1) The history of the creation of "Tale of Bygone Years".

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is one of the oldest chronicle works of Russian literature, created at the beginning of the XII century by the monk Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor-chronicle. The chronicles tell about the origin of the Russian Earth, about the first Russian princes and the most important historical events. The peculiarity of the "Tale of Bygone Years" is the poeticity, the author of the masterfully owned a syllable, various uses in the text artistic meansallowing to make a narrative more convincing.

2) the characteristics of the narrative in the "Tale of Bygone Years".

In the "Tale of Bygone Years" you can allocate two types of narration - weather recordings and chronicle stories. Weather entries contain events, and chronicle stories describe them. In the story, the author seeks to portray the event, bring concrete details, that is, trying to help the reader to present what is happening and causes the reader to empathize. Rus broke up into many principalities and each has their chronicle arches. Each of them reflected the features of the history of their edge and was written only about their princes. The "Tale of Bygone Years" was part of the local chronicles, which continued the tradition of Russian chronicles. "Tale of temporary layout" defines the place of the Russian people among the peoples of the world, draws an origin slavic writing, the formation of the Russian state. Nestor lists the peoples, paying tribute to Rusich, shows that the peoples who oppressed the Slavs disappeared, and the Slavs remained and preferred to the fate of their neighbors. "The Tale of Bygone Years", written in the flourishing of Kievan Rus, has become the basic work on history.

3) Artistic features "Tale of Bygone Years." How did the chronicler rumor tells about historical events?

Nestor tells about historical events in poetic. The origin of Russia Nestor draws against the background of the development of all world history. The chronicler deploys a wide panorama of historical events. The whole gallery of historical figures passes on the pages of the non-beauty chronicles - princes, boyars, merchants, positors, church ministers. He talks about military campaigns, about the opening of schools, about the organization of monasteries. Nestor is constantly related to the life of the people, his moods. On the piping pages we will read about the uprisings, the killings of the princes. But the author describes all this calmly and tries to be objective. Murder, betrayal and deception Nestor condemns; Honesty, courage, courage, loyalty, the nobility he exalt. It is Nestor that strengthens, improves the version of the origin of the Russian prince dynasty. Her main goal was to show Russian land in a number of other powers, to prove that the Russian people are not without a genus and tribe, but has its own history, which is entitled to be proud of.

From afar, nestor starts his story, from the very biblical flood, after which the Earth was distributed among the sons of Noah. This is how Nestor starts his story:

"So let's start the story.

On the Flood, the three sons of Noah divided the land - Sim, Ham, Jafet. And went to the East to Sim: Persia, Bactria, even to India in the longitude, and wide to Rinocorrara, that is, from the East to the South, and Syria, and the Middest to the River Euphrates, Babylon, Cordun, Assyrian, Mesopotamia, Arabia, the oldest, Fir Mais, Indie, Arabia Strong, Colimia, Commagena, All FiPook.

Hama got south: Egypt, Ethiopia, adjacent to India ...

Japhet got the northern countries and Western: Mauldia, Albania, Armenia Malaya and Great, Cappadocia, Paflagia, Popathy, Kolkhida ...

Sim Ham and Jafeth were divided by the land, throwing lots, and did not embarrass the brother to enter anyone, and everyone lived in their part. And there was a single people. And when people were multiplied on Earth, they found them to create a pillar to the sky, it was in the days of Nekgan and Faleca. And they gathered at the site of the field of Senar to build a pillar to the sky and near him the city of Babylon; And they built a pillar that 40 years, and did not follow it. And the Lord gave the Lord to see the city and pillar, and the Lord said: "Here is the people one and the people are one." And the God of Peoples mixed, and divided into 70 and 2 people, and scattered throughout the Earth. By mixing the same peoples, the God of the Great destroyed the pillar; And there are remnants between Assyria and Babylon, and have a height and in width of 5433 elbows, and many years have been saved these residues ... "

Then the author talks about slavic tribes, their customs and ingredients, about taking Oleg Tsargrad, about the founding of Kiev by three brothers Kiw, cheek, choriv, \u200b\u200babout the campaign of Svyatoslav on Byzantium and other events, both real and legendary. It includes in his "story ..." of teaching, recording of oral stories, documents, contracts, parables and lives. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of Russia is becoming the leading theme of most chronicle records.

Tale of the time year - the Old Russian chronicle, created in the early 12th century. The story is an essay that tells about the events that occurred and taking place in Russia at that time.

The tale of temporary years was drawn up in Kiev, later corresponded several times, but was not much changed. The chronicle covers the period from biblical times until 1137, dated articles begin with 852 years.

All dated articles are writings starting from the words "in the summer of such something ...", which means that records in the chronicle were added every year and talked about the events that occurred. One article for one year. This distinguishes the story of the time of day from all the chronicles that were taking it before. The text of the chronicle also contains lesions, folklore stories, copies of documents (for example, the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh) and discharge from other chronicle.

The story name received his name due to its first phrase, which opens the story - "Tale of the time years ..."

History of creating a story of the time

The author of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story of the time years is considered a monk Nestor, who lived and worked at the turn of 11 and 12th centuries in Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Despite the fact that the name of the author appears only in later copies of the chronicle, it is the monk Nestor is considered the first chronicler in Russia, and the "Tale of Bygone Years" is the first Russian chronicles.

The most ancient version of the chronicle, which was reached by modernity, dated by the 14th century and is a copy made by Monk Lavrention (Lavrentievsky chronicle). The initial editorial board of the Creator of the Tale of Bygone Years - Nestor is lost, today there are only modified versions from different correspondencers and late compilers.

Today there are several theories regarding the history of the creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years". According to one of them, the chronicle was wrote by Nestor in Kiev in 1037. The basis for it was the ancient legends, folk songs, documents, oral stories and documents preserved in monasteries. After writing, this first edition corresponded several times and recycled by different monks, including Nesser himself, who added elements of Christian ideology into it. According to other information, the chronicle was written much later, in 1110.

Genre and features of the Tale of Bygone Years

The genre of the story of the time years is determined by experts as historical, but scientists claim that the chronicle is neither artistic worknor historical in the full sense of the word.

A distinctive feature of the chronicle is that it does not interpret the events, but only talks about them. The attitude of the author or a correspondence to everything, as described in the chronicles, was determined only by the presence of God's will, which determines everything. Causal relationships and interpretation from the point of view of other positions was not interesting and did not turn on into the chronicle.

The tale of the time year had an open genre, that is, it could consist of completely different parts - ranging from popular legends and ending with the weather notes.

The chronicle in ancient times was also legal importance as a set of documents and laws.

The initial goal of writing the behavior of temporary years is the study and explanation of the origin of the Russian people, the origin of the princely power and the description of the spread of Christianity in Russia.

