Cultural centers of ancient Russia. Culture of ancient Russia
Rusi roots go into deep antiquity: the first mention of the Slavs-Vedena contains more Roman sources of the beginning of the first Millennium N.E. But the Slavic tribes are actively involved in the world's history enter into the era of the great resettlement of peoples, in the VI-VIII centuries. In IX century Slavs are emerging forms of statehood, breeding unions under the auspices of the military prince. One of those tribal Unions And got the name "Rus". From the very beginning, Russia was not mono-ethnic, she united different tribes who lived on one territory. Military political unions were not durable: they fought among themselves, disintegrated; Therefore, coming to power, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich decided to unite Russia not only military power. He attempted to reform the pagan beliefs and create a single pantheon of the gods. But the attempt to make the paganism of the state religion failed - too different ideas about the gods were told in different tribes. Then Vladimir turned his eyes to Christianity. Prince sent ambassadors to different land so that they could see how people believe and whose faith is better. Ambassadors went to Khazaria, where they live according to the law of Judaism, to the Volga Bulgaria, where they are confessing Islam, to the West, where the Latin faith is common, and in Orthodox Byzantium. And nothing impressed the prince as the story of the ambassadors who visited Tsargrad, in the Church of St. Sophia. This story, as the chronicler believes, and convinced the prince to elect Orthodoxy. In 987, Vladimir accepted baptism himself, and in the 988th - baptized his people in Kiev. According to legend, adorganizing Vladimir healed from eye disease. Marriage with Anna did his relative of Vasiles, the Byzantine monarch, the heir to the rulers of the Roman Empire. It raised the international authority of Russia. But the main thing: the choice of Prince Vladimir had a fateful meaning for Russia, introducing it into the family of Christian peoples. Since that time, the nature of Russian culture changes dramatically: henceforth it is constructed on orthodox basis In the direction of the Great Christian tradition.
The culture of the ancient Russia is the IX-XII centuries.
The location of Russia between the East and the West, at the intersection of cultures and civilizations, contributed to the fact that Christianity penetrated back long until 988. Grandmother Vladimir, Princess Olga, the first of the Russian rulers became a Christian, adopted baptism in Tsargrad. But even in Russian cities were Christian communities, temples and monasteries. True, they were small. Olga Rules in Kiev After the death of his husband, Prince Igor, and more than once sent missionaries from Germany, offered to adopt baptism. But the princess decided to go to Tsargrad to be baptized there. In 955, in the Church of St. Sophia, the sacrament of the Baptism of Olga himself made the Constantinople Patriarch himself, and the Vizantine Emperor Konstantin Porphyrogenets (Baghryanorogennoe) has become a perception (shag). So the choice Rusy Orthodoxy was still defined by Olga. And although at that time christian church There was another one (officially Western and Eastern church were divided into 1054), yet the Greek East and the Latin West have already developed greatly, first of all, culturally. So, taking baptism from the Greeks, Russia received the whole complex cultural heritage Orthodoxy: Liturgy, theology, book, architecture, iconography, etc. New religion Approved not immediately, the pre-Christian gesture and pagan customs were last preserved, especially on the outskirts: until the XIII century. There were uprising of pagan priests. Christianities in cities that were large shopping centers were raised faster and deeper and concerned with the cultural traditions of Byzantium and Europe. By the time of the Baptism of Russia, Byzantium was on the rise of cultural development, surpassing many countries in Europe. The roots of Byzantium went deep in antichny culture, in classical antiquity, and through her Russia joined the origins of European civilization.
Cultra Ancient Russia Cathedral of Hagia Sophia
Already at Vladimir, Svyatoslavich in Russia begins the construction of churches and monasteries. St. Sophia's Cathedral, built by Prince Yaroslav, is a five-foot temple crowned with thirteen domes. Inside, spacious choirs, intended for the princely yard, are arranged, which is also caused by the need for a multi-faceted: through the windows in the drums of the heads, the light fell inside the temple and on the choir. The Temple of Yaroslav is dedicated to St. Sophia, as well as the temple in Tsargrad. It is complicated from the dlinge (large brick on a lime solution), as well as Greek temples. But now multi-population, not distributed in the Byzantine architecture, this is already a sign of the originality of the ancient Russian architecture. The temple is decorated with magnificent mosaics who created Greek masters in collaboration with Russians.
Culture of Ancient Rus icon
In the XI-XII centuries. Stone temples are erected in Polotsk, Chernigov, Smolensk, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir. And in each principal, its own school of architecture, which has its own characteristics and creatively interpretizing the Byzantine heritage. Special beauty is distinguished by Vladimir-Suzdal Temples, decorated with white-stone carvings. Many ancient Russian temples were decorated with paintings. Mosaic decoration, very expensive, could afford only solar degrees of Kiev. But icon-painted art blossomed in Russia everywhere and has reached a high level. The creation of icons contributed to the abundance of forests, so that the ancient Russian icon painters had no problems with the material. And the paints were both local and imported, due to the fact that Rus traded and with the West, and the East. Often, large monumental icons replaced in the temples of mural and expensive mosaic. There were not very many monuments of the Byzantine letters brought to Russia, but there are genuine masterpieces among them. For example, the icon of Our Lady "Vladimir", created at the beginning of the XII century. This is a bright sample of the first-class Constantinople letter. Ancient Russian masters were equal to such icons. Many Domongol Icons keep the features of Greek samples. Looking at the samples of the Byzantine letter, working next to the visitors, the Russian icon painters were able to work out their own style. Very soon, the Russian iconography gained a feature other than Byzantine, with a pronounced national peculiarity. And along with the architecture in each principality, his school of iconopys flourished.
Culture of ancient Russia Literature
Old Russian culture quickly gains height. Already at Yaroslav Mudrome - it reaches genuine heyday. The position of the Church is strengthened, state authority is growing, the Yaroslav family is associated with dynastic marriages with royal houses in Europe. Temples are built, schools are organized, books are written, literacy is written. In Kiev, with St. Sophia there was a major library. Christianity is called the religion of the book, it is based on the Holy Scriptures and the Sacred Tradition. Byzantium created a very high book culture, to which ancient Russia joined. Finding on Rus, Greek books contributed to the enlightenment, the spread of theological and philosophical ideas, the birth of their own Russian book. The handwritten book is usually volumetric, consists of notebooks, stitched with each other, in a wooden binding, covered with leather with metal fasteners. Following Byzantine samples, which in a considerable quantity were brought to Russia, Russian scribes created their wonderful works. book art. We have reached the magnificent monuments of the book: Ostromiro Gospel, Mstislavovo Gospel, decorated with the images of evangelists, "Svyatoslav's izarborn" (1073) with a portrait image of the princely family.
Culture ancient Russia music
Slavs are considered musical peopleStill in the ancient Russian eponymies are mentioned by the boyan, telling under the husli, and the crumbs playing on different tools. But with the arrival of Christianity on Russia, the character of music is changing. First of all, liturgical music develops. The only musical instrument in the temple is the bell, and then it sounds outside. Inside the same temple can only sound human voice Or choir of votes. The holy fathers believed that a person was the most perfect tool on which God should be praised. Medieval music It was built according to the principle of monodi (single-haired), which is solved only by the timbral ratio of the votes of the choir singing in unison. Unison was a bannyal singing of ancient Russia. It is named bannant because instead of notes the melody was recorded by special icons - banners, or hooks.
