Literature lesson A.Grin Scarlet Sails. What human qualities chanting green in their tale of scarlet sails like Green defined the genre of his work

Creative style Graham Green

Introduction

Chapter I. Life Path and Creativity Graham Green

1 Brief overview of Green's Life and Creativity

2 Characteristic features of Green's creativity

3 Research in the literary critic of the creative method of Green

4 Hero Green: What is he?

Chapter II. Creative Graham Green style on the example of some works

1 Unity and the opposite of faith and atheism (on the example of the book "Monsignor Kihot")

2 opposition to a specific and abstract humanism (according to the book "Strength and Glory")

2.4 The problem of choosing an active life position (according to the book "Quiet American")

5 The possibility and inadvertence of ethical choice in the face of tyranny ("Comedians")

6 Wrestling of morality and cynicism ("Dr. Fisher from Geneva ...")

2.7 God, lady, currency. "End of one novel"

8 "Honorary Consul"

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. Graham Green (1904-1991) is one of the most famous English writers of the 20th century. It is worth saying: Graham Green, and we turn out to be a question. This question arose at once, as soon as success came to Green, accompanied the writer all his life, smashed together with success, and to this day remains the first thing that comes to mind in connection with the Green. This question is not only Green concerns, but introduces us to the core of the most important literary dispute of our time. In the most simplified form, it sounds like this: Can there be an entertaining high prose in our time, and a big writer is popular, that is commercial? If it is necessary to expand from simplifying and finding the question, then it will still have to ask: whether a realistic psychological story is needed in the era of psychology and psychoanalysis? Didn't this genre exhausted yourself with his peak in the XIX century, after Tolstoy and Dostoevsky?

Green has been read all over the world, and it is remembered by novels. The first is at home, in England. The following Green transfers to third world countries on the threshold of political catastrophes. There is a so-called Greenland - a set of hot, disadvantaged points of the planet, recreated by writing imagination. The peculiarity of these novels is that the world evil is present in them as a clearly tangible activity, and the heroes, broken by life, are in the hardest moral deadlocks. Insome sinfulness of peace and man, a man in the incessant struggle with him, the sinner's holiness, a plow, dying as a hero, is the Green's theme. It is always and everywhere and primarily interested in the "inner man" in the tragic border situations and - on the forefront of history. No wonder his epitaph of Green wanted to see poems from the Apology of Bishop Blauugrem, . "

Greenland reports to human tragedies planetary scope, turns the Green's prose in a kind of golden cross section of the era under study by artistic means.

The holiness of the sinner in the novel "The essence of the case" (which many consider the best work of Green) brought the author to the author's spectacol (and anger of another Catholic writer, Ivlin Will). Later, the Green's relationship with the Vatican softened. The following governor of St. Peter, Pope Paul IV (1963-1978), admitted that he read the book of Green with pleasure, and added that even though she would always insult the feelings of some Catholics, the author should not pay attention to it.

Green's love is always sinful, painful, and sin is attractive. "The lust is incredibly simplifies" (read: removes all the problems and conscience, and religion), is another one of his famous and characteristic statements. His men heroes, even the most hopeless, behave very masculine, women are very female. The hero and heroine are not looking for a mystical merger with each other, as in other novels of Russian classics. They are in a tough and very western confrontation. The gap is guessed in the context of the narration as a promise of freedom, like the light at the end of the tunnel ...

Green believed that being a writer is intended to be over. He wondered: "How can people who do not write about death and remember?" He said that he never waited for inspiration - otherwise it would not have written a string.

Of course, Green is a pessimist. But his pessimism is not a Kafkin, he often leaves the place of hope, warmed the fact that the world is great, and the future is unpredictable. Like warm lively dusk on the darkened canvases of old masters, he seems to take us into a different dimension.

Graham Henry Green was born on the third of October 1904 in the town of Barkemstad, the county of Hardfordshire, in the family of the director of the local school. In this school he studied. I had to fall out. The position forced it to double loyalty, to espionage and in favor of the Directorate, and in favor of classmates. (Then he will be convinced: the writing of sinorly betrayal. And he will say: "In the heart of the writer, a piece of ice is stubborn"). It is not surprising that he eventually escaped from school. He was caught with signs of mental disorder, with suicidal sentiments (later he admitted that he played a "Russian roulette": he put a revolver to the temple, in whose drum was one patron) and sent to London - to psychoanalyst who had a future writer lived during Treatment. Then Green studied at the historian in Oxford, in Balliolsky College, did not graduate from the course, in 1925 printed a collection of poems called "Burner April", and in 1926 he moved to Catholicism - under the influence of Vivien Darel Brauning, which married Wiwene, That is, aged 23 years.

From 1926 to 1930, Green worked as an assistant to the editor of the London newspaper Times. The first novel "Inner man" came out in 1929 and was marked by connoisseurs. Green leaves "Times", mostly for free journalistic bread. For some time, he worked as a literary editor of the magazine "ROTTECTOR", the main way wrote the reviews, mainly - on the movies. The next three decades he travels around the planet as a journalist-freelancer.

The first shielded novel - "The train goes to Istanbul" - appears in 1932. His, and the next three novels, the writer himself determines as entertainment things - and this seems to be separated from great literature. The success rate at the reader was justified: Green is popular.

Next comes the novels are already just famous: "Third", "Brighton Lollipus" (initially translated in Russia as "Brighton Rock"), "Power and Glory" (the title is also translated into Russian in incorrectly - as "strength and glory"; we note that we note that The famous quotation from Francis Bacon, which gave the name of the Moscow magazine "Knowledge - Strength", translated with the same characteristic distortion; the right translation is "knowledge - power"), "the essence of the case", "Silent American", "our person in Havana", "Comedians" ... Total Green wrote 26 novels (ten of which were decorated), ten plays, many stories and essays.

Green lived in recent years in the south of France, in Antibes, between Nice and Cannes, can be said in voluntary exile, almost in emigration, for did not get along with the British establishment. But there was another reason. He early broke up with his wife - and, being a Catholic, could not marry the second time. In Antibe, he kept him a long-term attachment to the CLOOT IVON, in everything - if you forget about the church blessing - such a marital. "Only love," said Green, turning his wisdom inside out, "the intimacy of completeness ..."

The purpose of the graduation work is the most fully showing the originality of the creative method of an outstanding English writer Graham Green.

Tasks set when writing work and helping to reveal the purpose:

Consider the life path and creativity of Green;

Show on the examples of Romanov Grina peculiarity of his creative method.

The object of study is the work of Graham Green.

The subject of research is the originality of the creative method of Graham Green.

As a hypothesis, we put forward the assumption that the nature of Graham Green talent is to extract large philosophical generalizations from the most acute conflicts of modernity. One of the favorite Greenovsky means of disclosure of life phenomena and human destination is a paradox. Already in the novels of the 30s, this agent is organically connected, moreover, itifies directly from the paradoxicalness of the life of the writer himself: his huge pity for a person, a strengthened his own philosophical concept ("Love a person like God, knowing about him the worst"), understanding the depths of fall A person, understanding the greatest contradictions that can be taken out in his mind. On this basis, the images of Pinki and Ferereba appear first, and then Paila, who destroyed thousands of people and whom at the sight of blood on their booger.

The theoretical meaning of our work is to analyze Graham Green's creativity and considering its creative method.

Structure of the course work: The work consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusion and literature of the literature.

Chapter I. Life Path and Creativity Graham Green

1 Brief overview of Green's Life and Creativity

Graham Green (1904-1991), English writer, in many works of which a detective plot combines with religious subtext.

Born on October 2, 1904 in Berkpspsteda (Hartfordshire county). He studied in Berkpspsted-cheek, where his father was director, then in the Bailliol College of Oxford University, at the same time he went to work in a tobacco company, hoping with its help to get to China. Then the short time collaborated in the local weekly. At 21, he gained a spiritual support, adopting Catholicism, and in 1927 he married Vivien Deyrell-Browning. From 1926 to 1930 he served in the London Times Letters Department.

Green spread with journalism after the success of his first novel man inside (The Man Within, 1929). In 1932, he published an acute political detective Istanbul Express (Stamboul Train). This and subsequent books with the elements of the detective genre - the hired killer (A Gun for Sale, 1936), a trustee (The Confidential Agent, 1939), the Fear Office (Ministry of Fear, 1943) - he called "entertainment". His novels is a battlefield (IT "SA Battlefield, 1934) and I created England (England Made Me, 1935, Rus. Translation 1930s) reflect the social and political fermentation of the 1930s. Brighton Lollipop (Brighton Rock, 1938) - First An entertainment "novel, the events of which are highlighted by religious issues.

In the late 1930s, Green traveled a lot in Liberia and Mexico. Deep-personal reports about these trips made up two books travel notes travel without a map (Journey Worth Maps, 1936) and Roads Roads (The Lawless Roads, 1939). Political persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico was promoting him to create a novel strength and glory (The Power and The Glory, 1940), the hero of which, the Zerekomodnik, "Drinking Padre", confronts the persecutes of the Church.

From 1941 to 1944 Green as an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was in West Africa, where the events of his novel, 1948, will unfold, which brought him international recognition. Events of the next important novel Green, love story End of one novel (The End of the Affair, 1951), occur in London during the German bombing to the second world war.

Later, the creativity of Green features a feeling of topicality, which he probably gained, working as a correspondent of New Ripablik magazine in Indochita. The place of action of the Late Romanov Green - Exotic countries on the eve of international conflicts: In the exposure, turning future, the future of the Roman's Silent American (The Quiet American, 1955) - Southeast Asia before the American invasion; In our person in Havana (OUR MAN In Havana, 1958) - Cuba on the eve of the revolution; In comedians (Comedians, 1966) - Haiti to the Board of Francois Duval. In the late work of Green, religion is present, but retreats to the background, and its credibility ceases to be continued. For example, the ending of the novel by the price of the loss (A Burnt-Out Case, 1961) makes it clear that Christianity is unable to help a modern person.

Among other works of Green - Pieces Room for Living (The Living Room, 1953), Greenhouse (The Potting Shed, 1957) and the Prize Lover (The Compleisant Lover, 1959); Collections of stories Twenty-one story (Twenty-One Stories, 1954), a sense of reality (a sense of reality, 1963) and can we kidnote your husband? May WE BORROW YOUR HUSBAND?, 1967); Collections Essay Lost Childhood (The Lost Childhood, 1951; subsequently expanded), Selected Essays (Collected Essays, 1969); Romans travel with aunt (Travels with My Aunt, 1969, Rus. Translation 1989), Honorary Consul (The Honorary Consul, 1973, Rus. Translation 1983), Human Factor (The Human Factor, 1978, Rus. Translation 1988), Monsignor Kiheot (MONSIGNOR QUIXOTE, 1982, RUS. Translation 1989) and tenth (The Tenth Man, 1985, Rus. Translation 1986); Biography of the Lord Rochester Monkey (Lord Rochester "s Monkey, 1974). In many of his works, films were removed, including a picture of the third (The Third Man, 1950); sometimes he acted as a script writer.

Questions of faith and challenging, sin and grace, spirit and constantly turn out to be the focus of the characters of his books. However, it would be wrong to consider it how they make some foreign critics "Catholic writer", his rejection of any dogma includes the dogmas of the Catholic Church. Probably, Green himself said best about the meaning of religion in his works: "I am not a Catholic writer, but writing Catholic."

On the Russian ear, the name of the writer, who would have recently turned on a hundred years, sounds strange. It gives an echo - the rustle of scarlet sails and romance of a timid love. But we are talking about a real name, and not chopped out of the Grinevian pseudonym, about the human name Greene.

Graham Green is an extremely interesting figure - in the word "figure", however, there is nothing offensive. This is an example of the real Western writer of the twentieth century - with a winding biography, with a difficult personal life, but most importantly - with books that were translated into dozens of world languages.

This is a type of traveler writer who has aesthetics to be connected with geography.

Green was known from us thanks to several novels, whose names broke away from the text and went into an independent travel. "Silent American", "our person in Havana" and "Comedians" turned into the names of newspaper articles - and this was the correct evidence of the recognition of the Soviet propaganda car.

We have translated different books, but compared to these three of any "England" created me, "the essence of the case" or "price loss" - remained behind the list of popular reading.

Only, of course, Green never struggled with any imperialism. He was a rather eccentric person.

Moreover, this Green wrote in 1966 a book about Fidel Castro, where, telling about the public speeches of the bearded Cuban, noticed: "Fidel Marxist, but Marxist empirical, playing communism for rumor, and not on notes. The hypothesis for him is more important than the dogma, because of him and nicknamed heretic. We do not belong to any sect or Masonic bed, do not confess any religion. We heretics? Well, heretics so heretics, let us call us with heretics ... He sees communism everywhere becomes conservative and bureaucratic, as a revolution dies on the cabinet tables, chips in the vice of state borders. I retold him a well-known consideration that Russia is now much closer to the administrative and economic revolution than the communist. "

Eccentrics added to the image of the Green and the fact that he was a fundamental Catholic in England. Somehow many years later, Green called on the dispute with the Communists - the case was happening in Italy, where the Communists were very strong. Green went on stage and immediately won the arrangement of the audience, saying that there was a lot of common between the Communists and Catholics. When everyone calmed down, Graham Green continued:

Yes, a lot in common - after all, you, the Communists, and we, Catholics, hands on the elbow in the blood.

Eccentric faith

At the same time, all his life discussing theological issues, having them as a background of their lives, Green lived in such a way that he was often called heretic. That story with a divorce, or rather, with a failed divorce, which is half a hundredth in the novel "Quiet American", is the essence of the history of autobiographical.

In the mid-twenties, he met his future wife Vivien - the reason for the meeting was precisely the discussion of Catholic terms. The marriage began to agonizing already at the time of his birth - already from the middle of the thirties Green lived outside the house, there were constant girlfriends, it appeared what was called the Militia word "cohabitant", and behind it there is a series of others.

This, by the way, is a very interesting example of the fact that the gossip necessarily becomes an element of the biography of the Writer of the twentieth century. She, as it were, is built into the texts of writers, and the family man writer, the Odnolyub writer becomes a fabulous creature and more like a unicorn. The literary connoisseur turns into bedding with a candle, measuring the plots with women's names.

David Lodge wrote about the strange mixture of Farc and the tragedy in this marriage: "Vivienn's fallen family nest was beyond himself from grief and from that time it took up collecting vintage doll houses. Their marriage was increasingly looked at the psychological drama of Strindberg and Ibsen at once. "

But another circumstance gave a wide field for the Eccentricity of the Green. This is work in intelligence.

Spy in the service of Her Majesty

There is no more formalized ministry to society, even diplomacy is inferior to intelligence. However, diplomacy is actually also part of intelligence.

Green took the service with hunting - his relative founded the intelligence of admiralty, his sister worked in Mi-6. And the history of Brother Herbert was and altogether - he was a Japanese agent.

In this family cocktail, the fate of Green was seemingly predetermined. But only it all seemed - discipline and Green were incompatible.

Romance in these actions is little, much more paper red tires. Graham Green was quickly disappointed in this activity.

According to memories and newspaper articles, his chief spy project is poured - a device of a public house in Sinegal. The fact is that the French battleship was standing on the raid, faithful to the Vicious Government.