The beginning of the Tale of Bygone Years is a story about the appearance of Slavs. Russians are represented by the chronicler, as the descendants of Jafet, one of Noah's sons. At the very beginning of the story, there are stories telling about the life of East Slavic tribes: about princes, about the vocation of Rüric, Trumor and Sineus for the princess and the formation of the Rurikovsky dynasty in Russia.

The main part of the chronicle content is the descriptions of wars, the legends on the times of the Board of Yaroslav Wise, the exploits of Nikita Kozhemyaki and other heroes.

The final part consists of descriptions of battles and princely necrologists.

Thus, the basis of the Tale of Bygone Year is:

• Legends about the resettlement of Slavs, the vocation of the Varyag and the formation of Russia;
• Description of the baptism of Russia;
• Description of the life of the Great Princes: Oleg, Vladimir, Olga and others;
• Living saints;
• Description of wars and military trips.

The meaning of the Tale of Byg. It is difficult to overestimate - it was she who became the first documents in which the history of Kievan Rus was recorded from its very formation. The chronicle later served as the main source of knowledge for subsequent historical descriptions and research. In addition, thanks to the open genre, the tale of temporary years has a high meaning as cultural and literary monument.

Genre peculiarity "Tale of Bygone Years"

Unlike folklore, for which the mixture of various genres is not characteristic of a single work, the "Tale of Bygone Years" was code of primary genre formations. The anniffs ensemble included legends and legends, legends and military stories, teachings and parables, signs and miracles.

The simplest and oldest form of chronicle narration was a weather record that registed single facts of history. Its main signs are documentary accuracy, limiting laconicism, lack of emotional painting and copyright comment. The message was introduced into the chronicle narration with the help of traditional formulas: " In Lѣto6596 . Sacred by the saint church of the Holy Mikhail Manas station Vse ... The same LѣTѣ The idea of \u200b\u200bSvyatopolk from Noovagod Torov to the Prince. At se Umpt Nikon, Pecherski Igumen. In the same Lѣtoto be taken by Bulgarian Murom. "

NA claimed "literature", pursuing an informative goal, and the chronicle story, who, unlike the weather record, the nature of the detailed documentary report: "in Lѣto 6534. Yaroslav Svokupi is to be much and come to Kyov, and the schurch of the world with his brother His Māstislav in the city. And Bridalist and on DnѣPR, the land of the land: Yaroslav, Say of this country, and Māstislav Ohu. And he began to live peacefully and vve broth, and the pret of gravest and the rebellion, and the silence is great in the earth. " Written on the fresh tracks of events, the chronicle message maintained living intonations of the oral story and reflected the author's assessment of the incident.

The chronicles in the composition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" are literary processing oral sourceTo which the chronicler applied if there was no more reliable material at hand. They restore the completed period of Russian history on the basis of folk legends, toponymic legends or twin heroic eposa. The chronicles are characterized by the story and the author's attempt to create the illusion of reliability, concluding the legendary basis in the "historical frame".

For example, in the chronicles of the death of Oleg, the dates are real and symbolic. The chronicler, including the story of Oleg's death to the article of 912, reports that the "stay in LTA" in the war with the Greeks, and "to be the best of his printed 33". The history of the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Greek land and Russia, extracting from the "Chronicle" George Amartol on cases where the predictions of the sorcerers came true - all historical context It was intended to testify to the reliability of the description of the death of a great commander from the bite of a snake (according to other chronicle versions, he died, "I am going for the sea," and buried in Ladoga). In the tale, the author's assessment of the depicted, no matter how impassive is the narration. The attitude of the chronicler to the commander-triumphorator, whose shield was conquered on the gate of the conquered Tsargrad, dual. On the one hand, he captured the national attitude towards Oleg through the nickname "prophetic", reflected the "crying great" about his death and the memory of the burial place of the prince on the grief of the cheekowing, which survived the century. On the other hand, respect for the military victories of Oleg Mercnet in the consciousness of the chronicler in front of the challenge of a person who brought himself to the invincible enemies and the fate, who mounted over the prediction of the Magi and looked around them: "That's the wrong to be able to call Voljwi, but there is all the lyout: the horse died, but I live. " Horse, according to the ancient beliefs of Slavs, - the sacred animal, assistant and friend of man, charm. Having arrived at the skull of his beloved horse, Oleg Correct himself to "evil" death, death-punishment. On the inevitability of tragic junction, the reader is warned by the initial legend strings. The chronicler connects the action with the arrival of autumn, which asks the theme of death, and with the period, when Oleg lives, "the world of the Country is", i.e. When the one hundred talent of the commander turns out to be unclaimed.

Proximity to life literature Detect the stories of the "Tale of Bygone Years" about two Varyags-Martyrs, about the basis of acid Pechersk Monastery And his devotees, about the transfer of the relics of the Holy Boris and Gleb, about the press of the Feodosia Pechersk. Splicking spiritual feat The first Pechersk saints, which "Aki Sydil in the Russian Earth,", the chronicler cannot hide the shadow sides by the monastic life. From the chronicle "Words" about Matthey is known to know that some of the brethren during church service "I wise like anything, outgoing the church, and the shed in Koul and Save, and do not admire the church before SPEY." Others, like Mikhail Tolbekovich, fled from the monastery, without preparing the harsh inochetic life. Ancient Russian writer explained these cases of retreat from the norms of the Christian piety of the devil's eternal miscarions, which he takes the appearance of Lyach (Pole, Catholic) and invisibly for everyone, except the saint, walks along the church, scattering "modeling" - flowers forcing the monks to sleep during Worship, it is in the monastery in the form of a demon who is sitting on a pig to "delight" those who crave to return to the "world".

With genre tombstones associated with chronicles necrological articles that contain verbal portraits Dead historical figures. Such is the chronicle characteristic of the Tmutarakan Prince Rostislav, poisoned during the Pear of the Byzantine warrior: "Bѣ Same Rostislav Dob's husband to Raint, Virushasty Lѣ, and Krasnie Lyube, Milosaver Malogram." The chronicle article Iodow 1089 contains Penagirik Metropolitan John, who was "cunning books and teach himself, graciously and widowes, caressing anyone, to rich and koku, Smreno, the same mind and meek, and silent, Raschard the same books saints , and SYAKOVA is not to be the case of Pausa, nor do not be so taky. " Creating a portrait of a hero, the chronicler complied with the principle of priority of spiritual beauty over the external, focusing on the moral qualities of man.

Symbolistic landscape sketchesfound in the "Tale of Bygone Years". Unusual natural phenomena are interpreted by the chronicler as signs - warnings over future disasters or glory. The fire in Novgorod an ancient writer explained the NA to the civilian struggle of the princes, and the fact that before that "the IDC Volkhovo to attend the studies 5. Same the sign to be uncomfortable: on the 4th status, the whole city." The sign of 1113, when "remained from the Sun little, as if the month down the horns," also foreshadowed, the death of Prince Svyatopolka Iaslavich and the uprising in Kiev.