Culture of the ancient Rus Smalt and Scan
Archaeological excavations of ancient Russian cities contain a large number of Amazing finds testifying to the incredibly rich culture of the Domongolian Russia. This is I. bershey diplomasFrom which whole books were stacked, and jewelry, and weapons, liturgical objects and native crosses, amulets and decorations, and other various objects of artistic craft. Archaeologists find a lot of items that were brought from Byzantium and other countries, since the ancient Russia traded with the whole world, but most of the finds are the products of the ancient Russian masters. Many crafts, Russian masters studied at the Greeks, first copying and imitating, and then bring their own original features. They taught Russian glassworks: to make vessels, create decorations, cook multicolored smalle for mosaic. Old Russian masters did not consider to learn from foreigners, on the contrary, having mastered some craft, they sought to achieve more. And often they managed it. The applied art of ancient Russia was very diverse: wood carving and stone, casting and chasing, enamel and ceramics, weaving and embroidery, leather dressing and so on.
Culture of ancient Russia Women's position
Christian culture, inherited from Byzantium, had an impact on the household side of the life of ancient Russia. Since ancient times, Rusichi was settled compactly, making their settlements of the frequenza, from the words "to burn", "wrapping" and the word "city" occurred. In the Scandinavian sources of Russia called "Gardaric" - the country of cities. With the adoption of Christianity, the number of cities notice increases. The expansion of links contributes to the flourishing of trade, culture, art, and therefore the development of cities and the growth of their wealth. According to the testimony of contemporaries, Kiev was a big and rich in the city, who surprised foreign guests with its purity: His Streets were paved with wooden bridges, allowed even on a rainy time to walk, not covered with shoes. European travelers with delight wrote about Russian baths, which also testifies to the height of household culture of the Domongolian Rus. Kiev houses were decorated with carpets and expensive Greek fabrics. Overseas guests especially struck the hospitality and hospitality of ordinary citizens. Peers were often asked in spacious pebnings, which flowed the Overseas Wine and Russian "Honey" river, treated with meat and game dishes. At the same time, a lot from rich tables got poor and the poor: this was a custom in Russia. Women, as a rule, together with men sat at the table, which was also not taken everywhere. Women took an active part in management, economy and other affairs. Such a relation to a woman was a consequence of the Christianization of the ancient Russian culture. Christianity strongly influenced the morals and morality. Christianization of Russia served as a factor that accelerated the creation of ancient Russian nation of East Slavic tribes, uniting their various cults and a kind of mentality. And although the fragmented principalities could not unite into a single state, which made Russia vulnerable to Mongol-Tatar Hordes, still a Christian worldview formed the concept of the unity of the people as an ideal. Through Byzantium, through Orthodoxy and Slavic writing came to us and awareness of the Slavic community. And at the same time, Christianity, in which the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uniqueness of the personality and the uniqueness of each people was laid, could become the basis for creating a unique ancient Russian culture.
Culture ancient rus video
Irina Langov
candidate of Cultural Studies,
head of the Department of Christian Art
Biblical-theological Institute
The place and role of religion in the culture of ancient Russia
The culture of Russia in its formation and development covers the period from about the VIII century. Until now. Russian culture was consumed (approximately until the XI-XII centuries) in the conditions of state consolidation, the association of Eastern Slavic tribes (Kievskaya Rus) in the face of the external danger (Khazar Kaganat, Norman-Vikings) and because of the inner sprouts. There was also a spiritual and cultural impact on the Slavic pagans by the Christian world, primarily Byzantium, the state itself in the cultural relation to the world.
Christianization of Russia contributed primarily to the centralization and the ethnic unity of Kievan Rus. For geographically extensive, and in organizational relations, a decentralized ancient Russian state, still the developing, becoming, becoming the adoption of Christianity contributed to the cohesion of scattered tribes, the association of Russian land around the political, military, cultural and ideological center. The church was understood as a spiritual support for the strong centralized authoritarian authority of the state; The secular power of the prince (later the king, the emperor) was considered by the Church as a terrestrial embodiment of fundamental religious ideas. The formation of a single one, in one degree or another of the feudal, the state, united, advanced by the culture, written by law and the developed religion, was also the possibility of gradual disappearance of former division eastern Slavs According to tribal features, which made it possible to finally take shape and a single Old Russian nationality.
Moreover, the choice of religion strengthened international Regulations Kievan Rus: He was a step towards the West, to culture and the world of Christianized countries in Europe. He separated Russia from the East and from those embodiments of cultural evolution, which are associated with Buddhism, Hinduism, Muslim. Rus's baptism in 988 brought together with the Orthodoxy rich cultural traditions of Byzantium, which was then the leader of European culture. The Slavic writing began to spread in Russia, books and monastic libraries appeared, schools were created during the monasteries, the historical "chroniclel" arose, church architecture and temple painting were heyard, the first legal code was adopted - Russian True. The era of the development of enlightenment and scholars began. " At that time, an increase in the international authority of Russia, diplomatic, trade, political and cultural relations was noted. Rus quickly highlighted an honorable place among the most developed countries in Europe. When Yaroslav Mudrom Kiev became one of the richest and most beautiful cities in Europe; "Opponent of Constantinople" called him one of the Western guests. Thus, as a result of cult reforms, Russia finally stood up with all the "civilized world" (i.e. Western Europe) - in the craft, military business, architecture, technique, etc.
The choice of Christianity in his Orthodox, Greek-Byzantine form allowed Russia to remain independent of the spiritual and religious power of the Roman papacy. Thanks to this, Russia was in confrontation not only by the East Asian world, but also by Catholic Western Europe. Orthodoxy was spiritual power, which fastened the Russian principalitys and pushed the Russian people to unite to survive under pressure from both the east and from the West.
It is equally important that the cultural and historical choice of the ancient Russian society of Eastern Christianity as a state, pre-combined religion was dictated not only by the state-political wisdom of Prince Vladimir (and those layers of generic and early refortional society in the eastern Slavs, which he personified and represented In his policy), but also the potential value-semantic and mental "predisposition" of the most ancient language culture of Eastern Slavs, precisely to such a choice.
On the one hand, - its geopolitical and actually geographical position: Finding between the West and East and the associated constant exposure to the cross-influence of various cultures. The maximum military threat for ancient Russia proceeded from the south-east, from the side of the wild nomads-steppes, so the establishment of control over the steppe has become the main national task for Russia, from which its fate as the state and nation depended. In addition, the value orientations of the East Slavic tribes, trade and economic, and later the foreign policy interests of the pagan Russia had the southeastern orientation. Christianity began to penetrate Rus on this path - from the south, from Byzantium, long before it was established in the north.
On the other hand, spiritual and moral continuity with Slavic - paganism. Christianity did not destroy paganism, folded dualsmanship, or Orthodox-pagan syncretism. Mythological worldview continued to live under the cover of Christian rites. The Christianization process touched only by the highest mythology (the pagan gods were ousted by Christian Pantheon and are largely reduced to lower mythology, equalized with the shallow "evil"). The lower mythology, regulating everyday life, remained unchanged and turned out to be inscribed in Christianity as a "unclean strength" concomitant to the Devil. As a result, a kind of "compromise" was achieved between Christianity and paganism, shared "spheres of influence": Higher mythology was subordinated to the Christian religion; Lower mythology remained in paganism. On the walls of the Temples of the Twelvere era, not only the faces of the Saints and Christ, but also pagan symbolism, ornamental patterns - weave - the echoes of the nodular writing of the ancient Slavs. Orthodoxy began to push out an ancient culture and faith of the Slavs not earlier than the XI century.
