The origin of the Turkic peoples. Altai - Center for the Universe of the Turkic Peoples

Ancient Turks are the ancestors of many modern Turkic peoples, including Tatars. Turks nomaded by Great Steppe (Chety-kypchak) on the expanses of Eurasia. Here they led their economic activity, these lands created their states. The Volga-Ural region, located on the periphery of the Great Steppe, has long been populated by the threshold and Turkic tribes. In the second century of our era, there were also other Turkic tribes, famous in the history called Gunnov, here from Central Asia. In the 4th century, the Gunns occupied the Black Sea region, then they invaded Central Europe. But, over time, the Gun Union tribes collapsed and most Huns returned to the Black Sea region, pouring into other local Turks.
About two hundred years existed to the Turkic kaganate created by Turks of Central Asia. Among the peoples of this kaganata, writing sources point to Tatars. It is noted that this is a very numerous Turkic people. Tribal association of Tatars, located in the territory of modern Mongolia, included 70 thousand families. The Arab historian pointed out that thanks to their exceptional greatness and authority, other tribes were also united under this name. Other historians also reported on the tatars living on the shores of the Irtysh River. In frequent military clashes, the opponents of Tatars usually turned out to be Chinese and Mongols. There is no doubt that the Tatars were Turks, and in the specified sense are close relatives (as well as to a certain extent can be attributed to the ancestors) of modern Turkic peoples.
After the collapse of the Turkic kaganate, Khazar Kaganat entered into force. The ownership of Kaganat extended at the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Azov and Crimea. Khazars were the unification of the Turkic tribes and peoples and "were one of the wonderful peoples of that era" (L. N. Gumilev). In this state, exceptional violence flourished. For example, in the capital of the state of G. Iatil, located near the mouth of the Volga, the Muslim mosques, chamoral houses of Christians and Judaists acted. Seven equational judges worked: two Muslim, Judea, Christian and one pagan. Each of them allowed the charges of people the same religion with him. Khazars were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture n horticulture, and in cities - crafts. The capital of Kaganata was not only the center of handicraft, but also international Trade.
During his heyday, Khazaria was a powerful state, no wonder and the Caspian Sea was called Khazar. However, the military actions of the external varoov weakened the state. Especially tangible were the attacks of the Arab Caliphate troops, kiev Princess And the hostile policy of Byzantium. All this led to Toi that at the end of the first century, Khazaria ceased to exist as an independent state. One of the main components of the Khazar people were Bulgars. Some historians of the past indicated that Scythians, Bulgars and Khazars are the same people. Others believe that the Bulgarians are Huns. They are mentioned both as Kipchaki, like the Caucasian and North Caucasian tribes. In any case, the Bulgarian Turks are known for writing sources for almost two thousand years. There are a lot of interpretations of the word "Bulgar". According to one of them, 6ULs are river people or people associated with fishing. For other versions of "Bulgars" can mean: "Mixed, consisting of many elements", "Buntari, rebels", "wise men, thinkers", etc. Bulgars had their state education - the Great Bulgaria in the Azov region, with the capital - r. Fanagoria, on the Taman Peninsula. The land from Dnipro to Kuban, part of the Northern Caucasus and Steppe spaces between the Caspian and Azov seas, belonged to this state. Once I. Caucasian Mountains called the chain of the Bulgarian mountains. The priazovskaya Bulgaria was a civilian state, and often came into dependence on the Turkic Kaganate and Khazaria. The state reached its greatest flourishing at the board of Kubrat-Khan, who managed to unite Bulgar and other Turkic tribes. This khan was a wise ruler who had achieved remarkable success in ensuring a quiet life to his fellow citizens. During his reign, Bulgarian cities grew, crafts developed. The state received international recognition, relatively stable relations with geographic neighbors.
The position of the state deteriorated sharply after the death of Kubrat-Khan in the middle of the 6th century, the political and military pressure of Khazaria on Bulgaria increased. Under these conditions, several cases of resettlement of significant masses of the Bulgarians in other edges occurred. One group of Bulgar headed by Tsarevich Asparuhh moved to the West and asslaved on the shores of the Danube. A large group of Bulgar, driven by the son of Kubrat Cubat, headed in the middle Volga region.
The Bulgarians remained in the Azov region found themselves as part of Khazaria with Nizhnevolzhi Saksin Bulgarians and with other Turks of the state. However, this did not bring them eternal world. In the 20s of the VII century, Khazaria was attacked by Arabs, during which large Bulgarian city of Azovia were seized and burned. Ten years later, Arabs repeated their trip, this time they plundered the Bulgarian lands in the vicinity of the Terek and Kuban rivers, captured 20 thousand Barsilov (centuries travelers as part of the Bulgarian people were allocated by Barsilov, Esegelov and, actually, Buggar). All this caused another massive campaign of the Bulgarian population to their tribesmen in the Volga region. Subsequently, the defeat of the Khazaria was accompanied by other cases of the resettlement of the Bulgar for the average and the upper flow of Itil (the ITILE River, in the understanding of that time, began the White River, included part of the chart and further the Volga).
Thus, there were mass and small resettlement of the Bulgar to the Volga-Prural region. The choice of the relocation area is quite explained. Here the Gunns lived here a few centuries ago and their descendants continued to live, as well as other Turkic tribes. From this point of view, these places were the historical homeland ancestors for certain Turkic tribes. The KPOME, the Turkic peoples of the Middle and Lower Volga region supported constant close relationships with the relatives of the Cucczese and Priazia; Developed nomadic economy has repeatedly led to mixing various Turkic tribes. Therefore. Strengthening the Bulgarian element on average Volga region was quite ordinary phenomenon.
The increase in the Bulgarian population in these parts led to the fact that it was the Bulgars that became the main generation element of the Tatar people formed in the Volga-Ural region. It should be taken into account that no more or less large people Can not lead its genealogy from only one single tribe. And the Tatar people in the specified sense is no exception, among its ancestors could be called not one tribe, as well as indicate not one influence (including Finno-Ugric). However, the main element in the composition of the Tatar people should be recognized by the Bulgar.
