An important role in the history of one city is playing. Analysis of the "Stories of one city" Saltykov-Shchedrin, the main idea and the topic of the work

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe book was formed at Saltykov-Shchedrin gradually, for several years. In 1867, the writer composed and put a new fabulous fantastic fantastic "story about the governor with stuffed head" to the public (he lays the basis of the head called "Organic"). In 1868 the author began working on a full-scale novel. This process took a little over a year (1869-1870). Initially, the work was entitled "The Silver Chronicler". The name "The Story of One City", which became the final option, appeared later. Literary work was published in parts in the journal " Domestic notes».

Book Saltykov-Shchedrin Some people in inexperience consider a story or a fairy tale, but it is not. Such bulk literature cannot claim the title of small prose. The genre of the work of the "History of one city" is largely called " satyrian novel" It is a kind of chronological review of the fool's fucked town. The fate of him was recorded in the chronicles, which the author finds and makes it, accompanying their own comments.

Also, such terms such as "political pamphlet" and "satirical chronicle" can also be applied, but it only imagined some features of these genres, and not their "purebred" literary incarnation.

What is the work?

The writer allegorically conveyed the history of Russia, which was critically assessed. He called the inhabitants of the Russian Empire. They are residents of the same city of the same name, the life of which is described in the "silly chronicle." This ethnic has occurred from the ancient people called "Golostyapy". For their ignorance they were renamed appropriate.

The gangs were hostile with neighboring tribes, as well as among themselves. And here is the charter from quarrels and unrest, they decided to find a ruler who would arrange order. Three years later, they found a suitable prince, who agreed to rule them. Together with the acquired power, people founded the city of stupid. So the writer marked the formation Ancient Russia And the calling of Rurik to the reign.

At first, the ruler sent them a governor, but he was defeated, and then he arrived independently and brought hard orders. So Saltykov-Shchedrin represented a period of feudal fragmentation in medieval Russia.

Further, the writer interrupts the story and lists the biographies of the famous city units, each of which is a separate and complete history. The first was the Dementy Varlamovich Brudatsky, in whose head the organizing was located, which was playing only two compositions: "Will not tolerate!" And "Run!". Then he broke his head, and the invalid was not possible - the troubled, which came after the death of Ivan Grozny. It was his author who was portrayed in the image of Brudast. Next, the same twin impostors appeared, but they were soon removed - this appearance of Falsitria and his followers.

Anarchy reigned for a week, for her, for her, six city counters were replaced. This is the era of palace coups, when some women and intrigue ruled in the Russian Empire.

Semyon Konstantinovich Breakov, who established medical care and brewing, most likely, is the prototype of Peter the first, at least this assumption is contrary to the historical chronology. But reformed activity And the ruler's iron hand is very similar to the characteristics of the emperor.

The bosses were replaced, their self-conception grew proportional to the degree of absurdity in the work. Frankly insane reforms or a hopeless stagnation roeted the country, the people rolled into poverty and ignorance, and the top sawing, it fought, then hunted the female sex. The alternation of incessant errors and lesions led to the terrifying consequences, satirically described by the author. In the end, the last ruler of Ugryum-burver dies, and after his death, the narrative is broken, and because of open Final Walk hope for changes for the better.

Also, Nestor described the history of Russia in the "Tale of Bygone Years". This parallel holds the author specifically to hint, whom he implies under the silica, and who are all these townsks: Flight Flights or Real Russian rulers? The writer clearly makes it clear that it describes not all the human genus, namely Russia and its viciousness, reinpecifying her fate on his way.

The composition is built in the chronological sequence, in the work of a classic linear story, but each chapter is a container of a full-fledged plot where there is its heroes, events and results.

City description

Fools are located in the distant province, we learn about it when the head of the Brudastoy will deteriorate on the road. This is a small town, county, because two impostors come to take away from the province, that is, the town is only a small part of it. There is not even an academy in it, through the efforts of the bobbin, medical examination and brewing flourishes. He is divided into "Slobodi": "Pushkarskaya Sloboda, for her Sobody Bolotnaya and a Betchometric". There is agriculture developed there, since the drought, which has fallen from the sins of the next chief, is strongly touched by the interests of the inhabitants, they are even ready to go to the riot. With across the scum, crops are increasing, which is immensely pleased with the silly. "The history of one city" is a shot of dramatic events, the cause of which is the agricultural crisis.

Gulm-burver fought with the river, what we conclude from what we conclude that the county is on the shore, in a hilly terrain, as the Grador will lead the people in search of plains. The main place in this region is the bell tower: non-annual citizens are discarded.