In addition, typical features of Eastern Christianity - static, ideological invariance, weak adaptability to historical dynamics, traditional (sometimes on archaic, conservatism), the emphasis on collective and universal, ultimate salvation - were also mentally close and eastern-Slavic paganism.
In general, Christianization of Russia at the end of the X century. (under Vladimir I Saint) became a decisive border in the design of ancient Russian culture - with its writing, book, education, with outstanding monuments of architecture and painting, theological, historical and fiction.
Christianity influenced the formation of typological features of the ancient Russian culture, which constitutes elements of the Council: "Ensemble", "choral" beginning and creative collectivism.
In ancient Russian culture, extraval infliction and styles are dominant - genre signs, etiquette, canon, ceremoniality. Repeatability of techniques, borrowing from one product to another, stability of formulas and situations, canonism of idealized heroes and plots, abstraction from specific parts, ornamentality, analogies with the sacred Scriptures - all these methods and techniques (identified as the features of the poetics of the ancient Russian literature Acad. D. with . Likhachev) are designed to demonstrate eternity and invariance (regulativity) of what is happening and depicted. So, the Russian thinker of the beginning of the 20th century Prince E. N. Trubetskoy called the iconography of "tremendous in paints". In his opinion, the ancient Russian iconography is not at all painting as such (at least very archaic), but is a method of philosophizing - through visible images and ideas. Images recreated in old Russian icon, directly express eternity and invariance of the basic principles of the universe, and therefore are more real elements of the world, rather than living, but mortal people contemplating them in the temple or at home. The concerns of the eyes of praying, as well as painters mediated by their work Divine Revelation, to ideal schemes being and visible eternity makes the phenomena of the ancient Russian culture (not only the iconist, but also the corresponding books, temple architecture, Temple Action) timeless, still and reached final perfection objects of creating and sensual experiences.
Moreover, in the literature (and it is also noticeable in icon painting, and in architecture), the present is comprehended through the past; proper and burning is mixed; The narrator seeks to write about everything "as appropriate"; Samples, formulas, analogies, quotes, events, actions, dooms, feelings and speech of acting persons, language is subordinated to the "pre-established" rank "; Etiquette of the world order, behavior etiquette and etiquette verbal merge into a "unified regulatory system", as if pre-installed, standing above the author.
Ancient Russian culture does not know a "single person" and "top of its capabilities"; Therefore, the desire of ancient Russian people to liberation and salvation is not personal, but a collective nature. Calling the names of Andrei Rublev, Feofan Greek, Dionysius, D. S. Likhachev emphasized that their art is primarily the art of tradition (the art of the individual) and only in the second place - the art of an individual creative initiative. The ancient Russian icon painter did not consider himself the creator, the Creator in the full sense of the word. In his own consciousness (and in the minds of others), he felt only the conductor of the Higher Will, humbly performed by the Holy Spirit. It was God that was the author of the "Trinity", but not Andrei Rublev - this idea lived in the artist as herself, of course. The artist consciously and selflessly dissolved in the will of the Almighty.
Thus, religion, being a core of the state and culture in ancient Russia, organized the entire system of the human being: from social to the valuely significant.
Ancient Russia XI-XIV centuries: Kievan Rus, period feudal fragmentation and Tatar-Mongol invasion
Together with Christianity, Russia perceived the tradition of antique, primarily Greek, culture. Higherizing Christianity from Byzantium, Russia, naturally, perceived certain foundations of the culture language. But these foundations were reworked and acquired in Russia specific, deep national forms. As A. S. Pushkin wrote: "We took the Gospel and Tradition from Byzantium." Relying on the age-old traditions of Eastern European art, the Russian masters managed to create their own national art, enrich European culture with new, inherent in Russia forms of temples, peculiar wall paintings and icon painting, which they do not confuse with Byzantine, despite the community of iconography and seemingly intimacy of the visual language.
For the art of the domtomongol pore, one distinguishing feature is characterized - the monumentalism of forms. A special place in it but the architecture is right. Borrowing at the end of the X century. Byzantine architectural forms, Rus quickly and organically, these forms recycled and rethought. Russian architects, despite the fact that at first they really studied by the Byzantines, had their own artistic tastes, were raised in Russian artistic traditions and solved others than in Byzantium, artistic and ideological tasks.
So in the era of Yaroslav Wise Rus experienced - for the first time! - The rapid takeoff of urban planning, which was to have a strong impact on the imagination of Russian people. The architecture of the era of the reign of Yaroslav, as well as the book, was addressed to the future of Russian land. Grand Cathedrals of Yaroslav in Kiev, Novgorod and Chernigov were conceived as the Palladiums of these cities. Sofia Kiev rival with Sofia Constantinople. The idea of \u200b\u200bthis Sofia was also penetrated by the idea of \u200b\u200bRus and Byzantium equality, like the whole policy of the Yaroslav era, based on the desire to create their own, independent centers of books, art, church, independent of the empire. It is not by chance that Sofia in Kiev, the Church of Savior in Chernigov, Sofia in Novgorod remained the largest and luxurious church buildings in these cities throughout the Russian history until the XIX century. Sofia Novgorodsky has never been surpassed in size or in the pomp of the inner decoration, nor in the solemn-monumental forms of architecture.
It is significant that the whole culture of the Yaroslav era, all parties cultural activity The first years of the XI century pass under the sign of the close interpenetration of architecture, painting, politicians, books in the depths of a single monumental style. This is the golden age of the ancient Russian literature, the century, optimistic facing Russian future. Moreover, the building of Sofia in Kiev, Yaroslav "built" Russian Metropolitan, Russian independent church. Calling the newly under construction of the temple with the same name as the main temple of the Greek Church, Yaroslav claimed the equality of the Russian church of Greek. The sizes and magnificence of the decoration of Sofia became direct "naturalistic evidence of the strength and power of the Russian Church, its rights to an independent existence. From here it is clear what important political importance was the construction of the Kiev Sofia - Russian "Metropolis", and after her Sofia Novgorod.
Solemn monumental architecture of Yaroslav time, clear divisibility of architectural whole, the overall cheerfulness of the inner decoration, the abundance of light, a well-thought-out system of visual compositions, closely linked to common architectural forms - all this was a living, the material embodiment of the ideas of the era, wide and far-sighted hopes of the best people of that time On the brilliant future of the Russian people. The identification of the Russian Church with the temple of Sofia Kievov led to the obligatory subordination of the entire architecture of the newly rebuilt temple - the shrines of the Russian Earth - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe independence of the Russian people, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe equality of the Russian people to the people of Greek.
The architecture of the Yaroslav era includes a significant link into a single chain of the ideological relationship of cultural phenomena of the beginning of the XI century. After all, it was Sophia Yaroslav made the center of Russian book. In 1051, Metropolitan Illarion was put here. Murals of Sofia and, in particular, her choirs are a curious comment on the famous "word about the law and grace" of Illarion. To the X and XI centuries, the murals of the temples have developed in the image of the world, world History and the "invisible church." The whole temple was presented as by some microcosm, which combined all the main features of the symbolic Christian-theological structure of the world. This in particular should be said about the temple of Sofia Kiev. The frescoes and mosaics of Sofia embodied the entire divine plan of the world, the entire world history of the human race. In the middle of the century, this story was usually given as the history of the Old and New Testaments. The opposition of the Old and New Testaments is the main topic of Sofia's paintings. It is the original topic and the "Words" of Illarion. The frescoes and mosaic of the Kiev Sofia could clearly illustrate the preaching of Illarion. Thus, Illarion introduced the traditional topics of the mosaic and frescic images of the Kiev Sofia in the overall ideology of his era, forcing the inferior art of Sofia to favor Rus and the Russian state.
