Surname ends at EB. The history of the appearance of surnames with suffix -ov, -Ev, -in, -yn

Have you ever been interested in the origin of your last name? In fact, it is very interesting, because the surname makes it possible to learn nationality, human roots. To deal with what nationality is the name of this or that surname, you need to pay attention to suffixes and endings.

So, the most common suffix ukrainian names - "-Enko" (Bondarenko, Petrenko, Tymoshenko, Ostapenko). Another group of suffixes - "-", "-ko", "-" - "Belebeko, Bobertiko, Grishko). The third suffix is \u200b\u200b"-" (Berezovsky, Mogilevsky). Often, among Ukrainian surnames, you can meet those that come from the names of professions (Koval, Gonchar), as well as from the combinations of two words (Sinezub, Belogor).

Among russian family Such suffixes are common: "-an", "-yn", "Ying", "-skaya", "-", "-Ev", "-", "-", ",", "," ". It is easy to guess that examples of such surnames can be considered the following: Smirnov, Nikolaev, Donskoy, gray.

Polish surnames Most often have suffixes "-sk" and "- TSK", as well as the end of the "-y", "-" (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Vishnevsky). Often you can meet Poles with last names with an immutable form (SENKEVICH, Woznyak, Mitskevich).

English surnames Often come from the name of the area, where a person lives (Scott, Wales), from the names of professions (Smith - Kuznets), from the characteristic (Armstrong - strong, sweet is sweet).

In front of many french surnames There is an insertion "Le", "Mont" or "De" (Le Germain, Le Pen).

German surnames Most often formed from the names (Peters, Jacobi, will return), from characteristics (Klein - small), from the kind of activity (Schmidt - Blacksmith, Muller - Melnik).

Tatar surnames Tatar words and such suffixes are taking place: "-OV", "-Ev", "-in" (Yuldashin, Safin).

Italian surnames They are formed using such suffixes: "-ini", "-ino", "-ello", "-ello", "-etti", "--etto", "-" (Maretti, Benedetto).

Most spanish I. portuguese surnames Take place from the characteristics (Alegre - joyful, bravo - brave). Among the endings most often found: "-", "-every", "-AZ" (Gomez, Lopez).

Norwegian surnames Food with the help of the suffix "EN" (Larsen, Hansen). The surnames are also popular without suffix (per, morgen). Frequently formed surnames from the name natural phenomena or animals (Blizzard - Blizzard, Svana - Swan).

Swedish surnames Most often end on "--sson", "-berg", "-", "-strom" (Forceberg, Bosstrom).

W. estonians by last name You will not be able to understand, male or female genus in humans (Simson, Ok).

W. jewish surnames There are two common roots - Levi and Cohen. Most surnames are formed from male names (Solomon, Samuel). There are surnames that are formed by suffixes (Abramson, Jacobson).

Belarusian surnames Endage to "-Kich", "-", "-", "--ko", "-onak", "-ёnak", "-uk", "-" - IK "," - Sk "(Radakevich, Kitchen ).

Turkish surnames They have the ending "-Oklu", "-ji", "-Zade" (Mustafooglu, Ekindzhi).

Almost all bulgarian surnames Formed from names with the help of Sufiks "-OV", "-Ev" (Konstantinov, Georgiev).

Men's latvian surnames End to "-C", "-", and women - on "-e", "-a" (Shurins - Shurin).

And men's lithuanian surnames End to "-onis", "-Nas", "-Uthis", "-Atis", "-Eno" (Norwidytis). Women end on "-En", "-Yven", "- Wen" (Grijnoven). In the names unmarried girls The surname of the father and suffixes are contained. "," "-", "-At", as well as the end of "-e" (Orbakas - Orbakaite).

Most armenian surnames End to suffix "-yan", "-ynyz", "-" (Hakobyan, Galustyan).

Georgian surnames Endage to "-Shvili", "-dze", "", "," -Ava "," -a "," -ua ",", "," -nu "(Mikadze, Gwishian).

Walnut surnames Inherent in the end of "-dis", "-Kos" - "Plunos" (Angelopoulos, Nikolaydis).

Chinese I. korean surnames Consist of one, sometimes two syllables (Tan Liu, Qiao, Mao).

Japanese surnames They are formed using one or two words (Kitamura - North and Village).

Women's feature czech surnames It is the mandatory end of "-OV" (Valdrov, Andersonova).

Amazing how many differences between the names of different nationalities and nations!

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IN Russian Federation Each 10th marriage is mixed. This is due to demographic reasons and fashion trend Conclusion Union S. foreign citizen. Often we are legalized between Russian and visitors. But such mixed marriages are often doomed to short existence. As a result, the owners of the "specific" surname can not always know their true roots, especially if parents categorically do not want to raise the topic of kinship.

You can find out the name of the name. But it is a painstaking and a long process that is better to trust the specialists. However, the origins of origin can be established by general rules.

History of the emergence of the name

In the past century, only aristocrats possessed the pedigree. Simple people It was not necessary to know its origin, which means to have the name. Only during the reign of Vasily first peasants began to receive nicknames, resembling a real name: Semen black, Monk Rublev and others.

The study of pedigree is greater importance. It not only allows you to find out how to identify nationality by name, but also transmits the historical past.

Ancient times, an official last name served to identify a person and his family. Many marriages have and have an interground character. The surname allows you to establish a degree of kinship, because it takes into account not only language Features, but also a territorial sign with historical factors.

How to analyze?

To determine the nationality of a person by last name, should be remembered school Course Russian language. The word consists of root, suffix and ending. Allow to calculate the first two points.

1. In the surnames you need to highlight the root and suffix.
2. Establish belonging to national suffixes.
3. If this is not enough, to analyze the root of the word.
4. Estimate the name according to the degree of belonging to European sources.