In the depths of the "Tale of Bygone Years", a military story begins to form. The elements of this genre formation are already present in the story about revenge Yaroslav Svyatopolki Okyannoe. The chronicler describes the collection of troops and a speech on the campaign, preparations for the battle of the opponents separated by the Dnieper, the climax - "Schu evil" - and the flight of Svyatopolka. Stylistic formulas typical of military stylist formulas permeate the chronicle story about the Battle of Yaroslav with Mstislav in 1024: "Māstislav from the evening of the executive committee a squad, and I will post Sѣver [Northerners] to the man's anti-Varyagom, and myself a hundred and a friend of his friend on Kromrom.<...> And rummer Māstislav Druzhinѣ his: "Didnote on Hѣ". And Pidu Māstislav and Yaroslav contractions ... And the sock of Silna, Yako Svadstyshs Malnai and the sunshine, and Bѣ Thunderstorm is great and socking Silna and Scary. "

The mosaic of the structure of the chronicles led to the fact that under one year there was a message of the most different content. For example, in the chronicles of 1103, he told about the princely congress in the dollars, about the invasion of the locust, about the foundation of the prince with Svyatopolkom Iaslavoliy Yuryev, about the battle of Russian troops with Mordvoy. What turns such a "mosaic" of historical information in a holistic and slender literary whole?

First of all, it unity of thematic series: We have a separate milestone of Russia's history. In addition, the exposition of the material regulates weather principle: The strict attachment of each fact by a certain year connects the links into a single chain. It should be noted that the compiler of the "story" used the medieval system of the summer, in which the reference point was "Creation of the World" (for translation to modern system, where calculus is conducted from the Nativity of Christ, it is necessary to subtract from the chronicle date 5508). The desire of the chronicler "put numbers for a number", i.e. The material selected by them is to state in a strict temporal sequence, according to scientists, is associated with such characteristic features of the social life of the Middle Ages as "Gnoby" and "Dryingness". In compliance, the ancient seen beauty and harmony, while the violation of the usual rhythm in the life of nature, society, literature was perceived as a manifestation of ugly and immoral. The chronological connection of events in the chronicle was supported by the genealogical - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of the power of Rurikovich. The chronicler is always attentive to what "back and grandfather" glory inherits the ruler of Russia, whether he is a descendant of Oleg Gorislavich or belongs to the genus Vladimir Monomakh.

The weather principle of the presentation of events has also certain costs. In the same year, the chronicler was forced to violate the unity of a narrative series in a story about the event that lasted several years: under one year he was a story about the collection of Russian troops in a campaign, a description of the decisive battle was given under the other, the text of the peace treaty was placed. Fragmentality in the presentation of historical events prevented the development of Russian fiction, entertaining and plenty of the story. For the structure of the "Tale of Bygone Years", the confrontation of two tendencies is characterized: the desire for the isolation, the independence of each annals, on the one hand, and the opportunity to "break out" the story, having risen on a single chronological rod new works on historical topic - with another.

"Tale of the time year" - the arch in the wide sense of this word; Monument that combines works of different times, different authors having different sources and the political orientation differing in the genre and style. Cementing monumental, but the slim building of the chronicle, despite the heterogeneity of the events described in it, community of historical themes Production-terms and chronological principle of material organization In the arch The main ideas of the chronicle - the idea of \u200b\u200bindependence of Russia, the approval of superiority christian faith Above the paganism, the urgentness of Russian history from the universal historical process, calling for the unity of actions, to the Cattle of the Spirit of the Russian People.

The meaning of the "Tale of Bygone Years" in the history of Russian chronicles

With the "Tale of Bygone Years", the following generations of Russian chroniclers began the presentation of Russian history. Already in the XII century. The geography of the chronicle is expanding, the differences between the specific chronicle crops are. For example, the distinguishing features of the Novgorod chronicle, scientists consider an anti-joine orientation, since Novgorod after the political coup 1136 turned into a boyar republic, as well as the rarity and misfortune of community reports. Unlike Vladimir-Suzdal Chronicles, Novgorod avoided the church rhetoric; The style of their weather articles is concise and deliver. If they portrayed a natural disaster, then the strength of hurricane or flooding and damage caused by them. The Vladimirsky Squeezing sought to substantiate the claims of his principality on church-political hegemony and therefore carefully related to events and local, and a national scale, while the South Russian chronicles were absorbed by the description stormy story His goals. The main form of South Russian Chronicles of the XII century. was a weather record; The witness of the story remains only some of the story about the boyars and princely crimes (about the killing of Andrei Bogolyubsky, 1175) and military stories (about the campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich in Polovtsy, 1185).

The "Tale of Bygone Years" had a decisive impact on the formation of regional and community chronicle arches, which included it in their composition. The oldest lists of "Tale" are located in Lavrentiev (XIV.), Ipatiev and Radzivilovskaya (XV century) chronicles. The "Tale of Bygone Years" served as a source of poetic plots and images for many writers of the New Time: It is enough to remember the historical tragedies of A. P. Sumarokov and Ya. B. Prinjinina, "Duma" K. F. Ryleev. The chronicle of the legends, which A. S. Pushkin appreciated the poetry of touching simpleness, inspired him to create historical ballads "Song about Oleg", the image of Pimen in the tragedy "Boris Godunov".

"Tale of Bygone Years", like most chronicles, --savod, a work based on the preceding chronicles, which included fragments from various sources, literary, journalistic, folklore, etc. "Tale of the time years," as a monument Historiography is permeated by a single patriotic idea: the chronicles seek to present their people as equal to among other Christian peoples, with pride remember the glorious past of their country about the validity of the princes of pagans, piety and wisdom princes Christians. Chronicles speak from the face of all Russia, climbing the petty feudal disputes, resolutely condemning the distribution and "which", with pain and anxiety, describing disasters, brought by raids of nomads. In short, the "Tale of Bygone Years" is not just a description of the first centuries of the existence of Russia, this is a story about the great beginnings: the beginning of Russian statehood, the beginning of Russian culture, about the principles that, by the conviction of chroniclers, are promised in the coming power and glory of their homeland.

But "Tale of Bygone Years" not only a monument of historiography, she and outstanding monument Literature. Composite peculiarity of the "Tale of Bygone Years" manifests itself in the conjunction of the set of genres in this work. In the chronicle text, it is possible to distinguish between two types of narratives that are essentially different from each other. One type is weather records, that is brief information About events. So, Article 1020 is one message: "Yaroslav son is born, and the name of him Volodimer is centrally." This is fixation historical fact, no more. Sometimes a number of such fixations include a number of such fixations, a list of various facts, sometimes even in detail the event in detail in detail: for example, who participated in any military action, where the troops were gathered, where they moved, which ended Or another battle, which messages are exchanged princes-enemies or princes-allies. Especially many such detailed (sometimes multi-page) weather entries in the Kiev chronicle of the XII century. But the case is not in short or the details of the story, but in its principle: if the chronicler informs about the events that occurred or talks about them, creating a story story. For the "Tale of Bygone Years", it is characterized by the presence of such plot stories.