Fergus Fleming writes: "Until the end of his mission in Freetown, he only did that he sent senseless reports that sometimes signed by his code name - agent 59200. And sometimes the names of the heroes of the works of classical literature. His reports were abounded by incomprehensible kalaiburas, mysterious quotes and references to literary works. In the evenings, he invited to visit friends-British and entertained them with a hunt for cockroaches. When in 1943 he was withdrawn back to the UK, everyone sighed with relief. "

The secret service has reflected it, as the body rejected a foreign transplanted organ. The story knows many examples of intelligence officers who went into the literature. Green was a writer, an eccentric person, which was short-time served in intelligence.

Then in many of their texts he revenge on this intelligence, as if he says: "What idiots will be thrown by this world, or think that they will spin." However, treason with intelligence, as well as a treason, always gives rise to a whole train of betrayal - or suspicion of treasures.

Some biographers believe that Green left the service, feeling that his old friend Kim Filby began working for the USSR. They also say that Green has specially traveled to Moscow to meet with Philby and increasing Toganya. That is, publicly mumbles over the secret service of Her Majesty, the writer, however, continued to fulfill its instructions.

So this or not - it is not clear so far. But then, in 1944, he still retired, and in five or six years old became one of the most popular writers in England and at the same time a very successful publisher. Glory came to him after the reveal of the novel "The essence of the case".

Green had very difficult relationships with their own biographers. Like any eccentric person, he really did not like when he was beginning to study and systematize. Biographers, however, paid him the same - His life was reduced to a series of masks: a fake Catholic, Spy-Spy, Satolyubets, almost a killer.

But the crowd of life behavisers is also a sign of recognition of the outgoing biographical stylist. In the next century, few people will surprise the debauchery - because no one knows what debauchery is. Actually, the word "eccentric" in the technique means something completely different than in the circus. Eccentric is a round disk, the axis of rotation of which does not coincide with its geometric axis.

Everyone can see several eccentrics, approaching the locomotive. There, in oil and black, put the steam locomotive, there are crank-connecting mechanisms - the roller movement of the connecting rod turns into the wheels.

Green was translated a lot and printed. Soviet government was quite satisfied only by the visible movements of the eccentric. It was possible to say that the writer is inclined to "socialism", without noticing that he loves the "Soviet" even less than the "bureaucratic". Similarly, you can also not mention dinner with my wife about my mistress, although everyone knows about her. By the way, the recognition of the Russian intelligentsia was quite family - almost as intelligence. The son of his Francis not so long ago founded and supervised the "small buoy" in Russia, and his travel stories in Russia were published in Russian newspapers. Until now, Green Jr. is financed on the endless expanses of the country, where the railways are not everywhere.

The wheels are spinning, moving forward a story.

Graham Green himself becomes the present property of history - as an eccentric writer, like a traveler's essist, as a little out of fashion, but a rare locomotive.

2 Characteristic features of Green's creativity

Despite the genre diversity of Green's creativity, the real and deserved glory brought him novels. The first novel "Man inside" came out in 1929. This is a book of a young writer. It does not have the restraint and at the same time subtleties, the transparency of the style that make up one of the incredit advantages of any mature glue. But already in the very first Roman, he will ask those questions that are prefeed with us in its further work. Already in the very first historical novel, the action of which occurs at the beginning of the 20th century, the motives remaining favorite and in mature books who have won the glory: the motive of betrayal, sometimes involuntary, and crime and punishment, physical defeat and moral purification and victory.

For Green's creativity, the following features are characterized:

A variety of geography in his works: His heroes in the advantage of the British, less commonly lived in their homeland. Fate threw them to Sweden, in Vietnam, in Cuba. Literary waters expressed the opinion that, in whatever the place of the globe, neither the action of books, it still happens in "Greenland" - a country that was born by imagination and the talent of the writer. However, Greenland is not a fictional country. Novels - "Guidebooks" abound over with accurate acts of real time and place, which gives a special, not only ethnographic, but the main thing is the political flavor of conflicts that are investigated by the writer. Green intentionally chooses the place of its novels "hot" points of the planet - struggling with the French colonizers Vietnam ("Silent American"), Cuba, where the rules of the cruel regime of the ballista ("Our man in Taiwan"). The choice of geographic location is due to the peculiarities of the organization's writer. Green is characterized in that in many of their works it creates critical situations to help reveal the complexity of human characters. The characters of the Green novels fall into extreme conditions that contribute to the disclosure of their moral essence, forcing the choice between decency and betrayal, for loyalty to their principles they have to pay freedom, and even life.

Green has always worried moral categories. He was occupied by nature and the essence of goodness (for the Green, it is primarily humanity, compassion) and evil (dogma, severity, hypocrisy).

Since the beginning of his literary activities, Green acted in two heterogeneous genres - "entertainment" novel with a detective bias and novel of the "serious", exploring the depths of human psychology and painted by philosophical meditation about the nature of man.

However, the true essence of Green, making it a genuine classic of the English literature of the twentieth century, the successor of the FM traditions Ford, G.K. Chesteton and J. Konrad, whom he read by his teachers and who dedicated the best of his essay written by him, affected his other works devoid of fumes, siemnity facing the inner world of man, for eternity: novels Force and glory , Monsignor Kiheot and especially essential - in the last novel Captain and Enemy .

The classic of English literature was divided into "entertainment stories", based on a detective intrigue, and "serious novels" with a powerful social overtone, although the border between them is often conditional, since the non-serious works of Graham Green did not know how to write. However, artistic solutions, usually involving the presence of a paradox, which can also acquire a tragic nature, essentially coincide in the books attributable to the author to different categories.

Green prose is identical and independently of the features of the genre (comic romance of morals, as "traveling with aunt", 1969, parable with elements of travesty and classical plot, as "Monsignor Kiheot", 1982, etc.) remains a narrative with sharply Dedicated by moral problem, defining the search for the meaning and justification of life in the age of ethical apathy and progressive dehumanization.

Such a division into serious and entertainment novels occurred after the exhibition of express in Istanbul in 1932. At this time, Green worked as a browser in Spectator and in the magazine "Day and Night." One of his articles entailed the prosecution from the film company "20th century. Fox", and Green was sentenced to a major cash fine (who did not forget the resentment, Green will bring a punch in the United States by Roman "Silent American, but also those did not remain in debt , declaring it "the most anti-American writer").

Graham Green's Romanians often occurs in the edges far from his homeland. This is explained not just because the writer traveled a lot, or his love for exotic. Green attracts those areas of land, where the heroes are easiest to put in an extreme situation, where our centers ulcers are especially striking: arbitrariness and cynicism of politicians, disassembly, poverty, ignorance. When he appeals to Europe, it usually chooses the tense, crisis moments of its history ("fear", "tenth", etc.). At the same time, it is far from thought that the drama of life is due exclusively by external, political and public, factors. With whatever country, he binds the fate of his heroes - with England or France, Mexico or Vietnam, - in the first place he has eternal questions about good and evil, debt and compromise, courage and election of a life path. He is always ready to tear the masks with fake authorities and knows how to find heroism where it is least you expect to find.

The writer puts his characters in extreme circumstances, contributing to the disclosure of their moral essence, forcing the choice between loyalty and betrayal. Green worried about or other moral categories and principles are really refracted and embodied in specific relationships between people. He was occupied by the essence and nature of good (for the Green, it is primarily humanity, compassion) and evil (dogmas, worn, hypocrisy). One of the key to the writer was the question of the right person to actively interfere in the fate of other people, even from the best and noble motives.

The problems of morality were always for the Green the most important, always stood in the center of his work. They remain decisive and in its latest books. However, here the author became face to face with a morality of social: what is entitled and that it is not entitled to make a separate person responsible for himself and his conscience (or God, which in Green's novels the same thing that conscience), but in general, in front of whole people. These problems were supposed to inlets Green, a writer who lives in a stormy era of historical change, to solve the problems of social and political.

The figure of the writer is far in ambiguous. With a more in-depth acquaintance with the proposed biographers (David Lodge) materials from our usual image - respectable, impassively ironic English gentleman focused on literature and travel, an exemplary Catholic, an aristocrat for which a short episode of cooperation with intelligence was something like Dani some Specific English (Moem, Darrell, etc.) of the writer tradition, and, of course, the material for novels, "nothing remains.

Green is surprisingly inconsistent, passionate, you can say, inconsistent. Unable to cope with ourselves, Green is trying to keep the balance with the help of theological paradoxes: "No one understands Christianity, as a sinner. Is that Saint" (this statement of Charles Panga Green put the epigraph to the novel "the essence of the case").

Well, the work in intelligence was not short-lived, as it was considered (1941 - 1944), - Green's delicate orders seemed to have done a very long time. And he was not loyal in this work not only to countries where the interests of English intelligence were represented, but also to his own agency, it looks very strange, for example, the situation of his relationship with Philby, formerly his friend. Most likely, Green was aware of the work of Philby on the USSR and, as they say, washed his hands, going aside.

In addition, biographers found a mass of strange and ambiguous episodes from Green's biography that a few stunned the canonized image of one of the patriarchs of European literature of the twentieth century.

Pesssimism, characteristic of the majority of Green's books, has emerged from the author's belief that evil that exists in the world is incorporated, and loneliness, to which a person is doomed is an irresistible consequence of the established order. At the same time, in all books, the painful question of responsibility for the fate of man was invariably. It is this question that distinguishes the Green from despair singers, which are so many in the literature of the bourgeois west. This question leads it to social issues, on the one hand, and to contradictions - on the other.

Does the right person stand aside from the suffering of other people, should he actively intervene in their lives, to deal with their grief and pain? And can he, even come to the conviction of the impossibility of something to change and correct, remove and move aside and indifferently look at the evil and suffering surrounding it?

These questions were granted in Green's books gradually. Especially tensely they sounded in the novel "The essence of the case". In the "quiet American" and "comedians" they lost their abstract and delivered in connection with the image of an acute socio-political conflict. In its latest books, Green again moved to abstract humanism.

The political position of Green was and remained contradictory. Unbelief in the ability to really change something and fix in the life of people hung Green to find a way to those who fought for the exercise of their ideals on earth, for the best fate for a person, and when he found these ways, he began to doubt and be afraid of "extremes" .

One of the key questions for the writer was the question of the right personality to be active. The problem of choosing between an active and passive life position is key to most writer novels, but its specific solution has changed significantly throughout the long creative way. In the early books, he tends to condemn active actions, considering them meaningless, and sometimes destructive. In later works, his point of view changes radically.

For his works, the ball is characterized by the constant motive of loneliness and despair, as well as the motive of persecution and predestination. His heroes are obsessed with the thought of pursuing their strength (which is never a mystical), but before it is a man always defenseless. Heroes, in the end, either endorse the life of suicide, or, one way or another, become victims of the persistent force.

One of the favorite Greenovsky means of disclosure of life phenomena and human destination is a paradox. Already in the novels of the 30s, this agent is organically connected, moreover, itifies directly from the paradoxicality of the life of the writer himself: his huge pity for a person, intensified by his own philosophical concept ("Love the person like God, knowing about him the worst"), understanding the depths of fall A person, understanding the greatest contradictions that can be taken out in his mind. On this basis, the images of Pinki and Ferereba appear first, and then Paila, who destroyed thousands of people and whom at the sight of blood on their booger.

Green is a great world writer who felt the political situation in many cases better than professional policies. His Roman Comedians predicted the collapse of dictatorship Duval, and the novel Quiet American. - Crash American politics in Vietnam. Political background is visible even in books with a frankly detective storyline ( Payed assassin ).

And when we take into hands a collection of stories with a rapid name Can you lend us your husband? (and other comedies of sex life) , the first feeling - and not the same name of the famous writer? However, the initial lines of the text are convinced: no, it's all the same Graham Green, once again confirmed by a simple truth - there are no low topics for real literature. The dramatic story of a young girl who married a young man, as is customary to speak now, another sexual orientation, which is seduced during their honeymoon two predatory subjects, can be written with no less skill and with no less passion (the first story that has given the name of everything Column) than the history of American military expansion in Southeast Asia and displacing French colonialists from there.

Of course, nothing amazing about it. Graham Green sympathy - a great world writer - always on the side of a little man with his small problems. Good example - novel Our person in Havana , whose hero is the seller of vacuum cleaners, and the subject of ridicule is the British intelligence service, such a well-known author.

Nevertheless, these twelve stories are somewhat allocated from Graham Green's creativity. They represent their kind of a single novel, in which the author's observations are concentrated behind the most hidden parties to human life. Stories are permeated by humor, irony and sadness.

Unfortunately, our reader is still not familiar with all the stories of the collection published in London by the publishing company Bodley Hed. In 1967. For more than a thirty-year period of life of the collection into Russian, six stories were translated with a large variation in time: Invisible Japanese and Root of evil (1967), Stranglehold (1963 and 1986), Two and Cheap season (1991), Dr. Crombie (1998). The remaining six stories (including the first who gave the name of the collection) did not see the light. Probably, then the contents of them seemed shocking. Hanging view by moral norms Forced forced to forget about the author's literary skill, which could affect any topic and do it with glitter. We hope that the times have changed, and this is confirmed twice the first story of the collection with Dirk Boggard in the lead role in the central television, Night porter ).

3 Research in the literary critic of the creative method of Green

In domestic literary studies, several stages can be distinguished in the understanding of the creative heritage of Green. In the 60s, the focus was the question of his creative method. Researchers focused on the development of realistic trends in the works of the writer, on the relationship of the issues and the characters of its novels with social issues of time (N. Eyshiskina, T. Lanina, L.Z. Copellev, A.A. Anikst, V.V. Maevsky, and . Lebedev, N. Sergeeva, V. Zorin). Grana, the reputation of a critical realist (V.V. Ivasheva) was entrenched, although early creativity (30-40s) was considered as experiencing the impact of modernist trends and idealistic flows. Turning to the formation of the ideological and aesthetic position of the writer, the researchers pointed to the pity and the confusion of the worldview of Green, but a humanistic attitude towards a person, according to literary critic, brought together a writer with convinced critical realists of England - Ch.P. Snow, N. Lewis, D. Stewart (N.M. Solovyov). In these years, the first steps in the systematization of creativity were made, in determining the stages of the creative path of Green (the basis of the allocation of stages was the principle of development of realistic tendencies of the writer) (S.N. Filyushkin, L.G. Tanazhko). Literary criticians identified the genre variety of its novels: socio-psychological, socio-political. All researchers emphasized the dramatic collisions of his novels, explaining the "dark circumstances of the capitalist world" (G.V. Anikin).

In the 70s, literary critic, relying on the fundamental conclusions about the Green, made earlier, detect the place and features of his creative quest in the context of the development of English literature of the 20th century. Separate works, their structure, features of the Green psychologist, are beginning to be studied more deeply and in detail. The traditions of Russian writers (F.M. Dostoevsky) are studied (F.A. Dostoevsky) in its works, resemblance to the subjects and issues of writers' novels. It insists that the Greening concept of a person, as presented in his literary and critical articles, is related to the statement by the writer "Abstract Concept of Human Existence" (I.N. Polosukhin). Literary criticism is beginning to study in detail the religious and philosophical aspect of the writer's creativity: Green's novels are directed against the "Canons of Dogmatic Catholicism" (V.P. Kolesnikov). The idea of \u200b\u200bthe genre nature of his novels is changing - the definition of "socio-philosophical" (E.I. Podlipskaya) sounds increasingly.