The most important feature of this stage is the unity of composite and stylistic principles, regardless of which construction of Russia was conducted in Russia. Monuments of Novgorod, Polotsk, Chernigov, of course, differed from Kiev, but differed only by their individual features. Local architectural schools have not yet existed. The architecture of the Epoch of the Kiev Rus is more or less unfulfilled throughout Russia, since its only art center was Kiev. It is characteristic that even in the second half of the XI century. Monumental construction was still conducted almost exclusively in Kiev. Even in Novgorod, Chernigov and Polotsk at this time, apparently, did not yet have their own architects, and after the construction of the cathedrals of the middle of the XI century. Construction here was interrupted by more than six months. In addition to Kiev, monumental construction turned only in Pereyaslavl, and even then at the very end of the XI century.
Late in Yaroslav Wise and especially after his death, the crushing of Russia begins on small specific principalities with its own table. Strengthening the princely junctions in the XII century. He led to the active extraction of individual lands. In the XII - early XIII century. In different Russian lands arise their art schools: Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galico-Volynskaya, School Polotsk and Smolensk. They add up on the basis of traditions of Kievan Rus, but each introduces something, characteristic only for this land, associated with household peculiarities and artistic achievements, with socio-political and geographical conditions.
The art of Vladimir-Suzdal (Northeast Rusi) and Novgorod-Pskov lands develop peculiarly during this period. So, in the architecture of the Vladimiro-Suzdal principality, a Suzdal style was formed - Beloamennaya architecture (Church of Boris and Gleb in the village of Kideksha, the Church of the Intercession on Nerli, Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals in Vladimir), in Novgorod and Pskov - "Ulyansky" style (temples were created for money "Street", residents of the same street) (saved the transformation in Ilyin Street, Nikola on Lipne, Fedor Stratilat on the rumble, etc.). In the iconopus, Novgorod with its practicing and democratic spirit is a significant combination of pagan and Christian. Here more often depicted Nicolas, Georgii, Elijah, Mills, Flora and Lavr, Paraskeva Friday, Anastasia ("John the Distrownger, St. Georgy and St. Mills", "Savior on the throne", "St. Georgy with Life"), having The folk consciousness is directly related to the go of rural and city life. " So, in particular, Flor and Lavra were worshiped as patrons of horse breeders, Parashen Friday and Anastasia walked by the addresses of trade and marriage, the Great Martyr and the patron saint of Georgy became the patron saint of agriculture and horse breeding, Nikola was treated in all difficult cases. Many saints replaced the former pagan deities. For popular conviction, all these saints could bring concrete benefits.
The offensive of "IHA" in the history of ancient Russia was controversial. First, the neighborhood of nomads, communication skills with them and the processes of cultural interaction between the someden culture of the eastern Slavs and the nomadic culture of the Steppe Turkic peoples created the usual background of the age-old intercultural communication of neighboring peoples. Secondly, nomads have long been perceived as an unpredictable, aggressive and destructive factor of national history, which formed in ancient Russian culture the potential for power containment and resistance of aggression. As a result, the bilateral of sociocultural processes is noticeable. On the one hand, the invasion of nomadic barbarians met from the side and ordinary Russian people, and the princes, and the Christian clergy of fierce resistance, cruelly and mercileously depressed by the conquerors, accompanied by colossal, unprecedented in the history of Russia destruction, the destruction of many cultural values, stopping for many years of stone construction , handicrafts in many sectors of production, threw the culture of ancient Russia for century ago. On the other, more than two-day Igo Horde, patiently demolished by the Russian people and taken by Russian princes, who walked under the auspices of the Hanic authority of personal benefits and intriguing against each other in the struggle for a label on a large-scale table, was the basis on which the future was created Moscow State According to L.N. Gumileva, during the Tatar-Mongolian IGA, not the confrontation of peoples and cultures prevailed, and their alliance that was carrying the military-political, then economic, then cultural and linguistic nature. As you know, the ancient Russian language has absorbed numerous Turkic, Mongolian and even manchuri elements; The nature of Russian has changed national costume largely under the influence of nomad costumes; Many rural technologies and household We have undergone radical changes.
In general, the stage from the Mongol-Tatar invasion approximately until the middle of the XIV century "is characterized by a noticeable decline. various spheres material and spiritual culture; But at the same time, at the end of the HS century, the first signs of the starting rebirth are observed. In Tver, Novgorod, then stone architecture resumes in Moscow, new chronicle centers appear (Moscow, Tver). General geography cultural centers Changes. The former foci of culture - Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov - depart to the background. This is due to a change in the ratio of political forces in Russia, as well as with the defeat of the cities of Mongol-Tatars. The external connections of Russian culture during this period are almost completely interrupted. Only Novgorod and Pskov retain communication with the countries of the West. These two cities own a special place in the history of the Russian Culture of the Kh - XV centuries. Surviving from the Mongol-Tatar pogrom and established political system the feudal republic, they reached the heyday of the economy and culture during this period; Here, the traditions of ancient Russian writing, architecture, painting were preserved and continued; Culture acquired noticeable democratic features. Novgorod and Pskov were the largest centers of the European culture of their time.
Ancient Russia XIV-XVI centuries: Moscow period
From the middle of the XIV to the middle of the XV century - the economic rise of Russia, the strengthening of local state entities, the rise of Moscow, Tver, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod., Ryazan as large and strong economic and political centers. The Kulikovsky battle marks an important stage on the path of the liberation of the country from Iga ingenic invaders and uniting her under the rule of Moscow.
During this period, a risk of Russian culture occurs, and it is characteristic of both the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the Russian Earth, and very significant local features. Andrei Rublev and Feofan Greek, alone, alleeping the Tver Princes "Word Pravas Ink Thoma", the chronicle of Knyazh Mikhail Yaroslavich and the Moscow Letopling, a persistent idea of \u200b\u200bGod-in-law of Moscow and the rights of descendants of Kalita for political primacy in Russian lands , the flourishing of peculiar Novgorod and Pskov architecture - all these and many other phenomena of Russian culture clearly indicate its undoubted rise, and strong local features, as well as the consciousness of the unity of the Russian Earth and in historical, and in modern aspects. And the point is not only that Kievan Rus is honored everywhere with his predecessor, but also that the famous "Zadonshchychina" diverges throughout the Russian land and with it a whole cycle of tales about Mamaev's luck, imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bunity of all Russian people in the fight against hateful enemy.
XIV-XV centuries. - the restoration time and lifting of the culture of Russian lands after the terrible Mongol-Tatar devastation, the beginning of the formation of the culture of Russian (Great Russian) nationality. It was during this period that she enriched in such the largest achievements as Faofan Greek's painting, A. Rublev and Dionysia, which was the vertex of the development of Russian culture and relying on its diverse development.
