Ancient Chinese philosophy. Confucius - Genius, Great Thinker and Philosopher of Ancient China

Lao Tzu
Lao Tzu (old baby, wise old man; Kit. 老子, Pinyin LǎO Zǐ, VI century BC. Er), Ancient Chinese philosopher VI-V centuries BC. e., one of
founders of the flow of Taoism, the author of the Tao De Jing treatise (Canon of the Way and Grace, another name "Three Trucks" - written on bamboo
She held three carts).
Already in early Taoism, Lao Tzu becomes the figure legendary and the process of its deification begins. Legends narrate about his wonderful
Birth (mother wore him a few decades and gave birth to an old man - where and his name, "old child", although the hieroglyph "Tzu" meant
At the same time, the concept of "sage", so that his name can be translated as "old sage") and about his care from China ...

The most famous version of the biography of Lao Tzu is reported to the Sum Tence: Lao Tzu was born in the kingdom of Chu in the south of China. Most of his life he
He served as the keeper of the royal library of the state of Zhou, where he met with Confure. In old age, he went from the country to the West.
When he reached the border outpost, her head of Yin Si asked Lao Tzu to tell him about his teaching. Lao Tzu fulfilled his request,
Having written the text of Dae De Jing (Canon of the Path and His Besties).
On another legend, the Lao Tzu Master came to China from India, throwing his story, he appeared to the Chinese absolutely clean, without his
The past, as if re-born.
Many modern researchers questioned the very fact of the existence of Lao Tzu. Some suggest that he could be senior
Contemporary Confucius, about which - unlike Confucius - there are no significant information in the sources, no historical or biographical information
character. There is even a version that Lao Tzu and Confucius is one person. There are assumptions that Lao Tzu could be the author of Tao De Jing, if
He lived in 4-3 centuries. BC e.

Lao Tzu about yourself. This is what is said in Dae Dha Jing from the first person:
... All people hold on their "I", only I chose to give up this. My heart is similar to the heart of a stupid man, - such a dark, such
Obviously! The casual world of people is clear and obvious, only I live in the world of vague, similar to the evening twilight. The casual world of people is painted
To the smallest detail, I only live in the world incomprehensible and mysterious. As a lake I am calm and quiet. Non-stained, like wind breath! People always
There is something to do, only I live like a ignorant dick. Only I am alone different from other things that only appreciate the root of life,
Mother of all living.

Lzziza
Lzzzi on nicknamed the protection of the robbers was from the kingdom of Zheng. Accurate data about the years of his life and any detailed information about him
still not survived. The treatise called him named, "Lzzzi" reached the beginning of the Middle Ages, but in it, despite the later
Interpolation, generally reliably presented the views of the philosopher. Letzza defined the category of Tao as "Eternal Importance of Matter." Thinker
stated: "Things themselves are born, they themselves develop, they themselves are formed, they themselves are painted, they know themselves, they themselves increase, they themselves are depleted,
disappear. It is wrong to say that someone deliberately generates, develops, forms, paints, gives knowledge, power, causes depletion and
disappearance. " Letzz's Matter Theory is close to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe atomistic structure of the substance. As a material substance in his
The teachings are two pavements: qi (pneumatic) and Jing (seeds). "All the darkness of things comes out of seeds and returns to them," the philosopher says.
In the parable "On the stupid cisce", which feared that the "sky would fall", and the "land will fall apart", Lzzzi represented the sky "accumulation of air", and the earth
"The accumulation of a solid," developed the materialistic concept about the eternity and infinity of the universe, about the multiplicity of worlds, one of
which is the earthly world. In this and other parables, Lzzi rejected the idea of \u200b\u200bDivine Creation, the supernatural will of the sky.
Lzzi unconditionally rejected the idea of \u200b\u200bpredetermined over the origin and purpose of man, about the afterlife and immortality of the soul.
Lzziza belongs to the naive-materialistic doctrine on the origin of the universe and the evolution of life on Earth from the simplest organisms to a person.

Mantice

Meng Tzu (Kit. 孟子) (372-289 BC) - Chinese philosopher, representative of the Confucian tradition. Born in possession of TZOU, historically and
culturally connected with the state LU (on
the Shandong Peninsula), from where Confucius took place, and studied at his grandson Zi-Sy. Meng Tzu - descendant
Aristocratic genus Mensun from the kingdom Lou. He summarized 4 Confucian moral norms, that is, "Zhen" (humanity), "and" (justice),
"Lee" (Ritual), "Ji" (wisdom). He believed that among these four standards "Zhen" and "and" are the most important.
He had two students of Gong-Sun Chow and Wan Zhana, whose names are namedto the second and fifth chapters of the Mantice treatise.
The doctrine of Mainic Tzu was widely used in the neoconfucianism system, and especially - Wang Yanmina.