The eighties can be called "turning" in the reception of the creative heritage of Green. O. Alyakrinsky rightly called the second half of the eighties "Green Renaissance". Turning to the novel "The essence of the case", he defines the genre specificity of the Greenovsky novel: "existential". The existential nature of the novel "Strength and Glory", at the fair opinion of criticism, is chosen in the form of parables. Green - "not a life-being, but a philosopher." As a parable determines the novel "Strength and Glory" and S. Averintsev, whose opinion divides I. Levidov. And although researchers (A.M. Zverev, V.D. Dniprov, S.I. Belza) define Green's novels as philosophical, philosophical and psychological or as a parable, without using the genre definition of the "existential novel", but the issues marked by them, typology Heroes, the nature of the conflict, the artistic stroke of the writer's works allows us to talk about the existential nature of his novels. The question arises about the unity of the artistic system of the Greenovsky novels, about their typological community (N.Yu. Zhluktenko, T.F. Razumovskaya). This approach to the work of Green is seen more fruitful.

Research of literary critics in the 90s (Andzhaparisda, A.D. Mihilev) conjugate with the fundamental conclusions made in the eighties. This period is marked and close attention to the poetics of the Greenovsky narration (S.N. Filyushkin, N.G. Vladimirov).

In the overseas literary study for Green, the glory of the "Catholic writer" was firmly established. Many researchers consider his work in the Catholic key, as a modernist writer, highlighting various aspects of creativity (D. Bailey, F. Wyndem, D. Green, Y. Gudhat, J. Meyers, R. Sharok, R. Smith, A.W. Friedman, U.M. Chais). Separately, the works of literary critic, who believe that the Green's aesthetic program is noted by the philosophy of existentialism (D. Lodzh, J. Atkins, A.A. De Vitis, N.A. Scott, M.-B. Mesne, J. Nokson, D . Hesl), as well as those work in which historians of literature appear to the comparative analysis of Green and F.M. Dostoevsky (F. Kunkel, F.R. Karl, J. Madol, R.M. Alberes, R. Vurhiz). In foreign literary critic, dedicated to the work of Green, in our opinion, there is no system-typological analysis. Most often, literary crituals are based on biographical, descriptive or comparatively descriptive methods.

Domestic literary criticism over a number of years faced difficulties in determining the Green method, with the difficulties of the genre classification of his novels, it was hampered by the city of Green to a specific school of writers. In our opinion, to identify the specifics of Green novels more fruitful is the study of the type of artistic thinking of the writer. The type of artistic thinking determines many aspects of the narrative: the style of the writer, the ideological basis, the concept of a person, the originality of poetics. In our opinion, Green belongs to writers of existential type of artistic thinking. This type of consciousness sheds light on the "paradoxes" of Green, undergoes the unity of the artistic system of the writer, the unity of his artistic world, combines his novels, synthesizing different genre principles. Unfortunately, so far in the domestic and foreign literary critic There are no works devoted to the systemic analysis of the existential type of Consciousness of the writer and exploring which artistic forms it is refracted.

1.4 Hero Green: What is he?

In the center of the attention of Green - the consciousness of man, the epic of his soul. Classical epic makes a significant attention to the image of external events, the variables of historical. The XX century transfers the attention center to life inner. Green, while maintaining an epopean orientation (the image of the transition historical moment, the search for laws, "which extends to all"), is looking for laws that are moving not by events of national historical or world order, but in the world of human consciousness. Through the subjective "I" of a person, through the turning points of the formation of this "I", Green explores the laws of human being. The history of the Hero of Green is not a story of a particular person, but the fate of a person in general. Therefore, a man in the image of Green is not a specific historical person of some particular era, social and national affiliation, age. In it, as a rule, the author allocates only generic, essential properties (and the structuring human generics, the essential properties of Green models itself). However, this is a man of religious consciousness. He solves the problem of his existence in the world, the problem of his attitude towards God. Hero Green is comparable to the Bergsonian man "Life Pulling": His "coup in consciousness" means a decree from all stereotypes, false traditional values \u200b\u200b(related to his consciousness with orthodox Catholic representations) who have become a habit that has lost their initial moral essence that makes human freedom.

He refuses the usual, rational and logical perception of the world, the basis of its world-goods becomes an irrational, intuitive principle. In the process of self-sufficiency of genuine truth in its historical content, the hero is attached to collective memory, a collective "I" of mankind ("collective unconscious" on the terminology of the K.G. Jung). He is immersed in the depths of his soul, refers to the praosnas of human existence, and through this document, the archaic state of consciousness is the state of absolute freedom - he will know himself, acquires his (original human) ability to the myth-making ability. And from these positions, he knows God and overestimates the religious and cultural traditions of the civilized society of his time. In religious searches, the hero returns to moral primacy, to the eternal values \u200b\u200bof human being (love, conscience, responsibility are these foundations.

Thus, in Green's novels, the man itself forms a historical (temporary state) and is attached to universal. Since Green depicts a "coup" in the consciousness of the hero at the time of the historical transition, and as a result of this, the hero's coup forms new ideological guidelines, produces new thinking, the new moral foundations of his time, its era, i.e. It produces laws that "apply to all", then Green's novels can be called "romance epides". But, unlike the classical romance epic, it is "subjective epic".

In the novel, "Strength and Glory" Green explores the historical aspect of human existence. The novel is based on real historical events of the 30s of Tabasco in Mexico, but the appearance prevails in the image of history. Socio-historical, causal aspect of the image in the novel is missing. The approach to the study of history in Green comes closer with the understanding of the story, declared at one time K. Yaspers: "What constitutes only the physical basis in history, which is returning, while maintaining its identity that there are regularly repeating causality, - all this is not historical in stories…". In this understanding of the historical study of universal laws of development of society and historical development, it is a consequence of the "habit of thinking in the categories of the world of nature."

In the center of attention Green is a man, his subjective "I". Through the ability of a person, aware of the foundations of its existence and choose its fate Green explores the historical aspect of human existence. The Historical and Philosophical Green Concept determines the leading spatial-temporal characteristics: historical, temporary and eternity is closed in the novel.

Rethinking the ratio "Man - History", transferring the search for truth to the inner world of heroes causes the concentration of copyright on the subjective "person" of a person. This defines the principles of the structural and composite organization of the novel, the principles of constructing a figurative system, the structure of an artistic image.

Padre wanders on staff, hiding from persecution. Green uses traditional wandering motif with a double target. The main thing for Green is not an image of the panorama of external reality, but the perception of this reality is a hero, and through this perception to show his spiritual world. On the other hand, the epic orientation is preserved, but the image is not given a panorama of life phenomena in their diverse connections, but panoramas of human destinies, human relations to life. Through the Communication of Padre with other persons, Green shall apply the fate of the main character.

The romance story is fragmentary, the writer does not give a holistic image of the wandering of his hero. The dynamics of external events expressed weakly. The heads of the first part of the novel are fragments that detect the vital position of Padre and other actors. The author uses the principle of the mounting composition. Each of the heads of the first part, taken isolated from internal connections with other chapters, loses its semantic finish. These are separate episodes of the narrative, which almost do not have external and cause-effect relationships. The relationship between the chapters "captures the author's thoughts."

In the center of the further novel narration - the image of Padre, his inner world. Padre appears in front of us as a person with a changed worldview, other, compared with other novel heroes, the type of thinking, which determines the new look at the world.

The second part of the novel reveals this view, demonstrates the comparison of the past and the new Padre's ministry. Every moment of life Padre is associated with the choice: self-determination and act. This affects the structure of the story - the author uses the recipient of the situational series: the chapters of the second part are built as a number of episodes consisting of fragments-situations.

New, compared with writers - classical realists of the XIX century, understanding and vision by the author of reality and man changes the structure of the image, and the principles of its construction.

The reader can make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe characters (this is the image of the minor characters in this case - the Padre and Lieutenant are not included here on those fragments from their lives that fall into the field of view at the moment (current in the present romance): by their actions, actions, family relationships, dialogues, monologues. But this image reservoir in the novel is given without a copyright comment, without a copyright analysis of the socio-historical reasons that have formed the vitality of this character. We see the characters of the novel as the cinematic tape - only what can be seen on the outer plane of the image. Fragments from the life of the characters chosen by the author for the image are concentrated around a certain situation (in the novel this is a meeting with Padre), in which the character should decide how to do it. At the same time, the ability to decide is the core of a typological image created by the author.

Thus, the author violates the traditional causal practical principle of creating an image. It depicts only a consequence in the novel (a certain typological image of a person), but does not investigate the causes of its formation. The traditional structure of the image is violated - in the center of its image is not "typical characters", and typological images, the core of which is the ability to choose its "I".

In building images of acting persons, Green is largely a modernist writer practice. This applies to the construction of the edge of the chief character - Padre. Initially, the impression is that the image of the Padre is based on the "reverse" principle: from the riddles to the increasing recognition of the Padre. But it is not so. Green in Roman is reviewing the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bcausality and the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe inner world of man.

The space of the novel is perceived, above all, as the space of various consciousnesses. In the space of consciousness, the padre can be distinguished by a number of stages of its spiritual evolution. If you try to restore the spiritual evolution of the Padre in a rational and logical sequence, then the following linear series will be obtained: "coup" in consciousness, the feeling of freedom is "nothing" consciousness, the birth of love - choose yourself. It can be assumed that the steps of the spiritual evolution of Padre are located in the novel in the reverse order. However, this is also not quite so.

It should be noted that the appearance of the inner world of Padre in the second part of the novel is not given by the author in the linear sequence - there is no single one-piece picture of this inner world. These are fragments of his thinking, his consciousness caused by a collision with reality - and the reader himself restores how much it is possible, the whole appearance of the inner world of Padres, connecting his reflection into single thematic chains.

The same can be said about the picture of the past Padre, his past views. It is also represented by fragmentary. At the same time, retrospective memory fragments violate the chronological sequence of the past - "reverse" linear series of narration. These fragments of the past are present in the memory of the Padre simultaneously with the present - all at once "here and now" - and the Intellect of Padre on the Association with this "pulls out" from the memory of various layers, different scraps of this past. Thus, the violation of the linear series of "reverse" narration is caused by the fact that the author depicts the inner state of the Padre as a state of singularity - in the internal consciousness of the character, all the past and the real spent simultaneously. The reader's intelligence builds a linear consistent number of the past, but there is no such separation in the consciousness of this separation. This concept of the author confirms the third part of the narrative (chapter first), where all the past (formerly real before the "coup" in consciousness floats in the memory of the Padre (this has long been becoming present) and takes the top above the present (which becomes recent last).

Thus, the spiritual evolution of Padre is not a straightforward series of stages that replace each other - this evolution is complex, multidimensional and contradictory: it includes return to the past, which is possible due to the simultaneous stay in the consciousness of the Padre of all the formation of consciousness. This is how (not in the "reverse" sequence) is represented by the author in the novel spiritual evolution of Padre.

The study of the evolution of the consciousness of Padre leads us to understanding the concept of causality, which is held by Green in the novel. If you turn to the stage in the consciousness of Padre, when it turns out to be outside his state (the third part of the novel), then you can see that the past returns from the past to the present, but this past appears not so much because the entourage of Padre is changing, The situation around it, how much because this past was already present in it itself. If this past was the past of his consciousness - it was different, then another past would be manifested. Only what was already in consciousness used to appear, external circumstances serve only the impetus for this manifestation. Therefore, it is impossible to conclude that the reason for the "coup" in the consciousness of Padre was a socio-historical coup in the state, the true cause of the "coup" was Padre himself. He himself was and there is the reason for himself and everything happened to him. The reason, therefore, Green makes a subjective factor.

With the writers of "Flow Consciousness" Green brings closer compared to writers - the classical realists of the XIX century understanding of human consciousness, the principles of the image of human psychology (fragmentary, associativity, nonlinearity). Like writers of the beginning of the 20th century, it gives an image of a private (not "typical") moment of the lifetime of his characters and through this "piece of life" shows, "What is written to a man in the family." This in this case is about the principles of the image of secondary characters (Mr. Tench, police chief, metropolitan family, Mr. Fellouse, Mr. Ler). However, in contrast to the writers of "Consciousness" writers, Green does not sharpen attention on the peculiarities of human thinking as a generic creature. He concentrates attention to the human nature of the human essence, which Green identifies with the ability of a person to rise above the usual thinking of the generic society (by the automation of existence, according to the concept of Green), immersed in its "living" "I", to realize my spiritual essence and through it Awareness to make your choice. Therefore, if for writers "Consciousness" "case" from the life of the characters could be arbitrary, then Green models those "moments" from the life of their characters that become material for the image. These "moments" are designed to reflect the essence of attitude towards the life of this character, its ability to self-determination.

Green Green explores the life positions of his characters through a situational beginning - through the situation of the characters with Padre - that is, through the attitude of the characters to faith and Padre as a carrier of faith. It is that the attitude towards faith becomes a situation of testing characters, because faith, according to the concept of Green, is an original, generic, human sense, expresses not logical-rational, but intuitive comprehension of the world. It is the faith that becomes the expressant of the "living" human "I". But in the consciousness of characters and faith, it turns out to be closed in the framework of the social dogmatic, torn off from her live experience. In the characters, only their external specified by the Socium "I" appears at the time of their test.

Designating the principles of creating a figurative system of the novel, it is possible to find out how Mr. Lera (third part) and Mr. Fallowza are located in what relationship. The ratio of images of these characters does not fit into the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe principle of parallelism. Images of Mr. Lera and Mr. Felloose were built not so much according to the principle of similarity, but on the principle of contrast. They are directly opposite to each other in all aspects of the image. And at the same time, they identity. There is a so-called "identity paradox". This ratio of images is possible because in the mirror reflection the essence - the mirror is only an external plan of reality. In the images of Mr. Lera and Mr. Felloose, their essence is also hidden, their living "I". Their individuality is not revealed.

The motive of the mirror reflection arising when mapping images expresses copyright to the characters. The author emphasizes that the external "I" of a person is "nothing meaning" in it. This external "I" includes the entire paradigm of the structure of the image characteristic of writers of the classical realism of the XIX century. "External" includes the typical, due to socio-historical circumstances, and the characteristics that were considered individual differences. It is important to note that the difference in the social situation, which was considered fundamental in the difference in the psychology of heroes, is represented by Girnet as a person who is imparting in life self-determination - life principles can be identical in people belonging to the opposite social estates (Mr. Ler - owner, master; Mr. Ler Fallosez - a hired worker). Through the principles of creating a figurative system of Green, the concept of a person as a creature is primarily a socio-deterministic.

Chapter II. Creative Graham Green style on the example of some works

1 Unity and the opposite of faith and atheism (on the example of the book "Monsignor Kihot")

In 1926, the writer accepted Catholicism, and it was naturally affected by his work. Questions of faith and challenging, sin and grace, spirit and dogmas are constantly in the center of attention of the characters of his books. However, it would be wrong to consider it how they make some foreign critics "Catholic writer." The rejection of Greenah, any dogma applied to the dogmas of the Catholic Church. Probably, Green himself said best about the meaning of religion in his works: "I am not a Catholic writer, but writing Catholic."

Speaking about the problem of following Dogma, it should be noted that Green - Catholic willingly forgive his heroes and the lack of faith, and conscious atheism. Perhaps the only thing that is unacceptable for him under any circumstances is the blind following the abstract dogma.

Any form of violence, and even more the violence of conscious, caused his rejection. He believed that a person could not be forced to make believers, fair or happy. Green adhered to the left views, showed a steady interest in the ideas of communism; Repeatedly visited the Soviet Union. In recent years, ideologists from Latin America, who tried to combine the Communist Doctrine with Catholicism.

In his public speeches, Green expressed the hope of not only the dialogue, but also cooperation between Christians and the Communists. He spoke about it with a smile, conscious that he express an unusual idea (because it was about traditionally confrontating worldviews). The paradoxicality of his statements was aggravated by the fact that Green, Catholic (albeit free), criticized the same and Marxists, and the Vatican.