main characters

1. Prince is a foreign ruler, agreed to take power over the fools. He is cruel and not far away, because he sent stolen and worthless governors, and after led by one phrase alone: \u200b\u200b"Standard". The history of one city and characteristics of heroes began with it.
2. Dementy Varlamovich Brudy - closed, sullen, silent owner of the head with an organizer, which loses two phrases: "Will not suffer!" And "Run!". His apparatus for making decisions was dumped on the road, he could not fix it, so they sent for a new one to St. Petersburg, but the good head was detained and did not come. Prim of Ivan the Terrible.
3. Iraida Lukinichna Paleologov is the wife of a city holder who ruled over the city. The hint of Sophia Paleologist, the second wife Ivan IIII, grandmother Ivan the Terrible.
4. Clemantinka de Bourbon is the mother of the city holder, she also had a chance to edit one day.
5. Amalia Karlovna Shtokfish - Pompadurcha, who also wanted to linger in power. German names And the names of women - a humorous view of the author on the era of German favoritism, as well as a number of crowned persons of foreign origin: Anna Joanovna, Catherine Second, etc.
6. Semyon Konstantinovich Ferekurov - Reformer and Educator: "He introduced medical care and brewing and made mandatory consumption of mustard and lavra leaf. He also wanted to open the Academy of Sciences, but did not have time to complete the started transformations.
7. Petr Petrovich Fddyshchenko (parody of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanova) - a cowardly, a slightly accrastful, loving politician, in which in silly 6 years there was order, but then he fell in love with a married woman Alena and exiled her husband to Siberia so that she would give him to the onions. The woman succumbed to, but fate hit the people drought, and people began to die from hunger. The rebellion happened (meaning the salt rue of 1648), as a result of which the mistress of the ruler died, they were dropped from the bell tower. Then the dargent complained to the capital, he was sent to the soldiers. The uprising was suppressed, and he found himself a new passion, because of which disasters had occurred - fires. But they coped with them, and he, having gone on a journey in silly, died of overeating. Obviously, the hero did not know how to restrain his desires and fell their bright victim.
8. Vasilisk Semenovich Barodavkin - a moor of the bobbin, put on the reform with fire and sword. Decisive, likes to plan and establish. He studied, in contrast to colleagues, the story of silly. However, he himself was not accustomed: established a military campaign to his own people, in the dark "their beat with their". Then he had a bad conversion in the army, replacing the soldiers on tin copies. His battles brought the city to complete exhaustion. After him, the looting and ruin completed the villains.
9. Cherkchechenin Mikeladze - a passionate hunter for the female sex, was engaged only by the fact that he satisfied his rich personal life at the expense of the official position.
10. Feofilakt Irinarhovich Benevolensky (parody of Alexander the first) - a friend of the Speransky (famous reformer) for the university, who composed laws at night and scattered them in the city. He loved to be clever and dust into his eyes, but did not make anything useful. Dismissed for state treason (relationship with Napoleon).
11. Lieutenant colonel pimple - the owner stuffed with the truffles of the head, which he ate in the hungry impulse of the nobility. With it there was a flourishing agricultureSince he did not intervene in the life of the wards and did not interfere with it.
12. Stat adviser Ivanov - an official from St. Petersburg, who "turned out to be so small that he could not hold anything extensive" and burst from Natuchi to comprehend another thought.
13. Emigrant Viscount de Sharicio is a foreigner who instead of work only having fun and rolled up balls. Soon after idleness and waste was expelled abroad. Later it turned out that he was female.
14. Erast Andreevich Grustilov - an amateur to worship for the state account. Under it, the population ceased to work in the fields and became interested in paganism. But the wife of the pharmacist Pfefefefe came to the Gradnik and imposed him new religious views, he began to organize readings and confessional disassembly instead of the feasts, and having learned about it, the highest boss was deprived of his post.
15. Gulm-burver (parody of Arakcheev, Military official) - a soldier, which was planted to give a barre room and order to the whole city. He despised education and culture, but he wanted all citizens to have identical homes and families on uniform streets. The official destroyed all the stupid, moved him to the nisin, but then it happened natural cataclysmAnd the official claimed the storm.

This list of heroes ends. Graduals in the novel Saltykov-Shchedrin are people who are not able to control at least anything settlement And be the personification of power. All their actions are completely fantastic, meaningless and often contradict one other. One ruler builds, the other destroys everything. One comes to the place of another, but in people's Life nothing changes. There are no significant changes or improvements. Political figures in the "Stories of one city" have common features - Samodogrya, pronounced vanity, globalism, greed, stupidity and despotism. The externally, the same characters retain the usual human appearance, while the inner content of the personality is in charge of the thirst for the suppression and oppression of the people with the purpose of profit.

Topics

• Power. This is the main topic of the work of the "Story of one city", which is revealed in a new way in each chapter. Mainly, it seems through the prism of the satirical image of the modern Saltykov-generin of the political structure of Russia. Satira here is aimed at two sides of life - to show how destroying autocracy and identify the passivity of the masses. In relation to autocracy, she wears a complete and merciless negation, then in relation to ordinary people, her goal was to correct the morals and enlightenment of the minds.
• War. The author focused on the disadvantage of bloodshed, which only ruins the city and kills people.
• Religion and fanaticism. The writer ironizes about the readiness of the people to believe any impostor and in any idols, just to shift responsibility for their lives.
• Ignorance. The people are not educated and is not developed, so the rulers manipulate them as they want. Life is silly not becoming better not only by the fault of political figures, but also because of the unwillingness of people to develop and learn to master new skills. For example, none of the reforms did not fit the reforms, although many of them carried a positive result to enrich the city.
• Servility. The fools are ready to endure any arbitrariness, if only there was no hunger.

Problems

• Of course, the author affects the issues related to the management of the state. The main problem in the novel is the imperfection of power and its political techniques. In silly rulers, they are the same glands, one by one is replaced. But at the same time they do not bring something new to the life of the people and the city's device. Their obligations include concern only about their well-being, the interests of the residents of the county of the city holders do not worry.
• Personnel question. To the position of the management office of some kind of appointment: all candidates are vicious and not adapted to a disinterested service in the name of the idea, and not for the sake of profit. Responsibility and desire to eliminate pressing problems and alien to them. This happens because society is initially unjustly divided into castes, and none of ordinary people can't take important post. The ruling elite, feeling the lack of competition, lives in the idleness of the mind and body and does not work for conscience, but simply squeezes everything that he can give.
• Ignorance. Politicians do not understand the problems of ordinary mortals, and even if they want to help, they cannot do it right. There are no people from the people in power, there is a deaf wall between the estates, so even the most humane officials are powerless. "The history of one city" is only the reflection of the real problems of the Russian Empire, where there were talented rulers, but they were not possible due to the conclusion from the subjects to landscaping their lives.
• Inequality. The people defenseless before the arbitrariness of the managers. For example, Muga Alena is a lovelist without guilt to the link, abusing its position. And the woman is surrender, as it does not even count on justice.
• A responsibility. For their destructive acts, officials are not punished, and their receivers feel safe: no matter what you do, nothing serious for it will be. Just removed from office, and then in extreme cases.
• Genuing. People are great power, there is no sense in it, if he agrees to blindly obey the authorities. He does not defend his rights, he does not protect his people, in fact, turns into an inert mass and in his own will deprive himself and their children of a happy and fair future.
• Fanaticism. In the novel, the author shakes attention on the topic of excessive religious zeal, which does not enlighten, and blinds people, condemning them on the fellowship.
• Casnokratism. All the prince's governors turned out to be thieves, that is, the system was so much so, which allows its elements to turn any fraud with impunity.