"Tale of the time years" is complex in its composition and a variety of its components, both by origin and genre supplies. In the "Tale", in addition to short weather records, the texts of documents, and the retells of folklore traditions, and scene stories, and excerpts from monuments of translation literature. We will meet in it and theological treatise - "Speech of the Philosopher", and the Zhitsky-Life-based story about Boris and Gleb, and gradious legends about Kiev-Pechersk monks, and the church commendable word Feodosia Pechersky, and a relaxed story about Novgorod, who went to pay to the Kudesnik .

The nature of the chronicle genre is very complex; The chronicle refers to the number of "unifying genres", subordinate to themselves genres of their components - Historical stories, lives, teaching, praise, etc. And nevertheless, the chronicle remains a one-piece product that can be investigated and as a monument of one genre, as a monument Literature.

From the text of the "Tale of Bygone Years" we see how hardly the chronicles were given to the creation of a slender historiographic concept that would combine information about ancient history East Slavic tribes and legends about the first Kiev princes with the fate of the Rurikovsky dynasty. Founged is the version, according to which Igor is a source of attributable with x in. dynasty kiev princes -Acks the son of Rurik. With difficulty explains the chronicler, the origin and the significance of the ethnonym "Rus", stubbornly seeking to tie it all with the same Varangian concept. And, nevertheless, the history of Varyagov's calling by Nestor and strengthen their dynasty in Kiev looks so convincing that all the "normatons" up to the present day drew their arguments.

Department of Literature

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "History of Russian literature"

"Tale of Bygone Years" - Literary Monument of Ancient Russia

Performed student

____________________________

St. Petersburg

About g l and in l and e:

Introduction 3.

1. The story of the emergence of the Russian chronicle "Tale of Bygone Years" _ 6

2. "Tale of temporary years" as historical source and literary monument_ 11

3. Style originality "Tale of Bygone Years" _ 16

4. Involvement "Tale of Bygone Years" in a literary aspect 19

Conclusion 21.

List of used literature_ 22

Introduction

Relevance of work . The main source of our knowledge about Ancient Russia is medieval chronicles. Currently, more than two hundred lists of chronicles are known. Most of them are published (fully or in the form of discrepancies to other lists) in Full meeting Russian chronicles. One of the most ancient and well-known - "Tale of Bygone Years" - the chronicle, which received its name according to the first words of the story of the time of the year ... "and the narrative of the events of the Russian history of the middle of IX - early XII. explosive According to the outstanding Russian scientist DS Lihachev, the "Tale of Bygone Years" with its world-historical introduction, with its wide desire to justify the place of the Russian people among other peoples of the world, with its special attention to heroic, to military fences, to the glory of the Russian Weapons introduce us to the atmosphere of an epic folk-song attitude towards Russian history. Before us in the "Tale of Bygone Years" is largely epic, poetic attitude to native history. That is why "Tale of Bygone Years" is not only a product of Russian historical thought, but also Russian historical poetry. Poetry and history are in it in an inseparable unity. Before us, the work is a literary and monument of historical thought. "

Tradition calls the author of the "Tale" of the monk of the Pechersk Monastery in Kiev Nestor. For a long time it was believed that Nestor was the herald of Russian chronicles, but later it was established that even the chronicle arches existed before him. "Ancient", "Nikon Arbor", "Initial Lay".

Studying "Tale" continues until now, however, despite the significant array of literature dedicated to this literary monument, researchers disagree in many aspects of the appearance and interpretation of the chronicle. The first in Russia began to study the annulary V.N. Tatishchev. He wondered to create his grandiose "Russian history", he turned to all those famous in his time, chronicles, lasted many new monuments. After V.N. Tatishchev "Tale of Bygone Years" studied A. Schlezer. If V.N. Tatishchev worked as if styling, connecting additional information of many lists in the same text, and walked in the footsteps of the ancient chronicle - the summers, then the Schöhchcher worked deep into, detecting a lot of things in the text itself, mistakes, inaccuracies. Both research approaches with all their external differences were similarity in one: in science, the idea of \u200b\u200ba non-volatile form was enforced, in which the "Tale of Bygone Years" reached us. This is the great merit of both wonderful historians. The next major step was made by the famous archeographer P.M.Tractors. And V.N. Tatishchev, and A. Shlezer represented a "tale of temporary years," as the creation of one chronicler, in this case Nestor. P.M.Trupheska expressed a completely new look at the chronicle as a set of several earlier chronicles and such villages began to be considered all the annilates that were reached. Thus, he discovered the path not only to a more correct study of the chronicles and arches that did not reach us in their original form reached us.

Unrecognizable an important step Made A.A. Shakhmatov, who showed that each of the chronicles, starting from the XI century and ending the XVI century, not a random conglomerate of heterogeneous chronicle sources, and historical work With its own political position dictated by the place and the time of creation. According to A.A. Chehamatova, the chronicle, which is customary to refer to the tag of time years, was established in 1112 by Nestor - presumably the author of two well-known agiographic works - readings about Boris and Gleb and the lives of Feodosia Pechersk. The history of chronicle of chess associated with the history of the country. It was possible to intercept the history of the state of the source history. Data source studies have become not an end in itself, but the most important help in recreating the picture historical Development Total people. And now, starting to study one or another period, first of all seek to analyze the question of how the chronicle and its information are related to real reality. Lack of approach developed by LA Chess, concludes however critical analysis The source actually coincided with the study of the history of his text. Outside the interests of the researcher remained big complex Problems associated with the history of the values \u200b\u200band meanings that have existed during the creation of a chronicle of the chronicle. This gap was largely filled with studies of such wonderful scientists as: I.N. Danilevsky, V.M. Istrin, A.N.Nadsov, A.A. Likhachev, M.P.Pogodin and many others.

purpose work - show historical and artistic peculiarity "Tale of the time years", give an assessment of the importance of "stories" as a literary monument of ancient Russia.

1. The history of the Russian chronicle of the "Tale of Bygone Years"

Analysis of literature on the history of the emergence of the "Tale of Bygone Years" shows its discussion in science. At the same time, in all publications about the "story" underlines historical meaning Chronicles for the history and culture of Russia. Already in the title "Tale of Bygone Years", there is a response to the question of the purpose of the Chronicles: In order to tell the "Excudation, the Russian land went, who in Kiev initiated the first of the princes, and the Russian land began to eat." In other words, to tell about Russian history from the very beginning of it and before the formation of the Orthodox state under the collective name of the Russian land.