Mo Ji.
The ideological struggle of the "Zhanggo" period was actively involved in the School of Mystov, resolutely speaking against Confucianians. Her founder was Mo di
(OK. 468-376). Place it
birth is definitely not established. According to some, he lived in the kingdom of Lou, according to others - in Sun or Zheng, and possibly, and
In Chu, where his teaching was particularly widespread. Mystone perceived the traditional archaic faith in the spirits, recognized the Most High
The will of the sky, which performs in the doctrine of MO Di (as in early Confucianism), anthropomorphic higher deities, carrier of the principles of teaching
This philosopher. However, in contrast to the Confucians, the Menthers claimed that the will of the sky is known, the fate of a person is not predetermined and depends on
Him himself.
Mystone's school attached great importance to natural science observations. "Knowledge that cannot be applied in practice is false," they were taught. W.
Mathems received the development of mathematics, physical knowledge, engineering.
MO DI put forward the utopian program of reorganization of the Company on the basis of the principle of "universal love and mutual benefits" approved by him. It
preached the same humane, benevolent attitude to all people, regardless of their position in the family and social status, in
The opposite of the Confucian principle of "phonastication" (HEN), opposing the highest lower, noble forgiveness. Thinker offered
Cancel the inheritance of posts and ranks of knowledge, demanded to deprive the power of the "insignificant relatives" of the rulers and the courtestrian nobility, "like deaf,
which were put by musicians, "and form a state administration apparatus from top to bottom from wise people, regardless of origin and
The nature of their classes. "If the farmer, an artisan or a merchant showed non-serve talents, the management of the management should be entrusted to him
abilities, "said MO Di.
The doctrine of myself in many ways was close to the interests of the majority of free producers. A noticeable contingent at school MO DI was
Representatives of urban languages, from this environment he himself and himself.
MO DI put forward the foreign policy doctrine of equality of state as the basis of peaceful interstate relations.
MO DI owns a brilliant guess of the social role of labor. The main difference between people from animals The philosopher saw in the ability of a person to
targeted activities. Protecting the situation about the huge meaning of active creative principle in human activity,
He performed against the teachings of Confucius with his contempt for physical work and against the theory of "Navigation" of Laosza.

Confucius
Confucius (孔子 cun-tzu, less often 孔夫子 cun fu-tzu, laminated as confucius; about 551 BC, Tsyufu - 479 BC. Er) - Chinese thinker
and philosopher. His teaching had a deep
influence on the civilization of China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as
Confucianism. The real name is a kun, but in the literature is often referred to as Kun Tzu, Kun Fu-Tzu ("Teacher Kun") or just Tzu - "Teacher". And it is ne
By chance: already at the age of a little over 20 years he became famous as the first professional teacher of the Middle Kingdom.

Before the victory of Lemiema, the Confucius School was only one of many directions in the intellectual life of the warring kingdoms, in a period known under
Name of a hundred schools. And only after falling Qin, the revived Confucianism reached the status of the state ideology, which was preserved to
The beginning of the XX century, only temporarily inferior to Buddhism and Taoism. This, naturally, led to the exaltation of the Figure Confucius and even its inclusion in
Religious pantheon.
Judging by the ownership of aristocratic arts, Confucius was a descendant of a noble kind. He was the son of an 80-year-old official and a 17-year-old girl. FROM
Early childhood Confucius worked a lot. Later the consciousness came that it is necessary to be a cultural person, so he began to engage
self-education.
Realizing the inability to influence the policies of the state, Confucius went accompanied by students on a journey through China during which
He tried to convey his ideas to the rulers of various regions. At the age of about 60, Confucius returned home and held the last years of life,
Training new students, as well as systematizing the literary heritage of the past Shi-Jing (song book), and Jing (book of change), etc.
Pupils Confucius based on the materials of the statements and conversations of the teacher consisted of the book "Lun Yu" ("Conversations and judgments"), which became particularly revered
Book of Confucianism.
Although Confucianism is often called religion, there is no Institute of the Church in it, and it pays little importance to theological problems. Ideal
Confucianism is the creation of a harmonious society on an ancient pattern, in which any personality has its own function. Harmonic Society
Built on the idea of \u200b\u200bdevotion (Zhong, 忠) - loyalty in relation to between the boss and subordinate, aimed at preserving harmony and
This society itself. Confucius formulated the golden rule of ethics: "Do not make a person of what you do not want yourself."
Five constants of a noble person (Jun-Tzu, 君子):
Zhen (仁) - "Auditimi".
And (义 [義]) - "Justice".
Lee (礼 [禮]) - literally "ritual"
Ji (智) - common sense, prudence, "wisdom",
Xin (信) - sincerity, "Good intention

Sun Tzi.