the main idea

The author's plan consists in the image of a state system, in which society is reconciled with its forever depressed position and believes that it is in the order of things. In the face of society, the people (silly), the "oppressor", are the city leaders, who replace each other with an enviable speed, while doing so much to ruin, destroy their possessions. Saltykov-Shchedrin ironically notices that the inhabitants drive the power of "bosses", and without the ruler, they immediately fall into anarchy. Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work of the "History of one city" is the desire to show the history of the Russian society from the side, as people for many years have transferred all the responsibility for the device of their well-being on the shoulders of the monarch revealed and invariably cheated, because one person cannot change the whole country. Changes cannot come from the outside until the people are ruled by the consciousness that autocracy is the highest order. People must realize their personal responsibility in front of the homeland and to procate their happiness themselves, but tyranny does not allow them to show themselves, and they are hard to support her, because it is still not necessary to do anything.

Despite the satirical and ironic basis of the narrative, it contains a very important essence. In the work of the "History of one city", the meaning is to show that only in the presence of a free and critical vision of power and its not imperfections are possible to change for the better. If society lives according to the rules of blind humility, then the oppression is inevitable. The author does not call for the uprisings and to the revolution, there are no Yarh Buntov wines in the text, but the essence of one - without a public awareness of his role and liability there is no way to change.

The writer does not just criticize the monarchist system, he offers an alternative, speaking against censorship and risking his state position, because the publication of "history ..." could lead to him not only resignation, but also imprisonment. He is not just saying, and his actions calls on society not to be afraid of power and openly talk to her about sore. The main idea of \u200b\u200bSaltykov-Shchedrin is to instill with people freedom of thought and the words so that they can improve their lives themselves, without waiting for the grace of urchites. He raises an active civil position in the reader.

Artistic means

The peculiarity of the narrative betrays the peculiar interlacing of the world of fantastic and real, where the fantastic grotesque and the publicistic heat of topical and real problems are adjacent. Unusual and incredible incidents and events emphasize the absurdity of the reality depicted. The author of the master uses such artistic techniqueslike grotesque and hyperbole. In the life of the silly, everything is incredibly exaggerated, funny. For example, the vices of the city holders have grown to colossal scale, they intentionally derived beyond reality. The writer thickens paints in order to eradicate actually existing problems through ridiculous and public rules. The irony is also one of the means of expressing the author's position and its relationship to what is happening in the country. People love to laugh, and serious topics are better presenting in humorous style, otherwise the work will not find its reader. Roman Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Story of One City" is primarily funny, so he used and enjoys popularity. At the same time, he ruthlessly truthful, he hurts on top-of-day issues, but the reader has already swallowed the bait in the form of humor and cannot break away from the book.

What does the book learn?

The silicians who personify the people are in a state of unconscious worship of power. They are unquestioned unquestioned by Caprises of autocracy, absurd orders and the saming of the ruler. At the same time, they fear and reverence before the patron. The authorities in the face of the city holders use their tool for full force, not believing with the opinion and interests of citizens. Therefore, Saltykov-Shchedrin points out that simple people and his leader are standing by each other, because while the society does not "shoot" to higher standards and will not learn to defend its rights, the state will not change: it will meet the primitive demand for a cruel and unfair proposal.

The symbolic ending of the "History of one city", in which the despotic township dies, the spruce - burder, is designed to leave the message that the Russian autocracy has no future. But no certainty, constancy in the issues of power. There remains only a tiral taste of tyranny, followed by something new.

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1. Conversation on issues.

- What are your feelings, impressions after the first reading of the chapter?

- What I wanted to say Saltykov-Shchedrin, painting legendary story Stupid?

- What parallels with modernity can you spend?

We already found out that satire is directed to public system. But what exactly in this public stricture Is this chapter? In this, our researchers were trying to figure out, relying on the already studied Bass Krylov "Frogs, asking the king", excerpt from the II head of the "history of the Russian state" Karamzin, the preface of the "Russian chronicle for the initial reading" of Professor Solovyov and the book V. I. Daly Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people. "

"A satirical image appears in the work when the satire object is aware of the author as an irreconcilable opposite ideal with him in antagonistic relationships. F. Schiller wrote that "in satire reality, as a certain imperfection, is opposed to the ideal as the highest reality." Satira is aimed at those phenomena that actively impede the establishment or being of the ideal, and sometimes directly dangerous for its existence, "writes A. B. Esin in the book" Principles and Taking Analysis literary work"(M.: Flint; Science, 2002, p. 68).

From this the second question follows: What is the ideal of the author, if it is the opposite of the Satira object?

So, the question is two:

1) What is the Saltykov-Shchedrin Satira object in the named chapter?

2. Training Analysis of the Episode

1) Analysis work plan:

Set the borders of the episode

Determine the main content and what characters are involved there

Trace the change of moods, feelings, motivation of actions

Consider composite features Episode

Mark artistic means

Show the role of an episode in the work

As common ideological meaning Works affect the episode?