Over time, the Turkic-Bulgarian tribes began to make a large population in this region. If it is also to take into account the presence of the historical experience of state construction, then there is nothing surprising that the state of the Great Bulgaria (Volga Bulgaria) appeared here. In the initial period of its existence, Bulgaria in the Volga region was as it were to the Union regarding independent areas, vassal dependent on Khazaria. But, in the second half of the years, the supremacy of the Unified Prince was already recognized by all the specific rulers. There was a common system, payment of filters into the general treasury of a single state. By the time of the decay of Khazaria, the Great Bulgaria was a fully formed single state, its borders were recognized as neighboring states and peoples. In the future, the zone of the political and economic influence of Bulgaria stretched from Oak to Yaika (Urals). The lands of the Bulgaria treated the areas from the rover Vyatka n Kama to Yaika and the Low Eve of the Volga. The Khazar Sea began to be called Bulrahorsky. "Atil is a river in the field of Kypchakov, she flows into the sea Bulgar" - wrote Mahmoud Kashgari in the XI century.
The Great Bulgaria in the Volga region became a country of sedentary and semi-seased surplus and possessed a highly developed economy. In agriculture, the Bulgars were used iron lemges to plows in the second century, the Bulgarian Plug-Saban provided a polarity with a turnover of the formation. Bulgars used iron implements of agricultural production, crossed more than 20 types of cultivated plants, engaged in gardening, beekeeping, as well as hunting and fishing. High for that time has reached handicraft. Bulgars were engaged in jewelry, leather, costerous, metallurgical, pottery production. They were familiar with the smelting of cast iron, and began to apply it in production. Bulgarians also used gold, silver, copper and their various alloys. "The Bulgarian kingdom was one of the few states of medieval Europe, in which the conditions for high development of handicraft production in a number of industries were created in a short time" (A. P. Smirnov).
Already from the XI century, the Great Bulgaria occupies the position of the leading shopping center of Eastern Europe. Trade relations developed with the nearest neighbors - with the northern peoples, with Russian principalities and Scandinavia. Trade from Central Azea, with the Caucasus, with Persion, with the Baltic States. The Bulgarian Fleet ensured the export and import of goods on waterways, and trading caravans went to Kazakhstan and in Central Asia. Bulgars exported fish, bread, forest, walrus teeth, fur, specially treated skin "fucking", swords, chain kits, etc. From the Yellow Sea to Scandinavia, jewelry, leather and fur products of the Bulgarian masters were known. The check of his own coins, begun in the second century, contributed to the further strengthening of the position of the Bulgarian state, as a recognized trading center between Europe and Asia.
Bulgars, in their bulk, accepted Islam back in 825, that is, almost 1200 years ago. The Canons of Islam, with their appeal to spiritual and bodily clean, to mercy, etc., found a special response at Bulgar. The official adoption of Islam in the state has become a powerful factor in consolidating the people into a single organism. In 922, the ruler of the Great Bulgararia Almas Shilka received a delegation of the Baghdad Caliphate. In the central mosque of the capital of the state - a solemn prayer was held in Bulgape. Islam became the official state religion. This allowed Bulgaria to strengthen trade and economic relations with the developed Muslim states of that time. Islam's positions soon became very resistant. Western European travelers of that time noted that the inhabitants of Bulgaria are a single people, "Muhammetov's stronger than anyone else." Within the framework of a single state, mainly the formation of the nationality itself was completed. In any case, the Russian chronicles of the XI century celebrate here a single, Bulgarian people.
Thus, direct ancestors of modern Tatars have formed as nationality, in the Volga-Ural region. At the same time, they absorbed not only related Turkic tribes, but also partially local Finnoanor. Bulgaram has repeatedly had to protect their lands from the excitement of greedy robbers. HEPRAVE ATTACKS OF FRORTORS OF LIGHT NAVIATIVE forced the Bulgarians to even move the capital, in the XII century the capital of the state became Biil, located in the removal from the main water artery - the Volga River. But, the most serious military tests fell out to the share of BulgaPophoo of the people in the XII century, which brought the Mongolian invasion to the world.
Within three tens of years of the XIII century, Mongols conquered a significant part of Asia and began their campaigns on Eastern European lands. Bulgars, leading intensive trading with Asian partners, were well represented by a danger emanating from the Mongolian military. They tried to create a single front, but their appeal to the neighbors to unite in the face of the deadly threat was not heard. Eastern Europe met the Mongols not a single, but separated, divided into warring states (the same mistake was made by central Europe). In 1223, the Mongols of Nedola defeated the combined forces of Russian principalities and Kypchak soldiers on the river Kalka and sent part of their troops on Bulgaria. However, Bulgars met the enemy on distant approaches, close to Zhiguli. Applying the skilled system of ambushes, Bulgars, under the leadership of Ilgam Khan, caused a crushing defeat of the Mongols, destroying up to 90% of the enemy's troops. The remnants of the Mongolian troops retreated to the south, and the land of Kypchakov was freed from them; Which of them escaped, he returned to his land "(Ibn al-Asira).
This victory brought peace to Eastern Europe for a while, the suspended trade was resumed. Apparently, the Bulgars well represented themselves that the victory was not final. They began active preparation for defense: the cities and fortresses were strengthened, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Yik River, Belaya, and so on. Huge earth shafts were rude. At the then level of technology, for such a short time, such work could be carried out only with the very high organizedness of the population. This serves as an additional confirmation that by this time, the Bulgarians were a single, cohesive people, united by a common idea, desire to preserve their independence. After six years, the attack of Mongols repeated, the enemy and this time failed to penetrate the main territory of Bulgaria. The authority of Bulgaria, as a real force that can withstand the Mongolian invasion, has become especially high. Many peoples, above all, the lower-Volga Bulgary-Saksins, the Polovtsy-Kypchak began to move on the Earth of Bulgaria, this most contributing to the ancestors of modern Tatars.
In 1236, Mongols made a third campaign on Bulgaria. The subjects of the country fiercely fought, defending their state. One and a half months of Bulgarians selflessly defended the besieged capital - Bilar. However, the 50,000-thousandths of the Bulgarian Khan Gabdulla Ibn-Ilgam could not resist the onslaught of the 250 thousandth Mongolian military. The capital fell. The next year, Western lands of Bulgaria were conquered, all fortifications and fortresses were destroyed. Bulgars did not reconcile with defeat, the uprisings followed one after another. Bulgars nearly 50-year-old military actions against conquerors, which made the latter to hold almost half of their troops on the territory of the Bulgaria. However, it was not possible to restore the full independence of the state, the Bulgars became a new state - the Golden Horde.

