industry, a magical conversion life connecting the planet that allows a person to move into the past and to the future. This process of simultaneous increase in socialist trends and conservative and individualistic and aesthetic aspirations is accompanied by a number of various literary phenomena. Imperialism and chauvinism, having his representative in the person of Chamberlain, the Borsk War, the cult of Kitchener, - All this finds his literary reflection in the works of Reddiard Kipling, the most talented of nationalist writers, the author of colonial stories and poems, where the colonial policy of England is exhausting backward peoples are glorified as the implementation of the Great Civilizator Mission.

Another phenomenon is a reaction against the machine, causing the revival in the literature of religious flows, impulses to the otherworldly world, theosophy, spiritualism, the occultism, etc. Already Samuel Butler and George Meredith, so inherently among themselves in other respects, however, is the common cause The path of spiritualism is trying to build a new religion on the basis of modernity, using experience and research for this. The features of romantic symbolism we find in the works of Yeats, the representative is so called. "Celtic Renaissance", and from another representative, also an Irish, more prone to realism and naturalism, - Singa. Another form of protest against the driver was Nischeunce, a cult of strength and hypertrophized aesthetism, all those modernist ideas, the influence of which is not difficult to catch not only at Oscar Wilde, but also in the works of Stevenson, a sophisticated author of extent adventurous novels, as well as George Mura, who spoke almost a graftra (in the "confession of a young man") about his contempt for compassion and Christian morality, the beauty of cruelty, strength and beauty of the crime.

The same hostility towards the industrial century gave rise to a jet of pessimism in English literature among those writers who could not reconcile the machine with mental equilibrium. James Thomson is one of the wonderful poets, through all the poetry of which is held as a leitmotif by the main topic - the flour of life, the gloomy greatness of despair. The most popular and, perhaps, the deepest of pessimists - Thomas Garde, the creator of the Grand Dramatic epic "Dinasta" and a number of novels, by the advantage of the life of the village and the provinces. Over the fate of man, according to his teaching, a dark and evil rock, an incomprehensible case, cruel inevitability. The enemy of prejudice and modern marriage, who lacits the novers on a woman, the enemy of civilization in the spirit of Rousseau or Tolstoy, Gardi does not find a way out of his thoughts. The same pessimism will penetrate George Robert Gissing - the London Bowls and the starving Literary Bohemia, a student of Dickens, but his humor and his philanthropic faith deprived of his humor and his philanthropic faith, who did not expect anything equally "either from philanthropy of the rich or from the rebellion of the poor." Pesssimistic and the main tone of the work of Joseph Conrad. Conrad belongs to the number of the strongest and complex writers of modernity, is striking by wealth and a variety of language. He seeks to penetrate into the depths of human nature and use all the means to convey the impression of real consciousness: "The color of painting, the plasticity of the sculpture and the magical action of music." He draws all kinds of human suffering, he does not idealize a person, because I am convinced that an inexperienced egoism makes a person with a wolf to another person. More than life and healthy realism in Arnold Bennett, a pictorial of the lower layers of the provincial bourgeoisie, and more faithful social instinct Golzouorsi. , K-ry sees the source of social conflicts in the existence of private property. Chesterton - The enemy of declarations, a preacher of activism, but the activism of medieval corporations, a zealous Catholic, convinced that the development of the industry is a source of social slavery. James Barry - The Lodgement of the Scottish Peasants, Conan Doyle - the famous author of historical and police novels, Robert Hichens - Satir and Romantic, Israel Zangville - The author of "Children of Ghetto", the body of the Jewish Poor, and a number of others, less significant, complete the activities of the eldest group of modern writers. Clarence Hands - author of works on the life of the London Poor, the working class.

The paths of the new generation have not yet been observed. In most cases, these are realists who, however, do not mind touched upon the occult forces of the soul. After the desire for clarity, leading his origin from French traditions, English literature survived the period of strong Russian influence, ch. arr. Dostoevsky. This effect corresponds to amorphism in the literature, the reaction against the French plasticity. Hugh Walpol, one of the most fashionable novelists, itself easily follows the fashion; Oliver Onons Acquired the fame of the trilogy in which he describes God, simulators, typist, poor artists, etc.; Gilbert Cannan , Compton Macksi , Laurens and a number of other young writers who currently attract the attention of the English reader, affect a wide variety of topics, depict various classes of society, criticize social values, but their own worldview is most often reduced to foggy humanitarianism. They are stronger in criticism than in their positive ideas, and while no one has managed to beat the great "old people," as show, Wells or Gardi.

World War II and the Latest

• "Angry young people" (eng. Angry Young Men.)