2) Determination of the concept of "episode"

The episode is one or another completed and independent part of the literary work, which depicts the completed event or important moment In the fate of the character

Episode - part artistic workhaving relative finishes and providing a separate moment of the development of the topic

3) The role of the episode in the text:

What features of the episode can be in the text? (Character - episode reveals the character of the hero; psychological - independent state; swivel; Evaluation - the author gives an assessment of the character or events)

4) Episode as part of the plot

Name the story elements (exposure, tie, development, climax, falling, decline, epilogue)

Increased elements - landscape, portrait, interior, author's retreats, plug-in episodes

What element of the plot includes this episode?

5) Episode place:

Why is this episode located here? What episodes go before and after? What is the connection with them?

What topics, ideas, problems are reflected in this episode?

6) alignment of characters

7) Subject world

9) narration

Whose person is the story? Why?

10) Speech Organization and Language Means

"The history of one city" Saltykov-Shchedrin

"The history of one city" Analysis of the work is the topic, idea, genre, plot, composition, heroes, problems and other issues are disclosed in this article.

"The history of one city" is one of central works Creativity M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. It was published in the "Domestic Notes" magazine in 1869-1870 and caused a wide public resonance. The main means of satirically inflicting reality in the work are grotesque and hyperbole. In the genre attitude, it is stylized under the historical chronicle. The image of the author-narrator is named in it "the last archivius-chronicle".

After the name there is a sequence: "According to genuine documents, M.E. Saltykov / Shchedrin / ". She then; Ke is designed to create the illusion of reliability.

With a thin irony writes M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin on how the faces of these city holders change with a change in one or another historical era: "So, for example, the greardists of the time of the Biron are distinguished by the recklessness, the Graduals of the time of Potemkin - managers, and the urchites of the times of the Razumovsky - unknown origin and the Knight's courage. All of them sem in the ordinary, but the first ses are absolutely, the second explains the reasons for their administration with the requirements of civilization, the third wish, so that the people in all revealed on their courage. " Thus, from the very beginning, hierarchy is built and emphasized: the highest spheres - local government - man in the streets. On their destiny, the mirror displays what is happening in the power regions: "In the first case, the ordinary people fluttered unconsciously, in the second - trembled with the consciousness of their own benefits, in the third - towering to the thrill, fulfilled confidence.

The author emphasizes that the appearance of the chronicler is the most real, which does not allow for a minute to doubt its authenticity. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin clearly indicates the boundaries of the period under consideration: from 1931 to 1825. The work includes "Appeal to the reader from the last archivist-chronicle." To give a documentary of this fragment of the narrative, the author places after the name of the footnote that the appeal is transmitted exactly by the words of the chronicler. The publisher allowed himself only the spelling editing of the text in order to edit separate liberties in writing words. The appeal begins with a conversation with the reader about whether there will be worthy rulers and bosses in the history of our country: "There are no nerves in any country, and Caligules, the valor shining, and only in themselves do not do it?" The all-knowing publisher complements this quote by reference to the poem of G. Derzhavina: "Caligula! Your horse in the Senate could not shine, shining in the Zlata: Shiny Good Deeds! " This supplement puts the goal to emphasize the value scale: it shines not zlatto, but good deeds. Zlatto in this case acts as a symbol of compassion, and good deeds are proclaimed true value World.

Next, the work should argument about a person in general. The chronicler encourages the reader to take a look at his own person and decide what is more important in it: head or belly. And then judge the power of having. Analyzing the memory of the people about the urban chapters and benefactors, the chronicler with a subtle irony notes: "You don't know what to more Slavor: the power of whether, in moderation, daring, or this grapes, is somewhat due to?"

At the end of the appeal, silly compares with Rome, it again emphasizes that we are talking Not about some particular city, but about the model of society in general. Thus, the city of silly is a grotesque image of not only the whole of Russia, but also of all power structures on a global scale, because Rome since sincerversion is associated with the city imperial, the same function embodies the mention of Roman emperors of Nero (37-68) and Caligules (12- 41) in the text of the work. In the same way, to expand the information field of the narration is mentioned in the work of the surname of Kostomarov, Pyptin and Solovyov. Contemporaries represented about what glances and positions are in question. N.I. Kostomarov - the famous Russian historian, researcher of the socio-political and economic history of Russia and Ukraine, the Ukrainian poet and the Belletrist. A.N. Pyptin (1833-1904) - Russian literary critic, Ethnographer, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, cousin N.G. Chernyshevsky. B.C. Solovyov (1853-1900) - Russian philosopher, poet, publicist, literary critic end XIX. - The beginning of the 20th century.

Next, the chronicler refers to the effect of the narrative to the era of the existence of tribal internecasters. At the same time, M.E. Saltykov-generin uses his favorite composite reception: The fabulous context matches with the pages of the real russian history. All this creates a system of witty subtle hints, understandable to the sophisticated reader.

Inventing fabulous tribes funny names, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin immediately reveals their allegorical meaning in front of the reader, when representatives of the breeding tribe begin to call each other by name (Ivashka, Peter). It becomes clear that it is about Russian history.

They decided to find themselves the prince, and since the people themselves are stupid, then the ruler is looking for no lover. Finally, one (third in a row, as is customary in Russian folk fairy tales) "Princely Lightness" agreed to own this nation. But with the condition. "And you will pay me by Dani Many," the prince continued, "who will bring a sheep bright, write a sheep on me, and leave you brightly; Whoever strikes will happen, that sprinkle it lastwhelter: I give one part, I myself, the other, the third again, and leave myself the fourth. When I go to war - and you go! And to other things, you do not have anything about what! " From such speeches, even unreasonable gangs poured heads.