The origin and history of Turkic peoples and their cultural traditions It is one of the least studied science topics. And between those, Turkic-speaking nations relate to the most numerous on globe. Their main part of them lives in Asia and in Europe. But they also floated on the American and Australian continents. In modern Turkey, Turks - 90% of the country's residents, and on the territory former USSR They are about 50 million, i.e. they are the second largest after the Slavic peoples of the population.

In antiquity and early Middle Ages there were many Turkic state entities:

• sarmatian
• gunno
• bulgarian
• alan
• khazar
• west and Eastern Turkic,
• avar
• uygur Kaganat

But to our days, only Turkey has kept its statehood. In 1991-1992 From the former USSR, the Turkic republics were distinguished by the independent states:

• Azerbaijan,
• Kazakhstan,
• Kyrgyzstan,
• Uzbekistan,
• Turkmenistan.

As part Russian Federation There are republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia), as well as a number of autonomous districts and edges.

Do not have their state formations and turks living outside the CIS. So in China, the Uigurs live (about 8 million), more than I million Kazakhs, as well as Kyrgyz, Uzbeks. Many Turks were in Iran and Afghanistan.

Turkic-speaking nations are numerous and naturally with deep antiquity significantly influenced the course of the history of the regions and the world as a whole. but genuine story Turkic peoples are also foggy as the history of the eastern Slavic peoples. On the world, fragments of certificates, vintage books, artifacts, etc. And all this is only small part found, described, systematized.

Many of the ancient and medieval authors wrote about the Turkic peoples and tribes. However, scientific research on the history of Turkic peoples was the first to come again Europeans. Their names, like antique authors, do not rewrite, because the conclusions of their scatter, unlike, and the value of their conclusions is not clear for our reality. We call only the name of Academician E. Euhkold, who was the first scientifically to justify the statement that the Turkic tribes long before our era lived in Europe.

And now go back there - massively!

Most researchers show a trulus as destroyers, induct the level of their socio-economic and cultural Development, deny the contribution to the development of civilization.

The official point of view on the history of Turkic peoples is reduced to the fact that their ancestors in the III century BC were inhabited in the East, in the territory between Altai and Baikal.

Another, less numerical group of scientists is determined by the pranodina of the Turkic tribes Volga-Ural interfluve. According to this group on Altai, the South Siberia and the Baikalier of the Turks came later, but they were not always left - again they moved to Europe and Western! Asia, where antique authors detect them.

Since ancient times, knowledge was transmitted orally. So it was both the Slavs, and in the Turks. Occasionally on our site leave comments or even the publication representatives of the Turkic peoples. It must be said - the oral tradition of them is strong so far and it is felt on the painfulness and versatility in the presentation of information. Russians write so less often.

Of course there were no plans to write in this article a whole story of Turkic peoples - this is not enough for a site or life. But still, and I hope for a long time - a lot of still need to collect, write to publish.

ESSAY

Altai - Center for the Universe of the Turkic Peoples

Introduction

In the scientific community of the whole world today has long been an axiom fact that Altai is a great pranodina of all modern Turkic peoples, and in the broad sense of the peoples of the whole Altai language family.

The relevance of my topic is that the culture of any people is based on its national peculiarities. Know your origins, customs, traditions should every person. But also the traditions and customs of other nations are confidently entering our lives, this suggests that culture and other peoples we need to know no less than yours. And just in this paper the goal is revealed, to tell about the Turkic peoples of the Altai Territory, about their culture and the history as a whole. In this regard, the tasks are the overall characteristics of the Turkic and Altai people, their history, culture and worldview. The object of my research is the Altai Territory, and the subject is the Turkic peoples. Instruments for the study of the tasks set was the study of writers and work on the Internet.

In the Altai Territory in 552, the ancient Turks created their first state - the Great Turkic Kaganate, which united North Asia and Eastern Europe, laying the foundations of Eurasian statehood and civilization, the state in which your direct ancestors played - the people of Tatars - thirty Turkic tribes and Gunno - Borges.

In honor of the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the voluntary entry of the Altai people, the Russian state, dear Mintimer Sharipovich, being president of Tatarstan, presented a memorable sign "Altai - Heart of Eurasia". It is located at the very entrance to the Altai Republic on the banks of the Katun River near the Sacred Mountain Babangan.

That is why it is so significant and memorial to all of us, Russians, the creation and construction of the sign "Altai - Heart of Eurasia" - a kind of symbol of recognition of the Republic of Altai not only the prahodine of all Turkic ethnic groups, but also to find the modern republics of the Russian Federation. Altai played a huge disorder in the history of the peoples of our country from the Far East to the Volga and Urals, Danube and Carpathians. Further development Through a number of replaced eras from the Gunno-Bulgarian, Ordanski to Russian assisted, as our joint history confirmed, the most favorable impact on the formation, formation and development of all our peoples.