In the same paradoxical key, his book "Monsignor Kiheot", at the same time philosophical, and a little mischievous.

It should be noted that Green, speaking of serious things, as a rule, evades serious tone. It is difficult to get rid of the impression that he wants at any cost to avoid false pathos and for this uses both camouflage irony, satir, humor, sometimes rude, hiding behind paradoxes, as it has long been taken in English literature.

Probably, one of the answers to the question was concluded in this, why Monsignor Kiheot is a kind of parallel to the epopea of \u200b\u200bCervantes. It was Cervantes with amazing art that revealed the greatness of his "noble madman", considering him through the prism of irony.

You can find another reason that the chief of his book Green chose Cervantes. The shapes of the knight of the sad image and his squire sometimes interpreted as a "literary myth", as a symbol of two contradictory faces of one soul (like Futust and Mephistofel at Goethe). By traveling the priest and the Communist, who consider themselves the descendants of the heroes of Cervantes, Graham Green makes it clear that there are deep relatives of them, much more than it seems at first glance.

Monsignor Kiheot is an innocent and meek old man, inclined, however, to independent thoughts, doubts and non-standard actions. And, although the priest is "an uncomfortable person" in the eyes of his superiors, since it is not in the lads with him, but he fully retains the loyalty to the church.

The faithful of his party and the mayor-communist Sancho, despite the fact that it is also periodically covered by doubts. As befits the descendant Sancho Pansea, he sober and more practical than the father of Kiheot, but still there is too much idealism in it to be the exact twin of his ancestor. It is not by chance in the deaf, provincial town of the only person who is very close to him turns out to be, oddly enough, the Catholic priest.

They are constantly arguing and pushing each other, but this dispute is on equal, since both are in a similar position and both in some sense feel like an outsider.

For the ridiculous and sad story of two friends, let him go to the adventure once, in the novel, there is a meditation about people who are confessing "two faiths", axial for our era.

Of course, Graham Green knows that in addition to these two verses, there are many other religious, political and philosophical doctrines. In his own books, sometimes the most extravagant cults, like water, are depicted. But he knows that to this day, Christianity and Marxism remain the leading and most influential teachings, at least in the number of their adherents.

It should immediately make a reservation: Marxist atheism is interested in Catholic writer more as a doctrine, and not as a political system adopted in a particular state. In the same way, Christianity is not exhausted for him by the system of Catholic church institutions. Although the names of Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky commemorated in the novel to the place and not to the place, the mainstream is the opposition of ideas, and not the political reality of social structures.

To these structures, Green, at best, refers to very cool and with a large fraction of skepticism. Church and party functionaries, it usually gives him a bitter, intolerance, narrowness of views and worrit. From the books of Green, it is possible to conclude that in the domination of political bons and clerical officials, it is best to live law-abiding outless ordinary people, deft rods and bureaucrats.

When it comes to the essence of the case, Sancho, thinking, is forced to agree that the emblems of both "faith", his and kiheot, each in its own way, "symbolize protest against injustice." Although he reminds Monsenser about the "deep perplex" dividing their "deep reproach", Green never gives for a minute to forget that there are people who understand and love each other on the opposite territories.

Instead of anathema - outstretched hand.

Instead of the "enemy's image" - "image of a friend."

It seems that a similar approach is suggested by Green, the unprecedented first cooperation of Christians and Marxists-opposition, with whom he met in Latin America. He probably read the famous document of the Chilean Communist Party, which says that the church "did a lot to protect persecuted and suffering, becoming a voice of those who are deprived of the right to vote who are subject to persecution by tyranny. Its actions created conditions that contribute to the current cooperation of Christians and Marxists. In the name of Chile and her people, and help the creation of the foundations for creative and fruitful existence in the future. "

Green, apparently, are familiar and the views of those communists who believe that "Christians have grounds to participate in motion for democratic changes and promote the construction of a more equitable society."

On the other hand, the writer knows well about the so-called "theology of liberation", which was popular among the Latin American Catholics in the 60s and 1970s. It is the ideas of the "theology of liberation" sound in the epilogue of the Roman Green "Comedians". In the burial of the rebels Haitian priest-metis says: "The church lives in the world, it is part of worldly suffering, and although Christ condemned his student who cut out the ear to the slave of the High Priest, our hearts with those whom the Flour people encourage violence. Church against violence, but Equiforms it will condemn even severe. Love can be made to violence, it is impossible to wait for the indifference. One is the imperfection of mercy, the other is the perfect appearance of myself, ... "

Green is convinced that it is the "protest against injustice", the desire to protect the suffering creates a bridge between Marxists and Christians. This idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer is confirmed by the experience of European resistance, and the Orthodox people are understandable to Orthodox people, as if they forget about recent tragic events - about the death of hundreds of thousands of believers, the victims of Stalin's terror, preserved the spirit of solidarity, fought and worked together with their unbelieve fellow citizens .

Heroes "Monsignor Kihota" constantly come to the conclusion that both live faith, in particular faith in the best future, although everyone understands it to his own way, that there are both true followers in the party and those who use it To satisfy your power, careerism or in order to reset the burden of responsibility. Monsignor respects the sincerity of his companion's views. Moreover, in dreams he imagines himself, "how will their friendship will be fixed and deepen mutual understanding and will even come in such a moment when their so different faiths will come to reconciliation."

What is it? Another paradox Graham Green? Or another attempt to bring the evangelical teaching and Marxism? Such attempts really existed, and they are known to Green, at least according to the book Hewlett Johnson "Christians and communism", published in Russian translation in 1957. The late rector of the Canterbury Cathedral is so fascinated by this idea of \u200b\u200bthe identity of two doctrines, which in his book he reached a very strange statement, as if Jesus Christ had only proclaimed the moral ideal, and Stalin carried him in practice ...

But even if you leave the same eccentricity aside, which caused real shock in England, and take an idea in its moderate form, Green is unlikely to share it entirely. He primarily means general features of "two verses" and the possibility of their convergence in life practice.

And yet, for the sake of the rapprochement of Marxism and Christianity, Green can be involuntarily, it is necessary to simplify both. The quotes scattered along the book from the "Manifesto Communist Party" and the Labor of the Church Fathers are uncharacteristic and small. And it is hardly true an analogy between the "manifesto", the Christian classics and the dilapidated knight novels who read and whom one eccentrics believe ..

In the reasoning of the Father Quixote, the changes occurred in Catholic Christianity after the II of the Vatican Cathedral (maybe the provinciality of Monsumer is emphasized by this). Moral doctrines are still concluded for him in the procrusteo bed of tedious casuisics. The painful and difficult problem of the fertility regulation looks in the discussions of friends with almost Farc. Not wanting, apparently, so that he was considered a unconditional apologist, Green invests in the mouth of Father Quixote a little convincing arguments and does not benefit from any of the arguing sides.

As a result, he wants that Green or does not want, the fundamental difference of Christianity and Marxist atheism in the novel is almost erased. Only superficial resemblance remains.

And here and there - faith in the future; And here and there - the dream of the best fate for people; And here and there - a collision between bureaucrats and enthusiasts.

In fact, the situation is much more difficult. You can take a point of view of the writer who believes that in both cases we are dealing with a certain amount of beliefs. After all, it is impossible to empirically prove the reality of the highest start and the upcoming kingdom of God, so there are no empirical evidence of the inevitability of the offensive on earth of a bright future. History Rather, on the contrary, it indicates that tyranny and barbarism return again and again with constant perseverance.

And if Green calls Christianity and Marxism "faiths", this does not mean that he detracts with their role and value. It is the intuitive faith that gives rise to various forms of worldviews, for which, and already, people are looking for a substantiation and confirm their scientific and logical arguments. Even for natural science, faith turns out to be an important prerequisite. Einstein, in particular, emphasized that it was impossible to study nature, not believing that it was rationally arranged.

People are usually likened to the blind people from the Indian parables that they tried to determine what an elephant, feeling the individual parts of his body. Neither intuition nor empirical nor logical knowledge can cover multidimensional reality in its entirety. Hence both a variety, inconsistency, the discrepancy of the beliefs.

With an honest dialogue, each party should clearly see these discrepancies. Otherwise, confusion arises, which contributes little to mutual understanding.

It has long been noticed that intolerance, fanaticism - whether it is religious or atheistic - there is a manifestation of not so much faith as uncertainty. When a person doubts his right thing when he feels the praise of his position, he often arises to the temptation to put into the course of the fistful techniques of evidence, in order to approve himself, and to silence others. Intolerance is a genus of spiritual illness, able to pervert any, even the most light, idea.

In a narrow path between two perishes - blind fanaticism and a dead indifference - a difficult path to the dialogue is performed. This is the path of repentance and evidence of your faith in a word and work.

Friendship with the priest did not turn the Sancho to the Catholic, but he feels that internal communication was established between them, the time and even death is not authorized. In turn, Father Kiheot did not become Marxist, but he found a real brother in the face of Sancho, who he believes, "not far from the kingdom of heaven." And the symbol of this faith becomes the invisible bowl, from which the dying descendant Don Quixote commits the descendant of Sancho Panse.

Spirit, piercing Roman Green, is characteristic of our stormy and contradictory century, which is noted not only violence and cruelty, but also by the passionate desire of people to peace and mutual understanding. It is now, at the turn of the XX - XI centuries, we seriously began to think about where the inflating "image of the enemy" leads.

War of beliefs, ideologies, systems has a long and gloomy story. But gradually humanity is becoming more clearly becoming more clear that, cultivating hatred - religious, political, national, - it breaks the most. Browsing the border where the ghost of the apocalyptic catastrophe.

Therefore, today the question of the relationship between the "veraes" (using the Green Terminology) acquires extraordinary sharpness. Can we, so different, still live together on one earth?

The Universe, Nature, and in the understanding of Christians - Providence already answered this question, putting a person in the face of the Terrible Truth. If we can't - inevitably die ...

2 opposition to a specific and abstract humanism (according to the book "Strength and Glory")

Marxist atheism acts as a "sewn", secular ideology. He restricts the existence of natural and public forces and their reflection in the human consciousness. In this paragraph, it is essentially not different from other types of atheism, one of which is described by Green in the novel "Strength and Glory".

His hero, a Mexican lieutenant, like the priest's persecution, has his faith, although atheistic. "There are mystics, - We read in the novel - which they say that they had the experience of the immediate proximity of God. He (Lieutenant) was mystic, but his experience was talking about emptiness - he was quite sure that there is only a dying, cooling world And human beings developed from animals without any goal. "

The Power and Glory. 1940) - one of the most famous novels, giving a wide and ambiguous interpretation of traditional Greenovsky topics - sin and grace, durability and betrayal, limits of justification of active intervention in the course of the historical process, the legitimacy of the highest court and retribution . The action takes place in Mexico, where Green visited 1937-1938. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of two characters, adherents of a particular and abstract humanism.

The first is a Catholic priest, the last surviving after the anticleric persecution in the state of Tabasco; The second is a young lieutenant, a principal opponent of the Church, hunting for her servants as malicious insects. "Drinking Padre", as the parishioners themselves call him, "the man is sinful, he is not looking for a feat and does not crave a martyr's crown, seeks to slip away from the pursuers.

But the fate can be disposed of otherwise, and he twice (at the beginning and in the book finals) refuses to save, for it is not capable of throwing another in trouble, even if this man is sent off the criminal. Without the loud words, the priest fulfills his duty in the name of concrete people, conscious of his responsibility for another as the most important moral imperative.

The priest antagonist, Lieutenant, is a person in its own way, honest and tragic. Tragic because the logic of his behavior leads to the murder of the priest. He literally obsesses the idea of \u200b\u200bactive interference with life, unacceptable for early Green. Lieutenant is moving not love, not compassion for a particular person, but commitment to the idea. for which he is ready to sacrifice literally to everyone.

Both hero, as usual in the Green, are alone. But the priest is more likely to specific people - the peasants, despite all the threats, do not give it to the authorities. Of incomparably more lonely lieutenant: His ideas and zeal are far from the everyday life of those who, about whose future, happiness is in front of him. The final of the novel. Although the "power" on the side of Lieutenant, "Glory" remains for the priest.

Honorary Consul. 1973) - a novel, a newly developing issues of "Forces and Glory". Green called him his most beloved book. There is no emphasized antithesis, the conflict of two opposing life positions.

After leaving the official church, however, while maintaining his strange, but very human faith, the former priest Leon Rivas leaves for partisans, fighting for the liberation of their like-minded people from the Stresner Paraguayan dictator.

The action takes place in the city on the border of Argentina and Paraguay. In the image of Rivas Green, as it combines characters-antipodes of his old novel: he and a priest, and at the same time revolutionar, that is, a person capable of violence. The conflict is shifted and now raging in the soul of one person. He, the believer and commander of a small group of partisans, has to kill a person not only completely innocent, but also in a pure misunderstanding.

The logic of the partisan war requires Rivas to shoot Fortonum, the English Honorary Consul in this Argentine town, but Rivas is not capable of this.

The image of the English journalist-skeptics of Fauler from the novel "Quiet American" in the "Honorary Consul" seemed to be divided: similarities are endowed with a good-natured Fiffius and, it would seem indifferent to the whole Dr. Wyrr. But Forenum is capable of a sincere and disinterested love for his wife Clara, a former prostitute, and this strong feeling seems to be puzzled by a plager who goes under the bullets of the police to try to solve the tragic conflict.

With the appearance of the novel "Strength and Glory" in 1940, in which the Mexico of the period of the revolution of 1916, accompanied by cruel persecution of the Catholic Church and rampant violence, arises of Greenland as a special territory, where the dominant features of the historical experience of the 20th century appear with clarity, time Social catastrophe, grandiose on their scale and exposed the true nature of social relations, as well as the nature of the value orientations of the person himself.

Green himself believed that Greenlanda - the invention of surface interpreters of his work, which notice only the repetitive plot situations and a constant return to the same type of central character: they turn out to be "a completely lowered emigrant, which became an alcoholic, climbing under the palm trees, occasionally visiting the local brothel , aware of what he is forgotten by people and God. "

However, in reality, Greenland is a term for the designation of several leitmotifs that have passed through the work of the writer. They are associated with categories of sin and redemption, which takes particular importance to Green, starting with Brighton Lollipops (1938), where the author's Catholic spiritual orientation of the author, as well as the concepts of pity or compassion for the first time as two types of ethical, gave themselves Positions of the person, which and on themselves feels the burden of existential loneliness in the surrounding world.

3 Collision of compassion and pity (on the book "The Essence")

green Creative Humanism

The compassion as the ability to understand and share someone else's disaster is opposed to the green of pity, remaining only to the sacrifice to the victim, - the collision, on which several of his novels are built, especially the "essence of the case" (1948), the book that made the impressions of the war years when the Writer He was an employee of a diplomatic mission in Sierra Leone (as it turned out later, he was closely connected with English intelligence, which was reflected in the same ethical conflicts "Human Factor", 1978).

Since the modern world eliminates the position of strangers for people with humanistic or religious consciousness, the moral requirement of complicity encouraged Green many times to contact their books to the image of events taking place in the hot spots of the planet, which are geographically removed from relatively prosperous Europe.