Sun Tzu (孫子) is a Chinese strategist and thinker, presumably lived in VI or, on other sources, in the IV century BC. e. The author is famous
Treatise on Military Strategy "Art War"
There is a biography of Sun Tzu, written by the Suma to January in his "historical notes." The name of Sun Tzu was W. He was born in the kingdom of qi. Sun Zi.
served by the hired commander to prince Ho Lui in the kingdom of U.
According to Sum, the prince invited Sun Tzu to talk about military affairs. In order to show his art, the prince handed him his
Harema. Sun Tzu divided the concubines into two detachments, putting at the head of everyone at the main complication, giving them alabard, and began to explain
Military teams. The detachments occupied combat construction. When Sun Tzu began to command "right", "left", "forward" - no one performed teams, and
All just laughed. So repeated several times. Then Sun Tzu said: if the teams are not executed, this is the fault of commanders. And ordered
execute two main concubines. Prince, realizing that this is not a joke, began to cancel the execution of the execution, however, Sun Tzu stated that in the war commander
It is more important than the ruler and no one dares to cancel his orders. The concubine were executed. After that, all women squeezed their teeth and became properly
execute commands. However, when the prince called to spend a review of the troops, the prince did not appear. Sun Tzu reproached the prince that he can only chat
Military business. Nevertheless, when a military danger arose, the prince was forced to call Sun Tzu and entrust him the army, and Sun Tzu won
Large victories.
The position of the commander of the troops of Sun Tzu defeated the strong kingdom of Chu, captured its capital - the city of Ying, the defeat of the kingdoms of Qi, and
Jin ,. Thanks to his victories, the kingdom in strengthened its power, and became among the kingdoms of civilized China, headed by the kings of the dynasty
Zhou, and King Ho Lui entered the "Zhuhou" - officially recognized rulers of independent possessions. In the 4th century BC e. Wei Lao Zi.
I wrote: "There was a person who had only 30000 troops, and in the subway, no one could confront him. Who is it? I answer: Sun Tzu. "
Sun Tzu wrote at the request of the prince of Ho Lui treatise about the military art "Art of War" (Translations of N. I. Konrad, V. A. Shabana). Then ON.
Returned to his native kingdom Qi and there soon died. At the origin of Sun Tzu Century later, those who lived in the era of three
Clana Sunii (Sun Jian, Sun Ce, Sun Quan).

Xuan Tszan
Xuan Tszan - Sunjantzan (Kit. 玄奘 Pinyin: Xuán Zàng) (602-644 / 664) - the famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scientist, philosopher, traveler and
Translator of the Tang Dynasty.
Xuanzzan was born in 602 as Cheni (陳褘) in the family of scientists. He is known for his seventeen-year-old journey to India, where he studied and communicated with
Famous Buddhist masters, in particular in the Naulant Monastery.
Sunzantzan brought 657 texts in Sanskrit. He received the support of the emperor, and organized a large school of transfers in the city of Changan,
Attracting numerous disciples throughout East Asia. He translated into Chinese 1.330 works. The greatest interest to him
Represents the School of Yogachar (Kit. 瑜伽 派派) or Chittamatra ("only consciousness") (whale 唯識).
As a result of the activities of his school of transfers in the Far East, the Buddhist School of Pasian- [Zong] was founded (KIT. 法 相宗), which
Distributed to Japan under the same name (in the Japan pronunciation of HosSo-SU :). Although the Fazyan School existed for a long time, her views on
Consciousness, sensations, karma, reincarnation were then taken back by many late schools. The first patriarch of the Pasian school became the most outstanding
Pupil Sunzantzana Kuitszi (Kit. 窺基).
The Fasyan School was subjected to the criticism of the Sunzantzana Fazzan, Kit. 法藏), who founded the school of Hoyan,
Founded on other principles.

Fa Syan
Fa Xian -fa Syan (Kit. 法顯, Pinyin: Fǎxiǎn; Ok. 340-415) - Buddhist monk and Chinese traveler who traveled in 399-414 years
Part of the inner Asia and established a constant connection between China and India. He was a translator and the predecessor of those who went to study in
India. In 399, N.E. The 65-year-old Fa Syan and his followers went from Changany to the West in search of Buddhist sutras. For 14 years, they traveled
More than 30 countries, including North, Western, Central and Eastern India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, and brought a lot of Buddhist sutras. Returning to B.
China, he engaged in transferring them from Sanskrit into Chinese. In his book "Recording about Buddhist countries", he described what he saw during
travels. This book is a valuable material for studying the history and geography of India, Central and Central Asia.

Han Fei Tzu
Theoretics of Legia Han Fajse (288-233) owns the original theory of socio-cultural development. Based on objective conditions
the material life of people, Han Fajse postulated the inevitability of the state and the right, as well as the need to change forms and
Board methods during human history. According to his description, in deep antiquity people led herd life, did not have dwellings, they did not know the fire,
Pibbles from flooding. There were a lot of land, there are few people. Then people began to build dwellings on trees, extract the fire by friction, dress in the skins
Beasts. Population has increased, people began to live families, "managed by themselves." The life of people was so hard that "now even labor slave
Not such a husty. " Over time, the inheritance of power was established, wealth and poverty appeared, people began to "be desperate to fight for each
Block of the Earth. " In such a society, laws and punishments were needed. "What was acceptable in antiquity, now has become not applicable," so
How the living conditions changed, and with them - and the morals of people. "Your postulates Han Fajse accompanied with shaped examples and parables, such as,
For example, the parable of the stupid Sunza. Judging by Han Fajez, the legists were typical of the understanding of the story as a progressive, but closed process,
The final stage of which was the creation of a centralized bureaucratic monarchy across the entire subway. In his philosophical
The concepts of the legists interpret Tao as a natural path of natural development, considered real validity of the only reliable criterion
Truths, opposed the worship of the gods and spirits, to confirm the existence of which people have no evidence. Han Fajse
It believed that faith in perfume is incompatible with the observance of laws and damages the state. With a special intransigence of Han Faji collapsed on
Confucianians, the ideal of "humane board", made them, endowed them with the sacrifier epithets.