On a memorial sign made by Tatarstan specialists, it was carved by: "We have erected this memorable sign in Altai - the" Center of the Universe ", on the place where our ancient ancestors were going to solve public affairs, from where the batyr on Argamaks went hiking, the people satisfied holidays and Competitions in honor of the famous events. Turkic civilization begins here. Epistle to the descendants carved on six stands around the perimeter of the sign on Tatar, Altai, English, Japanese, Korean, Persian and Turkish.

The Republic of Altai is a stable, a kind of model region, where Turks and Slavs, Russians and Altai, representatives of other large and small ethnic groups live in peace and harmony of 2.5 centuries. As a result, it has developed and strengthened from generation to generation, like in Tatarstan, a two-day cultural and civilizational symbiosis: "Live myself and let's live with others!" Here is the credo of our Altai, Siberian, Russian coexistence, cooperation. This is due to a good attitude towards each other, languages \u200b\u200band cultures, traditions and customs, spiritual values \u200b\u200bfrom our people, as they say, in the blood. We are open to friendship and cooperation with all who go to us with good heart and pure thoughts. In recent years, the Republic of Altai has significantly expanded cooperation not only with the near Siberian regions of Russia, but also with the neighboring territories of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China.

1. General characteristics of representatives of the Turkic and Altai people of Russia

Representatives of the Turkic Group of Peoples of Russia, living today mainly in the territory of the Volga region, the Urals, Southern Siberia and the Altai Territory and are quite original, cohesive national communities, due to the characteristics of the historical past in their ethnopsychological characteristics, are not so sharply different from each other and have much more similarities among themselves compared, for example, with the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus.

The most common and similar national psychological peculiarities, and their representatives affecting interethnic relations are:

¾ acute national pride, a special sense of awareness of its nationality;

¾ unpretentiousness and unassuming in everyday life and when performing professional and daily duties;

¾ a high sense of responsibility to the team, colleagues and leader;

¾ discipline, dyeing and perseverance when performing any kind of activities;

¾ sharp directness of judgments, openness and understanding in cooperation and communication with representatives of their own and other ethnic communities, the desire for equal relations;

¾ group, national and generic cohesion;

¾ with a weak knowledge of the Russian language in them there are definite impactivity and stiffness in communicating with representatives of other ethnic communities, some passivity, the desire to be satisfied with the communication in their national environment.

2. Short story Turkic people

turkic Altai Population National

One of the traditional trill classes was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as mining and iron treatment.

The ethnic history of the Prototurk substrate was noted by the synthesis of two groups of the population: the first formed to the west of the Volga, in the V-VIII thousand BC, in the course of centuries-old migrations in the eastern and southern directions, became the prevailing population of Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and Valley of the Upper Yenisei. And the second group that appeared in the steppes east of Yenisei later, had an in-and-mediocre origin.

History of interaction and merger of both groups ancient population Over the course of two thousand years, there is such a process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic community. It is from the environment of these nearby tribes in the II mil. BC. Modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories were distinguished.

On the "Hunn" layers in the formation of an ancienturk cultural complex made the assumption of D.G. Savinov - he believed that they, "gradually upgraded and mutually penetrating each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous groups of the population, which included the ancient Turkic kaganate."

From the VI century AD. The region, on average, the Syrdarya and the Chu River has become referred to Turkestan. The toponym is based on the ethnonym "Tour", which was a common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-boring peoples of Central Asia. The nomadic type of state for many centuries was the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the first thousand BC. until the XVII century.

In the years 552-745, Turkic kaganat existed in Central Asia, which in the 603 year collapsed into two parts: East and Western kaganata. The part of the Western Kaganata included territory Central Asia, Steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. East Kaganat included in its composition modern territories of Mongolia, North China and South Siberia. In 658, Western kaganat fell under the blows of the Oriental Tauli. In 698, the leader of the Türgechey Tribal Union - Education founded a new Turkic state - Türgesh Kaganat (698-766).

In the V-VIII centuries, the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states from which Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin turned out to be the most durable. In 650-969, the Khazar Kaganat existed in the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the Northeast Black Sea region. In the 960s. He was defeated by Kiev Prince Svyatoslav. Pechenegs osted in the second half of the 9th century settled in the Northern Black Sea and represented a greater threat to Byzantium and ancient Russian state. In 1019, Pechenegs were defeated from the Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the XI century of Pechenegs in South Russian steppes, Polovtsy are replaced, which in the XIII century were defeated and conquered by Mongol-Tatars. The western part of the Mongolian Empire is the Golden Horde - it became predominantly Turkic in the population of the state. In the XV-XVI century, it broke up into several independent hans, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. Tamerlan at the end of the XIV century creates its empire in Central Asia, which, however, with his death (140 year) quickly disintegrates.

In the early Middle Ages on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, a sedentary and semi-surround Turkic-speaking population, which was held in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sughd, Khorezmian and Bactrian population. The active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic Iranian symbiosis.

The penetration of Turks into the territory of Front Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatoly) began in the middle of the XI AD. (Selzhuki). The invasion of these Turks was accompanied by the destruction and devastation of many Transcaucasian cities. As a result of the conquests of Turks-Osmans in the XIII-XVI century, territories in Europe, Asia and Africa have formed a huge Ottoman EmpireHowever, from the XVII century, she began to tear down to decay. Assimilizing most local people, Ottomans became an ethnic majority in Asia Minor. IN XVI-XVIII centuries First, the Russian state, and then, after Peter's reforms, the Russian Empire, includes most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, where Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde. At the beginning of the XIX century Russia joins a number of Azerbaijani Khantsia of the Eastern Transcaucasis. At the same time, China is annexes the Jungan Khanate, exhausted after the war with the Kazakhs. After joining Russia, the territories of Central Asia, and the Kazakh Khanty and Kokand Khanty, the Ottoman Empire remained the only Turkic states with Khiva Khanate.