"The essence of the case" is one of the strongest works of Green. It puts questions that are characteristic of the writer about the purpose of human actions, the meaning of life and, most importantly, about the right of a person to take responsibility for the fate of other people. The action of the novel, deploying in one of the English colonies in Africa, is concentrated around the police commissioner, whom the surrounding non-foundations are called "Liked Skills". Step by step Green shows how this person, despite the harsh honesty and decency, goes to a moral catastrophe and eventually ends with suicide. The contradiction between the laws of the Church, which he does not want to neglect, and the velats of their own conscience are for some of those who are unresolute.

Ruthless irony painted the image of his wife Louise, Orthodox Catholic. Louise, Pedantic performed by rites and church dogmas, cold, stale heart. She is inherent in calculating egoism.

Green constantly with bitter sarcasm expressed doubts about the effectiveness of religious "consolation." In a number of his books, the importance of religion is directly raised. Green's books with big bitterness talk about non-interference of heaven in cases taking place on Earth ("End of Love Communications").

In all his best novels, Green has long been on the path of critical realism. They are greatly disclosed by the inferiority of the modern capitalist civilization and the humbleness of people generated by it ("England created me", "the price of losses"). It has long been in Green's novels a deep sympathy for those in a modern society offended and disadvantaged. It is enough to remember the "hired killer" and "trustee".

The novel is divided into three books, which is determined by the spiritual formation of the hero. The stages of the spiritual self-determination of the Green Hero correspond to the dialectic of Kierkekora about the three stages in the spiritual formation of a person: aesthetic existence, ethical and religious. The aesthetic stage of the spirituality of a team in the book was first given in a retrospective plan, as a memory of the time when he was in the service "he was taken for ... business," when he had a "decent housing", and he was happy in family life. Aesthetic lives "external": the external successful circumstances of life determine its happiness. The absence of an internal purpose gives rise to despair, inevitably overtaking aesthetics. Overcoming despair involves a refusal of aesthetic volume. So the next stage begins in the progressive movement of existence to "True Christianity" - ethical existence. As the scobes in a conversation with his wife, "a person is changing." The romance effect begins when the hero seeks to gain moral continuity of his own "I". The identity of the person at this stage is achieved by the price of choosing that "I", which is defined by the Individual himself, but the circumstances of life, and this is primarily due to the fact that "man ... feels ... responsibility for all his own business or the word." The feeling of guilt, responsibility for "every word or case" is the main thing in the world of the hero throughout the novel action: "He is always responsible for the happiness of those who loved."

In the second book, the hero goes to the ontological level of worldview. This is a religious existence. His love for people acquires an universal scale. At the religious stage, the possibility of overcoming despair, the individual associates with absolutely unreliable, absurd, from a reasonable point of view, the being of God. The arguments of the scubes are the nature of painful misunderstanding: "... What the child was allowed to be allowed to be forty days and forty nights in the open sea - this is a riddle that is difficult to combine with the Mercy of God. And he could not believe in God, who is so inhuman, that he does not like his creatures. " Such is the paradoxical nature of Christian religiosity: only then the human "I" is great and free from despair, when it is, due to the fact that it is desperate, it is based "transparent" in God. But all the paradoxicity of religious existence is that it does not exclude tragedy. On the contrary, it becomes informed and therefore deeper.

The third book is the existential situation of the threshold of consciousness when the hero is experiencing ontological, total loneliness. In fear and thrill, he looks into himself and leads a dialogue with God alone, taking all responsibility for himself for his imperpose human act.

Composite construction of the novel includes three levels (this is a vertical that "leads to the detection of entities"): the first level is the external movement of the plot-events; The second level is the branching of the plot-events, a situational series (existential situations of freedom of choice or self-determination of the hero), in which the external phaance movement is represented in very weak dynamics; The third level is a psychologically-plexus level, philosophical reflection, and, in contrast to the usual empirical and psychological reflection, characteristic of the realistic narrative of the XIX century, the top, the iceberg of this reflection is the abstract philosophical and extensive reflections, in which the hero is "before the essence" and In which it rises to ontological generalizations. These existing conclusions to which the hero comes are presented in the novel in the form of aphorisms or a fragment genre. Situation fragment is the kernel of the romance structure in the work under consideration.

4 The problem of choosing an active life position (according to the book "Silent American")

The motives of social criticism, even social satire, arising in the works of Green back in the 1930s ("The train goes to Istanbul", "Trustee", "Power and Glory"), delighted in the post-war years. They define the novel "Silent American" (1955). With a special force, they sound in the novel "Comedians" (1966).

As an additive observer, for which local political distribution is becoming an additional evidence of the real universal significance of the grin of moral postulates, he described the chronicle of the liberation wrestling of Vietnam against the French colonialists ("Silent American", 1955), events in the Belgian Congo ("Price Losses", 1961) In the Central American Country where ultrasound armed groups operate their revolutionary program of terror tactics ("Honorary Consul", 1973).

The chronicle of events reporting the head voltage to all these books is important than Green, first of all, as a reason for understanding the central ethical conflicts of his work. They stimulate reflections on the commitment of good, let the trisen in the face of the triumphant inhumanity or cold pragmatics, about faith, most often unable to serve as a reliable support in conditions, when the dignity of the person is extractable and humiliated, but nonetheless remaining preferably challenges and cynicism, justified Lee the very consent of the heroes to live when the reality is so ugly, and their position in the world is almost hopeless.

The appearance of the novel of the "quiet American" in the 50s of the novel is a novel of politically acute and satirical - there was no surprise. Catholic issues here is almost absent. The attention of the writer focuses on the chief of policies, which is carried out in US colonies. He puts the problem of choosing a path of the path in the struggle, which is conducted by the peoples of the world for his liberation. The action takes place in Saigon 1952. The French who have ruled indochite rapidly lose their position in Vietnam, the country is shocked under the blows of the Uncle Ho Army, everywhere full of spies working on all sides.

However, the artistic peculiarity of the book is based primarily on the reception of the contrast characteristics of the two main actors of the novel, on their continuous comparison and opposition. The English journalist Fowler, from whose behavior there is a story, and a young American diplomat of Paul, associated with the very beginning of the novel far from simple relationships.

Olden Paul, called "Quiet American" for its seeming decency and moral balance, is an employee of the American Economic Assistance Mission. But, in fact, in his duties it was organized by sabotage and provocations in such a way that they would like to work on the work of Vietnamese communists fighting for the liberation of their country. On the hands of Paul blood of many people. But the paradox is that Paul is not only a executioner, but also the victim. Since he was influenced by York Garding (the ideas that the East is needed "Third Power" in the face of the West) and Paul blindly believed this dogma.

Its antipode was English reporter Fowler - tired, soulfully devastated man who perceives himself as a reporter whose task is to give some facts. A person who lost ideals and devoid of any aspirations, Fowler is trying to remain a third-party observer of that struggle and atrocities that are deployed in his eyes, and is looking for comfort from suffering in love.

It is through the image of Fowler - the image of a person passing (like many intellectuals in the West) is a complex path of internal struggle - the author expresses his protest against the colonial policy of the West in Vietnam. In the course of deploying the plot, the dynamics of this plot can be traced. First, Fowler is trying not to interfere. He considers the presentation of the fact as its main task, as he first seems to be, it does not concern him.

Olden Paul is a representative of the Economic Department of the American Embassy in Saigon, Antagonist Fowler, another Hero of the Roman. Being a summary image of quite specific political forces and methods of struggle on the world stage, the figure O. P. carries and a deeper and more meaning. We have a fairly familiar type of human behavior that has formed in the XX century, in the era of the acute ideological confrontation of states and systems, when the ideological conviction of a person who is not able to think independently and critically, turns on the mental level a peculiar programming of judgments and actions, the template of thinking, aspiring Conclude the complexity of human relationships in the ready-made framework and schemes. For O. P. There is nothing individual, private, unique. All he sees is experiencing himself, he seeks to bring under the system of concepts, to relate with some allegedly given by these rules, the model of relationship: he compares his love experience with the conclusions of Kinsey statistics, the impressions of Vietnam - with a point of view of American political commentators. Everyone killed for him either "Red Danger" or "Warrior Democracy". The artistic peculiarity of the novel is based on comparison and opposition of two main actors: Fauler and O. P. Much more prosperous look like O. P.: He graduated from Harvard, he is from a good family, young and pretty rich. Everything is subordinate to the rules of morality, but morality formal. So, he takes a fauler with his friend, and explains that she will be better with him, he can give her something that Fowler cannot marry her and give her a position in society; Life is reasonable and measured. Gradually, O. P. turns into a carrier of aggression. "In vain, I already did not pay attention to this fanatic brilliance in his eyes, did not understand how hypnotize his words, magic numbers: the fifth column, the third force, the second coming ..." - thinks about him Fowler. That third force that can save Vietnam, and at the same time to help establish the US domination in the country, according to O. P. and those who send it, should be a national democracy. Fowler warns O. P: "This third force is all books, no more. General TCH just thugged with two-three thousand soldiers, no third democracy. " But O. P. Recharge is impossible. He organizes an explosion on the square, and die from no obey women and children, and O. P., standing on the square filled with corpses, worries insignificant: "He glanced on a wet spot on his shoe and the fallen voice asked: - What is it ? "Blood," I said, "have never seen something?" - We must certainly clean, so it is impossible to go to the messenger, "he said ..." By the time of the beginning of the story O. P., he appears before us in the thoughts of Fauler: "I thought:" What is the point of talking to him? He will remain a righteous, and is it possible to accuse the righteous - they never blame for anything. You can only hold back or destroy. The righteous is also a kind of mentally ill. "

Thomas Fowler is an English journalist working in South Vietnam in 1951-1955. Tired, mentally devastated man, in many respects similar to the stobi - the hero of the other Roman Graham Green - "the essence of the case." He believes that his duty is to report only facts to the newspapers, the assessment of them does not concern him, he does not want to interfere with anything, seeks to remain a neutral observer. In Saigon T. F. For a long time, and the only thing he values, which keeps him there, is love for the Vietnamese girl Fu-Ong. But American Olden Paul appears, which leads foe. The novel begins with the murder of Pai L A and with the fact that FUUG returns to T. F. But then there is a retrospect. Police are looking for a criminal, and in parallel with this T.F. I remembers the Paul: he saved him during the attack of Vietnamese partisans, literally taken into a safe place, risking his own life. Would you like a good deed? Paul annoys T. F. With its ideas, his daughter behavior, bordering fanaticism. Upon finally, the explosion on the square, arranged by the Americans, as a result of which women and children were killed, the work of Paul's hands, T. F. does not withstand and conveys it to the hands of Vietnamese partisans: "You would have looked at him ... He stood there and said, That all this is a sad misunderstanding that the parade was to take place ... there, on the square, one woman killed the child ... She closed it with a straw hat. " After the death of Paul somehow, the fate of T. f.: He remains in Vietnam, "this honest country", where the poverty is not covered with shy interlocks; A woman who once easily leaving him for Paul, with the same naturalness of the benefits easily and sad comes back.

"Politics does not interest me; I'm a reporter. I do not interfere in anything. " But, as the French pilot of Trougure told him: "Time will come and you will have to become on someone else." Green excellently shows how Fowler is trying to suppress and slide the voice of conscience.

By virtue of the specifics of his professional activity, Fowler becomes an eyewitness of those consequences that this war carries for civilians: their dwellings are destroyed, and they are killed themselves.

Gradually, the Fauler ripens protest, and he agrees to give Pilea Vietnamese partisans, it meant one thing - death. Fowler gives her decision: "He is whitewashed in someone else's life, and people die because of his stupidity."

Having defined its attitude towards Pail, the Fowler, thereby determined his attitude towards war and socio-political injustice. Thus, the conflict between the American Paul and the Englishman Fowler is designed to reveal the main problem of the book: what is the mission of Western civilization in Vietnam. This political problem for Green is associated with the moral formulation of the question: is it entitled to decide on the other of his fate at all, as in love one person to decide for another, what is his happiness. The answer to the question is concluded in the end of the novel. The death of Paul determines the position of the author himself on this issue - every people should decide their fate.

The strength of political generalization was, on the one hand, in the fact that the writer managed to see the carriers of death and destruction in decent and "civilized" ("quiet") bandits with university education (Paul). On the other hand, in the interpretation of the Fauler's image, passing, like many intellectuals of the West, a complex way of struggle.

Dynamic, replete with sharp turns of Green's novels since the 1930s attracted the attention of cinematograms. Among the shields of his prose are distinguished by tapes with O. Wells, E. Taylor, R. Berton and other Hollywood stars.

The next film game Graham Green's novel arrived at the wrong time. When "Quiet American) had to reach the screens, the events of September 11 had occurred, and the premiere was postponed. Not because in the film a lot of explosions, so frightening now the world. Just a question about the role of America in the secret wars walking around the world, was recognized as late and tactless. But not too helped - the film went to the rental on the eve of the Iraqi crisis. That only emphasizes Graham Green's insight.

The same topic, but in a more abstracted philosophical interpretation, Green set again in the novel "Price of Losses".

2.5 The possibility and disadvantage of ethical choice in the face of tyranny ("Comedians")

The Roman's action takes place on Haiti in the first years of the dictator of Francois Duval. The main character of the Roman, Mr. Brown, on behalf of which is a story, returns to the port-O-Prince from a trip to the United States, where he tried to find a buyer to his hotel called "Trianon": after coming to power Duvali with his tonthonmakuts (secret police) Haiti completely stopped attracting tourists, so the hotel now brings solid losses. However, on Haiti Hero, not only property is entitled: there is a waiting for March, his mistress, the wife of one of the Latin American countries.

Mr. Smith, a former US presidential candidate, and Mr. Jones, who calls himself Master Jones, flooded with a brown. Mr. Smith with his wife - Vegetarians who are going to open the Vegetarian Center to Haiti. Mr. Jones is a suspicious personality: during swimming, the captain receives a request from the shipping company. The hero, whom the captain asks to look at Johns, takes him for a card cheeler.

Arriving to my hotel, the hero learns that Dr. Filipo, Minister of Social Welfare came here for four days ago. Feeling that he wants to remove him, he decided to avoid torture and commit suicide, choosing a "Trianon" swimming pool. Just at the moment when Brown discovers the corpse, guests are guests - Mr. and Mrs. Smith. The hero is worried, no matter how they noticed anything, but they, fortunately, go to bed. Then he sends to Dr. Mahio, his faithful friend and advisor.

Waiting for Dr. Hero recalls his life. He was born in 1906 in Monte Carlo. Father escaped before his birth, and the mother, obviously, the Frenchwoman left Monte Carlo in 1918, leaving the Son on the care of Jesuit's fathers in a phenomenon college. The hero was referred to a clergy career, but the dean became known that he plays the casino, and he had to let go of a young man in London to the fictional uncle, whose letter Brown easily made up the writing machine. After that, the hero was wondering for a long time: he worked as a waiter, a consultant of the publisher, the editor of the propaganda literature sent to Vichi during World War II. For some time, he sold pictures of paintings written by a young studio artist, issuing them for masterpieces of modern painting, which eventually jump sharply in price. Just at that moment, when one Sunday newspaper became interested in the source of his exhibits, he received a postcard from the mother who invited him to his port-O-Prince.

Arriving on Haiti, the hero found the mother in serious condition after a heart attack. As a result of a dubious deal, she became the owner of the hotel - on the pays with Dr. Majio and his lover, Negro Marcel. The day after the arrival of the hero, his mother died in the arms of the lover, and the hero, bought his share for a small amount of Marseille, became the most common owner of Trianon. Three years later he managed to put a deal on a wide leg, and the hotel began to bring good income. Shortly after arrival, Brown decided to try his happiness in a casino, where he met Martha, for many years she became his mistress.