Jian Zhen
Jian Zhen - Jian Zhen was born in the eastern city of China - Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province. He took place from the kind of hereditary Buddhists. A B.
708 AD 21-year-old
Jian Zhen accepted the post. After that, for 40 years he gave all herself to the study of Buddhism, sermons, and
Building temples. The number of those monks who appealed to the monasses of the efforts of Jian Zhen himself, amounted to more than 40 thousand, many of which
Subsequently became elevated monks. Jian Zhen was a famous monk the times of the Tansky Dynasty of China.
Monk Jian Zhen from fatigue lost sight.
5 years later. 66-year-old blind Stretch Jian Zhen decided to take a trip to Japan 7th time. October 19, 753 Ship Jian Zhen
despair from the coast of the native city of Yangzhou. On December 20 of the same year, Jian Zhen finally stepped on the land of Japan.
Jian Zhen died in Japan in May 763. Then he was 76 years old.
For 10 years of his sermon in Japan, Jian Zhen made a great contribution to the development of Japanese culture and in the case of cultural ties between China and
Japan.
In Japan, along with the teaching of Buddhism, Jian Zhen acquainted the Japanese with the technique of Tanning architecture and science. Under his leadership was
Built the Temple of Tosoda in the style of Tanning architecture, which reached the present day.
Jian Zhen brought with him to Japan Chinese doctors who acquainted the Japanese with the basics of Chinese traditional medicine and pharmacology.
Personally, he treated the mother of the Japanese emperor. Despite his blindness, he became very famous as a doctor.
Thanks to its acute ugly and non-lightable abilities, Monk Jian Zhen made a significant contribution to the history of cultural exchange between China and
Japan. In 1973, during his visit to Japan, Deputy Prime Minister Dan Xiaopin visited the temple of Tosodai and approved the proposal
The temple that the statue of Jian Zhen returned to her historic homeland. In the spring of 1980, Chinese Buddhists solemnly accepted
The statue of the monk Jian Zhenya was sent from Japan, who was subsequently exhibited in his homeland in Yangzhou, as well as in Beijing.

Zhuang Tzu.
Zhuang Tzu, also Zhuang Zhou (Kit. Trad. 莊子, Simplify. 庄子, Pinyin Zhuāngzǐ Teacher Zhuang) - Famous Chinese philosopher alleged IV
century BC e. The epochs of the fighting kingdoms that are among the scientists of a hundred schools.
According to the biography. Zhuang Tzu lived between 369 BC. e. and 286 BC E .. He was born in the city of Maine (蒙城 Méng Chéng) Song kingdom, now - city
Shantia 商邱 Henan Province. He received the name Zhou (周 Zhōu), he was also called Meng-Shi 蒙吏, (official Maine), Meng Zhuang (蒙莊 Méng Zhuāng) or
Meng Senior (蒙叟 Méng Sǒu).

Yang Zhu
Yang Tzu-Jui, Jan Sheng (approximately 440-360 or 414-334 BC. E.), Ancient Chinese
thinus-freemets. Writings J. Ch. Not survived, o
His views can be judged by fragments in the treatises of Man-Tzu, Zhuang-Tzu, etc. and according to the heads of "Yang Zhu" of the Detaway Treaty. J. Ch.
proclaimed the ideas of selfishness, values \u200b\u200bof their own life, neglecting external things, hedonism, which, however, did not accept the extreme
forms. Judging by the statement of Men-Tzu: "The words Yang Zhu filled the subnet", he acquired a significant number of followers. Based
Naive-materialistic ideas, spoke against faith in immortality, considering death as natural and inevitable as life.
He spoke against the views and activities of Confucius.

China is known for its picturesque nature, majestic architecture and unique culture. But besides all this, the subway is a country with a rich historical past, which includes the origin of philosophy. According to research, this science began its development in China. The treasury of East wisdom was replenished over the years, centuries, centuries. And now, using the quotes of the great wise men of China, we do not even suspect about it. Moreover, we do not know anything about their authors, although it is not only useful, but also interesting information.

The main book of the Ancient Chinese philosophers is "Book of Change" . Its key role is that most of the famous philosophers appealed to her, tried to interpret it in their own way and found their philosophical reflections on it.