Altai - in the broad sense of the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Soviet Altai and Kuznetsky Ala-Tau. Historically, the Altaians were divided into two main groups:

.Northern Altai: tubalars, cuits, or flounders, Kumandintsy, Shorents

.Southern Altai: Actually, Altai or Altai-Kiji Telengitis, televisers.

The total number of 47,700 people. In the old literature and documents, the Nordic Altay residents called "Cherry Tatars", with the exception of the Shorets, who were called Kuznetic, Mrassic, Condomian Tatars. The southern Altaians were incorrectly called "Kalmyks" - mountain, minor, white, byky, altai. By origin, the Southern Altai is a complex tribal conglomerate formed in an ancient Turkic ethnic base, supplemented by the later Turkic and Mongolian elements that penetrate into Altai in XIII-XVII centuries. This process in Altai occurred under double mongol influence. The Nordic Altaians are at the heart of the mixture of threats-Finnish, self-independent and paleoisian elements that have been influenced by the ancient Turks of the Sayano-Altai Highlands still in the Domongallic era. The ethnographic features of the Nordic Altaians were based on the path of the taiga hunting for the beast in combination with honey farming and collecting. In the South Altaians, they were created on the basis of nomadic cattle breeding in a hunting connection.

Most of the Altaians, with the exception of the shorts and televisers, are combined into the mountain-Altai autonomous region and consolidates into a single socialist nation. In the economy and culture of the Altaians during the years of Soviet power there was a radical fracture. The basis of the economy of the Altaians is socialist animal husbandry with utility farming, beekeeping, hunting fur and cedar nuts. Part of the Altaians works in industry. The National Intelligentsia appeared in Soviet times.

Winter dwelling is a loggy of a Russian type, all wider spreading in collective farms, in places the wooden grinding yurt of the hexagonal shape, on the Chuhe-Round Race River-felt Urta. Summer housing is the same yurt or a conic chalash, covered by bark or larch bark. Weld Winter National Clothing - Mongolian Couch Sheepskin Cup, Flashing Left Top And Subscribed. The ball round is sheepskin, the top is covered with a cloth or sewn from a valuable beast paws, with a brush from colored silk thread on the top of the top. Boots with a wide top of a soft sole. Women wear a skirt and a short sweater of the Russian sample, but with the Altai collar: wide, postponed, decorated with rows of pearl and glass color buttons. Now the Russian urban clothes are increasing. Almost the only means of movement by Altaitz during the course of many centuries there were horse and fairy horses, the automotive and gentle transportation are now widespread.

IN public stricture Altai before the final elimination of the exploitative classes was preserved by generic remnants: exogamous patriarchal labor "COI" and related customs, intertwined with patriarchal-feudal relations undergoing influence capitalist forms Farms of Russia. Family relationships It is now characterized by the complete disappearance of patriarchal customs, reflecting before the subordinate position of the woman, and the strengthening of the Soviet family. The woman now plays a prominent role in the production, social and political life. Significantly weakened the effect of religious cults. Literacy among the Altaians, to the Great October Socialist Revolution, almost absent, now reached 90 percent; Initial, partly and secondary school work in their native language - Altai; Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet. There are national teachers with higher education. Literature and theater with a national and transferable repertoire, folklore are successfully developing.

3. Population of the Altai Territory

In terms of population, the Altai Territory is one of the largest edges in the USSR. According to the census of 1939, the region's population was 2520 thousand people. Average density The population is about 9 people per 1 sq. M. km. The bulk of the population is concentrated in the forest-steppe and steppe part, where in certain areas the density of the rural population exceeds 20 people per 1 square meter. km. The mining and Altai autonomous region is the most populated, which is part of the third territory of the region. About 7 percent of the population live here.

The prevailing mass of the population of the Altai Territory - the Russians, which began to settle the edge already in late XVII and early XVIII centuries. Separate Russian settlements arose a little earlier. Next National Group - Ukrainians. Moving here at the end of the XIX and early XX centuries. In small quantities, Choudas and Kazakhs live in the region. In the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region, the indigenous population is the Altai.

In 1939, a rural population prevailed in the region - only 16 percent of the total population lived in the cities. Fast industrial development of the Altai region in the years patriotic War And the post-war Stalin five-year plan caused a significant increase in the urban population. The population of the city of Barnaul has grown especially much. Rubtsovsky's small transductional village has turned over the years in a large industrial center, the young city of garbles is growing rapidly - a large railway assembly at the intersection of Tomsk railway and the South Siberian highway under construction. In connection with the growth of industry in rural areas, a number of villages are transformed into working villages. In 1949, there were 8 cities and 10 urban-type villages.

Over the years of Soviet power, and especially during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war five-year plan, the appearance of Altai cities changed dramatically. They are landscaped, enriched with residential buildings and administrative buildings modern type. Many streets and square are covered with stone pavement or asphalt. From year to year, the area of \u200b\u200bgreen plantings increases in Altai cities, and the gardens, parks, boulevards are divided not only in the central part of the cities, but also on the previously empty emotions. In Barnaul, water pipes, sewage, launched a tram, a bus service was organized, 4 stadium were built. Bus lines have been created in Biyske and Rubtsovsk. The number of workers and employees of the city and villages grow rapidly. In 1926, they barely accounted for Altai Territory 8 percent of the amateur population, and in 1939 - 42.4 percent. On the eve of the revolution, only 400 engineers and technicians worked in Altai, and in 1948 only in industrial and construction enterprises there were 9 thousand of them.