Many surnames take into account not only the morphological features of the word, but also belong to a person to a specific group: in the specialty, personal qualities, the name of the animal or bird.

Establishing nationality on suffixes and root

Belonging to the Ukrainian sources confirms the presence of suffixes:

• uNKO;
• eyko;
• point;
• ovsky.

Learn the nationality on the surname in people with Jewish roots is not so easy. Many factors affect its origin.

The name of the name of the profession, animal or poultry may be based on the surname. For example, Bondar, Gonchar is Ukrainian designations of a working specialty. Gorobets is a sparrow in Ukrainian. Just later this word was transformed into the surname.

Often you can see the names consisting of two words, such as Ryabokon, Crivonos and others. They testify to the presence of Slavic roots: Belarusian, Polish, Ukrainian, Russians.

How to determine Jewish roots

Not always suffix and the root of the word helps to establish nationality by last name. This also applies to the Jewish origins. To establish kinship, 2 large groups are distinguished here:

• Roots "Cohen" and "Levi".
• Male names.

The roots "Cohen" and "Levi" testify to the belonging of the owner of the surname to the Jews, whose ancestors had a san clergyman. Among them you can meet such: Kogan, Kagan, Kaplan, Levit, Levitin, Levitan.

The second group contains male names. These include Solomon surnames, Moses and others.

The Jewish people have one feature: during the prayer of a person called the mother name. And nationality here is also given on the motherboard. This interesting historical fact led to the formation of surnames that are based on female kind. Among them, Sinsison, Rivkin, Tsivyan, Baleis.

And a working specialty may answer the question of how to identify nationality by name. This also applies to Jewish roots. For example, Fine's surname translated from Jewish means "beautiful" and characterizes the appearance of a person. And Rabin means "Rabbi", that is, professional activities.

European roots

In Russia, it is often possible to meet English, French, German origins. Find out a specific nationality by surname help certain rules word formation.

French origin confirms the presence of de or LE in the last name.

German formed in three ways:

• from personal names - Walter, Peters, Werner, Hartmann;
• from nickname (for example, Klein);
• related to a specific profession (the most common - schmidt).

The surnames of English origin also have several ways of education:

• depending on accommodation - Scott, English, Irish, Welsh, Wallace;
• from professional activity man - Spooners, Carver, Butler;
• consider human qualities - Bad, Sweet, Good, Moody, Bragg.

Separate group form polish surnames: Kovalchik, Senkevich, Novak. As a rule, they have suffixes -cub, -vich, -wak.

Lithuanian surnames have suffixes -Kas, -Jen, -Kuy, -Bus, is, are, -the.

Features of eastern sources

The formation of the surname is influenced by several factors:

• territorial belonging of the ancestors;
• occupation;
• personal human features;
• morphological components.

IN eastern countriesTo find out whose surname, by nationality, it is necessary to analyze its suffixes and endings.

Chinese and Korean surnames monosights and short. The most typical of them are Sin, Xiao, Tszyu, Laa, Kim, Ladies, Chen.

Muslims have surnames have suffixes, endings -On, -Ev (Aliyev, Aushev, Khassbulatov, Dudaev and others). At the Armenian people, they ends on -yan (Shien, Bordyan, Poblikyan).

There are "incomparable" suffixes and endings: -Shvili, -dze, -Us, -I, -Ani (I), - Outhi (I), -In, -the (I).

All listed features allow you to find true roots. But only a specialist can accurately tell how to learn nationality by last name. Sometimes this requires a detailed analysis, which takes into account many factors. A person is inextricably linked with his name, and it can really tell a lot about him and his pedigree.

Identically Russian, most cossack surnames ends on: oV, eV, iN.. For many it gives reason to assumeand even to argue that the ancestors of the carriers of such surnames were Russians (Velikorsosha). It is made to eliminate the assumption that the ancestors of the carriers of such surnames, as: Persias, Georgians, Morzintsev, Greeks, Turkin, etc. There were not Russians, but representatives of the nation, respectively, the direction of the name itself. But by this provision, the question of Cossack surnames is in reality far away.

Surnames with ending on― oV, eV, iN. more ancient origin than Russian (Great Russian) people, whose formation, as is known, began with everythingXIII. in. According to R. XP. So, in the 2nd contract Kiev Prince Igor with Greeks (912) in his list (nicknames): Fastov, Kari (s), Tudkov, Karshev, Tudors, Spear, Zakov, Bernov, Gunarev, Bells, Gudov, Tadov, Kuji (s), Vuzlev, Utin , SINO, BORICH.

Such surnames and their similar, found in later historical documents establish that the above endings in the names were not only common to the population. Kievan Rus, Ukrainians ancestors, but that both surnames from foreign, not Slavic words (Bern, Tuad, Tudor, Fast), took the end oV And those weakened.

These data and the fact that with the above-mentioned surname are common and to the present in Ukraine, they give reason to assert that they are not the creativeness of the Velikorsov, but are borrowed, like most of cultural foundations, from Kievan Rus; Velikorosov education surnames with the end on oV, eV, iN.reached only the greatest development― These endings easily replace others (I, Oh, oh) or are easily added to any and not Russian words.

Bulgarian surname with the end oV and eVordinary now, as ordinary were in antiquity.

And if so, then we have the right to assume that such endings in the names were ordinary and the Slavic-Turkic population of the Cossack (after the Tmutarakan principality, from where the Cossack people had formed). They were later, and only since the rule of the Russians (Velikorussians), i.e. Over the past 2nd centuries, have achieved the greatest development.

Cossacks the surname on oh, iY, to her Change B.― oV, eV; Other endings change in iN., and by graduation ko Sound is added adds in: Sulatsk (s) s, kadatsk (s) OV, bend (a) in, rind (a) in, jachenko + in, semenchenko + in, late (s), Schulg (a) in.