The most famous philosopher of the ancient China - (604 BC. E. -V century BC er)

It is he who is the creator of treatise Tao Dha Tzu. He is considered the founder of Taoism - the exercise, according to which Tao is the highest matter, which gives the beginning to everything that exists. Universally recognized fact, Lao Tzu is not a real name of the philosopher. His name at birth Lee ER, but in antiquity, the names of Lee and Lao were similar. The name "Lao Zi" is translated as "Old Sage". There is a legend that the sage was born with an old man, and his mother was pregnant over 80 years. Of course, modern researchers are subject to critical doubt this information. Life Lao Tzu did not have anything remarkable: work at the courtyard of the emperor and philosophical reflections. But it was these reflections and work that made him the most famous philosopher and a sage of ancient China.

2. Confusion

3. Meng Tzi.

The next philosopher, about which many people were interested in the culture of China are also Meng Tzi.. The philosopher, whose teachings became the basis for neoconfucify. The sage claimed that a person was born initially kindly, and under the influence of his environment becomes such as in the end. His reflections placed in the book "Manpie". Also, the philosopher believed that any type of activity should be distributed according to human abilities. For example, high ranks should occupy intellectually gifted, and people capable only to physical classes - to be in their submission. From the point of view of logic, the theory is quite reasonable.

4. Gunsun Lun

Have you ever heard about the school name? Analogy of such a school in Greece was a school of sophists. The representative of the school names of China was a philosopher Gunsun Lun.. It is him that the quotation "White Horse is not a horse". Sounds like absurd, isn't it? Thanks to such statements, Gunsun deservedly received the nickname "Master of Paradoxes". His statements are understandable not all, even if there is an interpretation. It is possible for this to be retired somewhere in the valley, with a cup of Chinese tea and think why the white horse is not really white.

5. Zou Yan.

But the philosopher who decided to discuss the horse - Zou Yan. - argued that a white horse, in fact, white. This sage was the representative of Yin Yang School. However, he was engaged not only by philosophy. His work in the field of geography and history, which are confirmed even now. In other words, the definitions and patterns of the TZOU Yan, who were creating thousands of years ago, are confirmed by modern scientists. Just imagine how intelligently developed this person to be so accurately to describe the world around!

6. Xun Tzu

A sage atheist can be considered Xun Tzi.. The philosopher did not occupy high ranks, but, unfortunately, did not hold on any of them for a long time. With one post, it was necessary to part because of slander, and on the other hand he was retired. Deciding that he could not build a successful career, Xun Tzu with his head went into reflections and the creation of the "SUNGN-TzUZ" treatise - the first philosophical work, which was not simply set out, but also systematized the thoughts of the sage. Thanks to this, his quotes reached us in the exact wording of their creator. The Chinese philosopher believed that the Spirit of a person appears only when he fulfilled his true purpose. And all the processes in the world are subject to the laws of nature.

7. Han Fei

His place among philosophers with rather strange statements is occupied Han Fei. The sage was born in the royal house and studied at Xun Tzu. But since birth, there were defects of speech, which undoubtedly affected the attitude of others to him. Perhaps, so his reflections differ significantly from the thoughts of his predecessors. For example, according to his treatise, mental and moral data does not affect the quality of the ruler as such, and subjects are obliged to obey any orders. For him, the ideal form of government was despotism. Although taking into account his noble origin - it is not surprising. It seems that Han Fei in his reflections presented himself in place of the ruler and the sovereign.

8. Dong Zhongshu

A significant figure in the history of the development of Confucianism was Dong Zhongshu. This mehemelovka not only reflected, but also acted. It is thanks to this philosopher, Confucianism was presented as the main teaching of the Han dynasty. It was by his dogma who developed life in the state, the rulers were chosen and decisions were made. According to his worldview, the ruler sent to people from the sky and all his further acts should be for the benefit of the people and to maintain harmony. But the sky peculiarly controls this process and if something goes wrong, it satages various natural cataclysms for the state (flooding, drought, etc.). All his ideas, Dong Zhongsha outlined in the work of the "abundant dew of the chronicle Chunsyu."

9. Van Chun

Philosopher and scientist was not only Zou Yan, but also Van Chunwho worked both in the field of philosophy and in the field of medicine and astronomy. It owns a detailed description of the natural cycle of water. And in the philosophical ideas, the sage adhered to Taoism and interpreted the "Change Book". The philosopher has repeatedly proposed the position of the court scientist, but having a freedom-loving and fairly independent character, Van Chun each time refused, explaining it by a disadvantaged state of health.

10. Wang Yanmin

The philosophy of the ancient China is the most important brief. Confucianism briefly and Taoism. This is another topic from the cycle of articles in philosophy. In the previous publication, we considered together. Now let's turn to the ancient Chinese philosophy.

Philosophy in China began to develop in the fifth century BC, when the society began to settle on economic signs and the class of rich city inhabitants and an extremely poor class of residents of the villages arose. As well as the class of officials who own not only money, but also the Earth.