Revealing the issues of chronology, I.N. Danilevsky wrote that traditionally annoyments in a broad sense called historical writings, the presentation in which is carried out strictly by year and is accompanied by chronographic (annual), often calendar, and sometimes chronometric (hourly) dates. According to the species signs, they are close to Western European Annalam (from Lat. Annales Libri - annual reports) and chronicles (from Greek. Chranihos - relating to time). In the narrow sense of the word chronicles, it was customary to call the chronicle of the chronicles that have survived in one or several similar lists. But scientific terminology in the chronicle materials is largely conditional. This is due, in particular, with the "lack of clear boundaries and the complexity of the history of chronicle texts", with the "fluidity" of the chronicles, allowing "gradual transitions from the text to the text without visible gradations of monuments and editions." To date, "In the study of the chronicles, the use of terms is extremely vague." At the same time, "any elimination of the ambiguity of terminology should be based on the establishment of this ambiguity itself. It is impossible to terms about the use of terms, without finding out first of all all the shades of their use in the past and present, "believes D.S. Likhachev.

According to M.I.Sumcholynova "All Russian chronicles the very name of the" Chronicles "," Chronicles "," Temperats "," TIME TRAINING SHIP ", etc. It is consistent with their perovical form: none of these names would be decent if they were not denoted by the time of each event, if the summer, years did not occupy the same important place in them as the most events. In this regard, as in many others, our chronicles are similar not so much with the writers by Byzantine, as with those temporals (Annales), which were conducted from the long time, from the VIII century, in the monasteries of Romance and German Europe - regardless of historical samples classical antiquity. The initial basis of these Annals were Easter tables. "

Most of the authors believe that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Trestle of the Tale of Bygone Years belongs to Nermer, a scribe of a wide historic horizon and large literary talent: even before working on the "Tales of the Championships of the Year", he wrote the "Life of Boris and Gleb" and "Life of Feodosia Pechersk". In the "Tale of Bygone Years", Nestor set a grand task: to dramatically rework the story about the oldest history of Russia - "However, the Russian land comes from."

However, as A. A. Chematov showed, the "Tale of Bygone Years" was preceded by other chronicle crops. The scientist leads, in particular, the next fact: "The Tale of Bygone Years", which preserved in Lavrentievsky, Ipatievsky and other chronicles, was significantly different in the interpretation of many events from another annals, who narrowed about the same initial period of Russian history - the Novgorod first chronicle of the youngerie. In the Novgorod chronicles there were no texts of contracts with the Greeks, Prince Oleg was called the Voevoda at the young Prince of Igor, otherwise it was told about the campaigns of Russia to Tsargrad and so on.

A. A. Chematov came to the conclusion that the Novgorod first chronicle in his initial part reflected another chronicle arch, which preceded the "Tale of Bygone Years."

The prominent researcher of the Russian chronicle of V. M. Istrin made unsuccessful attempts to find the differences in the "Tale of Bygone Years" and the story of the Novgorod first chronicle of a different explanation (that the Novgorod chronicle would definitely reduce the "tale of the time years"). As a result, A. A. Shamatov's conclusions were confirmed by many facts produced by both them and other scientists.

The text of the story of interest to us covers a long period - From ancient times before the second decade of the XII century. It is quite reasonably believed that this is one of the oldest chronicle archives, the text of which was preserved by the chronicle tradition. Separate lists it is not known. On this occasion V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: "In the libraries, do not ask the initial chronicle - you will probably not understand and ask:" What list of chronicles need you? " Then you, in turn, come to beware. There is still no one manuscript found, in which the initial chronicle would be placed separately as it came out from under the pen of an ancient compiler. In all well-known lists, it merges with the story of her successors, who in later arrangements comes to the end of the XVI century. " . In different chronicles, the text of the story comes to different years: Until 1110 (Lavrentievsky and lists close to it) or until 1118 (Ipatiev and lists close).

At the initial stage of studying the chronicles, researchers proceeded from the fact that those found in the discrepancy lists are a consequence of the distortion of the source text during repeated rewriting. Based on this, for example, A.L. Schrelzer put the task of recreating the "purified nestor". An attempt to correct the accumulated mechanical errors and rethinking the chronicle text, however, was not crowned with success. As a result of the work done by A.L. Schrelzer was convinced that over time, the text was not only distressed, but also corrected by correspondence and editors. Nevertheless, a non-vocabulary appearance was proved, in which the "Tale of Bygone Years" reached us. This actually raised the question of the need to reconstruct the initial type of chronicle text.

Comparing all the lists of chronicles available to him, A.A.Shakhmatov revealed the discrepancies and the so-called general places inherent in the chronicles. Analysis of detected discrepancies, their classification was allowed to identify lists with coinciding discrepancies. The researcher grouped lists by editors and put forward a number of complementary hypotheses explaining the occurrence of differentials. Comparison of hypothetical arches made it possible to reveal a number general damninherent in some of them. So the alleged source texts were recreated. It turned out that many fragments of the chronicle of the chronicle were borrowed from very early arches, which, in turn, made it possible to move to the reconstruction of the oldest Russian chronicle. Conclusions A.A. Chessatova received a complete confirmation when the Moscow arch of 1408 was found, the existence of which was predicted by a great scientist. In full the path that A.A. did Chess, became clear only after publishing his student MD. Locked workbooks of their teacher. Since then, the whole story of the study of the chronicles is divided into two periods: pre-Shahmatovsky and modern.

When editing the initial text (the first edition of the Tale of Bygone Years) was changed so much as A.A. Chess came to the conclusion about the impossibility of its reconstruction. As for the texts of the Lavrentiev and Ipatiev editions of the story (they are customary to be called respectively the second and third editions), then, despite the later alterations in subsequent vaults, Chessov managed to determine their composition and allegedly reconstruct. It should be noted that chess fluctuated in the assessment of the stages of work on the text of the Tale of Bygone Years. Sometimes, for example, he believed that in 1116 Sylvester only rewrote Nestor text 1113 (and the latter was sometimes dated 1111), without editing it.

If the question of the authorship of Nesor remains controversial (there is a number of instructions that are fundamentally divergent with the data and lives of the Feodosius), then in general the assumption of A.A. Chessatova about the existence of three editions of the Tale of Bygone Years share the majority modern researchers.

Based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe political nature of the ancient Russian chronicles, A.A. Chess, and for him MD. Squels and other researchers believe that the birth of the chronicle tradition of Pa Rusi is associated with the establishment of Kiev Metropolis. "The custom of the Byzantine Church Administration demanded, when opening a new department, bishop or metropolitan, to draw up a historical note on the causes, place and persons of this event for the work of the Patriarch Synod in Constantinople." It was supposedly a reason for the creation of ancient arch of 1037. Laters that were constituted on the basis of the Tale of Bygone Years, researchers represent that CygyBo journalistic works written, what is called on the evil of the day, then some medieval fiction, they are simply texts that are systematically with Amazing perseverance and perseverance "add" - hardly on inertia.