Dr. Filipov's suicide may seriously damage the hero: in addition to the issue of political trustiness, the question of murder will certainly come up. Together with Dr. Mahio, the hero drags the corpse to the garden of one of the abandoned houses.

The next morning to the hero comes a local reporter, Pierre, who says that Mr. Jones came to jail. In an attempt to rescue the fellow traveler, the hero goes to the British attorney in affairs, but he refuses to interfere. Then the hero, together with Mr. Smith, goes to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the hope that he will silence a word in front of the Minister of Internal Affairs for Jones. The next day, the hero visits Jones in prison, where he writes some letter in his presence, and every other day he meets Jones in a public house where he entertains under the protection of tonthonmakuts. The head of Tatonov Captain Kankasser calls Jones an important guest, hinting that he suggested some favorable Divzer to the dictator.

Meanwhile, Mr. Smith is fascinated by Haiti and does not want to believe violence and arbitrariness. Do not dissuade him even the failed funeral of Dr. Filipo, during which he in front of the tunons take the coffin with the body of her husband with the unfortunate widow to betray him. True, a trip to the artificially created dead city of Duvalievil, for the construction of which I had to drive several hundred people from the ground, leaves Smith a hard feeling, but even after the new social welfare minister extorts a bribe for the creation of a vegetarian center, Mr. Smith is still continues to believe in success.

In the evening of the same day, the hero visits the British attorney. When the conversation comes on Jones, he hints that he was noticed in some scam in the Congo.

Later the young Phillips, the nephew of the late doctor comes to the hero. Once a poet symbolist, now he wants to create a rebel detachment to deal with the dictatorial regime. He having heard that Jones was a major with a great experience of hostilities, he turned to him for help, but received a refusal, since Jones leads some business with the government and expects to disrupt the solid kush.

After a couple of days, the hero takes his butler joseph to the voudist ceremony, and when he returns, the Captain of Cankasser with a retinue is watched. It turns out that on the eve of the rebels raided the police station, and Kankasser blames the hero in the complicity. Mrs. Smith rescues from the hero massacre.

The next day, the authorities hold a campaign of intimidation: to retaliation for falling at night in the cemetery in the light of Jupiters, the prisoners of the city prison should be shot, who do not have any relationship to raid. Having learned about this, Smiths make the final departure decision. However, Mr. Smith's conversation was preceded by Mr. Smith's conversation with the Minister of Social Welfare, which explained in detail the American, with the help of what framing you can be accomplished on the construction of the Vegetarian Center. Smith feels his complete helplessness to change something in this country.

Later, the hero receives an offer from Jones to become a companion in his scam, but it is prudently refuses, and at night Jones, the victim full Fiasco comes to the hero to ask for protection. They ask the Captain "Medele" to take Jones on board, but he promises immediately upon arrival in the US to pass Jones to the authorities. Jones refuses - Obviously, there is some serious crime behind him, and the hero is lucky to the Embassy of the Latin American country, where the ambassador is Martha's husband.

Soon, the hero begins to jealous the mistress to Jones: she now always hurries home, thinks and speaks only about Major ... Therefore, the hero immediately grabs the idea of \u200b\u200bDr. Mahio to send a small guy to Phillips, who headed a small partisan detachment in the north of Haiti.

Jones gladly accepts this offer, and they go to the road with Brown. While they are somewhere in the mountains at night at the cemetery waiting for meetings with the rebels, Jones tells the truth about himself. Because of the flatfoot, he was declared unsuitable for military service and did not participate in Burma in hostilities, but he worked "the main on spectacular service of military units." All stories about his heroic past are just a bike, and it is the same comedian, like others playing every role. By the way, his deal with the authorities did not take place at all because Jones did not come up with their conditions, - Just Captain, Caanasser managed to find out that Jones is a sinister.

The partisans are late for a meeting, and Brown can not wait anymore. However, the captain of the Cankasser with his people already suits him from the cemetery. The hero is trying to explain that the car broke down and he was stuck, but here he notices the back of Jones, which did not have the concept of elementary conspiracy rules. Nowhere to retreat ... Brown and Jones saved the rebels.

Now the hero can not be returned to the Port-O-Prince, and he will illegally move the border of the Dominican Republic with the help of Philipo. There, in the capital, the city of Santo Domingo, he meets Chet Smith. Mr. Smith is constantly drawn by his money and helps to get a companion to another their fellowship for "copper", Mr Fernandez, who keeps the funeral bureau in Santo Domingo. During the trip, the Hero again turns out to be near the border with Haiti and meets there disarmed by the Dominican border guards the Filipo detachment. The detachment fell into the ambush and for the sake of his salvation was forced to move the border. Only Jones refused to leave Haiti and, most likely, died. During the requiem, Mass on the dead, hero meets Marta, which is passing here, - her husband was transferred to Aim. But this meeting does not arouse in it any feelings, as if their relations were only a random product of the gloomy atmosphere of Port-O-Prince.

The criticism of the reactionary regimes, supported and funded by the United States ("Republic" Duvali), becomes merciless in the novel "Comedians". In this book, Green first opposes the reaction forces of the communist guide and the heroic practice of partisans's fighters in it is deployed to the controversy of characters about the possibility or inadvertence of freedom of ethical choice in the face of tyranny, seeking to put control of even the most intimate spheres of human existence.

If this topic is only scheduled in the "quiet American", then in the "comedians" Green shows where genuine heroes, on whose side the future.

The action of the novel "Comedians" occurs in 1965. In the backward and midbuilding country, Tonton-Makuts are hoped with impunity - thugs in black glasses. The people, crushed terror, are affected and intimidated, and only desperate partisans operate in the impassable mountains of the country. The tired skepticism and irony, the usual Green, sound in this book from the first of its lines to the latter. His Roman Green called allegorically and with deep ironic subtext: he called three characters heading for Haiti, Brown, Smith and Jones. Their names, says the author, "impersonal and interchangeable, like a mask of comedians." Reflecting on what pushes him to return to the country where he owns a hotel, Brown - a wealthy man with a biography of an adventurist - comes to the conclusion: "Life is a comedy, and not the tragedy, to which I was prepared, and it seems to me that This ship with the Greek title of us chased to the last edge of the comedy some kind of omnipotent joker. "

But despite the author's skepticism, on the contradiction of the book, the final of the "comedians" calls to ideological principle, even to the active struggle. "We are humanists, my friend, and I prefer the blood on my hands than the water as Pontius Pilate," writes, waiting for death, Gaitian Dr. Majo Englishman Brown. Objectively, it is Majo, and not anyone else, - the hero of the novel, and he is an active and convinced leader of Haitian resistance and a communist.

The best pages of the novel are not those where Brown philosophists are tired or a adventurer Jones, - the best chapters of a wonderful book restrained and with tremendous skills they draw the regime of Duval and the great courage of people who have resistance to him. For these people, life is not a comedy, and they die for their beliefs.

Novels "Comedy from the Life of Paul" (1968) and in particular Roman-farce "Traveling with my aunt" (1969) Return Green to the manner, which prevailed in his novel "Our Man in Havana." Green himself calls "Journey with my aunt" "Death Book." This gloomy buffonade speaks of moral and ideological degradation and can be interpreted as a murderous autoironia. In the book a lot of bitterness and skepticism, but even more fatigue.

6 Wrestling of morality and cynicism ("Dr. Fisher from Geneva ...")

In the genreality, all the novels of Green are synthetic, they combine elements of a political detective with psychological and social novel. The author visualizes for the reader the ethical concepts of morality and cynicism, the struggle of good and evil. Green believed that the task of the writer lies in the expression of "sympathy to any human essence." Most of all the Green is interested in the condition of the person at the time of difficult selection. His hero exists in an easily recognizable socio-political situation, and the external reality forces the individual to make decisions, the outcome of which is often tragic.

In the novel "Dr. Fisher from Geneva, or dinner with a bomb" Magnat Dr. Fisher, putting a kind of experiment, finds out what the borders of greed and to what extent humiliation and danger can be reached by people to get luxurious gifts.

Fisher's doctors are affected by the non-predicted vices of the guests, as he knows the peculiar nature and the immetic appetites of the rich people, and the rejection of her husband's husband, a well-known person, from an imposed mockery game. The final of the novel is multi-rival, the author sought the reader, amazed by an unexpected ending, thinking over the deepest philosophical problem: what is the essence and meaning of human being.

2.7 God, lady, currency. "End of one novel"

"End of one novel" by definition of the author, this book is a "great novel about sex." The classic of the English psychological novel, the professional intelligence officer and the employee of the diplomatic department first decided on something intimate and autobiographical. As a result, the story about the tragic adulter was made adjustments and in a real love story, served by the evident of the Cretakes: a deceived husband learned himself in the book and demanded from his wife, which was indeed the mistress of Graham Green, explanations.

To the limit, it would seem that the ordinary and life story about the love triangle turns into the Green's novel in a gloomy phantom. Heroes feel naturally and cozy in the military and post-war London, with its empty streets and scored plywood windows. Green shows the psychology of a man who is accustomed to living surrounded by enemies. In this distorted fear and suspicion of the world, the love relationship is most similar to the secret special operation: here the truth can only be found from other people's letters and diaries, the infidelity of the woman is confirmed by privately, and secret dates pass under the sounds of falling bombs. "In those years, the feeling of happiness slowly died. The children were happy, drunkards, more nobody, "the narrator notes in passing. After the death of his mistress, the hero will curse himself for jealousy, for the inability to be happy, but no longer be able to overcome his paranoid obsession: the hatred of the non-existent opponent will turn into hatred of God who has made a woman with him. The Catholic hysteria of the heroine partly reflects the religious searches for the Green itself, who does not tolerate as a result of careful surveys to find on the scene of the crime of God. Mystical experiments in combination with spyway, decadent eroticism of the dying body, autumn dampness, pneumonia. Behind all this, it is a persistent attempt with the help of classic deduction to get to God and to catch him in betrayal, if it really did not succeed in treason, the beloved. But such crimes are beyond the competence of a private event: the author fails to pronounce in the final triumphing "elementary!" To finally shook off the obsessive nonsense.

Failed to do this in life. In 1978, Green tried to see the meeting with Catherine Walston, the prototype of the heroine, but she refused to see him, again forcing the Writer to think about issues without a small thirty years ago. And it is almost natural that after her death between the Green and Harry Walston - between her lover and her husband - a kind of friendship is tied, as accuracy as it was "predicted" in the "end of one novel".

After the "end of the novel" - one of the best melodes of all the times and peoples (alongside, for example, with the "Lord of Bovari" and "Devil in the flesh"), you change your opinion about Grade Green. Of course, the writer still finds out his tangled relationship with the Lord God; His heroes still are helpless and touching, they still lie to themselves, masking love by showing indifference, jealousy or business enthusiasm (but to lie to God, in which the holy sinners Graham Green can not). In addition, in the "end of one novel" you will definitely learn yourself, find your disguised insecurity in some of the heroes, so you just can not stay indifferent. Even (or even more so?) If the thoughts about God never worried you, Grahamgrinovskaya paradoxics ("Nobody understands Christianity, as a sinner. Unless the saint") will deprive you innocence.

Not only the heroes are touching, but the text itself is similar to a fragile Chinese vase, which is afraid to break. I want to carefully wash dust from it. Each detail of this text is the embodied Dream of Gumileva that the Creator turn him into a Persian miniature, each detail - a sad sign of not noticeable eternity. However, the "end of one novel" was shielded even twice: the directors simply could not pass by such an organic, so helpfully visualized by the author of the text.

In one of the rainy London nights of 1946, the writer meets a friend whose wife changes him, and now is unknown where. A friend does not know for sure that his wife and writer two years ago were lovers. Then, in 1944, during a love date, a bomb hit the house, and the writer did not give signs of life for a few minutes. On the same day, my favorite suddenly left him ... After meeting with her husband of the beloved writer, he eats jealousy, he wants to know, because of his own ... Diary, who mined a private owner for the writer, suddenly reveals him a completely unexpected and such joyful truth ... however Such dramas does not have a Happy End.

In the final, paradoxist will see the "terrible weirdness of the Mercy of God" (so defined the topic of "the end of one novel" Graham Green himself), mystic - Kara for the disturbed vow (Sarah promised God to leave her beloved if he resurrected him). Perhaps a complex attitude towards faith for the Green meant more than the paradoxicalness of human feelings. Everything is so confused, everything is intertwined: love (Christ) and jealousy (Judas), comedy (jealousy) and tragedy (love) - and, at the same time, everything is so clear. Masked (love) or ignored (faith in God) The feeling breaks through that melodrama can even turn into a tragedy. And this breakdown is sudden, deprived of the motives. Well, why, for example, rushed in the Volga Katerina? Apparently, the relationship with God was so incompatible with life ... The final, overcoming mechanism (500 words per day - the ritual of the writer; Daily reports - a ritual of a deceived husband) Empty without love (whether to God?) Life. Mystery, like Undin, will turn away anyway. And the formula of history is too small part of this book.

2.8 "Honorary Consul"

The action takes place in the small Argentine town on the border with Paraguay in the late 1960s - early 1970s. The main character is the doctor Eduard as Claw, a political emigrant from Paraguay, from where he left the mother of a fourteen teenager. His father, by origin, the Englishman, a fighter against the general regime (meaning the dictator of Stresner), remained in Paraguay, and the hero knows nothing about his fate: whether he killed if he died of illness or became political prisoners. Dr. Plarr himself studied in Buenos Aires, but moved to this northern town, where it was easier to get medical practice, where the memories of the father were alive, with whom he broke up on the side of Parana many years ago and where he was away from the mother limited Meshchanka, for which the main meaning of life was eating countless cakes. The mother of the doctor lives in the capital, and once every three months visits her.

In addition to the doctor in the town, two more Englishmen live in the town - the English teacher Dr. Humphres and Honorary Consul Charlie Fortnum. The writer Jorge Julio Saaovenova, who writes long, boring novels, filled with the Spirit of Machismo (Male Strength and Valor), an integral feature of the Latin Americans is included in the circle of communication of the main character.

On this day, the doctor does not want to return home - he is afraid that Clara calls, Charlie Fortnume's wife, who has long been with him in love and waiting for a child from him. The honorary consul itself is invited to dinner to the governor to be a translator from the honorary guest - the American ambassador. The doctor does not want to meet with her, as it feels that the Fortune will return home too early and will find them on the crime scene. After having had two parties in Chess, the doctor goes home. In two o'clock in the morning there will be a phone - they call the prisoners who have crossed from a paraguay who decided to capture the American ambassador to exchange it on political prisoners. Among the "revolutionaries" - two classmates of the doctor who he reported information about the location of the ambassador in friendship. They ask him to urgently come, because the hostage at death. Doctors are tormented by bad premonitions.

It is brought to the bidonville, the quarter of the poor, where the dirt never enhances, there is no drinking water and any amenities and rickets are running, patients from malnutrition. The hostage is kept in one of the huts. He is unconscious from the overdose of sleeping pills. Entering the patient, the doctor recognizes the Honorary Consul Consul Charlie Fortnum, who captured instead of the ambassador. Waking up, Forenum will also recognize the Doctor. The village advises him to let him go, but his friends: the former priest Leon Rivas and Akuino Ribera are afraid to disobey the head of the El Tigre group. In addition, they hope for the life of Fortonum to demand the liberation of ten political prisoners, including the father of the doctor (for the American ambassador they were going to ask twenty). In vain, the Clap is trying to prove that the honorary consul is too small, so that the Americans began to quarrel with the general.