The Altai village was transformed unrecognizable as a result of the victory of the collective farm building. And in the Altai Territory there are many collective farm villages with electricity, radio rods, well-maintained clubs, multicotic houses of urban type. In 1949, a nationwide movement for the conversion of villages was launched in the region. In rural areas, clubs, humbies, medical deposits, maternity hospitals for collective farmers, teachers, agricultural specialists are being built in rural areas. All construction is carried out according to typical projects. Widely unfolded work on electrification and deprecation of the village. Until the Great October Socialist Revolution, there were only 21 agronomas in the whole region. Now there are 2 thousand agronomists, agro-leather detector and land surveyors, 2 thousand veterinary doctors and zootechnics. New professions appeared in the village, which the pre-revolutionary peasant did not have a concept. In 1949, more than 20,000 tractor drivers operated on the village, more than 8,000 combiners, over 4,000 chaffins.

4. Culture and worldview of the Turkic people

In the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, ethnocultural traditions were concluded and successfully enshrined, which, having often various origins, gradually formed features, in one way or another inherent in all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The most intensively formation of this kind of stereotypes occurred in the ancienturk time, that is, in the second half of the I thousand AD. Then the optimal forms of economic activity were determined by nomadic and semi-oral cattle breeding, as a whole, the economic and cultural type of traditional dwelling and clothing, means of movement, food, decorations, etc., acquired a well-known completion of spiritual culture, folk ethics, a socio-family organization, visual Art and folklore. The highest cultural achievement was the creation of his own writing, spread from its central Asian Motherland Altai, Mongolia, the Upper Yenisei to the Tipion and the North Caucasus.

The religion of the ancient Turks was based on the cult of heaven - Tengri, among the modern designations there is a conditional name - Tengrianism. Turuquet had no idea of \u200b\u200bthe appearance of Tengri. According to the ancient views, the world is divided into 3 layers: the top portrayed by an external large circle, the average portrayed the median square, the bottom was depicted in the inner small circle.

It was believed that initially the sky and the earth were merged, forming chaos. Then they were divided: the clear-clean sky was manifested from above, the burda land was at the bottom. Between them there were sons of human. This version was mentioned on stela in honor of Cul-Tain and Biegg-Kagan.

The cult of a wolf also existed: many Turkic peoples and now retained legends that they are origin from this predator. The cult partially persisted even in those peoples who took another faith. The images of the wolf existed in the symbolism of many Turkic states. The image of the wolf is also present on the national flag of Gagauz.

In the Turkic mythical legends, legends and fairy tales, as well as in believers, customs, rites and folk holidays The wolf acts like a chapter patron, defender and ancestor-progenitor

The cult of ancestors was also developed. There was a polytheism with the deification of the forces of nature, which was preserved in the folklore of all Turkic peoples.

Conclusion

The theme of my study was a goal to tell about the Turkic peoples of the Altai Territory. Significance is that each person knows about its origin, about its traditions and culture as a whole.

Turkic peoples - peoples speaking Turkic languages, and this is Azerbaijanis, Altai (Altai-Kizhi), Apchars, Balkarians, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kajara, Kazakhs, Karagasi, Karacalpaks, Karapakhu, Karachay, Kashkai, Kirghiz, Kumyki, Nogai , Tatars, Tofa, Tuvinsers, Turks, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Uygura, Khakasi, Chuvashi, Chuhlians, Shorets, Yakuts. From speech of the Turkic tribes, the Turkish language leads its origin, from their common name - the name of the Turkish nation.

Turks are a generalized name ethno-speaking group Turkic peoples. Geographically, Turks are scattered in a huge territory, which takes about a quarter of the whole Eurasia. Pranodina Türkov is central Asia, and the first mention of the ethnonym "Turk" refers to the 6th century AD. And it is connected with the name of Kyok Turks, which, under the leadership of the genus Ashin, created the Turkic kaganate.

Although the Turks are not a historically single ethnicity, but include not only related, but also assimilated peoples of Eurasia, nevertheless, the Turkic peoples are a single ethnocultural whole. And according to anthropological features, Turks belonging to both the European divided race and the Mongoloid, but most often there is a transitional type belonging to the Turan race.

In the world history of Turks are known, first of all, as unsurpassed warriors, founders of states and empires, skillful cattle products.

Altai - Praodin of all modern Turkic peoples of the world, where in 552 BC. Ancient Turks created their state - Kaganat. The primary language of the Turks was formed here, which received distribution among all the peoples of Kaganat due to the emergence of writing in connection with the statehood of Turks, known today as the "Aherkhon-Yenisei Runic Writing". All this was the appearance of the term "Altai family" in the modern scientific world of the term "Altai Family" (which includes 5 large groups: Turkic languages, Mongolian languages, Tunguso-Manchurian languages, in the maximum version also Korean and Japanese languages, relatives with the last two groups hypothetical ) And it made it possible to establish yourself in world science with the scientific direction - altastics. Altai due to geopolitical location - Eurasia Center - in different historical epochs united different ethnic groups and culture.

The Republic of Altai is a stable, a kind of model region, where Turks and Slavs, Russians and Altai, representatives of other large and small ethnic groups live in peace and harmony of 2.5 centuries. As a result, it has developed and strengthened from generation to generation, like in Tatarstan, a two-day cultural and civilizational symbiosis: "Live myself and let's live with others!" - Here is the Kredo of Altai, Siberian, Russian coexistence, cooperation. This is due to a good attitude towards each other, languages \u200b\u200band cultures, traditions and customs, spiritual values \u200b\u200bfrom our people, as they say, in the blood. We are open to friendship and cooperation with everyone who goes to us with a good heart and pure thoughts. In recent years, the Republic of Altai has significantly expanded cooperation not only with the near Siberian regions of Russia, but also with the neighboring territories of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China.

List of sources used

1.Turk peoples [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. - Access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0% A2% D1% 8E% D1% 80% D0% BA

2.Vavilov S.I. / Altai region. The second volume. / S.I. Vavilov. - State Scientific Publishing House "Big soviet Encyclopedia", 1950. - 152 p.

Krystko V.I. / Ethnic Psychology / V.I. Krasko - Academy / M, 2002 - 143 p.