At the same time, the whole story of studying shows that the goal of the creation of chronicle should be quite significant so that throughout the centuries, many generations of chroniclers continued to work, started in Kiev in the XI century. Moreover, "the authors and editors kept the same literary techniques And they expressed the same looks and pa public life And on moral requirements. "

As believed, the first edition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" has not reached us. The second edition was preserved, compiled in 1117 by the Igumen of the Vestubitsky Monastery (near Kiev) Sylvester, and the third edition, compiled in 1118 on the command of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. In the second edition, only the final part of the "Tale of Bygone Years" was recycled; This edition and reached us as part of the Lavrentiev Chronicles of 1377, as well as other later chronicles. The third editorial office, according to a number of researchers, is presented in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the senior list of which is Ipatievsky - dates back to the first quarter of the XV century.

From our point of view, the final point in the study of the origin of the "story" has not yet been delivered, it shows the whole story of studying the chronicle. It is possible that scientists on the basis of newly discovered facts will be nominated by new hypotheses regarding the history of the creation of the greatest monument. old Russian literature - "Tale of Bygone Years."

Scientists have established that the lunches were conducted in Russia from the XI to XVII century. Back in the XIX century. It became known that almost all preserved chronicle texts are compilations, crops of previous chronicles. According to D.S. Likhachev, "In relation to the chronicles, a set of more or less hypothetical monument, i.e., the monument is intended, underlying its lists or other alleged arms." Nestor "Tale of Bygone Years" is obliged to its wide historical outlook, introducing facts to the chronicle world HistoryAgainst the background of which the history of Slavs is deployed, and then - the history of Russia. Thanks to the state view, the latitude of the horizons and literary talent of Nestor, the Tale of Byversion, was "not just a meeting of the facts of Russian, history and not just a historical and journalistic composition related to the pressing, but the transient tasks of Russian reality, and the whole, literary stated history of Russia" , notes D.S. Likhachev.

In the introductory part of the story sets out biblical legend On the division of land between the sons of Nova - Simom, Ham and Jafete - and the legend of the Babylonian pillar, which led to the separation of "single kind" on 72 people, each of which has its own language: "For the Flood, the three sons of Noah divided the land - SIM, XAM, IFET ... "

Having determined that "Language (people) Slovesque" from the Japthe tribe, the chronicle narrates further about the Slavs inhabited by them, about the history and customs of the Slavic tribes. Gradually, narrowing the subject of their narration, the chronicle focuses on the history of Pollas, tells about the emergence of Kiev. Speaking of ancient times, when Kiev Polyana were danutrics of Khazar, "Tale of Bygone Years" with pride notes that now, as it was destined, the Hazars themselves are danted by Kiev princes.

The exact indications of the years begin in the "Tale of Bygone Years" from 852, as the chronicler claims, Russia is mentioned in the Greek Chronicles: This year, the Kiev princes Askold and Dir attacked Constantinople. The chronological statement is immediately given - the countdown of the years who passed from one to another significant event. Ends the calculation of the calculation of years from "Death Yaroslavl to death of Svyatopolch" (i.e. from 1054 to 1113), from which it follows that the "Tale of Bygone Years" could not be prepared before the second decade of the XII century.

Next in the chronicle tells about the most important events IX century - "Variagov's vocation", campaign on Byzantium Askold and Dira, the conquest of Kiev Oleg. The legend included in the chronicle of the origin of the Slavic diploma ends important for the general concept of the "Tale of Bygone Years" by the statement of the identity of Slovenian and Russian languages \u200b\u200b- another reminder of the place of Polyan among the Slavic peoples and Slavs among the peoples of the world.

In subsequent chronicle articles, the reign of Oleg. The chronicler cites the texts of his contracts with Byzantium and folk legends about Prince: a story about the campaign on Tsargrad, with spectacular episodes, is undoubtedly folklore character (Oleg approaches the walls of the city in the rooks moving under the sails on land, hangs their shield over the gates of Constantinople, "Showing the victory").

Igor Chronicler considered Rüric's son. Two campaigns of Igor on Byzantium are reported and the text of the agreement concluded by the Russian Prince with the Byzantine Emperors-Coordarents: Roman, Konstantin and Stephen. Igor's death was unexpected and inglorious: on the advice of the squad, he went to the land of Ridge for the collection of Dani (usually a tribute was collected by his governor Svevend). On the way back, the prince suddenly appealed to his soldiers: "We go with the tribute to Divi, and I envied, look like more." Drevlyan, having heard that Igor intends to collect tribute to the second time, outraged: "Throwing a wolf (if the wolf is having something) in the sheep, then it's not to carry it out a herd, it's not to kill him, Tako and CE: they don't kill him, then you will not kill him . But Igor did not return the warning of the Drevlyan and was killed by them.

Olga brought himself three times for the death of her husband. Each revenge corresponds to one of the elements of the pagan burial rite. According to the customs of that time, the dead mans were buried, putting in the root; For the dead, they prepared a bath, and then his corpse burned, triction was arranged on the burial day, accompanied by military games.

Enthusiastly depicts the chronicler of Son Igor - Svyatoslav, his militantness, a knightly straightness (he would definitely warned his enemies in advance: "I want you to"), unpretentious in everyday life.

After the death of Svyatoslav between his sons - Oleg, Yaropolk and Vladimir - the civil struggle broke out. Vladimir came out the winner of it, who became the one-chased ruler of Russia in 980.

In the "Tale of Bygone Years", dedicated to Vladimir's princess, the topic of the Baptism of Russia is a great place. In the chronicle, the so-called "philosopher's speech" is read, with whom the Greek missionary turned to Vladimir, convincing the prince to adopt Christianity. "The speech of the philosopher" had a great informative value for the Old Russian reader - the entire "sacred story" was summarized in it and the basic principles of Christian religion were reported.

After Vladimir's death in 1015, a civil struggle broke out between his sons again. Svyatopolk - the son of Yaropolk and the prisoners-nun, which Vladimir, destroying his brother, made his wife, killed his summary brothers Boris and Gleb. A brief story about the fate of the princes-martyrs, about the struggle of Yaroslav Vladimirovich, with Svyatopolk, who ended with a military defeat of the last and terrible Divine Retribution was read.