Poles are common endings of surnames - iY, iCH, eC; They are characteristic of Ukrainians.

Preserving such grades of Cossack surnames (or replaced) indicate that the ancestors of the carriers of such names were either Ukrainians, or Poles: Kalinovsky, Bukovsky, Levitsky, Kohanovsky, Khchechkhatitsky, Kadatkov, Kurganinsky.

Ending surnames (nickname) on koAs it can be seen from the document 912 and other, very ancient origin. Ending ko (Velikorsosa was borrowed and turned into ka - Ivashka, Fomka, etc.) in the Russian (Kiev) state (later the succession of it - Ukraine) denoted the younger degree, subordination, a smaller part of the subject.

So, in Kievan Rus end ko Sometimes it was added to the names of the princes (Volodirko, Vasilko, Jurko), who did not have the devices (rogue), i.e. subordinates; But never gained to the names of the Kiev region princes.

In Ukraine, the son or grandson of Taras, Shevchuk, Bulba, the Ostap was called Tarashenok, Shevchenok, Bullbenok, Leaven, and from here already formed and surnames - Tarasenko, Shevchenko, etc.

Such formations can be assumedfirst were peculiar to the Western regions of Ukraine; In the Podneprovskaya part, where there was a more intensive betrayal of Turkic nations, the end prevailed oh, oh, to her, but, aC; All of them turkic origin.

Ending to her (County, Palee, Kochubey, Berende, etc.) Very often changed into the end eEV.

So, from many documents establishing entry into the ranks of the Don Cossacks at the endXVI in. and in the first halfXVII in. individual representatives of the Ukrainian people, from its substanders, in Cossack and Moscow documents called Cherkasy, surnames on ko Almost does not occur. So in the list of such Cherkasov from 1647, entered into the ranks of the Cossacks. Out of 200 above the surnames are not a dozen with the end on ko, and mainly on oV, eV. (Burpeanov, Charitons, bend (a) in, etc.).

Development of surnames on ko in Ukraine in the second halfXVII Art. Must be, it can be assumed to colonize the Western regions of it.

It would be ridiculous to believe that the ancestors of the names of the names - Ovanesov, Chebukchiev, Big (Ai) Ev, etc. Or even they themselves are Russian. Back if you added the end oV, eV or iN.to the surnames - Grimm, Wrangel, Struve, etc., it would still not hide that the ancestors of such surnames were Swedes, Germans or a representative of another nationality, but not Russian.

Back, durable ending oV and eV Even the seemingly division of the surname cannot hide that the ancestors of the names of the names - Milyukov, Chuwild (her) of EEV, TURGEN (B) EV, as they establish the words themselves and historically documents, were Tatars. The appearance itself is often confirming, the nature of the nobility of such a surname is also. In this case, it can only be a nickname, when or what ancestor or the owner of such a name became Russian (Velikorsom).

Very many of the names of the Cossacks (in some hundred nits, they are predominant) have the basis of the word not slavic origin; Hereas an example: Merzhan, Catanov, Mishousts, Koloman-Ov, Norma-ev, Dukmas, Mendele-s, Gald (a) -in, Kaklud (a) in, Malyug (a) in, Arakans, Secret-ev, Torub-Ov, Boldyr-ev, Cundel, Biryukh, Kudin-s.

The definition of what kind of people is borrowed the word, or it is brought as a surname, it is very often established by the nationality of the ancestor of the carrier of such a surname; It is sometimes confirmed by historical documents. So, Merzhan (the ancestor, probably carriers of this surname) - was a native Arab, heed together with the Don Cossacks from the Turkish captivity in 1640; He accepted Christianity and became the Don Cossack.

Misists - the surname of Circassian Prince Ro-yes, existing in the middle of the last century.

Mendeleev comes from Kalmyk's words - Mendel (Hello-Sia).

Kindelleov, as established by documents, occur from Kalmyk Murza, who accepted Christianity and became the Cossack in the first halfXVIII century

GALAND - Kalmyk name; The origin from Kalmyk is confirmed by the features of the media from this names family legend.

The last name of tours was formed from 2 words: Turkic and Slavic: Tour (Dark) - wrong, incorrect; Torver in the book-made sense is the man of the wrong faith, Ine-Retz. And, as I heard from one of the representatives of Ro-da Torubovy, the family legend says that their PERS was.

The surname of Arakans comes from the word Arak (C) -Aracian - a leaving from Araka, maybe from Araks.

Sometimes the Turkic and other words served as OS-new to form the surname seem to be Slavic. According to such similarity, it would be wrong to argue that the ancestors of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the Names. So, if the surname of Kharlamov was formed on behalf of Harlampiy, it was Harlampiev; Calmycks: Har - Black, Lam (e) priest, literally transfer Harlam - Monk. The sidemen originate from Kalmyk Murza - BOK, the sustenance of which and the transition to the Cossacks after the attributes of Christianity is established by the documents of the pen of HalfXVIII century

Vedeneev was formed from the Word - Vedeno, what a Mordva calls himself in his language.

Appearance and character are very often under-hardening, sometimes, and regardless of the otis-plated, the nationality of the ancestors of the Cossack is established.

Cossack people have developed from Slavic (Russa) and Turkic (Cossack Cherkasov) living in the territory of Cossacks, later within the Tmutarakan principality formed from her. (Italics mine. - Ed.)

If we take into account that in Kievan Rus, part of its population of her black hoods (Podprovsky Cherkasov, the nationalities of Turkic origin), as seen from the chronicles, the names of the leaders were at the heart of the word Turkic (Loveor, Tudor, Quanda, Arcashar, etc. .), We have the right to assume that the ancestors of the Don and other Cossacks of the surname, nicknames, at the heart of the Turkic words, were usually ordinary with the names that had Slavic roots.