In this scene, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin convincingly shows that any power is based on the humility of the people and brings him more troubles and problems than actual assistance and support. It is not by chance that the prince assigns a new title to the gaps: "And how they did not know how to live in your will, and they themselves, stupid, wished themselves the cable, then you are not called you not to gaps, but stupid."

Estimation of deceived gaps are expressed in folklore. It is symbolic that one of them on the way home sings the song "Not Shumi, Mati Green Dubpara!".

One after another sends the prince of his thieves governors. Satirical inventory of the city holders gives them an eloquent characteristic, testifying to their business qualities.

Clementy received proper ranks for a skillful thickening macaroni. Lamvrokanis traded Greek soap, gubfon and nuts. Marquis de Sangtle loved to sing obscene songs. You can list the so-called features of the city units. In power, they have not been delayed for a long time and have nothing feet for the city.

The publisher found it necessary to present the deployed biographies of the most outstanding chiefs. Here M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin resorts to the already known for "dead souls" N.V. Gogol classic reception. Just as Gogol portrayed landowners, he presents a whole gallery for readers typical images Gradual workers.

The first of them is outlined in the work of Dementy Varlamovich Brudy by Nicking Organic. In parallel with the story about any particular city chamber M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin constantly draws overall picture actions of the city authorities and the perception of these actions by the people.

So, for example, he mentions that the silomemen remembered the bosses for a long time, who sequels charged arrears, but at the same time they always said something kind.

The organizer struck all the most severe rigor. His loved on his word was a cry: "Will not tolerate!" Next M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin tells that at night secretly came to the urban service of organ affairs Master Baybakov. The secret opens suddenly at one of the techniques, when the best representatives of the "Guviovsk intelligentsia" come to the reception at the reception (this phrase contains an oxymmer in itself, which gives the story an ironic shade). There, it happens at the Grador, the breakdown of the organizing officer, which he used instead of his head. Only the browny allowed himself to portray uncharacteristic for him a friendly smile, like "... Suddenly something inside him hurt and heard himself, and the more lasted his mysterious hiss, the stronger and stronger his eyes sparkled." No less interesting is the urban response secular society On this incident. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin emphasizes that our ancestors were not fond of revolutionary ideas and anarchic spirits. Therefore, only sympathized with the urban chapter.

In this fragment, the works are used by another grotesque move: the head, which is taken after the repair of the Gradnik, in the city suddenly begins to bite and says the word: "Razor!" Special satirical effect is achieved in final scene Chapters when the rebellious fools almost simultaneously bring two different town teams. But people are accustomed to no longer wondering anything: "The impostors met and measured each other with their eyes. The crowd slowly and in silence broke up. "

After that, anarchy begins in the city, as a result of which the power seized women. This is a childless widow of Iraid Lukinishna Paleologists, an adventurer Clementhtina de Bourbon, the revive native of Amalia Karlovna Shtokfish, Anelia Aloosisievna Lyadochovskaya, Dunka-Tolzgopyataya, Matrenka-Nostril.

Thin hints on the personality of those reigning in Russian history in Russian history are guessed in the characteristics of these townships: Catherine, Anna John and other Empress. This is the most reduced chapter in a stylistic relationship. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin generously awards the Gradigalls offensive nicknames and offensive definitions ("Tolstomy", "Tolstopoly", etc.). All of their board comes down to the earnest. The last two government governments are generally more reminded by witches than real people: "and Dunka, and Matrenka did not specifically. They went out on the street and fists wereched by the passing heads, went alone on the Kabaki and broke them, caught young guys and hid them in the underground, ate of babies, and women cut the chest and also ate. "

An advanced person who seriously looking at his duties, named in the work of S.K. Bobbies. He correlates in the author's understanding with Peter first: "One thing he introduced medical care and brewing and made a mandatory consumption of mustard and laurel sheets" and was "the two-quarter of those bold innovators who, after three quarters of the century, were war in the name of potatoes." The main achievement of the bobbin was an attempt to establish in a silly academy. True, he did not reach the results on this field, but the desire to implement this plan in itself was an already progressive step compared to the activities of other town teams.

The next ruler Petr Petrovich Ferdyshchenko was simple and even loved to send his speech to the caressing word "Brother Sudarik." However, at the seventh year, the Board fell in love with the Sloboda beauty Alain Osipovna. All nature has ceased to be favorable to the silly: "From the very beginning Nikola, since the beginning of the water in the middle, and right up to Ilina, there was no rain drops. Old-timers could not remember anything like that, and not without reason they attributed this phenomenon to the Brigadier Fall.

When I went throughout the city of Mor, I found in him the belly-loving Essaich, who decided to talk to the brigadier. However, he ordered to put on the old man the Arestantician, so Essaich and killed, as if he was not in the world, disappeared without a balance, as soon as the "prospectors" of the Russian Earth.

Light on real plight The population of the Russian Empire sheds the petition of the inhabitants of the most stable city of silly, in which they write, that they smend that the bosses around themselves see inexperienced.

It strikes the wildness and cruelty of the crowd in the scene, when the inhabitants are stupid to dump the unhappy Alenka from the bell tower, accusing it in all mortal sins. I barely managed to forget the story with Alenka, as the brigadier found a different passion

- Strelchichi homemade. All these episodes, in fact, show women's displacement and defenselessness in front of the Sovildy Brigadier.