The last decade of the XI century. It was full of rapid events. After internecine wars, the instigator and the indispensable participant of which Oleg Svyatoslavich was ("the word about Igor's regiment" refers to his Oleg Gorislavlich), the princes gather in 1097 in Lisher to the congress, on which from now on to live in peace and friendship, keep holdings of the Father and Do not encroach on other people's diets. However, immediately after the congress, a new atrocity was accomplished: the Volyn Prince Davyd Igorevich convinced Kiev Prince Svyatopolk Iaslavich's fact that the Terbell Prince Vasilko is malicious against them. Svyatopolk and Davyd lured the cornflower to Kiev, captured him and the eyes of his eyes. The event shook all the princes: Vladimir Monomakh, according to the chronicler, complained that there was no such evil in Russia "Neither Dedekh Oh, nor from our ours." In Article 1097, we find a detailed story about the dramatic fate of the Terebovsky Vasilka.

A brief overview of the composition of the Tale of Bygone Years shows the complexity of its composition and a variety of components both by origin and by genre affiliation. In the "story", in addition to short weather records, the texts of documents, and the retelling of folklore traditions, and plot stories, and excerpts from monuments of translation literature were included. Theological treatise is found in it - "Philosopher's Speech", and the story of Boris and Gleb, and Catema Legends about the Kiev-Pechersk monks, and the church commendable Word of the Peodosia Pechersky, and a relaxed story about Novgorod, who went to pay to the Kudesnik.

If we talk about the story of "Tale", it should be emphasized that the artistic generalization in ancient Russia was mainly based on a single particular historical fact. Almost all events are attached to a specific historical event or concrete historical lick. As you know, ancient Russia during the IX-X centuries. From fragile tribal Union turned into a single early refortel state. Hiking Kiev Princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav introduced Russia to the sphere of European politics. The close diplomatic, trade and cultural relations of ancient Russia with its southern neighbors - with the Bulgarian "kingdom and especially with the largest state of South-Eastern Europe - Byzantia prepared the ground for the adoption of Christianity. What was reflected in the "story". Obviously, Christianization of Russia demanded a radical restructuring of the worldview; The former pagan views on the origin and device of the Universe, about the history of the human race, the ancestors of Slavs were now rejected, and Russian scribes were in dire needed writings that would set forth the Christian ideas about world history, would give a new, Christian interpretation of the world order and the phenomena of nature. Describing the literature of Kievan Rus, D.S. Likhachev notes that it was devoted in mainly ideological issues. Its genre system reflected the worldview, typical of many Christian states in the Epoch of the early Middle Ages. "Old Russian literature can be considered as literature of one topic and one plot. This plot is a world history, and this word is the meaning of human life. "

We also note high citizenship and patriotism of the literary monument under consideration. The patriotism of the ancient Russian literature is connected not only with the pride of the authors for Russian land, but with their sorrow about incurred defeats, with the desire to enhance the princes and boyars, and sometimes with trying to condemn them, excite the readers anger against the worst of them.

Thus, the "Tale of Bygone Years" is not only a unique historical source and literary monument, but also a sample true patriotism Russian people, love for their homeland.

3. Style originality of the "Tale of Bygone Years"

The stylistic peculiarity of "story" deserves special attention, because in the modern literary tradition, the chronicle genre is absent. The nature of the chronicle genre is very complex; The chronicle refers to the number of "uniting genres", subordinate to themselves genres of their components - historical stories, lives, teaching, praise, etc. And nevertheless, the chronicle remains a one-piece product that can be investigated and as a monument of one genre, as a monument Literature. In the "Tale of Bygone Years," as in any other chronicles, two types of narration can be distinguished - actually weather records and chronicle stories. Weather entries contain events, while the chronicle stories offer descriptions of them. In the chronicle story, the author seeks to portray the event, bring certain specific details, reproduce the dialogues of the actors, in a word, to help the reader to present what is happening, cause it to empathize.

So, in the story about the pattern, which fled from the Pechenegs of Kiev, to convey the request of the princess Olga Voevod, the pretimi, not only the fact of transferring the report itself, but it is describing how the matures ran through the Pechenezhsky mill with a bridle in his hand, asking for as if The missing horse (at the same time an important item is not missed that the tag was able to speak in Pechenezhsky), about how he, having reached the shore of the Dnieper, "Summary of the Ports" and rushed into the water, how the pretija warriors fell down on the boat; Pretic dialogue with Pecheneza Prince and Dialogue. This is precisely the story, and not a brief weather record, such as: "Vntychi defeat Svyatoslav and tribute to them", or "Tsaritsya Volodymereya Anna", or "Pois Māstislav on Yaroslav with Kozara and Castoga", etc.

At the same time, the chronicle stories themselves relate to two types, largely determined by their origin. Some stories tell about the events, modern chronicles, others about the events that took place long before the deciption of the annals, these are oral epic legends, only subsequently contributed to the chronicle.

The stories triumph is triumph, the trick. So, who fought with Russia, the Pechenezh Prince offered Vladimir to put a warrior from his troops, who would face by force with Pechenegs. No one is solved to accept the challenge. Vladimir is saddened, but here it is a certain "old husband" and offers to send for his younger son. The young man, according to the old man, is very strong: "From the decetry of Bo, who hit him who hit him" (i.e. threw it to the ground). Somehow, the father recalls, the son, having accepted on him, "Pretoring the worms of his hands" (ripped the skin with his hands, which the meal at that moment: the father and son were telhevniki). The young man calls for Vladimir, and he shows the prince of his power - enough for the side of the bull running past and pulls out "skin with meats, Elico his hand is a hunt." But nevertheless, the young man is "Seredia Body," and therefore Pechenezh Bogatyr's bogatyr fell with him - "Presely Kelo and Strays" - laughs at his opponent. Here (as in the story about the revenge of Olga) surprise is waiting negative hero; The reader knows about the strength of the young man and triumphs when Kozhemayaka "Help" by the hands of the Pechenezh's hero.

Some chronicle stories are combined by a special, epic style image of reality. This concept reflects primarily the narrative approach to the subject of the image, its copyright, not just purely language Features presentation. In each such story in the center - one event, one episode, and it is this episode that makes it the characteristic of the hero allocates its main, memorable feature; Oleg (in the story of the campaign to the Tsargrad) - it is primarily a wise and brave warrior, the hero of the story about Belgorod Kisel - a Nameless elder, but his wisdom, at the last moment saving the city deposited by Pechenegs, and is the characteristic feature that he won the immortality in folk memory.

Another group of stories is drawn up by the chronicler or its contemporaries. It is distinguished by a different behalf of the narrative, there is no elegant completion of the plot, there is no epic conciseness and a generalization of the images of heroes. These stories at the same time can be more psychological, more realistic, literary processed, as the chronicler seeks not just to tell about the event, but to set out it to make a certain impression on the reader, to force it somehow referring to the characters of the narration. Among such stories within the "Tale of Bygone Years", the story of the blinding of Vasilka Terebovski (in Article 1097) is especially allocated.