During the rule of the Mongols, during the pre-extension of the Don Cossacks as part of the Golden Horde (XIII - XIV. c.) The Turkic-Tatar language for all Eastern Europe was a state, and the Don Cossacks who lived in close proximity to the Tatars, closely connected with her capital, G. Saram, was on a row with her, Slavic, and conversational.

Before the emergence of free Cossacks (leaving the wild field and for him) and the education of the independent republics (troops) inXV Art. Don Cossacks who lived in the turns of the Moscow and Ryazan Principles and theirs who lived as a rather borderline force were in communicating with neighbors - the Turkic-Tatar peoples and did not forgive their language. For Don Cossacks, preserved in the territory of Cossacks - by R.R. Hopra and Maundice (Salavask) with tributaries and in the lower dona (y azov Cossacks), along with my own language and Türk-Tatar.

It is known that the Moscow State of the Volga Cossacks (branches of the Don) is still at the beginningXVII Art. Pi-fat letters in the Tatar language. Replenishment of the champion inXVI - XVII V.V. It went much more from the Turkic-Tatar peoples than from Velikorsov, not a throat already about Ukrainians (Cherkas). Finally, talking in Tatar at the Don German endXVIII century and on-chala XIX in. It was a sign good tonelike rus-led aristocracy of that time - speak- French.

Based on the above, we can argue that the names of which are the basis of which the Turkic-Tatar words serve as the Cossacks themselves and are not reasons for themselves (that is, that there were no ancestors to the Don); But they are all definitely, the trees of origin.

Such characteristic surnames like Kolimanov (Changes. Colomanov), Arkasharin (existing in the Don Cossacks in the first halfXVIII C.) And Calin decrees to the continuity of the names of the Cossacks since ancient times.

Koloman and Arcashara - one of the leaders of black hoods (Podprovsky Cherkasov)XIII. in. The name of Kolo-Man meets before. CALEDA - one of the pre-drivers of the Podneprovsky Cherkasov beganXV Art. As you know, the Ukrainian people - especially with the subnet (Cherkasy) were a significant element, complementing-PWM Don Cossacks in the event of a free ka-duration, and after the main source of his passion.

The surnames that occurred from Slavic words sometimes provide the abstraction of the preferences of their carriers.

So, the ancestors of the owners of the names: Kravtsov, seam-cow, Limavarev, Kovalev, Chebotarev, Miroshnikov, Osipov, Ostaps, Astakhov, Piecers, Wolshin, were definitely Cherkasy.

But there is no data to argue that the ancestors of the surnames of Kuznetsov, Sapozhnikov, Vedernikov, Melnikov were certainly grandios; These etifamilies could be formed on Don.

There are surnames from the Cossacks originating from words that sometimes determine nationality, more often social status, occupation, etc.: Voevodin, BoyaIninov, Buddaris, Pushkarev, Drummers, Mardine (Klinda - Prince or royal bodyguard - Page). But it would be wrong to believe that the names of Voevodin and Boyarinov occurred from the runaway Boyarin and the Governor of Mo-Skovski (it would be hidden by fizzly). Can be labeled with a sufficient basis that they are origin of Novgorod, when at the endXV And in the first halfXVI in., After the Moscow defeat of Novgorod, and Vyatka, the representatives and higher classs of V. Novgorod - and the boyars, and the governors, and the merchants, and the clergy, saving their heads from the Moscow Faehi, on Don.

Such a surname as bara bathovers does not establish the Great-Russian originity of the owner of it - in the Moscow State in the second halfXVII in. When the troops "ingenic building" started, they were just the Germans.

There are many Cossack surnames originating from Mohammedan names: Alimov, Seyov (Usane, Seim), Kireev (Gireev), Izmailov, Temirov, etc. D.Peredov, those surnames were definitely persons who confessed Islam - or Tatars, or Turks , or Circassians, or finally Persians; But what exactly the people - it is impossible to solve.

Almost most of the Cossack surnames in the current time, as inXVII - XVIII Art. In comparison with others, if they are divided into groups, comes from Orthodox names.

As you know, the Don Cossacks (like other Cossacks) were ancient times Orthodox; from the Don Cossacks from 1261 to the endXIV in. There was its own special Taffier (or Saranskaya) Eparcian with the stay of the bishop in the capital of the Golden Horde of Saraj. Highly replenished rows of the Cossacks of Novgorod and Cherkasy were also Orthodox. Finally, the ancestors of the Don Cossacks Slavs (RUSSI) and Kazakhs (Cossacks) who lived in Cossacks and the Tmutarakan principality withIX c., were right-nice.

Thus, the formation of the names from the right-glorious names was definitely the usual Ka-Zakov themselves and was very ancient.

Many Cossack surnames known for documents of the second halfXVI c., have been preserved to the present; Many are no longer found, but it does not know that there are no descendants of such Cossacks.

Very often one surname was replaced by another. If there were two families or a few of the same names, then the new received the name by the name of the senior representative - or his personal nickname, characteristic of a sign.

When there were no written documents, the names were lost, and the nicknames or the names of the elders to the family were fixed as surnames. So the names - Kosososov, Ryabov, Debt, Kurnoshov, Skur (a) in, Zhelojkin, Estros, Kultyshkin, etc. They were formed, but they are not characteristic of themselves, but they would initially come to the last name. Such "street" surnames that could no longer be entrenched due to the existence of written documents, formed in the Cossacks until recently.

But the surnames from Orthodox names can conceal the ancestors of any national origin.

When joining the ranks of the Cossacks is not a Cossack and not a Christian, especially young, he sometimes acquired the name of the godfather.

So, the descendants of the stump of a hundred gypsies, which became the Cossack, was not necessarily totted in the gypsy, they could contact Vasil-Evhi, Polycapov, Petrov, if such a name was wary godfather Rodonarchist.