Feofan Greek introduced Russian masters with Byzantine art, the art of highly professional, and became a huge phenomenon in artistic life Moscow of the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. He was surrounded by local masters, disciples, under the direct leadership of the painter performed the main artwork - the murals of the churches and the termen of the Moscow Kremlin, a number of outstanding iconographic works were created (for example, "Trinity", "Saving a Panthanator"). The ideological basis of the painting of Feofan is the thought of general sinfulness, which is so removed a person from God that he can only expect the arrival of his uncompromising and ruthless suddenness with fear and horror. Face of the Almighty ("Saving a Pantokrator") - the embodiment of unimpressive punitive power. The flowering of icon painting is associated with the name A. Rublev, for which the high spirituality of the images combined with softness, lyricism and poetry is characteristic. So, the temples of Moscow (the cathedrals of the Troitsky Monastery and Andronikov Monastery, the icon "Trinity") are connected with the life and work of Rublev, Zvenigorod (Icons "Zvenigorodsky Nine": "Archangel Mikhail", "Apostle Paul", "Savior"), Vladimir (Icons Assumption Cathedral). In addition, throughout the XV-XVI centuries. There was a high iconostasis with its defined iconography and a composition, complex symbolism, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe hierarchy. The ancient from those who came to us are the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, the painting of which the Feofan Greek was performed, and A. Rublev.
In the second half of the XV century, during the reign of Ivan III, there was a further strengthening of the Russian state. Moscow joined the Principality of Yaroslavl, Rostov, Ryazan, the Novgorod, then Pskov and Mighty Tver Principality, were obeyed. The idea of \u200b\u200b"Moscow - the Third Rome" arises, approved by the continuity of the power of the Grand Duke Moskovsky from the power of the Byzantine emperors.
The center of official culture, including political and religious ideology, philosophy and theology, literature and art, was delivered to the capital city as the embodiment of the official representation of power - social and spiritual. Thus, the representation of Moscow "Third Rome" (and the latter) meant the embodiment of the universal power and the restoration of the global empire (like Roman or Byzantine, but even more majestic and perfect), the national-religious electing, continuity with respect to the two preceding sacred kingdoms and approximately To Christianity on a global scale and apocalypse. The significance of the capital center was confirmed by the spread of its meaning to all state. It is not by chance that at this time foreigners call Rus Muscovy, and Russians - Muscovites (i.e., Muscovites), as if Russia and Moscow is identical.
During this period, the closure of Russian culture created by the Mongol-Tatars, connections with Bulgarian and Serbian cultures are established. By subjected to South Slavic influence, Russian literature, however, maintains its full national character and is noticeably enriched at the expense of this influence and in artistic, and, partly in ideological terms. In the literature, elements of psychologism occur and enhanced. Events and their consequences that have come after the Kulikovskaya victory, stimulate the rise of culture in all respects. Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, where heresses are applied, are in obvious contact with the culture of the West.
The new stage in the historical and cultural process refers to the second half of the XV century. And continues at the beginning of the XVI century. At this time, the Russian lands are associated, the interpenetration of local cultures is increasing. Pskov architects appear in Moscow. The local chief shooting is closely following the events in Moscow. Becoming the state center of the country, Moscow turns into a center of the emerging culture of Russian nationality. The preceding stage of the flourishing of the culture of local centers enriched the culture of the country as a whole, and now it merges in the overall stream, although local traits are still long. It is not surprising if you remember that the "live traces of the previous autonomy" remained in the field of socio-economic and political relations. More expanding and strengthened ties with the countries of the West, but in the way of cultural communication with them the church is getting up with her stubborn struggle against Latin, against the whole new and ingenic. The Russian "Treatment" was not changed by the "revival", and this is due primarily to the peculiarities of the socio-economic basis of a single Russian state that arose and developed on the basis of feudalism and serfdom. The lag and weakness of cities affected especially strongly on the fate of Russian culture. The struggle of progressive and reactionary forces in the historical and cultural process is becoming acute and deployed mainly throughout the XVI century.
At the turn of two epochs was the art of Dionysius; On the one hand, it completed the creative search for artists of the XV century, on the other - the magnificent and intricate painting XVI. century. In painting Dionysius much attention It is paid to external design, attribute, there is no image of suffering. Elegant, written by bright paints icons, luxurious frescoes were the idea of \u200b\u200bthe celebration of a nationwide Russian state under Ivan III. Loving plots Dionysius, his elements were festive paintings of crowded celebrations, themes of glory and magnifies. ("Crucifixion", the cycle of the painting of the Christmas Cathedral of the Ferapontova of the Monastery (a laudatory chant - the main topic of the painting - "The Cathedral of the Virgin", "praise the Virgin", the Pokrov of the Virgin "," Akathist of the Virgin ")).
The effect of art Dionysius affected all XVI century. It affected not only monumental and machine painting, but also miniature, applied art. So, throughout the XVI century, decorativeness, "multipliness" of compositions that appeared in painting of the stroke of the ages are increasingly enhanced. At the same time, all art is regulated with this. The church and the sovereign set the canons of iconography. In order to regulate the art and life of his creators themselves, art workshops are organized. From icon painters and architects required the glorification of Ivan the Terrible and his acts (for example, famous icon "Blessed by the military of the heavenly king", the other name of which "Church of the Militant").
The joining of the principalities under the rule of Moscow laid the end of feudal fragmentation and at the same time cultural extraction. Moscow architecture has been significantly enriched not only at the expense of Vladimir-Suzdal traditions, but also Pskov-Novgorod. So, in particular, "seeking to create a residence, which would correspond to the power and magnificence of his power, Ivan III began to restructure the Kremlin, to the construction of a new Assumption Cathedral, a model of which the Assumption Cathedral was taken in Vladimir, enriched with Renaissance details. He had to become the main temple of the Moscow state and eclipse the magnitude of Novgorod Sophia. Reflection of the Pskov architectural school, one of the best on Russia time, is the church of the risosity, and the Annunciation Cathedral in the Kremlin. Both temples were built by Masters from Pskov. Annunciation Cathedral, the former house of the Church of the Great Princes and directly communicating with palace rest, responds with Russian architectural traditions.
Thus, prevailing at the turn of the XV and XVI centuries. Moscow architecture, undoubtedly, was no longer a local, but a communional phenomenon. The development of this architecture was based on Moscow traditions, but the wide attraction of masters from other Russian lands, as well as the participation of Italian architects (Phiorevanti, Pietro Antonio Salari, Marco Ruffo, and others during the restructuring of the Moscow Kremlin) made the Moscow architecture with a much larger scale. devoid of local limitations.
The ideal is centralized state Device It turned out to be very seductive for literature. During this period, consolidated books are created containing the details regulated norms of state, church, economic and family life. ("Domostroy", "Stoglav", 12-Tomny "Great Mini Chieti", "Facial Chronicles" in 9 volumes, "power book"). All of these large-scale (although somewhat monotonous) works by the ancient Russian verbal culture, and finally established by the end of the XVI century and containing simultaneous features and business written features, practically inseparable from each other, were an array of "official literature", which carried an ideological task for himself The epochs are to correct life, morals, beliefs and faith of subjects on behalf of and on the arbitrariness of a centralized state, to organize and unify them in accordance with state canons. For the first time in the history of Russian culture, there was a nationwide compound phenomenon in relation to literature, religion, political ideology, morality, legal norms, etc. - in fact to the whole culture. In the Moscow kingdom, a lush and pompous style is approved, all the techniques of which formalized and frozen in the form of a rigid canon, called the "second monumentalism".