Another disaster that fell into the city is a fire on the eve of the holiday of Kazan god's Mother: Two Slobods burned down. All this people perceived as another kara for the sins of his brigadier. Symbolized death of this city holder. He fought and moved folk treats: "After the second change (there was a pig in the sour cream), he was mistaken; However, he overwhelmed himself and ate still a goose with cabbage. After that he twisted his mouth. It was seen how his administrative veil shuddered on his face, trembled, trembled, and suddenly froze ... The silum in confusion and fright drew off their places. Ended ... "

Another urban lord turned out to be terminated and injured. Vasilisk Semenovich Barodavkin, like a fly, flashed around the city, loved shouting and causing everyone by surprise. It is symbolic that he slept with one open eye (A peculiar hint of the "all-seeing eye" autocracy). However, the irrepressible energy of Bordavina is not consumed: it builds castles on the sand. The fools are meto called his way of life of inaction energy. Borodavkin leads war for the enlightenment, the reasons for which are ridiculous (for example, the fool's refusal to breed the Persian chamomile). Under his leadership tin soldiersBy entering the settlement, they begin to break the huts. It is noteworthy that the fools always learned about the end of the campaign only at his end.

When Mikoladze comes to power, the commemor of the graceful manner, the silly turn wool and begin to suck the paw. And from the wars for the enlightenment they, on the contrary, are stupid. Meanwhile, when the enlightenment and legislative activity stopped, the silly stopped sucking the paw, the wool threw them out without a balance, and soon they began to drive away the dances. The laws are written in the laws, and residents come to a fracent state. "The charter about respectful pastries" convincingly shows how much nonsense is concentrated in legislation. In it, for example, it is indicated that it is forbidden to make pies from dirt, clay and building materials. As if the person in the right mind and solid memory is able to oven from this pies. In fact, this charter symbolically shows how the state apparatus can intervene in the household life of each Russian. Here he is already doing the order of how the stove pies. Moreover, special recommendations are given about the position of the filling. The phrase "Stuffing all yes it consists as of state" indicates a clearly pronounced social hierarchy in society. However, the passion for legislation also did not fit on the Russian soil. The Garde Benevlensky was suspected in relations with Napoleon, accused of treason and sent "to the land where Makar did not chase." So with the help of a figurative expression M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin allegorically writes about the link. Contradictions B. artistic world Works M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, which is a fear of a parody of a modern author of reality, wait for the reader at every step. So, during the reign of the lieutenant colonel, the people in silly broke out completely broken, because he preached in the rule of liberalism.

"But as freedom developed, it was also evident and the original enemy is an analysis. With an increase in material well-being, leisure was acquired, and with the acquisition of leisure was the ability to explore and experience the nature of things. It always happens, but the fools used this "the ability newly newly" not to strengthen their well-being, and in order to undermine ", - writes M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

The pimple became one of the most desirable ruler for the silometers. However, the local leader of the nobility, which did not differ in the special qualities of the mind and the heart, but had a special stomach, once on the basis of the gastronomic imagination, he accepted his head for stuffed. In the description of the scene of the death of an acne, the writer boldly resorts to Grotesque. In the final part of the chapter, the leader in a rage rushes on a hail with a knife and, cutting off a slope behind slices of slices, eats it to the end.

Against the background of grotesque scenes and ironic notes M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin reveals his reader his philosophy of history, in which the flow of life sometimes stops its natural flow and forms a whirlpool.

The most painful impression produces sullen-burver. This is a man with a wooden face that has never illuminated smile. About the character of the hero eloquently tells his deployed portrait: "thick, cropped under the comb and how the Smith black hair covers a conical skull and tightly like a ermolka, framing a narrow and sloping forehead. G laza gray, saved, autonated by several swelling centuries; The view is clean, without hesitation; The nose is dry, descending from the forehead almost in the direct direction of the book; lips are thin, pale, endured by trimmed bristle mustache; The jaws are developed, but without an outstanding expression of carnivities, and with some inexplicable bouquet of readiness to crush or eat in half. The whole figure is leaning with narrow shoulders, raised upwards, with artificially replenish ahead of the breast and with long, muscular hands. "

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, commenting on this portrait, emphasizes that we have the purest type of idiot. His Maneru of the Board could be compared only with a random hatching of trees in understand the forestWhen a person waves to him right and left and steadily goes, where the eyes look.

On the day of the memory of the apostles Peter and Paul, the Gradorbar ordered people to destroy their dwellings. However, it was only the beginning of Napoleonic Gulm-Burchev plans. He began to sort people to families, taking into account their growth and physique. Six months or two months from the city there were no stone on the stone. Ugryum-burver tried to create her own sea, but the river refused to obey, tearing the dam for the dam. The city of stupid was renamed Ned Plank, and the holidays differed from everyday life only by the fact that instead of labor worries were ordered to engage in amplified marching. Meetings were held even at night. In addition to this, spies were assigned. The end of the hero is also symbolic: it instantly disappeared, as if melted in the air.

Self, the damaging style of the narration in the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows insoluability russian problems, and satirical scenes emphasize their sharpness: the rulers are replaced by one after another, and the people remain in the same poverty, in the same place, in the same hopelessness.

Creating an ironic grotesque "story of one city" Saltykov-Shchedrin expects to call the reader not laughter, but a "bitter feeling" of shame. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe work is built in the image of a certain hierarchy: a simple people who will not resist the instructions of often stupid rulers, and rulers-tyranov. In lying simple people In this story, there are residents of the city of stupid, and their oppressors are city universities. Saltykov-Shchedrin with irony notes that this people need a boss, the one that they will give instructions and keep in the "Help Mittens", otherwise all the people will fall into anarchy.

History of creation

The idea and idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel "The history of one city" was formed gradually. In 1867, the writer wrote a fabulous fantastic work "Story about the governor with stuffed head", it subsequently formed the basis of the head "Organic". In 1868, Saltykov-Shchedrin began working on the "history of one city", graduated from 1870. Initially, the author wanted to give a job the name "Silver Chronicler". The novel was published in the Popular Notes magazine at the time.