Dr. Plarr recalls how he met Forton. Somehow a few weeks after his arrival from Buenos Aires, the doctor passed by the Italian club - a small restaurant, where the Cook-Hungarian knew how to prepare only Goulash - and his doctor Hamphris called him. He needed help to take into the insole of drunk Forem home. At first, Forenum rushed into a public house, but then agreed that the doctor would take him to the consulate, and on the road he chatted any nonsense, telling, in particular, as the British flag posted upside down, and Hamphres was submitted to him. The doctor from this meeting remained an unpleasant sediment.

Two months later, he needed to assure some documents, and he went to the consulate. Forenom did not recognize him, for the documents took a thousand pesos without receipt and told that he was once married, but he did not love his wife, although he dreamed of having children; that his father was tyrant; What a diplomat has the right once every two years to write out the car from abroad, which can be beneficial to ... The doctor prescribes him a medicine from pressure and advises to throw a drink.

Two years later, the doctor finally dares to visit the establishment of Senory Sanchez. It comes in there, accompanied by Saovnedra, who, after vain attempts to explain something to the doctor regarding the principles of his creativity leaves one of the girls. The attention of the doctor attracts a girl with a mole on his forehead, which just conducted the client, but until the doctor fights with a feeling of squeamishness, she goes with a new visitor. When the doctor again appears back there, the girls with the Mountain are no longer.

By chance, at the Embassy, \u200b\u200bthe Warrier learns that the Forenum married, and when he calls the doctor to himself in the estate to inspect the sick wife, the Woman will recognize the girl with a mole. Forenum is very valuable to Clara, wants to make it happy. Returning from the Consul, the PRRR thinks relentless about it.

... In the morning, after kidnapping, the doctor goes to visit Clara in the estate of Fortnum, there he meets the police chief Colonel Peres, in response to the questions of the Colonel, the doctor is so inevitably lying that he risks to suspicious. A policeman guess that Forenum kidnapped by mistake.

Later, the doctor remembers his first meeting with classmates who have become fighters with Paraguayan regime. Akuino talked about torture, which he had to postpone - on his right hand he lacks three fingers. Underfooters managed to repel Akuino when he was transported from one police station to another. Doctor agreed to help them hoping to learn anything about the Father.

Having come to themselves, Charlie Fortnum tries to find out what awaits him. Feeling in Leone the priest, he tries to split it, but in vain. Desperate to persuade the kidnappers to let him go, Charlie Fortnum is trying to escape, but Akuino wounds him in the ankle.

Meanwhile, the Costa asks the British ambassador, so that he contributed to the liberation of Fortonum, but the ambassador dreamed of getting rid of the Honorary Consul and only advises to the doctor on behalf of the English club of their cities to contact the leading newspapers of England and the United States. Colonel Perez skeptically looks at this idea: the plane exploded from the bomb of the terrorist, one hundred and sixty people died, so who after that will be worried about some Charlie Forenume?

The village tries to convince Saoveover and Hamphris to sign his telegram, but both refuse, Sahawan, who received a recently unfair feedback in the press, wishes to attract the public attention and offers himself as hostage instead of Forton. With this news of the CLADER and goes to the central newspapers.

Returning home, he cares to Clara, but her confession in love interrupts the arrival of Colonel Peres. During his visit, Leon calls, and the doctor falls on the go to invent explanations. Colonel says that from the point of view of common sense, it is illogical to save such an old man, which is the father of the doctor, and hints that by putting forward the demand for his release, the kidnappers pay a doctor for some kind of help. It is also interested in how the kidnappers could learn the American ambassador's stay program in their town. However, finding out that Clara here, at the doctor, the colonel interprets his actions to his own way. Just before the care, he reports that in fact the father of the doctor is killed when trying to escape, which he undertook with Akuino.

When Leon calls again, the doctor in his forehead asks him about his father, and he admits that he died. Nevertheless, the doctor agrees to come and make the pretty dressing, but he is also left the hostage. The situation is increasing - the offer of Saovedan, no one perceived seriously; The British government hurried to divert from Fortnum, stating that he is not a member of the diplomatic corps; Diego, one of the "revolutionaries", passed nerves, he tried to escape and was shot by the police; Bidonville took off the police helicopter ... The CLRR explains Leon that their undertaking failed.

Leon is going to kill Fortonum, otherwise the hostage seizure never will never work on anyone, but as long as they lead endless discussions, the voice of the colonel Perez is reinforced in the yard. He offers to surrender. The first must come out by the consul, after him, all the rest; Anyone who will come first, in addition to the consul, is waiting for death. The kidnappers are again beginning to argue, and the CLADER goes to Forem and suddenly finds out that he heard him talking about his connection with Clara. At this dramatic moment, the Conde is aware that he does not know how to love and that the pathetic drunk of the Forenum in this sense above it. Not wanting to kill Fortonum, he hoped to talk with Peres leaves the house, but it is deadly wounded. As a result of a police action, everything is dying, and only Forton remains alive.

At the funeral of Plarer Perez says that the doctors killed the "revolutionaries". Forenum tries to prove that this is the work of the police, but no one wants to listen to him. The representative of the embassy informs FortNum that he is retired, although they promise to reward.

But most of all the Forenum infuriates Clara indisciencement: it is difficult for him to understand why she does not experience the death of a lover. And suddenly he sees her tears. This is a manifestation of feelings, even if the tenderness of it awakens in it, and to the child he loves, no matter what.

Conclusion

Graham Green's creative way began in the late 20s, after the publication of the novel "Man inside". He creates plenty of books, believing that the novel is dramatically in nature. The writer sees an entertaining novel and serious. For entertaining novel, it is characteristic, in his opinion, a detective story, an adventure plot and a sad ending: "Sold down a gun", "trustee". For a serious novel, elements of a detective are characterized, here there is a topic of criminal action, including a social point: "I created England", "Third Man."

In Green's novels there are crimes, murder, cruelty, but they are lit with the psychological depth and in the tragic light associated with the formulation of social and moral problems.

In the early novels of Green, the tradition of Joseph Conrad, expressed in the interest of lonely rejected people, whose life is full of dangers and suffering. Dramatic characters and scenes in Green novels achieve often tragic force due to the severity of psychological conflicts. Green worries the problems of happiness, debt and conscience, trust and kindness, dignity and responsibility and he raises them, seeking to find and approve the moral bases of personality living in the terrible world, full of cruelty, betrayal and hatred.

Green Catholic wants to rely on the Christian morality, the teaching of the church, but as a realist sees the contradiction of Christianity. Catholics have not sacred, but ordinary people.

In subsequent novels, Green leaves the topic of Catholicism. He sees the tragedy of personality now not in the sphere of moral and religious contradictions, but in the sphere of conflicts of a political nature. Green becomes one of the prominent writers, the author of anticolonial novels.

Green always remains faithful to the manner called "Greenovsky". The characteristic feature of it is a rich in shades irony. Most often, bitter and impregnated with skepticism, the irony of the Green is usually combined and even relies on the paradox, which emphasizes and reveals the ideological position of the author.

The faithful sons of the church (as Pinky in the Roman "Brian-Test Lollipops") are bandits, "sinners" who violate the venues of the Church (as a story in the novel "the essence of the case"), show self-sacrifice and genuine love for people. Requests of faith (Louise in the same novel) are selfish and soulless. The trial of the "clean" and "quiet" payl (in the "quiet American") is creating an incorrigible for the first look of Cynic and Skeptic Fowler, and the western civilization of Kerry finds the meaning of life in the Leprosoria's heavier in the jungle losses"). Having found happiness, he should meanlessly die from the hand of the fanatical Catholic Ricker, covered by jealousy, which has no reason.

The paradoxicality of the images and even the most composition of Green's books is determined by the conviction of the writer in the vicinity of those values \u200b\u200bthat it is customary to be indisputable, the conviction of him is that under the mask virtues, as a rule, the abyss of vices is hidden.

Another feature of the Greenian manner is the laconism of the letter, which is combined with a deep and expressive subtext. The subtext in the novels of Green (and in dialogues, and in descriptions) often transfers the most important thoughts of the author, it agrees that it remains in the text underwent.

Growing on the books of J. Konrad and committed by the literature of the "existential adventure" created by this Prose Literature, Green almost invariably forced his characters to search for "ways of flight" (so entitled the autobiographical book, 1980) from "boredom", under which they understood the colorless and sterile daily life Based on the exhaust liberal tradition.

Catholicism, which was never consistent with Green, attracted him to the fact that the "ability to feel guilty and to overcoming it was awakened." Heroes, having experienced the feeling of guilt for their own human weaknesses and for the radical imperfection of creation, experience themselves with contact with the reality, in which injustice, cruelty and falsity "reign", appreciate the experience of admission to her, because "You can love a person almost How God loves him, knowing the worst about him. "

Green does not impose his point of view to the reader. That is why Green's novels demand attentive reading. Sometimes one detail, one word, the full content of the hint suggest the reader a chain of reasons and consequences, reveal the inner appearance of the character, hidden for deceptive appearance.

In the first glance, the Green strokes helps to navigate the labyrinth of people and relationships, suggests his understanding of what is happening in real life. Sometimes these strokes are symbolic, as, for example, handcuffs in the "Essence of the case" novel, allowing to anticipate the gloomy end of the hero.

Thin shades of the artist's thought are transferred to unexpected original verbal images. Words are carefully weighed and selected. Many of those unexpected, original images and comparisons that are scattered on Green's books remain in memory as aphorisms.

Sometimes they are lyric, sometimes deliberately rude, even naturalistic, but always brilliantly serve their destination, helping the reader to penetrate the essence of the depicted. The verbal style of Green, like all his work, testify to the exclusive skill of a big artist.

The bright, ambiguous and controversial images created by them, as herself, the images themselves attract new and new readers. That is why Graham Green's works continue to live, causing to compassion, indign and rejoice with his heroes.

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.Brief content of works // Briefly.ru

Quiz. 1. How did A.Grin determined the genre of his work? (extravagania) 2. Who is Longren? . (Father Assol, sailor.) 3. What craft did Longren engaged in to feed the family? (He began to make toy ships.) 4. What was the name of Longren's wife? (Mary) 5. Where are the events of the story? (By the seashore, in Capern) 6. "This evening was cold, windy weather ..." What happened this evening? (Sodrotrans and sick Meri went to Liss, laid the ring and got some money. She was a porcall ...) 7. "Ten years of the Skital life left in his hands a little money .." about whom's speech? (About Longren). 8. "He began to work ..." What did Longren take up? ("Soon in city stores, his toys appeared ..." 9. "She also asked you!" Whose words are it? Who are they addressed? (Longren says Menners) 10. "... Do you know how to love? We must be able to love, and that then they can't. "Who says hero? (About the inhabitants of Kaperna.) 11. Whose question does he answer? (Question Assol). 12. What was the question? (Why don't you like?) 13. What was the beloved Entertainment Assol? (Climb his knees to the Father and listen to his stories about people and about life.) 14.Same Kudri, Gray Blouse, Blue Pants. High boots, cane and bag ... Who is it? (Egl, famous song collector, legends, Traditions and fairy tales.) 15.What is the egl? 16. The house was dark inside and majestic outside? (Arthur Graya.) 17. Whose portrait in front of us: "Stephed many times a stem dress ..., slender tanned legs, dark thick hair, Blocked into a lace golk ... Each trait .. It is expressively easy and clean ... "(Assol) 18." I don't know how many years will be ... Once in the morning ... "Who predicted the future of Assol? (Egl). 19. A What happens once in the morning? ("... In the sea gave under the sun sparkling the scarlet sail. The shining romance of the scarlet sails of the white ship will move, cutting waves, right to you ...") 20. Why, what do you think the story about the life of the associate is conducted parallel to the life of Gray? (The author prepares the reader to the thought that the fate of these heroes was intertwined not by chance.) 21. "Father and mother of Gray were the arrogant slaves of their position ..." What was the difference from them Arthur Gray? (Living soul.) 22. Why did Gray ruined the painting portrayed crucifixion? ("I can't allow me to stick out from the hands of nails and flowed blood. I don't want it.") 23. What episode made friends Gray and Mother Betsy? (Betsy scalked her hand, and Gray specifically walked his hand to feel like a girl hurt.) 24. What role did Gray play in the fate of Betsy? (He gave her money so that she could marry a loved one. ) 25. Withdom who played in childhood Arthur Gray? (One) 26. "Gray came to look at this picture several times ...." And what was depicted in the picture? (Ship) 27. Continue the phrase: "In the fall, on the fifteenth year of life, Arthur Gray ...." ("... secretly left the house ...") 28. Continue the phrase: "Captain" Anselma "... In advance triumphant, presenting how many months in two Gray will tell him ..." (I want to mom ...) 29. "Victory on your side, Plut " Whose words are it? Who are they addressed to? (Captain Gopa, to Gold). 30. Who prayed with such words: "On floating, traveling, suffering, suffering and captured ..." (Gray Mother.) 31. What was the new Gray ship? ("Secret") 32. "The captain got out of an open place ... and saw here ... "And what saw the captain of Gray? (Sleeping Assol). 33. Who told the History of the Assol? (Menners, long young guy ...) 34. "Since then, it is also called it ..." And what was the name of the Assol in Capern? (Assol Ship.) 35.Come belongs to the data of the replica from the text. "We have no crumbs of edible in our house, I am going to the city, and we will move someone with the girl before the husband's return" (Mary). 36. "If I get schoon on the water to swim a little - it will not get wet, I will then wipe it" (Assol). 37. "I, perhaps, wake it up, but only then to lake your hefty neck" (Longren) 38. "I did not spoil the picture. I can't allow me to stick out from the hands of nails and flowed blood, I don't want it. "(Arthur Gray) 39. Continue the phrase:" ... two girls, two associate mixed in wonderful wonderful misunderstanding. One was the daughter of the sailor ..., the other - .... " "... Live poem." 40. Who true Assol friends? (These are large old trees) 41. "Whose joke is this joke?" What does Assol ask about? 42. How did the ring appear on her finger? (Gray dredied her ring while she slept.) 43. "He Meld, like a smile, the beauty of spiritual reflection" ... What is it about? (About Alom Silk, bought with warmth.) 44. How many meters of the scarlet of matter bought Gray? (Two thousand meters.) 45. Continue the phrase that Assol Treated by the coalcher: "... You probably have to blame the basket with coal, then you think that ..." ("It will bloom.") 46. Complete the offer: "Thanks to her I understood one unaccompaning truth. She is to ... "(" ... to make so-called miracles with your own hands. ") 47. Continue the phrase:" When for a person, the main thing is to receive a shipping penny, it's easy to give this penalty, but when the soul is tatting a grain of a fiery plant - a miracle, Make it this miracle ... "(" New soul will have a new one with you. ") 48." Happiness was sitting in her fluffy kitten ... "When was happiness settled in the heart of the associate? (When she saw Gray.) 49. What did the Gray Assol as soon as he was on the ship? ("Will you take to us of my Longren?") 50. How did the Assol called the Assol? (The best cargo, the best "secret" prize) 51. The last phrase of the story: "Tsimmer ... sat ... and thought about ...". Say the last word book A.Grina. ("... about happiness.") Quiz. 1. How did A.Grin determined the genre of his work? 2. Who is Longren? 3. What craft did Longren engaged in to feed the family 4. What was the name of Longren's wife? 5. Where are the events of the story? 6. "This evening was cold, windy weather ..." What happened this evening? 7. "Ten years of the Skital life left a little money in his hands .." OK speech? 8. "He began to work ..." What Longren took up. "She also asked you!" Whose words are it? Who are they addressed to? 10. "... Do they know how to love? We must be able to love, and this can not. " About whom says the hero? 13. What was the favorite entertainment of Assol? 14. Sedny Kudri, Gray Blouse, Blue Pants. High boots, cane and bag ... Who is it? 15.Who such Egle? 16. The house was glooming inside and majestic outside? 17. Whose portrait in front of us: "Stepno many times a stem dress ..., slender tanned legs, dark thick hair, pocked in a lace golk ... Each trait .. Always easily and clean ..." 18. "I don't know how many years will be ... Once in the morning ... "Who predicted the future associate? 19. And what happens once in the morning? 20. Why do you think the story about the life of the associate is conducted parallel to the life of Gray? 21. "Father and mother of Gray were the arrogant slaves of their position ..." What was the difference from them Arthur Gray? 22. Why did Gray ruined the painting depicting the crucifixion? 23. What episode made friends Gray and maid Betsy? 24. What role did Gray play in the fate of Betsy? 25. Withdom who played in childhood Arthur Gray? 26. "Gray came to look at this picture several times ...." And what was depicted in the picture? 31. What was the name of the new Gray ship? 33. Who told the History of the Assol? 34. "Since then, it is also called ..." And what was the name of the Assol in Capern? 40. Who true Assol friends? 42. How did the ring appear on her finger? 44. How many meters of the scarlet of matter bought Gray? 47. Continue the phrase: "When the most important thing for a person is to receive a shipping penny, it's easy to give this penalty, but when the soul is tatting a grain of a fiery plant - a miracle, make it a miracle ..." 48. "Happiness was sitting in her fluffy kitten ..." When happiness settled in the heart of the associate? 49. What did Assol Gray as soon as possible on the ship? 50. How did the Assol called the Assol? 51. The last phrase of Tale: "Zimmer ... sat ... and thought about ...". Say the last word book A.Grina

Theme lesson: A.S.Grin. Story about the writer. "Scarlet Sails".