Dystopia:

Detective:

Science fiction:

Modernism in the UK. Satyrian novel.

UK literature after 1945.

§ 1. Modernism is a common term applicable in retrospective to a wide range of experimental and avant-garde flows in literature and other art types at the beginning of the twentieth century. This trends include symbolism, futurism, expressionism, imagineism, vorticism, Dadaism and surrealism, as well as other innovations of masters of their business. Modernist literature characterizes, first of all, rejection of the traditions of the nineteenth century, their consensus between the author and the reader. In the artistic literature, the accepted current of the chronological development of events was assigned to the head on the head by Joseph Conrad, Marseille Pristoma and William Falkner, while James Joyce and Virginia Wulf introduced new ways to track the flow of thoughts of their heroes with the help of the Stream of Consciousness. In the poetry Ezra Pound and TS Eliot pushed out a logical representation of thought with their collages of fragmented images and complex alluzia.

In 1924, in the lecture "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown" V. Wolf proclaimed: "Somewhere in December 1910, human nature has changed." Already in 1919, she saw the new literature, which was called modernist, using the word "modern" for the first time in a qualitative meaning. Soil for the development of modernism was prepared. After the war, works that explained the creature and the nature of the new phenomenon in the spiritual life of the XX century were appeared: "Women's love" D.G. Lawrence (1920), "Basic Earth" TS Eliota (1922), "Ulysses" D. Jois (1922), "Mrs. Dalloway" V. Wolf (1925). Alone rejecting on the first experimental stage, proclaiming the technique of consciousness of consciousness is the only true way of knowledge of individuality, modernists discovered the dependence of the artistic image as the main tool of aesthetic communication from the myth, which has become a structure-forming factor ("Ulysses" Joyce, Poetry Ts. Eliota).

Representatives of modernism:

David Herbert Lawrence(1885-1930) - poems, novels, critical essays, literary scenes, special work dedicated to psychoanalysis and the problem of the unconscious. "Women's lovers", "Raduga", "Sons and Lovers."

Virginia Wulf.(1882-1941) - Mrs. Dallowway novels, "to the lighthouse", "waves", "Orlando", "Years".

James Joyce(1882-1941) - began his creative career as a poet Urbanist, then created a collection of stories "Dublins", "Portrait of an artist in adolescence" - Paraphrase Roman Education; "Ulysses".

Satyrian novel

The idea of \u200b\u200bupdating society and individual consciousness determined differences in criticism of the inheritance of the Victorian century. This criticism was satyric in nature, which corresponded to the spirit and director of English literature, but at the same time was not monotonous, which was clearly reflected in the work of the senior writers: D. Golsuorussi, B. Show, Helles, who presented various types of satirical chub. They were largely concerned about social and political issues, have experienced a significant impact of Russian literature, historical events that took place in our country. The degree of their dependence on the literature of the past, the relationship with the tradition of classical English novel was different.

Herbert Wells.(1866-1946) turned to the genre scientific fictionTo tell about new hazards and threats that have arisen for humanity. Among the first threats, he saw the power of science. "Time Machine" (1895), "Invisible Man" (1897), "War of the Worlds" (1898); "The first people on the moon" (1901) can be considered as the first works-warnings. The main topic: "The Earth has ceased to be a secure refuge for a person." Problems of technical progress, ways to develop modern civilization, depleting individual. The sharp criticism of the proprietary, individualistic instincts of the modern man was made by the figure of Wells significant among those writers who, nevertheless believed in the inexhaustible opportunities of a person supported by the greatest scientific discoveries. The moral and ethical beginning in this satire indicated a close connection with classicenlightening tradition, with an attempt to overcome the abyss between the individual and society, using the possibility roman ideas, Furnishing, Roman Treaty.

Bernard Show(1856-1950) used the scene to propaganda its social and moral views, filling the plays in tense discussions. He also made an attempt in his plays to respond to these global issues as a writer, filled with historical optimism. He became the founder "New drama"in England: Pieces "Profession Mrs. Warren" (1893-1894), "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1898), Pygmalion (1912); "House where hearts are broken" (1913).

The Second World War, unlike the first, had very important consequences for Britain - the active collapse of the British Empire began. Of course, it caused a blow to national self-consciousness, although the feeling of loss was compensated by pride for the country (participation in the battle for Britain in the air, sea convoy). Sustainable, comfortable, well-organized everyday life of the British was damaged, forced to experience anxiety, the instability of wartime. The thinking of this experience occurred in the spirit of "Englishness", it was approached by this problem in different ways, but the idea of \u200b\u200broots, historical continuity in the evaluation of events, continued to be maintained in public consciousness, finding his expression in the literature (Arturian, legends, legends, etc.).