Turks Turkology Ethnology. Who such Turks are origin and general information. [Electronic resource] // Turkportal - Access Mode: http://turkportal.ru/

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Ethnic-speaking group talking on Turkic languages. This group of the population is considered one of the ancients, and its classification is the most difficult and still causes contradiction historians. 164 million people today are owned by Turkic. Most ancient people The Turkic group is Kyrgyz, their language has been preserved almost unchanged. And the first information about the appearance of Turkic-speaking tribes is dated another millennium to our era.

Modern number

Most a large number of Modern Turks are. According to statistics, it is 43% of all Turk-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Further go - 15% or 25 million people. Slightly less Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uigurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmen - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) - 3.5 million (2%). Subsequent nationalities account for 1%:, Cascais and - on average 1.5 million. Other less than 1%: Karakalpaki (700 thousand), Apchars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyki (400 thousand), Karachay (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkarians (115 thousand), Nogai (110 thousand), Khakasy (75 thousand), Altaica (70 thousand). Most Turbs - Muslims.

The ratio of Turkic peoples

The origin of peoples

The first settlement of Turks was in Northern China, in steppe zones. Engaged in land and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes spread, so they reached Eurasia. Ancient Turkic peoples were:

• huns;
• turkites;
• carluki;
• khazars;
• pechenegs;
• bulgars;
• polovtsy;
• türki-Oguza.

Very often in the historical chronicles of the Turks called Scythians. There are many legends on the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: Eastern and Western. Each of them has branching:

• Eastern:
  • Kyrgyzo-Kipchakskaya (Kyrgyz, Altai);
  • Uygur (Saryg-Uygura, Tajunitsy, Altai, Khakasi, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shorents, Tuvintsy, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgarian (Chuvashi);
  • Kypchakskaya (Kypchak-Bulgarian: Tatars, Bashkira; Kypchak-Polovtsy: Crimeans, Crimeans, Balkarians, Kumyki, Karai, Karachay; Kypchak-Nogancy: Kazakhs, Nogai, Karakalpaki);
  • Karlukskaya (Ili Uigurs, Uzbeks, Uygur);
  • Oguzskaya (Oguzo-Bulgarian: Balkan Turks, Gagauza; Oguzo-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Turks-Capriot, Turkomaans, Cascais, Uruma, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguzo Turkmen Peoples: Truchmen, Kajara, Gudari, Teymurtashi, Turkmen, Apchars , Salary, Karapapakhi).

Chuvashi is talking in Chuvash. Dialectics in Yakuts in Yakutsky and Dolgansky. Cypchak peoples are located in Russia, Siberia, so Russian is becoming native here, although some nations retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Carluk Group speak Uzbek and Uigur. Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence of their territory and also retained their traditions. But the OGUMS teachingly talking in Turkmen, Turkish, Salara.

Characteristic of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live in Russia, but they retain their language, culture and customs. Bright examples of the Turkic people, which are dependent on other countries partially or completely:

• Yakuta. Often, the indigenous people call themselves sachas, and their republic was called Sakha. This is the eastern Turkic population. Language got a little in Asian.
• Tuvintsy. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Native Republic - Tuva.
• Altai. They keep their history and culture. The Republic of Altai is populated.
• Khakasi. Sorry in the Republic of Khakassia, approximately 52 thousand people. Partially someone moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistical data, this nationality on the border of the disappearance. It is found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shorts. Today it is 10 thousand people who were lined in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk region.
• Dolgans. it bright representativesliving in the Nenets Autonomous District. Today, nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other nations, and there are six such countries, achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with the history of the Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyz. This is the most ancient settlement of Turkic origin. Let the territory have long been vulnerable, but they managed to preserve their life and culture. They lived, mainly in the steppe zone where few people settle. But they are very hospitable and generously meet and accompany guests who came to their home.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. This is very proud, but at the same time the volitional people. Children raise strictly, but ready to protect the neighbor from badly.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very cunning and malicious. Not Muslims for them do not exist.

All representatives of Turkic origin unites common - history and joint origin. Many managed to carry through the years and even despite other problems, their traditions. Other representatives on the border of disappearance. But even it does not prevent him from becoming acquainted with their culture.

About turks.

On Turks of the modern, the same Wikipedia says somehow quite indefinitely: "Turks are the ethno-language community of peoples speaking Turkic languages." But about the "ancient" Turks, it is where Bliekiva: "The ancient Turks - the tribe-hememon of the Turkic kaganate led by the genus Ashina. In Russian-speaking historiography, the term Turkutes are often used for their designation (from the Turk. - Turk and Mong. - Mongol suffix multiple number), proposed by L. N. Gumilyov. In physical type, the ancient Turks (Turkites) were Mongoloids. "

Well, well, let the Mongoloids, and then to be with Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical "Mediterranean" subproduce. And Uigurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Middle Eastern Pan. If someone did not understand, all three people in today's terminology are turks.

The picture below the Chinese Uigurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in his appearance, then you can judge the second appearance yourself. (Photos from the site uyghurtoday.com) Look, what are the correct features of the face. Today, even among the Russians, this is not often like.

Especially for skeptics! No one no one has heard anything about Tarim mums. So, the place of finds of Mumiy - Sinjiang-Uygur National District of China - and in the photo their straight descendants.

Distribution of haplogroup at Uigurov.

Note, R1A prevails, having an Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of the haplogroup C, which is also represented in the diagram. As you can see, C3, typical of the Mongols, is missing completely.

Little addition!

It is necessary to understand, the haplogroup C is not a purely Mongolian - this is one of the oldest and most common haplogroup, it is even found in Amazon Indians. The high concentration of C today reaches not only in Mongolia, but also in Buryats, Kalmykov, Khazaras, Kazakhov-Argynov, Australian Aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians. Mongols are only a special case.