Sometimes they received F-Miles named and the Greeks that have entered into the ranks of the Cossacks, which was often. Thus, the Greek merchants, separated with the Don Cossacks, the severity of the "Azov Seating" in 1641 were all adopted in the Cossacks. From Greek, Yana was a surname of Yanov (mistakenly consider it Polish origin); From Maxim Grek - Greeks and from one of them - Kololkov ("Korolev" - a silver coin of that time, used in the Cossacks and Turks, foreign chasing, with the image of a minor king - "Rubber"). All other Greeks received surnames on the names (fathers, grandfathers); So they mean in the document.

It would seem that the extensive material should have been given lists of the Cossacks of winter villages (embassies from Don to Moscow), preserved in the affairs of the Moscow in the Solish order, but in them, in fact, there are no surnames.

In O. DON and MOSCOW state relationships were adopted: the Moscow king in Gramo-te was usually called the names of the Don Ataman, but only the name and patronymic of his (Osip Petrov); It was a special honor; Back, and the Don Army is not a hundred-called the name of Ataman in the abstracts of the Moscow King, but only the name and patronymic.

These diplomas and unsubscribers are the main material for history, and we still do not know the names of such Don Atamans, like Ermak Timofeev, Osip Petrov, Naum Vasilyev, Yakovlev, and others. Timofeev, Petrov, etc. are patronymic, and not last name; The descendants of these Atamans live under these surnames, but those attacks in the correctness of these atamans.

In the lists of winter villagesXVII Art. Famy Lii are also not shown (the importance of the composition of the village), but only names and patronymic.

There are the names of the names and female names and female names (Sidorkins, Gapkin, Sidorins, Dyachikhin, Yankins, etc.).

Etifamilia-congenived in such order - if the prisoner or the leaving married the natural Cossack, then the offspring received the name named Mother; I could take the last name by the name of the mother or by the characteristic sign of her and the child, if his father was not-known.

A lot of surnames from the Cossacks from the name of Ot spiritual Sana (Dychkin, Popov, etc.). The name of Popov has especially common from the Don Cossacks. Name the name Popova on Don - nothing to say nothing.

In Donsky Cadet corps Such surnames also joined the number.; Popper, or first-graders in Popova, were Noshn, usually exceeding 2 dozen.

Known such an anecdote having a historical basis. After the sessions of the Allied troops of Paris in 1813, Don Atama. Cards represented imper. Alexander.I Cossack shelves.

The latter at that time did not wear the number, but were called the names of the regiments of the regiments. During the passage in the horseman of the regiments Ataman c. Cards among others as if called: "Polkdyachkina ... Dyachikhina, Dyakov ... Dyakonova ... Popova 8 ... Popova 12, Popova 13, Protopopova ... Polk Apostolova."

When there was a launch, AlexanderI. As if, asked: "And where is the regiment of Jesus?" What Donasiaman replied: "We did not have time to form: the war ran out."

Part of these surnames really wore the commanders of the Cossack regiments, others meet among officers in 1812-13, as these documents are established.

Surnames such could form even during the entry of Novgorod and Vyatchan in the ranks of the Cossacks, but I personally, in any of the historical documents before the middle of xVII art. I have not met the names originating from spiritual san. Probably, they were formed on the Don after the emigration of Velikorsov after the spiritual split, the only period when the occurrence of them was more or less noticeable.

It is possible that the ancestors wearing these surnames would be Velikorsosa, although I met the Cossacks wearing F-Mile Popov, in the whole family of which the Turkic-Tatar type was sharply expressed.

From this it is necessary to make an exception and added. The surname of the apostles (rare on Don, is one race), of course, Ukrainian origin.

Dyack only in recent century indicated only the spiritual San, inXVII Art. Dyack is a clerk, a punch, etc. The rank (very high) in the Zaporizhia troops of the "military writer" in Donskoy corresponded - "Military Diak". It is most likely that the surname of Dyakov is coming from here, and not from spiritual sanitary. To the above category, it is necessary to attribute the surname of Corcegin.

Cossack surnames originating from geographical names, mainly cities, towns and villages (giant, Bukanovsky, Kargalsk (s), Kundryutskov, Ternovskov, Khopersky, Kumshaskov, Bogucharskov, SA-Marin, Korhoruksov, etc.), give little data For the defense of the nationality of ancestors - especially if the names of the villages served as the basis for the names.

The surname Bukanovsky speaks only that the ancestor of this name was a led from the Bukanovsky Town of Don Troops. Bogajevsky - a migranet from the giant village or town to another, which speaks very little.

The appearance of the deceased M. P. Goyarevsky itself said more than the ancestor was, of course, Kalmyk, and the features of his brothers confirm this.

Karochken - a leaving from the city of Karochi - and was probably Cherkas (Ukrainian).

Bogucharskov, Samarins, Kaluzhenina were immigrants from respective cities; Suites from the outskirts of the children of Boyar, Archers, the city Cossacks in the ranks of the latter were Cherkasy and Tatars.

So in this case, the belonging of those surnames to the ancestors of the Velikorsov is not installed.

Thus, the surnames of Cossack do not indicate on any significant entry of the Vigoros-owls (Russians) in the ranks of the Cossacks; Of course, they cannot give the material at all for the proof of the origin of the Don and other Cossacks from the Velikorsov, since the Cossacks from Great Bigs (Russians) in reality and do not occur.

The above refers to all Cossacks, except for the Cubans-Chernomoretsev. They have the names are identical to Ukrainian; The endings are dominated iY, oh, oh, but, aC. At the base, they have Slavic (Ukrainian) words and Turkic, some borrowed from the ancestors - black hoods (Cherkasov).

But this question requires a special study.