Objectives lesson:

Educational:

continue to get acquainted with the life and creativity of the writer;

introduce the story "Scarlet Sails";

form a concept about the product of such a genre as extravagania;

improve the ability to analyze the read work, namely, be able to evaluate the heroes and their actions, argue their answer, to generalize, draw conclusions;

find answers to questions issued;

improve the skills of expressive and conscious reading.

Developing:

develop oral speech;

develop the ability to express their own opinion;

develop creative imagination, memory, thinking;

improve the skill of monologic speech.

Educational:

Bring up feelings of responsiveness, kindness, faith, hopes, heartiness, love for people and to life, caring and careful relations to each other;

display A.S. Green as a romance writer, whose work is imbued with a dream of a beautiful, believing that a person himself is able to work wonders;

bring up faith in an excellent dream and the desire to achieve it;

create conditions for forming in adolescents interest in reading works;

relief responsibility for their actions.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

View video (what about?

how did the Assol lived?

What are her thoughts?

clean? Light?

thoughts were like her life?

Definition of the topic

Problems - Why did the miracle happen? Wonders are possible or only in fairy tales?

Goaling

Analysis of the work.

Let's remember the main characters.

Characteristics of the heroes of the story. Artistic text analysis. Work in groups.

1 Group: Longren, Assol and residents of the village.

Group 2: Tale told by Eglem.

3 Group: Arthur Gray.

4 Group: Meeting and mystery of "Scarlet sails".

Why Died Mom Assol? Find this place in the text and read. (1 Chapter: "Three months ago ... - bring the shower")

In the waked storm, Longren did not help Menners, who was in a boat without wheezed. How do you feel about this actions of Longren? Why didn't they understand it fellow villagers? (Answer: Students express their point of view)

Little Assol distinguishes a festive videos of life and a miracle. Where in her? (Answer: They influenced the stories of the Father, and most importantly, the meeting of Assol with Eglem, which we will now appear ...)

What fairy tale gave Egle Assol? What is she? (Answer…)

What has changed in the life of Assol after meeting with a storyteller? (Answer: She began to live a dream about a meeting with the prince; Kaperna residents began to say that Longren and his daughter were crazy.)

Did the opinion of residents affect the dream, which Assol lived? (Answer: Of course not, she continued to wait for his prince.)

What feelings is experiencing Gray when faced with sleeping associate? (Answer: a strong impression, excitement. Those feelings that often lead to love at first glance.)

What does he do? (Answer: It leaves the ring on the girl's finger)

And what meant the ring for the girl? (Answer: a sign of close happiness. The ring will instill confidence that the prediction of the eagle about a fabulous prince and a ship with alami sail will come true.)

How does Arthur Gray perform the associate dream? (Answer: decides to replace all sails on a scarlet color. He visited three shops, could not find the desired color. And now he saw him)

Find in the text and read the description of exactly the scarlet, which I was looking for Gray. (Consider: 5 Chapter. "This perfect ... - ... spiritual reflection")

Yes, scarlet color - the color of love and the color of the dreams. Fly in life under the alay sails - it means to put a goal in front of you, strive to fulfill everything conceived.

Repetition passed

Comparison - a figurative expression built on comparison of two objects, concepts or states with a common feature, at the expense of which the artistic meaning of the first subject

Elimination is an image of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: a gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.

Epitheet is an artistic-shaped definition that emphasizes the most significant sign or phenomenon in this context; It is used to cause the reader a visible image of a person, things, nature, etc.

Individual work on cards.

Green in its work uses a variety of artistic expressive means. Determine them in passages that are in front of you.

Task number 1.

"Two or three dozen children of her age who lived in a kaperne, impregnated, like a sponge with water, a gross family start, the basis of which served unshakable authority of mother and father, transpired, like all children in the world, crossed out once a little associate from the sphere of their patronage and attention. "

Task number 2.

Determine the means of artistic expressiveness.

"Going to the forest for the bridge for the flow of the stream, the girl gently lowered her ship to the water; Sails immediately sparkled with a scarlet reflection in transparent water; Light, permeating matter, lean with trembling pink radiation on white bottom stones. "

Words for references: comparison, epithet, metaphor.

Task number 3.

Determine the means of artistic expressiveness

"Each feature of the associate was alrigious and cleaned as a flight of swallows. Dark, with a shade of a sad question, seemed older to face; His improper soft oval was Oweyan of that kind of charming tan, which inherent in a healthy whiteness of the skin. "

Words for references: comparison, epithet, metaphor.

Guys who did not receive cards, do not worry, we will make the compilation of synquins. But not simple, but "Guess the hero,", i.e.bez first line

Fizminutka under the "sea noise"

Waves (rising and lowered) - raise and lower your hands.

The sailboat swings on the waves (left - right) - swing my hands left and right.

And now quiz awaits us

(On the board on Watman, a sailboat with white sails is drawn. For each correct answer, the student goes to the board and sticks sails from red paper.)

Real Last Name Alexander Green. (Grinevsky)

The name of the ship on which Gray sailed. ("Secret")

What was the name of the mother associate. (Mary)

What is the place where the associate lived? (Kaperna)

How did A.Grin determined the genre of his work? (extravaganza)

Who is Longren? . (Father Assol, sailor.)

Who is Egle?

- "Gray came to look at this picture several times ...." And what was depicted in the picture? (Ship)

How did the ring appear on her finger? (Gray dressed her ring while she slept.)

Well, we got our wonderful ship with Alami sails. And let's see a fragment of the film, which captured the meeting of the Assol and Gray and will try to answer the question, to make sure that the fate of the main characters? (....)

In conclusion, I would like to listen to your essay on the topic "Wonders in my life"

12. Reflection. Homework.

Did you like a lesson today? What is especially remembered?

Abstract lesson

in the 7th grade

on literature.

Theme lesson : "Waiting for a miracle ... (on the work of A.Grina" Scarlet Sails ".

Objectives lesson: 1 . Diagnosis of reading the work.

2. Development of oral speech of students.

3. learning the ability to give an accurate and exhaustive response to

Question.

4. Development of the ability to allocate the main, systematize and

Understand read.

Type of lesson: Victor's lesson.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizing time.
2. Quiz on the work of the work.
3. Summing up the lesson.
4. D / s.

Abstract lesson.

1. Orgmoment.

When we open up such a book as "Scarlet Sails" Alexander Green, we touch the very popular work. Andrei Bogoslovsky wrote Opera "Scarlet Sails", many poets wrote poems based on Green's books, and Sergey Norovachatov's poem is called "Scarlet Sails". Gorgeous and screening, it is also very popular. And the point, of course, not only in the game of wonderful actors: Vasily Lanovoy, Anastasia Vertinskaya. "Scarlet sails" possess charm inherent in any artwork.

1. Quiz.

1. How did A.Grin determined the genre of his work?(extravagania)
2. What was the name of Longren's wife?(Mary)
3. Where are the events of the story? (By the seashore, in Capern)
4. "This evening was cold, windy weather ..." What happened this evening?(Sodret and sick, Mary went to Liss, laid the ring and got a littlemoney. She picked ...)
5. "Ten years of Skalic life left a little money in his hands .." About whom? (About Longren).
6. "He began to work ..." What did Longren played? ("Soon in city stores, his toys appeared ..."
7. "She also asked you!" Whose words are it? Who are they addressed? (Longren says Menners)
8. "... do they know how to love? We must be able to love, and this can not. " About whom says the hero? (About the residents of Kaperna.) Whose question is he answering?(Question Assol ). What was the question?(Why not love us ?)
9. What was the favorite entertainment of Assol? (Climb on his knees to the Father and listen to his stories about people and about life.)
10. Gray curls, gray blouse, blue pants. High boots, cane and bag ... Who is it? (Egl, a famous collector of songs, legends, legends and fairy tales.)
11. Whose portrait in front of us: "Stepno many times a stem dress ..., slender tanned legs, dark thick hair, pocked in a lace golk ... Each trait .. Expressively light and clean ..." (Assol)
12. "I don't know how many years will it take ... Once in the morning ..." Who predicted the future of the associate? (Egl).
13. And what happens once in the morning? ("...in the sea gave under the sun sparkling scarlet sail. The shining romance of scarlet sails of a white ship will move, cutting waves, right to you ... ")
14. Why do you think the story about the life of the associate is conducted parallel to the life of Gray? (The author prepares the reader to the idea that the fate of these heroes was not overwhelmed.)
15. "Father and Mother Gray were headlong slaves of their position ..." What was distinguished from them Arthur Gray? (Live soul.)
16. Why did Gray ruined the painting portrayed crucifixion?("I can't assume that with me sticking out of the hands of nails and flowed blood. I do not want it.")
17. What episode made friends Gray and maid Betsy? (Betsy rigged her hand, and Gray specifically wrapped his hand to feel like a girl hurt.)
18. What role did Gray play in the fate of Betsy? (He gave her money so that she could marry a loved one.)
19. Who played in childhood Arthur Gray? (One)
20. "Gray came to look at this picture several times ...." And what was depicted in the picture?(Ship)
21. Continue the phrase: "In the fall, on the fifteenth year of life, Arthur Gray ...." ("...secretly left the house ... ")
22. Continue the phrase: "Captain" Anselma "... tried in advance, representing how many months in two Gray will tell him ..." (I want to mom ...)
23. "The victory on your side, Plut." Whose words are it? Who are they addressed to?(Captain Gopa, to Gold).
24. Who prayed with these words: "On floating, traveling, suffering, suffering and captured ..." (mother Gray.)
25. What was the new ship Gray? ("Secret")
26. "The captain got out to an open place ... and saw here ..." And what did Captain Gray see? (Sleeping associate).
27. Who told the Gray History of Assol? (Menners, long young guy ...)
28. "Since then, her name is ..." And what was the name of Assol in Capern? (Assol ship.)
29. Continue the phrase: "... There are two girls in it, two associate mixed in wonderful wonderful misunderstanding. One was the daughter of the sailor ..., the other - .... ""... Live poem.»
30. Who is true friends Assol? (These are large old trees)
31. "Whose joke is a joke?" What does Assol ask about? How did the ring appear on her finger? (Gray dressed her ring while she slept.)
32. "He is growing like a smile, the charm of spiritual reflection" ... What is it about?(About Alom Silk, bought with warmth.)
33. How many meters of the scarlet of matter bought Gray? (Two thousand meters.)
34. Continue the phrase that the Assol Sorcel said: "... You probably, when you catch up with a coal with a basket, then you think that ..."(".. it will bloom.")
35. Complete the offer: "Thanks to her I understood one simple truth. She is to ... "("... make so-called miracles with your own hands.")
36. Continue the phrase: "When the most important thing is for a person - getting a costly penny, it's easy to give this penny, but when the soul is tatting a grain of a flame plant - a miracle, make it a miracle ..." ("The new soul will be with him new.")
37. "Happiness was sitting in her fluffy kitten ..." When was happiness settled in the heart of the associate? (When she saw Gray.)
38. What did the Gray Assol asked, as soon as it was on the ship?("Will you take my Longren to us?")
39. How did the ausol called the Assol?(Best cargo, the best "Secret" prize)
40. The last phrase story: "Tsimmer ... sat ... and thought about ...". Say the last word book A.Grina. ("... about happiness.")

The answer was left the guest

Recently, I read the romantic story of Alexander Green "Scarlet Sails". A. Green has lived a very difficult life. He was in prison, and went to the link, but ran away from there. It was, then A. Green began to write a story "Scarlet Sails", and in 1920 he graduated from her. This is the most famous work of A. Green. The writer identified the genre of his work as an "extravagania". The story begins, like many literary works, with the characteristics of the main characters, but, reading quite a little bit, I realized that this book was special.
In the story "Scarlet Sails" Green tells the history of the girl Assol, who early lost his mother and grew up with her father, they lived that he did children's toys-ships. Longren, Father Assol, took all the work on the household on himself, daughter and father loved each other very much. But still the associate was unhappy, since none of the village children communicated with her. She lived with one sole dream she presented to Egle - a famous collector of songs, legends, legends and fairy tales. He told her that someday after her the prince was sailing on the ship with Alami sails and since then the associate looked at the skyline of the sea, waiting for the ship with almy sails.
Artur Gray, who was born in a rich family, was represented by the second most important character in the story, and he had his own dream - to become captain and he became. At the age of 15, he went to the ship with a simple sailor and during the time of swimming time captain of the ship taught Arthur to different maritime sciences. After four years of swimming, returning home, Arthur took the major amount of money from his parents to acquire his own ship. And from now on, he walked around the seas and the oceans captain. And once, during his next trip, Arthur was met by Assol, who he really liked. And having learned about her dream, he decided and fulfilled her.
I believe that the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe author is that a person in his life needs to have the most cherished dream, believe and strive for her, and only then she will be fulfilled. After all, Alexander Green wrote this work not in the best times of his life, and, in my opinion, he wanted to create an example of dreams, faith, hopes.
Assol is the main heroine of a romantic story, a closed and beautiful girl who loved her father very much, trusted only him and lived the dream she was presented with a storyteller. Arthur Gray is a freedom-loving person, a leader in character, respecting the opinion of others, educated and understanding, and purposefully going to his goals. All these qualities did a famous person from it. Longren - Father Assol, her mentor in life, loving father. In it, the author tried to show a sample, which should be a father. In the story "Scarlet Sails" Alexander Green for the expression of mood, feelings and spiritual mood of heroes often uses nature.
I believe that Green first wanted to tell the reader that at any time of his life you need to live in the world of reality and dreams.