In connection with the formation of a powerful centralized state, the rapid and vivid growth of community culture, the strengthening of the national self-consciousness appeared tents churches as the type of architectural structure, which was a monument - a monument. Temples completed by the tent, have long been known in the Russian wooden architecture. The design of the tent vert is called "on a wooden case." One of the first and most magnificent brick monument of tents architecture - the church of Ascension in the village of Kolomensky (1530-1532) - was built Vasily III In honor of the birth of the Son, the future king of Ivan the Terrible, in which the tradition of the construction of the temples found its continuation. The most outstanding monument is the church of the Intercession on the Ravy in Moscow on Red Square. This church, better known under the name of the Cathedral of Basil Blessed, was built in 1555-1560. In honor of the capture of Kazan, which happened on the day of the holiday of the post. From the middle of the XVI century. Stone tantle architecture received widespread in Russia.
Thus, the culture of Russia X-XVI centuries. With different kinds of historical cataclys, which have progressively - regressive importance, formed the foundations of Russian mentality, which became the foundation for the development of the culture of Russia.
The XVII century in history is called "rebellious" and characterizes the crisis of state and religious. An active process of the secularization of culture occurs, i.e. Transition from a religious type of culture of ancient Russia to secular.
The culture of the period of Kievan Rus includes a combination of spiritual and material values \u200b\u200baccumulated as a result of the activities of Russian principalities. The greatest development received after baptism. The culture of Kievan Rus is briefly reflected in this article.
Writing
It is known for certain that the writing of Slavs was still in the pre-Christian period. This is evidenced by numerous archaeological excavations. In addition, written evidence appeared in the century. Chernivaris Herbre noted that the Slavs did not have letters for a letter, but they used traits and cuts.
On the widespread spread of writing influenced the creation of Slavic alphabet. This event is associated with the names of monks from Byzantium - Cyril and Methodius. Initially, a verbolian was created, on which many church books were written. At the beginning of the century, Cyrillic appeared as a result of the synthesis of verbs and the Greek letter.
The adoption of Christianity had a great influence on the development of writing. In particular, the fact that worship was allowed to native language.
Literacy was also distributed among the urban population, which the beretta diplomas used in everyday life say.
In connection with the Tatar-Mongol raids, many monuments of early writing were destroyed. The oldest of the preserved is "Ostromiro Gospel". Posted by his deacon Grigory in 1057.
Despite the widespread spread of writing, the centers of the booknity were churches and monasteries. Usually they rewritten existing books and conducted their own chronicle. Since the XI century, libraries were created during monasteries.
Literature
With the adoption of baptism, the culture of Kievan Rus developed a quick rapid pace. Briefly this period can be described as a book. The emergence of writing was the beginning for the formation of literature. Initially, these were translations of Western works, which served as the emergence of their own literary traditions.
The bright representative of this period was Illarion. Metropolitan became the author of the "Words of Law and Grace". This is a political treatise that reveals the problems of Russian reality.
One of the main literary creators was Nestor, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. He became the author of "reading", "Life of Feodosia" and "Tale of Bygone Years". The last work covers numerous events, a political device, relations with other states, religious aspects, as well as the culture of Kievan Rus. Briefly Nestor illuminates economic life and life.
Russian princes were very educated and talented. Vladimir Monomakh was an outstanding creator. "The teaching" became the most important monument of literature of that time.
The central problem in the literature of the period of Kiev Rus was the princely power and life of the state. These and other questions raise Daniel Sharpener in their works.
The culture of medieval Russia has been reflected in the most large-scale and important monument of literature - "Word about the regiment of Igor".
After Bathiyev invasion, many written texts devoted to this event appeared ("the word about the death of the Russian Earth").
Architecture
The development of culture of Kievan Rus served to update the traditions of architecture. Up to the beginning of the XI century, wooden construction flourished. After baptism over it prevailed stone. Architecture developed by analogy with Byzantine.
The first example of monumental architecture was a tenth church in Kiev. Her erection is referred to 989.
The most significant structure of this period is the Sofia Cathedral. Specialists from Constantinople took part in its construction, they helped them Kiev masters.
Most of the preserved buildings of that time are listed in the list. World Heritage UNESCO.
Painting
The culture of Kievan Rus was briefly under the influence of the external influence. Gradually, she gained the features of identity and originality. New species appeared in painting - fresco and mosaic, developed an icon.
Basically, this type of art was used for churches and monasteries. The culture of medieval Russia has not yet included the writing of self-sufficient cloth-paintings.
The first decorations on the walls of the churches of Kiev did the Master of the Greeks. They created complex stories, withsting the interior of the temples in the same style. Special beauty is the frescoes of the Sofia Cathedral.
In the XII century, a secular painting appeared, which portrayed the hunt for great princes, various competitions and festivities, the world of nature.
In Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, for the first time in painting, the peculiarities of local life and activity were noted.
Other art
There were many masters in Russia who were not amenable to external influence. These are specialists of decorative applied crafts. Their work was absolutely distinctive, and strangers could not take eyes from jewelry, dishes, skillful wooden furniture, embroidered with gold fabric.
Culture of ancient Russia (or Culture Medieval Rus ) - Culture of Russia during the old Russian state from the date of its formation to the Tatar-Mongolian invasion.
Writing and enlightenment
The existence of the Eastern Slavs writing in the pre-Christian period is evidenced by numerous written sources and archaeological finds. The creation of Slavic Azbuchi is associated with the names of the Byzantine monks Kirill and Methodius. Cyril in the second half of the 9th century, the verbolic alphabet (verbolitz) was created, at which the first translations of church books for the Slavic population of Moravia and Pannonia were written. At the turn of the 9th centuries, on the territory of the first Bulgarian kingdom, as a result of the synthesis, the Greek elements, which successfully passed the characteristics of Slavic languages, has emerged successfully, which received the name of Cyrillic. In the future, this lighter and convenient alphabet pushed out the verbs and became the only one in the southern and eastern Slavs.
The baptism of Russia contributed to the widespread and rapid development of writing and written culture. It was essential that Christianity was made in his Eastern, Orthodox version, which, unlike Catholicism, worship in national languages. This created favorable conditions for the development of writing in their native language.
The development of writing in his native language led to the fact that the Russian Church from the very beginning did not become a monopolist in the field of literacy and education. The dissemination of literacy among the layers of the urban population is evidenced by the birchy diplomas found during archaeological excavations in Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Torzhok, Stroy Russa, Pskov, Old Ryazan, etc. These are letters, memorable notes, training exercises, etc. The letter was thus used not only to create books, state and legal acts, but also in everyday life. Often there are inscriptions on craft products. Simple citizens left numerous records on the walls of Churches Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Vladimir and other cities. The most ancient in Russia, from the preserved, is so-called. "Novgorod Psaltry" of the first quarter of the XI century.: Wooden plated windows with texts 75 and 76 psalms.
Most of Monuments of writing to the Mongolian period died during numerous fires and ingenic invasions. Only their minor part has been preserved. The oldest of them are "Ostromirovo Gospel", written by Deacon Grigory for Novgorod Postener of Ostromira in 1057, and two "flashers" of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich 1073 and 1076. The high level of professional skill with which these books are met is evidenced by the established production of handwritten books in the first half of the XI century, as well as the skills of the "book structure" established by this time.