Plot works

(Illustrations creative team Soviet artists-graphics "Kukryniksi")

The story is conducted on behalf of the chronicler. He tells about the inhabitants of the city, which were so stupid that their city was given "stupid". The novel begins the head "On the root of the origin of the silly", in which the history of this people is given. It is described in particular about the breeding tribe, who, after the victory over the neighboring tribes of Lukoenedov, Gucchi. Only one prince decided on the board, and he sent a vorah-novel instead of himself. When he was defeated, the prince sent him a loop, but the thief was able to get out of some sense and stabbed himself with cucumber. As you can see, the irony and grotesque get perfectly in the work.

After several unsuccessful candidates for the role of deputy prince appeared in the city personally. Becoming the first ruler, he laid the countdown of the "historical time" of the city. It is said that twenty-two ruler with their achievements ruled the city, but in the "Opsim" listed twenty-one. Apparently, the missing is the founder of the city.

main characters

Each of the city holders performs its task in implementing the idea of \u200b\u200ba writer through Grotesque to show the absurdity of their board. Many types are viewed historical personalities. For greater recognition, Saltykov-Shchedrin not only described the style of their board, it was ridiculously distorted the names, but also gave a taking characteristics pointing to historical prototype. Some identities of the city holders are images collected from the characteristic features of different persons of the history of the Russian state.

So, the third ruler Ivan Matveyevich Giakanov, famous for the fact that drowned the director of economic issues and introduced taxes of three kopecks per person, was exiled to the Ostrog for an affair with Avdota Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter I.

Brigadier Ivan Matveyevich Baklan, the sixth of the Gardener, was high growth and was proud to be a follower of the Ivan the Terrible line. The reader understands what is meant the bell tower in Moscow. Death The ruler found in the spirit of the same grotesque image that the novel was filled - the brigadier was broken in half during a storm.

For Peter III, in the image of Sergeant Guard Bogdan Bogdanovich, Pfefefence points out this characteristic - "Holstetsky leaving", the style of the rule of the city holder and its outcome - is shifted from the ruler of the ruler for ignorance.

Dementy Varlamovich Brudatiy nusted by the "Organic" for the presence of a mechanism in the head. Held the city in fear because it was a sullen and closed. When trying to take the head of the head of the cityholder to repair to the metropolitan masters, she was thrown into a frightened chercher from the crew. After the board of the organization in the city, chaos reigned for 7 days.

A short period of the well-being of citizens is associated with the name of the Ninth Greadstock, Konstantinovich Seeds. The civilian adviser and innovator, he took up the appearance of the city, began medical and brewing. Tried to open the Academy.

The Delightest Golder, Vasilisk Semenovich Barodavkin, Vasilisk Semenovich Barodavkin, reminding the reader with the style of Peter I. On the connection of the character with historical person It also indicates his "glorious cases" - destroyed the shooting and naked settlement, and a difficult relationship with the eradication of ignorance of the people - spent four wars for enlightenment and three in silly. Resolutely prepared the city for burning, but suddenly died.

By origin former peasant Onufriy Ivanovich Nogodaliev, to the service of the Grador to the top of the furnace, destroyed the street paved by the former ruler and put the monuments on these resources. The image is written off from Paul I, to which the circumstances of his displacement indicate: dismissed for disagreement with the triumvirate about constitutions.

With the Stat adviser to Eraste Andreyevich, the Studious Bomond was busy with the balas and night collections with the reading of the works of a certain Mr. As in the rule of Alexander I, the city holder was not affected by the people who reached and hungry.

Prohhvost, idiot and "Satan" Ugryum-burver wears "talking" surname and "written off" from Count Arakcheev. He finally destroys stupid and decides to build a city in a new place. When attempting to implement such a grand project, the "end of the world" occurred: the sun was alarmed, the earth shook, and the darling was disappeared without a trace. So the story of the "one city" ended.

Analysis of the work

Saltykov-Shchedrin with satire and grotesque puts the goal to reach human soul. He wants to convince the reader that Christian principles should be based on the human institute. Otherwise, a person's life can be deformed, isorovanny, and at the end can lead to the death of the human soul.

"The history of one city" - the work of the innovative, overcoming the usual framework artistic satire. Each image in the novel has pronounced grotesque features, but at the same time recognizable. What gave rise to the squall of criticism against the author. He was accused of "slander" on the people and rulers.

Indeed, the story of silly is largely written off by the chronicle of Nestor, talking about the time of the beginning of Russia - "Tale of Bygone Years." This parallel, the author deliberately stressed that it became apparent to whom he implies under the fools, and that all these city holders are not a flight of fantasy, but the real Russian rulers. At the same time, the author clearly makes it clear that it describes not all human genus, namely Russia, overcoming her story on his satirical way.

However, the purpose of creating the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin did not make a mockery over Russia. The task of the writer began to host society to a critical rethinking of its history to eradicate existing vices. Grotesque plays a huge role in creating an artistic image in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin. the main objective Writer - show the flavors of people who are not coming society.

The writer ridiculed the disgrare of society and was called the "great mockeeper" in a number of such predecessors as Griboedov and Gogol. Reading ironic grotesque, the reader wanted to laugh, but in this laughter there was something ominous - the public "felt like Beach whisching her the same."

"The history of one city", the summary of which is given in this article, is ironic, the grotesque chronicle of the city of silly. Satyra Saltykova-Shchedrin is transparent, so the appearance of modern Russia is guessed in the text.

Only at first glance it seems that the story, as an inventory of the Gradnikov, the Gallery of Madness and the Moral Radiation of Human. In fact, every image will be recognized in your own way.

Unfortunately, the work does not lose its uniqueness to this day.