IP. Bykadorov

From the editorial

I happily found this article in 38-39 issues of the magazine "Volnoe Cossacks" (in i.flane Kozatvo ") - published on June 25 and July 10, 1929 in Prague (the year of publication is the second). Her author is Isaac Fedorovich Byikador.

Born in 1882 in the family of the Don Colonel in the village of Nizhne Kundrychevskaya. Major General, Historian, Comrade of the Chairman of the Don Circle, a member of the Done Supreme Circle, Kuban and Terek. Good systematic education received in classical gymnasium in Rostov-on-Don, in the Novocherkassian engineering school. In 1907, he was accepted at the Academy of General Staff, a full course was held, but in 1910, the immediate release returned to the system (because of the family tragedy).

During the First World War, many combat orders were awarded (lost one eye).

In the spring of 1918, the Cossacks who rebel soviet powerThey elected Colonel Bykadorov to his commander.

Since 1920 - in emigration.

"Being a fiery Cossack patriot, always harmed materials on cossack history and used them for their books "The History of Cossacks" and "The Fight of Don Cossacks for Exit to the Sea", which were already published in emigration ... His books, like individual articles in the Cossack Press, gave the theoretical substantiation of the Cossack National Idea and set some Milestones for the Cossacks in their historical searches. " (A.I. Sveilov, G.V. Gubarev.)

... this article does not put, of course, the point is in response to the most difficult question and the origin of the Cossack surnames, and the Cossacks itself. But to know this is the opinion of one of the formed Cossack managers - necessary.

Cossack General-Filology Isaac Bykadors ... Amazing people Were in our story with you!

Yu. Makarenko

Increasingly, you can hear the opinion that the original Russian surnames have the following suffixes: -On, -Ev, -in, -yn.

Where did you come from surnames with suffixes -Oners and -Ev?

If you believe the statistics, surnames with suffixes - and -Ev have about 60% of the population of Russia. Such surnames are invited by the Russians, they suggest that they have a generic origin.
Initially, Russian surnames took place from the middle defer. For example, Ivan, who was the son of Peter, was called Ivan Petrov. After in the XIII century, the surnames included in the XIII century, they began to give them, focusing on the oldest man in the family. So, Petrov became not only sons, but also grandchildren, and the great-grandfather of Peter.

To diversify the surnames, they began to give, based on the nickname. So, the descendants of Beloborodov also received the name of Beloborodov, transmitting it to its descendants from generation to generation.

Began to give surnames and, depending on the kind of human classes. Therefore, Goncharovi, Kuznetsov, Carpenters, Popov and other sonaries appeared. You can be sure that Kuznetsova Praded had a forge, and Popov had priests in the family.

Surnames with suffix -Ev got those people whose names, nicknames or the name of the specialization of the ancestors ended with a soft consonant. So Ignatiev, Bondarev and others appeared.

And where did you come from surnames with suffixes -in and -yn?

About 30% of Russia's population are surnames ending with suffixes -in and -yn. These surnames could occur from names, nicknames and professions of ancestors, as well as words that end on-and-I.

So the last name Minin means the Son Mina. By the way, Mina is a popular female name.

For example, Symin's surname occurred on behalf of Semyon. Interestingly, the name of the seed comes from Simeon, which in ancient times meant "heard by God." There are also popular surnames - Nikitin, Ilyin, Fomin and many others.

Also, some surnames indicate the belonging of human ancestors to a certain fishery. For example, the surname of Rogozhin indicates that the ancestors of man traded the chores or engaged in its production.

It is impossible to argue with absolute confidence, because many disputes are continuing, but it is assumed that Pushkin's names, Gagarin, Zimin, Korovin, Ovechkin, Borodin also occurred from the names of things, phenomena, animals or professions.

Yet experts argue that it is initially necessary to find out what the word is based on the name, and only then can we talk about professional classes or nicknames of distant ancestors, from which the surname has gone.
And how well do you know your pedigree? Write in the comments, from what word your last name happened.

With the quality of the life of the life of the SELF, all the need for a choice of becoming a matter, knowing with the nickname. There is no one knowing with this na to touch, you need to make it na night pleasant one. WHO WARNING NEWOBNEX SITUATIONS, VALL NOTE, KAKOH NAZOOVOES AT SELECT WORDS WITH A NAXOP HOUSE, AFTER ETHER COME CONTRIBUT ETHER ETHER NOTES. For most surnames, you can unmistakably determine the national affiliation of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians - enjoy the last names with suffixami -an, -yn, -in, -ska, -OV, -Ev, -skaya, - Skov, -Y,, si (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moscow, gray);

Belorus - Typical Belarusian surnames ends on -YCH, - Siberian, -Yo, - Well, -onk, -Onk, -K, -K, -Sh. (Radakevich, Dubrov, Parshonok, Kitchen, Kassyushka); Many surnames B. soviet years were Russified and froired (Dubrovsky, Kostyutko);

Poles - Most of the surnames have suffix -sk, - Skk, and the end of-and (s), pointing to the male and female genus (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khotsky, Volnitskaya); There are also exist double surnames - In case a woman, going married, wants to leave his last name (Mazur-Komorowskaya); In addition to these surnames, among the Poles are common and surnames with a constant form (Novak, Senkevich, Vuyzik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with the end of the names are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians - The first classification of the names of this nationality is formed with the help of suffix -Enko, --ko, -Uk, -yuk (Kraschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); The second series indicates a kind of craft or classes (potter, Koval); The third group of surnames make up separate ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainian, Bubbles), as well as the merger of words (vernigora, non-five, bilos).