The philosophy of the ancient China is based on the principle of the trinity of the Universe in the face of the Earth, the sky and man. The universe is energy ("CSI"), divided into the feminine and male - Yin and Yan.

The philosophy of ancient China has mythologically religious origins as well as the philosophy of ancient India. Her main operating persons were perfume and gods. The world was understood as the interaction of 2 began - male and female.

It was believed that at the time of creation, the universe was chaos and the division to land and the sky was not. Organizing the same chaos and divided into Earth and the sky two born spirits - Yin (patron of the Earth) and Yan (patron Sky).

4 concept of philosophical thinking of China

• Holism - It is expressed in human harmony with the world.
• Intuitiveness - Earth entity can only beware thanks to intuitive insight.
• Symbolism- Apply images as tools for thinking.
• Tihan - All completeness of the macrocosm can be comprehended only by emotional experience, moral awareness, volitional impulses.

Confucianism

Confucianism - the main ideas briefly. This philosophical school was created by Confucius, which lived in the VI - V century BC. During this period, China breeded the troubled and the struggle for power between the highest officials and the emperor. The country is immersed in chaos and interference.

In this philosophical direction, the idea was reflected in changing chaos and ensure order and prosperity in society. Confucius believed that the main occupation of a person in life should be the desire for harmony and compliance with the moral rules.

The main part of the philosophy of Confucianism is considered human life. It is necessary to raise a person and only then to do everything else. It is necessary to give a lot of time to give the soul of people and as a result of such education, all society and political life will be in harmonious cooperation with each other and there will be no chaos nor wars.

Taoism

Taoism is considered one of the most important philosophical trends in China. His founder of Lao Tzu. According to the philosophy of Taoism, the Dao is the law of nature, which manages all and all, from one person to all of the existing. Man, if he wants to be happy, it is necessary to follow this path and correspond to harmony from the whole universe. If everyone comes with the principle of Dao, it will lead to freedom and prosperity.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bTaoism (the main category) is not an act. If a person keeps Tao, then he can fully follow the non-act. Lao denied the effort of one person and society towards nature, as this leads only to chaos and tension in the world.

If someone wants to manage the world, then he will inevitably lose and confuse himself for defeat and oblivion. That is why no act must serve as the most important principle of life, as he is able to give freedom and happiness to man.

Legalism

It is considered to be Xun Tzu. According to his ideas, ethics are needed in order to keep under control everything is bad, which is in human essence. His follower of Han Fei went further and argued that the basis of all should be totalitarian political philosophy, which is based on the main principle - a man of an evil creature and seeks to benefit everywhere and avoid punishment before the law. In Legia, the very important idea of \u200b\u200border was the most important, which should be determined by the social system. Above it is nothing.

Mind.

Its founder of Moz (470-390 BC). He believed, then the most basic should be the idea of \u200b\u200blove and equality of all living things. According to his convictions, people need them to indicate which traditions are the best. It is necessary to strive for good for everyone, and power is a tool for this, and should encourage behavior that benefits as many people as possible.

The philosophy of the ancient China is the most important brief. VIDEO

Confucianism ideas briefly. VIDEO

Taoism. Basic ideas and principles for 1 minute. VIDEO.

Summary

I think the article "The Philosophy of Ancient China is the most important thing. Confucianism and Taoism briefly "became useful for you. You learned:

• on the main schools of the Ancient Chinese philosophy;
• on the 4 main concepts of the philosophy of Ancient China;
• on the main ideas and principles of Confucianism and Taoism.

I wish everyone always positive attitude for all your projects and plans!

Chinese thinkers explained the endless process of movement by their dialectical interaction. Filling universe, generating and preserving lives, these primary substances or forces cause the essence of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and soil.

Differences from Western Philosophy

• solid (cholic) perception instead of analytic;
• the frequency of processes instead of their static, linearity.

History of development

Prehistory of Chinese philosophy (until the VI century BC)

In the ancient Chinese philosophy (before the VII century BC. E.) The religious and mythological worldview was dominant. One of the distinguishing features of the Chinese myths was the zoomorphic nature of the gods and spirits acting in them: many of them had an obvious similarity with animals, birds or fish, were semi-bodily semi-sustain. The ancient Chinese believed that everything in the world depends on the predetermination of the sky and that the "Will of the sky" is comprehended through divination, as well as an omen.

The most important element of the Ancient Chinese religion was the cult of ancestors, which was built on the recognition of the impact of the spirits of the dead and the fate of the descendants.

In the VII-VI centuries. BC. Some of the philosophers of ancient China sought to explain the world on the basis of the direct contemplation of nature. Judging by the book Shi-Jing, during this period in Chinese philosophy the cult of the sky dominates, which not only explains the movement of the stars by the patterns of natural processes, but also connects them to the fate of states and individuals, as well as with the commandments of morality.

Ancient Chinese philosophy (VI-II centuries. BC.)