The history of the creation of "History of one city"

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe work was carried out by the author for several years. In 1867, a story appears about the city cabinet with stuffed head eaten with an appetite at the end. This hero Transformed into the governor by the name of the pimples. And the story itself became one of the chapters of the story.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889)

A year later, the author began writing the chronicles of silly. Work lasted for more than a year. Initially, the work was called the "silly chronicler", the final title appeared later. The change of the name is due to the fact that the second carries a wider semantic load.

In the year of graduation, the story was first printed in the Almanac of "Public Notes", where Mikhail Evgrafovich signed by N. Shchedrin's pseudonym. Six months later, there is an independent edition. The text is somewhat different. The sequence of chapters changed, and the characteristic and description of the governors are rewritten in the reduction, but they have become expressive.

Main characters and their characteristics

The main characters of the work are the city holders and townspeople - the inhabitants of silly. Below is a table with characteristics. Dan briefly review basic characters.

Minor characters

The list of heroes is not complete, given in reducing. Only during the time of the Troubles changed more than ten rulers, of which six women.

Represents an abstract of the work on chapters.

From publisher

The narrator assures the reader in the authenticity of the document. The proof of the absence of artistic fiction provides an argument about the monotony of the narration. The text is entirely devoted to the biographies of the city holders and the peculiarities of their board.

The story begins with the appeal of the last writer, which posted the chronicle of events.

About the root of the origin of fools

The chapter describes the prehistoric period. The tribe of gangs was led by internecine wars with their neighbors, defeating them. When the last enemy was defeated, the population was confused. Then the prince began to search for the rules. But even the most stupid princes did not want to take power over the savages.

Found someone who agreed "Volodya", but did not go to the territory of possessions. Sending governors who turned out to be thieves. I had to see the prince with my own person.

Organic

The Board of Dementia Brudasta began. Outows surprised the lack of emotions. It turned out that in his head his small device. The mechanism lost only two short compositions: "Run" and "will not fail."

Then the aggregate broke. Local watchmaker could not replace themselves. I ordered a new head out of the capital. But the parcel, as often happens in Russia, has lost.

Due to nonsense, trouble began, and then week anarchy.

Tale of six Graduals

During an anarchic week, six impostations changed. The claims for the power of women were based on the fact that their husbands, brothers or other relatives once ruled. Or they themselves were in the service in the families of the townsmen. And some had no reason at all.

News about bobbers

Semen Konstasanich stayed in power for about eight years. The ruler of advanced looks. Basic innovations: brewing, medical care, landing and consumption of laurel sheet and mustard.

Reformed activities are worthy of respect. But the changes were violent, ridiculous and unnecessary.

Hungry city

The first six years of the governor of Peter Fddyshchenko were measured, calm. But then he fell in love with someone else's spouse that did not share feelings. Drought began, then other cataclysms. As a result: Hunger and death.

The people rebelled, caught and dropped the official of the official from the bell tower. The uprising was brutally suppressed.

Straw city

After the next love relationship of the ruler, fires began. Burned the whole area.

Fantastic traveler

The town-poorter went on a trip to the houses and villages, demanding that he was taken by food. This was the cause of his death. Outbugs are frightened that they are accused of intentional ordering chief. But everything cost. The fantastic traveler came to replace the new one.

Wars for enlightenment

Barodavkin approached the position thoroughly. He studied the activities of the predecessors. I decided to be equal to the reformer of the bobbin. She ordered to suck the mustard, collect arrears.

Residents rebelled, standing on his knees. They began to be conducted by War "For Enlightenment". Victory has always been for power. In the punishment for disobedience, it is ordered to eat olive oil and sow a Persian chamomile.

The era of dismissal from wars

With the villain, the city reached even more than with the previous ruler. This is the only managerial from the people, previously served as an extract. But the democratic start did not benefit the population.

Noteworthy period acne. He did not deal with any activity, but the people of the rich, which caused doubts. The grantee of the nobility revealed the secret: the head of the boss was styled by truffles. Cavigative henchman has been enjoyed it.

Mammon worship and repentance

The successor of the stuffed head is the Stat adviser Ivanov died from the decree, which he could not understand, burst from mental natage.

Viscount de Sharicio was shifted. With it there was a fun, but Mispano. No one was engaged in administrative affairs, but there were many holidays, balls, masquerades, other fun.

Confirmation of repentance and conclusion

The last manager became a grudge-burrurch. Tupogol type, soldier. The author calls it the "purest type of idiot." I believed to destroy the city and recreate a new one - Non-Plazhrus, making a military fortification from him.

Promotion documents

Applications created by brigadiers in finding followers and receivers are given.

Analysis of the work

The work cannot relate to small literary forms: a story or a fairy tale. By content, composition and depth of meanings it is much wider.

On the one hand, the syllable, the letter style resembles real reports. On the other hand, the content, description of the heroes, events communicated to the absurdity.

Retelling the history of the city covers about a hundred years. In writing, the chronicles participated alternately four local archivis. The plot covers even the history of the nationality. Locals occurred from ancient tribal "Genty". But then they were renamed their neighbors for wildness and ignorance.

Output

The history of the state is reflected since the time of calling Rurik to the principality and feudal fragmentation. Lighted the appearance of two lzhedmitriev, the reign of Ivan the Terrible and the University after his death. It appears in the image of Brudast. Breaks, which becomes an activist and innovator, establishing brewing, medical care, symbolizes Peter I with its reforms.

The fools unconsciously worship the autocrats, tyrants, performing the most absurd orders. Residents - the image of the Russian people.

Satyric chronicle could be applied to any city. The fate of Russia is ironically transferred in the work. The story does not lose its relevance to this day. On the work the movie was shot.