Latvian - Feature to male sign indicates the surname with the end of the on-school, - is, and to the female - on -a, -e (Verbickice - Verbicksk, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians - male surnames End to -conis, Yunas, -Atis, -Aytis, -Enas (Patrase, Norvidaithis), Women's surnames are formed with the surname of her husband with the help of suffixes -Un, -Uven, Wen and End (Granius - Grijnoven), surnames Unmarried girls contain the foundation of the father's surname with the addition of suffixes -t, -, -Ait and endings -E (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians - Male and female floor with the help of surnames do not differ, all foreign surnames (mostly German) were in their time Estonian (Rosenberg - Roosemaee), this process acts to today's day. For example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, Sergey Khokhlov's football players and Konstantina Kolubastenko had to be sent surnames on Simson and Farm;

French people - Before many surnames, the lespier le or de (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); Basically, unlike nicknames and personal names were used to form the names (Robert, Jolie, Socon - Pig);

Romanians: -Be, -U (L), -an.

Serbs: -Is.

British - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Hoggart - Shepherd, Smitht - Kuznets); Indicating on exterior appearance character and appearance (Armstrong - Strong, Sweet - Sweet, Bragg - Balavsky);

Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); Surnames characterizing a person (Craise - Wavy, Klein - small); surnames pointing to the nature of activity (Muller - Melnik, Lehmann - Geomor);

Swedes - Most of the surnames end on --sson,-Berg, -Sed, -strom (Anderssson, Olsson, Forcemberg, Bostrom);

Norse - They are formed from personal names with the help of suffix-he (Larsen, Hansen), may be found by surnames without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); norwegian surnames The names of animals, trees and natural phenomena can be repeated (nearby - blizzard, Svana - Swan, wagon - pine);

Italians - The surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -ello, -ettot, is -etto,, it's (Benedetto, Maretti, Esposito), may end on -O, -a, -I (Conti, Jordano, Costa) ; The prefixes are denoted by respectively the person's belonging to their genus and the geographic structure (Di Maretti - the son of Maretti, and Vinci - native from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese - wear surnames ending on -a-and -Az, --Z, -Ze (Gomez, Lopez), common and surnames pointing to the character of a person (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - Brave, Malo - Slevier);

Turks - Most often, the surnames have the ending -Oku, -Ezhi, -Zade (Mustafooglu, Ekijni, Queenji, Mamedzade), in the formation of surnames often used turkish names or domestic words (Ali, Abaza - Fool, Capaccishes - Hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -OV, -Ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauza: -How.

Tatara: -In, Man.

Greek - The names of the Greeks do not confuse with any other names, only they are inherent in the end of -Idis, -Kos, -Pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaydis);

Cheri. - the main difference from other surnames is the mandatory ending -OV female family namesEven if there, where it seemed to be inappropriate (Valdrov, Ivanov, Andersonova).

Georgians - Common surnames ending with Ashvili, -Dze, -UI, -Ava, -a, -U, -Ya, -I, -I, -Ya (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gwishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - A significant part of the names of residents of Armenia has suffix -yan (Hakobyan, Galustyan); Also, -yan, -nu.

Moldovan: -Be, -U (L), -an.

Azerbaijanis - Formed surnames by taking as the basis of Azerbaijani names and attaching Russian suffixes -OV, -Ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Hasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -Zade, -I, lies, -How, -Kyza.

Jews - The main group consists of names with the roots of Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); The second group occurred from male and female Jewish names with adding different suffixes (Jacobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubychchik, Vigorchik, Mandelstam); The third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to the profession (Kaplan - Capellan, Rabdanovich - Rabbi, Melamed - Pestun, Schwarzbard - Chernoborodny, Schlteller - Quiet, Starkman - strong).

Ossetians: -th.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - For the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often of two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai);

Japanese - Modern japanese surnames Formed a merger of two full-known words (Vada - Sweet-eyed and rice field, Igarasi - 50 storms, Catama - Sotka, Kitamura - North and Village); The most common names of the Japanese are: Takahasi, Kobeayasi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see to determine the nationality of a person, it is fairly accurately analyzed by his surname, singling the suffix and ending.

What do the names for "-in" mean? Families ending with National Roots or Jewish?

In the collection of famous Language-Slavist B. On Unbegun "Russian surnames" you can read that the names for "in" are predominantly Russian type of surnames.

Why exactly the end of "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending with "Ying" originate from words with the end - and from noun female With the end of the soft consonant.

Examples of erroneous addition --in to the basics with the final solid consonants are: Orekhin, Carpin, Markin, where it should be. And in another case, it turned out to be on the spot --in: shimorors from the foundation of Shisimor. It is possible to mix formants. After all, Russian -in and -s are semantically indisputable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference is still lost in the general Slavonic language, the choice is elevated or -in depends only by relicing from the phonetic sign of the foundation (Nikonov Geography of Families).

Do you know how the surname of the famous head of the national militia of 1611-1612 minin has occurred? Minin wore a personal nickname Sukhuk, he did not have the surname. And minin meant "Son Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Russia.

Another old one russian surname - Symin, also surname to "-in." According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptized male name of Semyon. The name of the Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Simeon, having the meaning of the "listening", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Russia, a variety of derivatives were formed in Russia, one of whom - Syoma - and formed the basis of this surname.

Famous Language-Slavist B. O. Unbegown in the collection "Russian surnames" believes that the surname Symina formed from the baptized Russian name next scheme: "Semen - Syoma - Symin."

We give another example of the surname, which we investigated in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the basic version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of Rogoheus could be engaged in the manufacture of rogers, or sell the cloth.

Rohoja called a rough wicker fabric from the urinary ribbons. Rosie (Rushent, Rushemny) in Russia called the workshop, where the tails of Rogodh, and the Rodgery - Rogo Tavern or a detention center.

In his close environment, household households were known as the "Rogozhina Wife", "Rogozhin Son", "Rogo Hog Herds." Over time, the terms disappeared, denoting the degree of kinship, and in the descendants of Rogozhin, hereditary surname was entrenched - Rogozhin.