Deep political shocks in the VII-III centuries. BC e. - The decay of an ancient single state and strengthening individual kingdoms, the acute struggle between major kingdoms - they were reflected in the turbulent ideological struggle of various philosophical and ethical schools. The period of Zhango in the history of the ancient China is often called the "golden age of Chinese philosophy". It is during this period that concepts and categories are born, which will then become traditional for the entire subsequent Chinese philosophy, up to the newest time.

During this period, six major philosophical schools existed freely and creatively:

• taoism: The Universe is a source of harmony, so everything in the world, from the plant to man, is beautiful in its natural state. The best ruler - which leaves people alone. Representatives: Lao Tzu, Zhuang Tzu, Yang Zhu;
• confucianism: The ruler and its officials must manage the country on the principles of justice, honesty and love. Representatives: Confucius, Men-Tzu, Xun Tzu;
• moism. Representatives: MO DI;
• school of lawniers ("F-Jia", European Lead). Representatives: Shanan Yang, Han Fajse;
• school names ("Min-Jia"). Representatives: Dan Si, Hui Shea, Gunsun Lun;
• school "Yin-Yang" (natural philosophers). Representatives: Tzu-Wei, Zou Yan;

Most schools prevailed practical philosophy related to the problems of everyday wisdom, morality, management. The theoretical base was most developed in Taoism; In the rest of the schools, ideological foundations were or weak, or borrowed from other schools.

Completion of the classic period of ancient Chinese philosophy, which occupies an important place in its development (end of the III century BC. E.), was marked by the persecution of philosophers and burning manuscripts.

Medieval period of Chinese philosophy (II century BC. E. - x century. N. E.)

For this period, the controversy between Confucianism, Lead and Taoism is characterized. In the end, the Confucianism in this controversy wists as a state religion and ethics. In the first century n. e. Buddhism penetrated into China. Outstanding Thinkers of Hansky Time: Philosopher and State Avestigator Dong Zhongsu (2 century BC), who received in the Middle Ages, as "Confucius of the Han Epoch", the emperor of Han Dynasty U-di (II century. E., Confucianis) , Philosopher-Confucianian, writer and philologist Yang XUN (53 BC- 18 AD), author written in the imitation of the "Book of Changes" of the writings "Tai Xuan Jing" ("Canon of the Great Soft"). Chan's time includes such outstanding thinkers like Van Chun (27-OK.97 G.N.) and Zhang Heng (78-139). Zhang Han made an outstanding contribution to the development of the ancient Chinese astronomy, mechanics, seismology and geography. The historian Sum Tsyan (145-86 BC) was also a painful thinker of this era (145-86 BC), the author of the first universal history of China, which started with deep antiquity and ending The end of the second century BC

New Time of Chinese Philosophy (from 1000 g. E.)

It is characterized by dogmatization of Confucianism, which together with its founder rises to religious venerations (1055 - giving the genus Confucius of a higher noble rank, 1503 - the party of the Confucius for the saints, the construction of temples, in which, however, there were no images of the saints). On the other hand, there is a persecution of dasists (formal prohibition of Taoism - 1183). Christianity, penetrating by the time in China, was able to influence Chinese philosophy.

Links

Literature

• Ivanov A.I. Materials in Chinese philosophy. St. Petersburg., 1912.
• Petrov A.A. Essay of China's philosophy. - In the book: China. M. - L., 1940
• Petrov A.A. Van Chun is an ancient Chinese materialist and an enlightener. M., 1954.-104 p.
• Yang Yong. The history of the ancient Chinese ideology. M., 1957.
• Selected works of progressive Chinese thinkers of the New Time (1840-1897). M., 1960.
• Go Mo-Jo. Philosophers of ancient China. M., 1961.
• Bykov F.S. The emergence of socio-political and philosophical thought in China. M., 1966.
• Ancient Chinese philosophy, TT. 1-2. M., 1972-1973
• Burov V.G. Modern Chinese philosophy. M., 1980.
• Kobzev A.I. Wang Yangmine's teachings and classic Chinese philosophy. M., 1983.
• Jan Khinshong Materialistic thought in ancient China. M., 1984.-181 p.
• History of Chinese philosophy. M., 1989.
• Vasilyev L.S. Problems of the genesis of Chinese thought. M., 1989.
• Lukyanov A.E. Formation of philosophy in the East (Ancient China and India). M., 1989. -188 p.
• Ancient Chinese philosophy. Epoch Han. M., 1990.
• Lukyanov A.E. Tao "Book of Changes" M., 1993. - 240 p.
• Kobzev A.I. The doctrine of symbols and numbers in Chinese classical philosophy. M., 1994.
• Dumulen G. The story of Zen-Buddhism. India and China. St. Petersburg, 1994.
• Chinese philosophy. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1994 - 573 p. ISBN 5-244-00757-2
• Anthology of Taoist philosophy. M., 1994.
• Lomanov A.V. Modern Confucianism: Philosophy Feng Yulany. M., 1996.-248 p.
• Abramov V.A., Abramova N.A. The history of China's philosophy (the origins, the main stages of development, modernity). Lecture course. Part 1 and 2. Chita, 1997.-205 p.
• Stepanyants M.T. Eastern philosophy: Introductory course. Selected texts. M., 1997.-503 s.
• Great thinners of the East. M., 1998.
• History of Eastern Philosophy. Tutorial. M., 1998.- 122 p.
• Torchinov E.A. Taoism. St. Petersburg, 1998.
• Feng Yu-Lan. Brief history of Chinese philosophy. St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 1998.
• Rubin V.A. Personality and power in ancient China: a collection of works. M., 1999.- 384 p. ISBN 5-02-017868-3.
• Kobzev A. Category "Philosophy" and the genesis of philosophy in China // Universals of Eastern Cultures - M.: Eastern Literature, 2001. P. 200-219.
• Kobzev A.I. Philosophy of Chinese neoconfucianism. M., 2002. - 606 p. ISBN - 5-02-018063-7
• Grain M. Chinese thought. M., 2004.- 526 p. ISBN 5-250-01862-9
• Eremeev V.E. Symbols and numbers of "Books of Changes" .2rd ed., Act. and add. M., 2005.- 600 p., Il. ISBN 5-86218-383-3.
• Spirin VS Building ancient Chinese texts. St. Petersburg, 2006.- 276 p. ISBN 5-85803-323-7