Emotionally bright appears the episode about the terrible fate of the slander prince, he causes sympathy for him, a desire expressed by him to appear before God "In the Blood Shorter", as it would be reminiscent of the inevitable retribution, serves as a publicistic excuse for the "earthly" actions of the princes who spoke of war against Davyd Igorevich In order to restore the rights of Vasilka at the expense taken from him.

So, together with the chronicle narrative, a special, subordinate to the chronicle genre be formed is a genre of a story about princely crimes.

All the chronicle narration permeates the etiquette, especially in the part of its part, which is designed in the style of monumental historicism. The chronicler selects in these cases for his narration only the most important, state importance Events and acts. In the style of monumental historicism, such as the presentation of the events of the time of Yaroslav Wise and his son is Vsevolod. For example, a description of the battle on the alte, brought by Yaroslav to the victory over the "Okayanny" Svyatopolk - the killer of Boris and Gleb (in the "Tale of Bygone Years" under 1019).

The combination of styles of monumental historicism and the epic in the "Tale of Bygone Years" created her unique literary appearance, and its stylistic influence will be clearly felt over the course of several centuries: the chronicles will apply or vary those literary formulas that were first used by the creators of the Tale of Bygone Years, Imagine the characteristics existing in it, and sometimes quote the "story", introducing fragments from this monument to your text.

4. Even the "Tale of Bygone Years" in the Literary Aspect

Evaluating the importance of "stories", it should be primarily emphasized the globality of the goal that all chronicles put in front of them - show the origins of the emergence of Russian land in the historical perspective. Superbate assumed the multiplicity of the presentation, coverage broad Circle The most diverse historical events in their nature. All this set the lead to the depth, which provided its social polyfunctionality.

This is an exceptionally bright literary phenomenon that has enlightened not only many historical events, but also reflecting the social and political views of the time.

On the significance of the "story" for Russian literature also testifies to the fact that the chronicles used the rich traditions of oral public speeches. Oral origins were mainly given material, content and ideas for the construction of Russian history, partly its stylistic design, language. The traditions of writing entered all this material into the composite framework familiar to the medieval book. Contracts, legal documents and establishments also contributed to the formation of Russian literary languageAnd to some extent participated in the formation of the language of Russian literature.

It is important to note that the Middle Ages did not know the "copyright", the author's ownership in our sense of the word. The reader dominated the author - he was sometimes also a correspondence, and the editor of the book. Consequently, the "Tale of Bygone Years" is the result of collective literary Labor. That is why attempts to restore the initial "author" text "Tale of Bygone Years" (A. Schlezer) or find a single author for the chronicles of Kiev XII century. (Tatishchev, Schlezer) and Novgorod XI century. (Tatishchev, Miller) have long been left by science.

The shape of the arch, in which the ancient Russian historical "story" is clothed, is closely related to the special historical consciousness of its authors. The reader appreciated the documentary, the reality of what happened, and not subtleties artistic image. At the same time, the reality for the reader was signs, wonders, predictions, etc. These factors should also be attributed to the peculiarities of the "Tale".

Conclusion

Summarizing the following conclusions set forth in this work.

1. "The Tale of Bygone Years" is the arch of the chronicles. Composing his arch, each chronicler first took care of obtaining the works of his predecessors, contracts, messages, testations of princes, historical stories, lives of Russian saints, etc., and so on. Having collected the entire material affordable to him The chronicler joined him in the weather. This circumstance attaches a "story" a special depth, content and diverseness of the presentation.

2. The analysis of the content of the story shows that the "etiquette" of the writer's craft is associated with ideological representations of the Middle Ages about the holy, about the vulnerament, about the ideal type of prince, about the motives for which the enemies attack Russian land, about the causes of natural disasters (browsers, droughts and etc.). The chronicler was not far from politics and worldly passions. The stroke of the chronicler's narration, its specific historical performances very often go beyond religious thinking and are purely pragmatic.

3. The special value of the chronicle attaches personal experience Its creators, direct observation, elements of realism, political topicality - all that is so rich and so that the Russian chronicle is so valuable.

4. "Tale of Bygone Years" - the fruit of collective labor of the ancient Russian recorders, a unique historical and literary monument of ancient Russia, which is determined by the significance of the purpose of the work, deep historicism and valuable documentary, composite and style of the chronicles; High patriotism and citizenship of its creators.

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Likhachev D.S. Textology ... p. 368-369.

Sukhomlinov M.I. About the ancient Russian chronicle as a monument to literary // Research on the ancient Russian literature.-SPb., 1908.c. fifty.

The main works of A. A. Shamatov on this issue: the search for the most ancient Russian chronicle crops. St. Petersburg, 1908; "Tale of temporary years", t. I. Introductory part. Text. Notes. GH, 1916; Kiev initial arch of 1095 - in the book: Chessov A. A. Collection of articles and materials. Ed. Acad. S. P. Obnorsky. M.-L., 1947.

Istrin V. M. Comment on the beginning of Russian chronicles. - Iory, t. XXVI. GH., 1923; t. xxv11. L., 1924.

Cresankov M. D. History of Russian Chronicles of the XI-XV centuries. L., 1940, p. 16-44; Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical importance. M.-L., 1947, ch. 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9. See also: Lurie Ya. S. On the Shakhmatov method of studying the chronicle archives. - In the book: the source studies of domestic history. Sat Art. M., 1976, p. 93-99; Cottages O. V. "The Tale of Bygone Years" and the "initial arch" (textural comment). - "Todrl". L., 1976, t. XXX and others.

Klyuchevsky V. A. Course of Russian History // Klyuchevsky V. O. Works: in 9t. M., 1987. T. 1.S. 92-93.

The history of Russian literature X - XVII centuries: studies. Manual for students ped. In-Tov on special. № 2101 "Rus. Yaz. or T." / L. A. Dmitriev, D. S. Lihachev, Ya. S. Lurie et al.; Ed. D. S. Likhacheva. - M.: Enlightenment, 1979. - 462 p., Il.

See: Likhachev D. S. Poetics of Old Russian literature. L., 1971, p. 48-50.

See: Eremin I. P. Tale of temporary years as a monument of literature. - In the book: Eremin I. P. Literature Ancient Russia (etudes and characteristics). M.-L., 1966; Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical importance, ch. 7; He is Man in the literature of ancient Russia. M.-L., 1970, ch. 2 and 3; Cottages O. V. Supply narration in the annals of the XI-XIII centuries. - In the book: The origins of Russian fiction, p. 31-66.

Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical importance, p. 215-247.

Prokhorov G. M. "The story of the invasion of Batiya" in the Lavrentievsky chronicle. - "Todrl". L., 1974, t. XXVIII, p. 77-80.

Likhachev D.S. "Oral chronicle" as part of the "Tale of Bygone Years". - "Historical notes", 1945, vol. 17, p. 201-224.