To such Russian surnames ending with "-in" include: Pushkin (gun), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Polysnik (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Foma); Belkin (from the nickname "Protein), Borozdin (furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (grass), Zamin and Zimin (Winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which the surnames for "In" are mainly completed on "-A" or "-I". We will not be able to say "beards" or "Ilyona", it will be quite logical and will pronounce Ilin or Borodin.

Why do some believe that surnames ending with "- Ying" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, it is not true, one after the end can not be judged about the origin of the name. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with the Russian endings simply by pure chance.

You always need to explore the surname itself. The end of "s", for some reason does not cause our doubt. We believe that surnames ending with "-Os" are certainly Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for one wonderful family by the name Maxuit.

Surname Maksutov has the end of the "s", common among Russian surnames. But, if you explore the surname deeper, it turns out that the name Maksutov is formed from Tatar male name "Maksud", which translated from Arabic means "desire, in advance of a thoughtful intention, desire, purpose", "long-awaited, desired." The name Maxud had several dialect options: Maksut, Makhsud, Makhsut, Maxuit. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkir.

"Surname Maksutov - ancient princely surname tatar origin. ABOUT ancient origin Maxuit's names are spoken historical sources. For the first time, the name was documented in the 20th century: Maksutov (Maxutov, Charms. Maxuit, Tat. Maxutovlar) - Volga-Bulgarian Prince-Murzinsky Rod, comes from Casimovsky Prince Maxuta (1554), in the pedigree legend, Prince Maxut was named the Ulyn and the descendant of Tsarevich Casima. Now the doubt about the origin of the surname is almost no remaining.

How to find out, surname to -in has a Jewish origin or is it an original Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

We will give examples of Jewish surnames with the end of the "-in" or "-ov": Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Coton (comes from Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenaz pronunciation of Katn, meaning "small"), eunts (derived from Hebrew "Even Tov" - "Gemstone"), Khazin (derived from Hebrew "Hazan", in the Ashkenaz pronunciation "Hazn", meaning "man leading worship in synagogue"), Superfin (in translation means "very beautiful") and a lot others.

The end of "-in" is simply the ending, according to which it is impossible to judge the nationality of the surname. It is always necessary to explore the surname, analyze the Word that lies with it and try to search for various books and archival documents the first mentions of your last name. Only when all the information is collected, you can confidently establish the origin of your last name and find answers to your questions.

Surnames ending on sky / -skaya, - Sky / -tskaya

Many Russians have a hard and not based on the conviction that the surnames are on-ст - certainly Polish. From the textbooks of the story known the names of several Polish magnates, formed from the names of their possessions: Potocksky and Povetsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, the regional king of John III, the end of XV is the beginning of the XVI century; Dyack Semen Zaborovsky, the beginning of the XVI century; Boyar Shuisky and Belsky, approximate Ivan the Terrible. Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskaya are known.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that the forms on-α (-tsky) exist in parallel with the options on-one (-Ev, -in), but their smaller. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova accounted for only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But enough rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Macs and Makovsky are presented almost equally.

A significant part of the names ending at -skaya / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya, is formed from geographic and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to learn about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned / -tsky.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, sent the story of his last name. We only give a small piece from the letter, as it is not possible to publish it entirely. Bryn - River Kaluga region, falls into the influx of Oka Skrad. In the old time, the big densesting Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers were hidden. According to the eponym about Ilya, Muromster, it was in the Bryn forests that the nightingale-robber died. We add that there are several locations in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname of Brynski / Brynsk found in Poland is formed from the name of the two settlements of Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynitsa. There is no uniform interpretation of these rivers in science. If the soffix is \u200b\u200badded to the name of the settlement, then such a word denotes a led from this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the 20th century, the grapes of Maria Brytseva was well known. Her surname is formed from the word BRET, that is, a leaving from the city or the village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in Belarusian language at the site of the unstressed about the letter a). The name is formed from the name of any settlement of Gorbovitsa. In our materials we have only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names occur from the designation of the terrain: Gorbovina - Plugs, sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Oak, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. Find out what exactly it is possible only by the information that has been preserved in the family where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or from where they arrived at the place of their future habitat. Emphasis in the surname on "O": Dubovsky / Oak Island.

Stebulia. Ukrainian surnamecorresponding to the Russian, - Steblevsky; Educated from the names of the locations of the Sabelle of the Transcarpathian region or Steblev - Cherkasy. In the Ukrainian spelling in the place of the second E is written i.

TERS. The surname comes from the name of the River Terek and indicates that someone from the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the TERSA region and the Teress Cossacks. So the carriers of the surname TERSKA can also be descendants of the Cossacks.

Ugian. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the village of Urya. In our materials such a name is fixed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps the same names are in other places, since the name of the settlement is associated with the name of the river and with the designation ethnic group Ur, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people, Uryanka. Similar names could meet in different placesSince the medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned their ethnos to those places where they were delayed for a long time.

Chiglinsky. Surname comes from the name of the chogla settlement Voronezh regionwhich apparently is associated with the designation of the union of medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Chabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the Sabanovo settlements, Shabanovskoye, Chabanskaya, located in different parts of the country. These names originate from the Turkic name Shaba Arabic origin. IN arabic Sha'ban - the name of the eighth month lunar calendar. The name Shaban is witnessed in Russian peasant families In the XV-XVII centuries. In parallel with this in Russian, there was a spelling version of Shiban - obviously, by analogy with Russian sail, bash. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich Shbib Dolgoruky is mentioned; In 1584 - the sterepieces of the king of the feodora John Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - executed by Ivan Grozny in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group is known. siberian Tatars chibans and generic name crimean Tatars Shib Murza. IN Perm region there is locality Shibanovo, and in Ivanovo - Shibanich.

So closely connected with each other different types Own Names: Names Personal, Geographical and ethnic namesas well as surnames.