Correspondence of books was carried out mainly in monasteries. The situation has changed in the XII century, when the "book descriptors" craft also arose in major cities. This indicates the increasing literacy of the population and the increased needs in books that monastic scribes could not satisfy. Cupresponders of books contained with them many princes, and some of them rewritten books on their own.
At the same time, monasteries and cathedral churches continued to be the main centers of the book, where special workshops were existed with constant teams of correspondencers. They were engaged not only by the replication of books, but also led the chronicle, created original literary works, translated foreign books. One of the leading centers of this activity was the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, which developed a special literary directionwho had a great influence on the literature and culture of ancient Russia. According to the chronicles, already in the XI century, libraries with up to several hundred books were created in Russia during monasteries and cathedral churches.
In need of competent people, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich organized the first schools. Literacy was not the privilege of only the dominant class, it penetrated into the Mountains Wednesday. The letters found in a significant number in Novgorod, written in Bereste (from the XI century), contain correspondence of ordinary citizens; Delivered inscriptions and craft products.
Education is very appreciated in ancient Russian society. In the literature of that time, you can find quite a few paneling books, statements about the benefits of books and "book teachings".
Literature
With the adoption of Christianity, the ancient Russia was introduced to the book culture. The development of Russian writing gradually became the basis for the occurrence of literature and was closely associated with Christianity. Despite the fact that writing was known in the Russian lands and earlier, only after the baptism of Russia, it was widespread. She also received the basis in the form of a developed cultural tradition of Eastern Christianity. Extensive translation literature has become the basis for the formation of a non-compliant tradition.
For the original literature, ancient Russia is characterized by a large ideological saturation and high artistic perfection. Her bright representative was Metropolitan Hilarion, the author of the famous "word about the law and grace", dated middle of the XI century. In this work, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for the unity of Russia is clearly shown. Using the shape of the church preaching, Hilarion created a political treatise, which reflects the reflection of the topical problems of Russian reality. By opposing the "grace" (Christianity) "law" (Judaism), Hilarion rejects the concept of God-in-law characteristic of Judaism and approves the idea of \u200b\u200btransferring heavenly attention and location from one chosen people to all of humanity, equality of all nations.
An outstanding writer and historian was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. His "reading" about the princes Boris and Gleb and a valuable for the history of life "Life Feodosia" have been preserved. "Reading" is written in a somewhat abdicted style, it has enhanced asses and church elements. Approximately 1113 refers outstanding monument Old Russian chronicles - "Tale of Bygone Years", which remained in the composition of later chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries. This work is based on earlier chronicles - historical works dedicated to the past of Russian Earth. The author of the "story", the monk Nestor, managed to live and figuratively talk about the emergence of Russia and tie her story with the history of other countries. The main attention in the "story" is given to the events of political history, the acts of princes and other representatives of the nobility. Economic life And the life of the people is described less detail. It was clearly manifested in the chronicles and the religious worldview of its compiler: the final reason for all events and actions of people he sees in the action of Divine Forces, "Providence". However, the religious discrepancies and references to the will of God often hid a practical approach to reality, the desire to identify real causal relationships between events.
In turn, Feodosia, the igumen of the Pechersk Monastery, also wrote Nestor, belongs to several teachings and messages to Prince Izyaslav.
Vladimir Monomakh was an outstanding writer. His "teaching" drawing perfect image Prince - a fair feudal ruler, touched upon the pressing questions of modernity: the need for a strong princely power, unity in the reflection of nomadic raids, etc. "Weaching" is a work of a secular character. It is imbued with the immediacy of human experiences, alienly distracting and filled with real images and examples taken from life.
The question of the princely power in the life of the state, about its responsibilities and methods of implementation becomes one of the central in the literature. There is a thought about the need for strong power as the conditions for successful combating external enemies and overcoming the internal contradictions. These reflections are embodied in one of the most talented works of the XII-XIII centuries, which has come down to us in two main editions of the "Word" and "Prayer" of Daniel Sharpet. A convinced supporter of a strong princely power, Daniel with humor and sarcasm writes about his surrounding sad reality.
A special place in the literature of ancient Russia occupies the "Word about the regiment of Igor", dating from the end of the XII century. It tells about the unsuccessful campaign in the Polovtsy in 1185 Novgorod-Severskiy Prince Igor Svyatoslavich. The description of this hike serves as the author only the reason for thinking about the fate of the Russian land. The reasons for lesions in the fight against nomads, the causes of the disasters of Russia, the author sees in the princely crossburses, in the egoistic policy of princes, thirsty of personal glory. Central in "Word" is the image of the Russian Earth. The author belonged to the druzenny environment. He constantly enjoyed her the concepts of "honor" and "glory", but filled them with a wider, patriotic content. In the "Word about the regiment of Igor" embodied specific traits Old Russian literature of the time: livelihood with historical reality, citizenship and patriotism.
Batual invasion was provided to the Russian culture. The first work dedicated to invasion is "the Word about the killed Russian land." This word It came to us not completely. Also, Batiow invasion is devoted to the "Tale of Ryazan Batym" - component The cycle of the "miraculous" icon of Nikola Zaraasky.
Architecture
Until the end of the century, there was no monumental stone architecture in Russia, but there were rich traditions of wooden construction, some forms of which were influenced by stone architecture. Significant skills in the field of wooden architecture led to the rapid development of stone architecture and its originality. After the adoption of Christianity, the construction of stone temples begins, the principles of the construction of which were borrowed from Byzantium. Visited in Kiev Byzantine architects passed to Russian masters extensive experience in the construction culture of Byzantium.
The large churches of Kievan Rus, built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of Kievan Rus was established under the influence of Byzantine. Early Orthodox Churches were mainly made of wood.
The Town Church in Kiev, the construction of which belongs to 989 was the first stone church of Kievan Rusi. The church was built as a cathedral near the princely terme. In the first half of the XII century. The church suffered a significant repair. At that time, the south-western corner of the temple was completely rebuilt, a powerful pylon appeared in front of the Western facade. These events were most likely to restore the temple after a partial collapse due to the earthquake.
Sofia Cathedral in Kiev, built in the XI, century is one of the most significant architectural structures of this period. Initially, the Sophia Cathedral was a five-foot crusade of the dome temple with 13 chapters. From three sides, he was surrounded by a bunk gallery, and outside - even wider one-tier. The cathedral was built by Constantinople builders, with the participation of Kiev masters. At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries, it was externally rebuilt in the style of Ukrainian baroque. The temple is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Painting
After the baptism of Rus from Byzantium, new species came monumental painting - Mosaic and fresco, as well as steel painting (iconography). Also from Byzantium, the iconographic canon was taken, the invariance of which was strictly protected by the Church. It predetermined a longer and stable Byzantine influence in painting, rather than in architecture.
The earliest of the preserved works of the Old Russian painting were created in Kiev. According to the annals, the first temples decorated the visitors of the Master-Greeks, who added the system of plots in the interior of the temple in the interior of the temple, as well as the Maneru of the Planny Letter. Mosaic and frescoes of the Sofia Cathedral are known for its special beauty. They are made in a strict and solemn manner characteristic of the Byzantine monumental painting. Their creators of masterfully used the variety of shades of the smalt, skillfully combined the mosaic with the fresco. From the mosaic works are particularly significant images of Christ the Almighty in the central dome. All images are permeated with the idea of \u200b\u200bgreatness, celebrations and inviolability. orthodox church and earthly power.