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China is a very ancient country that has not only rich culture, but also differs in its philosophy. It should be noted that Kipling also noted that the West and East never go together, so different. It is the ancient Chinese philosophy that allows you to visually demonstrate the difference in the culture and traditions of the two sides of the world.

Briefly about the philosophy of the ancient China

For countries of the East, Chinese philosophy turned out to be the same catalyst for the development of thought and culture, which for the rest of the civilized world was the philosophy of ancient Greece.

The basis of the philosophy of Ancient China was the principle of the trinity of the Universe, which, according to Chinese philosophers, included the sky, land and man. At the same time, the entire universe consists of special energy, called "CSI", which in turn is divided into the female and male start - Yin and Yan.

Specificity of the philosophy of the ancient China It is that at the dawn of his appearance, the representation of the reality and construction of worlds had a religious-mythological structure, and all the main actors were the spirits and gods of a zoomorphic nature.

If we talk about the peculiarities of the development of the philosophical school, the most significant in comparison with the rest of the philosophical currents, the peculiarity was the cult of ancestors, involving the fact of the influence of the lives who went into the world of the lives of the living generation. At the same time, the responsibilities of the spirits were concern for healthy.

The second difference is the understanding of the world as a permanent interaction of two starts - female and male. According to beliefs and thinking, at the time of the creation of the existing Universe was represented by chaos, and there was no separation on the sky and the land. The birth of two spirits - Yin and Yang, who began to organize chaos, led to the separation of the universe for two units, sky and land. Accordingly, Yang became the patron of heaven, and Yin is the patron of earth. A similar worldview demonstrates the applicability available naturophilosophy.

Also, for a more complete understanding of Chinese philosophy, it should be borne in mind that China is the world of culture of the right hemisphere, which implies a completely different perception of reality. Cultures that differ in the development of the right hemisphere are concentrated on visual images, religious experiences, music and hypnosis. People of such cultures even hear sounds and perceive differently, since the understanding of the world they occur through specific and single images.

China's philosophical thinking includes four concepts:

1. Holism, which is expressed in the harmonious unity of a person and the world. Man and nature are not opposing entities, but are a holistic structure striving for harmony;
2. Intuitivity. According to the ancient Chinese philosophers, the earthly essence cannot be understood through a series of concrete concepts or find a reflection in the semantics of the language. It can be vague only through intuitive insight;
3. Symbolism. As instruments for thinking, the Ancient Chinese philosophy used syncin, which means images;
4. Tihan. The whole of the principles of the Macrocosm could be comprehended only with a serious cognitive act, which included knowledge, emotional experiences and volitional impulses. Also, the dominant role in this scheme was given to moral consciousness.

Philosophical Schools of Ancient China

The philosophy of ancient China was built on two main exercises that had common features, but differed in the details of ideological judgments.

Philosophy of Ancient China: Confucianism. The first of school, which is the most famous today and has a large number of followers. Its founder is the Confucius or Kun Fu Tzu in Chinese transcription. The main hempulations of their teaching this great thinker identified the nobility, humanism and strict adherence to the rules of behavior and rituals. At the same time, his philosophy affected the management of the state. Confucius sharply relate to planting strict laws, believing that people would violate them a priori. The Board should be carried out on the basis of a personal example, which will force people to understand and realize shame for their own misdeed.

The philosophy of the ancient China: Taoism. Another course that also has multiple followers. Its founder is also a real person named. The very concept of Tao means a multi-faceted, which includes the overall unity, infinity of the movement and the World Law. Tao is an universal beginning and universal end. And the main thing in this teaching is that a person must all his life seeks to merge from Dao, because only this will lead to harmony, and otherwise there will be unhappiness and death.