The largest figure of post-war British literature becomes Graham Green.(1904-1990), an extremely prolific writer, journalist, playwright, author of acute political detectives and serious works. Traveler, Master of the newspaper report, he combined in his works Laconism, the severity of judgment, with a deep knowledge of the psychology of a person, the anatomy of his soul. The novels "Strength and Glory" (1940), "Quiet American" (1955), "Honorary Consul" (1973).

The main advantage of Green's novels is that in a very exciting, almost detective manner, the main problems of today in a religious, political or personal version are set out. The problems of the individual who are in a state of painful struggle with themselves, in the critical period of choice and decision making. Heroes of Green revealed in action, especially if we consider that a modern roman approves the multiplicity of views on the world and human actions, the relativity of moral values. Green has always been interested in the country, where the political situation forced a person to take the right decision in moral terms, even if it stands his life.

Similar theme considers and solves differently William Golding(1911-1993). He began to write in the 1930s, almost until the end of his days retained a reputation as a pessimist and mizantroph. The theme of the moral, moral superiority of a prehistoric person on its descendants is obvious (Roman "Heirs" 1955 ), as well as the transformation of civilized, cute and defenseless children in the savages ("Much Lord", 1954) . The topic of moral degradation of a person in the conditions of modern civilization is considered by the writer in different works. He puts his heroes in the extraordinary, extraordinary conditions (the situation of the experiment), makes them point to manifest themselves properly, and then returns them to the initial position, or leaves before alternative options.

Iris Murdoch(1919-1999) performed an active supporter and interpreter of Sartre. The structure of its works is quite rigid, resembling labyrinths, according to her heroes, and not found harmony, focused in their self-love, egoism, alienation, who did not try to understand each other. ("Bell", "Castle on the sand", etc.) The world of evil always opposes the world of good, pursuit of saving love allows the hero to reveal his "I". In Murdoch's novels, human unpredictability, unpredictability of human destiny, illogic and relationships, relationships prevails.

In the selection of the most famous works of English writers. These are British novels, detectives and stories, popular with readers around the world. We did not stop at one genre or time. There is fantasy, fantasy, humorous stories, anti-nightopias, children's adventures and other masterpieces from the Middle Ages to modernity. Books are different, but they have something in common. All of them have made a tangible contribution to the development of world literature and art, reflected the national features of the inhabitants of Great Britain.

Famous English writers

The phrase "English literature" gives rise to a number of names. William Shakespeare, Somerset Moem, John Golsuorussi, Daniel Defo, Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, Jane Osten, Sisters Bronte, Charles Dickens - You can list for a long time. These writers have shone the English classics. They are forever entered the story and not yet one generation of booklers will admire the subtlety and the relevance of their works.

We will not forget about Iris Murdoch, John Le Carre, Joan Rowling, Iene Macuen, Joann Harris, Julian Barnes and other talented modern English writers. Another bright example of a gifted author - Kazuo Isiguro. In 2017, this famous British writer of Japanese origin received the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the selection of his romance about the touching love and sense of duty "rest of the day." Add and read. And after sure to look at the excellent shielding - with Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson - "On the outcome of the day" (dir. James Ivory, 1993).

Literary awards and adaptation

Almost all books from this selection were marked by world literary prizes: Pulitzer, Konler, Nobel and others. Without novels "1984" George Orwell, "Portrait of Dorian Gray" Oscar Wilde, comedies and tragedies of Shakespeare is not a single book list from the "Books that each" or "Best Books of All Times".

These works are to store inspiration for directors, director, screenwriters. It is difficult to imagine that you do not write Bernard Shaw Plays "Pygmalion", we would not see the amazing reincarnation of Audrey Hepburn from illiterate floweries in the sophisticated aristocrat. We are talking about the film "My beautiful Lady" (dir. George Kewor, 1964).

From modern books and their successful shields, pay attention to the "long fall". Nick Hornby wrote an ironic novel about the relationship of good human communication and the desire to live. The film of the same name with Pierce Chase and Tony Collett (dir. Pascal Schomel, 2013) turned out to be peace and life-affirming.

Geographic reference

Often, when drawing up such lists, a geographic confusion occurs. Let's figure it out. England is an independent country that is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland along with three other countries: Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Nevertheless, the term "English literature" includes masterpieces of natives of all United Kingdom. Therefore, you will meet here the works of Irish Oscar Wilde, Welsh Ian Banks, Scots Ken Follett.

A selection of English writers and their works turned out to be impressive - more than 70 books. This is a real book challenge! Add your favorite books and immerse yourself in a little tin, but such an elegant world!