Another unique monument of the secular painting of ancient Russia is the murals of the walls of the two towers of the Kiev Sophia. They depict the scenes of the princely hunting, circus, musicians, crumbs, acrobats, fantastic animals and birds, which is somewhat distinguished by them from ordinary church paintings. Among the frescoes of Sofia - two group portraits of the Yaroslav Wise family.
In the XII-XIII centuries, local peculiarities began to appear in the painting of individual cultural centers. This is typical for the Novgorod Land and Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Since the XII century, a specific Novgorod style of monumental painting is formed, which reaches a more complete expression in the murals of Churches, George in Old Ladog, Annunciation in Arkazhi and especially Savior-Nerebye. In these fresco cycles, unlike Kiev, noticeably desire to simplify artistic techniques, to an expressive interpretation of iconographic types. In the easel painting, Novgorod features were weaker than.
In Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, the Mongolian period survived fragments of the frescoes of Dmitrievsky and the Assumption Cathedrals in Vladimir and the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksh, as well as several icons. Based on this material, the researchers consider it possible to talk about the gradual formation of the Vladimir-Suzdal School of Painting. The most preserved the fresco of the Dmitrievsky Cathedral with the image of a terrible court. It was created by two masters - Greek and Russian. Vladimir-Suzdal school includes several large icons of the XII - early XIII centuries. The earliest of them is the "Bogolyubskaya Our Lady", dated mid-century, stylistically close to the famous " Vladimir Mother of God", Which has the Byzantine origin.
Folklore
Written sources indicate the wealth and diversity of the folklore of ancient Russia. Significant place in it occupied calendar ritual poetry: Conspiracies, spells, songs that were an integral part of the agricultural cult. The ritual folklore also included pre-wedding songs, funeral crying, songs on pears and triction. Mythological legends, reflecting the pagan views of the ancient Slavs, received widespread. For many years, the Church, seeking to eradicate the remnants of paganism, led a stubborn struggle with the "grinding" customs, "demonic playing" and "blasphemes". However, these types of folklore are preserved in national Bytu. Up until the 19th centuries, having lost their initial religious sense over time, the rites also turned into folk games.
There were also such forms of folklore that were not associated with a pagan cult. These include proverbs, sayings, riddles, fairy tales, labor songs. The authors of literary works widely used them in their work. Written monuments retained numerous legends and legends about the genericants of tribes and princely dynasties, about the founders of cities, to combat alien. So, the folk tales of the events of the II-VI centuries were reflected in the "Word about the regiment of Igor".
In the 9th century, a new epic genre - Heroic epic epic, which has become the vertex of oral folk creativity and the consequence of the growth of popular self-consciousness. The epics are oral poetic works about the past. The basic historical events, the prototypes of some epic heroes, were the basis of the prototypes of some epic heroes. So, the prototype of the epic Dobryni Nikitich was uncle Vladimir Svyatoslavich - Voevod Dobrynya, whose name is repeatedly mentioned in the ancient Russian annals.
In turn, in a military estate, in the Princely Druzhinny Environment, there was its oral poetry. The princes and their feats were glorified in the squad songs. In the princely squads there were their "songcomers" - professionals who have made songs - "Glory" in honor of the princes and their warriors.
Folklore continued to develop and after the spread of written literature, remaining an important element of ancient Russian culture. In subsequent centuries, many writers and poets used the plots of oral poetry and arsenal her artistic means and techniques. Also in Russia, the art of the game on the festards, the birthplace of which she is also widespread.
Decorative-applied crafts
Kievan Rus was famous for his masters in applied, decorative arts, which perfectly owned various technicians: Scan, enamel, grain, a mobile on what the jewelry decorations testify. It was by chance that the admiration of foreign arts of our craftsmen. L. Lyubimov in his book "The Art of Ancient Russia" cites a description of star silver choles from the Tver Place of the XI-XII centuries: "Six silver cones with balls are soldered to a ring with a semicircular shield. On each cone is atocating 5000 tiny rings with a diameter of 0.06 cm from wire 0.02 cm thick! Only micrographs allowed to establish these sizes. But that's not all. The rings are only a pedestal for the grain, so that every low silver grain with a diameter of 0.04 cm! ". Jewelry decorated with a sefoded enamel. Masters used bright colors, skillfully pick up colors. In the drawings, mythological pagan plots and images were traced, which were especially used in applied art. They can be seen on carved wooden furniture, homemade utensils embroidered with gold fabrics, in carved bone products, known in Western Europe called "Tavrov Carving", "Rubes".
clothing
Modern researchers have numerous testimonies on how the princes and boyars were delighted. The verbal descriptions are preserved, images on icons, frescoes and miniatures, as well as fragments of tissues from sarcophagus. These materials, various researchers in their work compared with mentions of clothing in written documentary and narrative sources - chronicles, lives and various types of acts.
Consider the culture of any state, country or empire, even at a particular period of time it is quite difficult, because In itself, the word culture is extremely capacious and includes a number of classes. Today we will briefly talk about the culture of ancient Russia, alternately discussed the development of writing and enlightenment, a few words will tell about the development of literature, architecture, painting, folklore and decorative applied crafts.
Writing
Such names are known to everyone and everyone. It is with them who scientists and historians associate the emergence of writing in the pre-Christian period. It was Cyril in the second half of the 9th century that the famous verbs was created, which was formed for the most part of the translations of church books. The dissemination and development of writing primarily contributed to the baptism of Russia. Despite the fact that writing began to be used not only in the chronicles or when rewrittening church books, but also in everyday life, the correspondence of books was still carried out only in the monasteries. Literature. Of course, after the adoption of Christianity and push in the development of writing, the literature began to actively develop in ancient Russia. The feature of the literature in Russia is a huge ideological saturation and magnificent artistic perfection. One of brightest representatives He was Metropolitan Hilarion, who became the author of the world famous work "Words about the Law and Grace", which dated the XI century. The peculiarity of the work is that it was here that the author's thought was made for the first time regarding the need to unite Russia.
Architecture
Stone architecture in ancient Russia developed quite peculiar, because Construction, up to the end of the X century was exclusively from. However, the huge knowledge and skills of people in the construction of wooden buildings served jolts for the development of stone architecture. Architecture developed very quickly, but peculiar, because The masters initially tried to transfer their experience in the construction of a tree to a stone. Later, the principles of the construction of temples were borrowed from Byzantium. The first stone church was the famous Tenty Church, which was built in Kiev in 989.
Painting
The baptism once again served to develop painting, thanks to which new monumental elements came, such as mosaic and fresco. Also, striking painting was essential (Iconiste). Here, as in the case of architecture, the experience was taught from Byzantium.
Folklore
Conspuses, spells, folk songs for a huge amount of time were an integral part of Russian culture. Folklore played a huge role in the life of most ordinary people, so it included both pre-wedding songs, and funeral crying, as well as songs on peaks and trials. but folk Folklore It was one of the few elements of culture, which, after the adoption of Christianity was decadent. It was due to the fact that the church was actively fought with, counting the majority of folk songs and believe the manifestation of faith in many gods.
Decorative and applied crafts
Kievan Rus throughout the entire period of its existence was famous for masters and craftsmen for all hands. They perfectly owned a mobile, scan and enamel. There are numerous preserved decorations in jewelry art. No wonder, aliens at all times were sincerely surprised and amazed by the creations of our masters. It is in the field of decorative and applied crafts that foreign tribes and state borrowed the skills of the inhabitants of ancient Russia.