If we talk about Paleogenetics here, the range is even wider - Russia (bones, Sungir, Andronovsky culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

I will explain for those who believe that the haplogroup and nationality is the same thing. Y-DNA does not bear any genetic information. Hence sometimes perplexed questions - me, Russian, what about me in common with Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair, etc.) is in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. The haplogroups are just tags for which you can judge the ancestors of a person.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations begins between Byzantia and the state today known under the name of the Turkic Kaganate. History did not even save the name of this country for us. It is asked why? After all, the names of more ancient state entities reached us.

Kaganat just meant the form of government (the state was ruled by the people chosen by the People, Kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. Today, instead of the word "America" \u200b\u200bwe do not use the word "democracy". Although to whom, as it does not suit her like this name (joke). The term "state" in relation to Turks more thanks "Ile" or "El", but not the kaganat.

The reason for the negotiations was Silk, more precisely, trade them. Residents of Sogdiana (Interfolder Amudarya and Syrdarya) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I did not make a reservation by writing "my own." There is evidence that in the Zarafshan valley (the territory of the current Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to grow a tute silkworm, and it was not worse than Chinese from it, but this is already the topic of another article.

And it is not at all the fact that Motherland Shelong is China, and not Sogdiana. Chinese story as we know it, 70% written by Jesuits in XVII-XVIII centuries*, the remaining thirty "supplemented" the Chinese themselves. Especially intensely "editing" went during the time of Mao Jedun, the cautious was still the one. He has even monkeys from which the Chinese have occurred. There were our own.

*Note. Only a small part of the made by Jesuits: Adam Salle von Belly took part in the creation of Chongzhen calendar. Later, he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, actually engaged in the Chinese Souluscript. Martino Martini is known as the author of the works on Chinese history and the compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant of all Chinese-Russian negotiations, when signing the Nerchinsky Treaty of 1689, Jesuit Parreni was. The result of the activities of Zherbión became the so-called so-called imperial edict about 1692 vermorpistance, which resolved the Chinese to take Christianity. Mentor Emperor Qianlun on science issues was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amio. Jesuits led by the regime in the XVIII century participated in the compilation big card The Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, missionaries were transferred to Chinese and published 67 European books in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese with the European much literacy, European military science, mechanical clock and technology manufacturing technology of modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by Venetians and the Genoese, the same "Black Aristocracy" (Ial. Aristocrazìa Nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompani, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lanta), Crescent, Column, Caetani, Kiji, Loudese, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospillosi, Orsini, Odessales, Pallavichino, Picolomolomini, Pamphili, Pinyatelli, Pacheli, Pinyatelli, Pacheli, Torononia, Theoofilaktia. And let the Italian surnames mislead you. Take yourself the names of the people among which you live - a long-standing tradition of dedicated **. This Aristocrazìa Nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the whole western world, and this is on their instructions, later, Jewish merchants from Byzantium all gold, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the Empire fell walked by Turks ***.

Notes.

* It is members of Aristocrazìa Nera that are genuine "hosts of the world", and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kuns. From Egypt, providing his rapid fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what "nishtyaki" brings with them the teaching of the crucifier, most of them moved to the Vatican. My good, read Masonic literature of the XVIII - XIX centuries, everything is very frankly - they are "encrypted" today.

** Jews simply took it on weapons, and much more, from the arsenal of their owners.

*** If anyone does not know, from the USSR, before his end, almost the entire gold reserve was taken out.

It is worth adding that the ephtalite tribes, also called White Huns, Gunnam-Gunnites, and which owned Central Asia (Sogdiana, Baktria), Afghanistan and Northern India (Gandhara) were completely conquered by the Turks Ashina (Baktria crossed Persians). The question arose - he does not want Persia to buy the Turkic Schölk -bud to trade with Byzantia, there is no less demand for him.

Shelk for the then global economy meant the same thing that oil today. It can be assumed how pressure was on Persia in order to force it to refuse to trade with Turks. In general, about the secret diplomacy of that time it is worth writing a separate article, but we are interested in negotiations today, more precisely, the journey of ZiMarh sent by the emperor with a Justian ambassador to Turks to Altai.

Information about the embassy reached us in the writings of several authors, I will use the description of Menander Tread. This will allow us to get closer to the rally - by whom there were Turks in fact - Mongoloids or all the same Europeanoids: "From the Turks, which in antiquity were called Sakami, the embassy to Justin arrived for the world. Vasilev also decided to send the Embassy on the Council to Turks, and a certain farm from Kilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to cut into this embassy. "

Here as extent we need to be sure that the "Piple whipping everything", presented to him on a saucer with the title " official story"To lie about the Mongoloid of Turks? We look at the same Wikipedia: "Saki (Dr. Pers. Sakā, Dr.-Greek. Σάκαι, lat. Sacae) - the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and half-blooded tribes I thousand to n. e. - First centuries n. e. in antique sources. The name goes back to the Saka Skiff Word - deer (cf. asset. Sag "deer). And the ancient authors, and modern researchers Saki, along with Massagets, are considered the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Originally Saki, apparently identical to Avestian tours; in Peklevian sources under Tours are already the Turkic tribes. In the Ahemedian inscriptions, "Sakas" are called all Scythians. "

There are few people know about it: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is a white deer. Recall the Sturbonian Parva Scythia, later called small tartaria cardographers.

Returning again to the topic bell ring. In this passage, a description of the rite of purification conducted by Turks for Zharcha is given: "On fire from the young sprouts of the incense tree, they dried them (embassy things), whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, called the bells and beat in the tambourine ..." You still continue Believe that the use of a bell tower of the prerogative of Christian religion - then we go to you ... (Pardon! I apologize for the fool ... I could not resist ...)

Now about the technological level of Julius: "The next day they were invited to another room where wooden columns were covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was kept four gold peacocks. In the middle of the room, many carts were delivered in which there were many silver things, discs and something from the cane. Also numerous images of four-legged, made of silver, none of them inferior, in our opinion, those that we have. " (allocated by me)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria Fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book "Empieres of the Silk Road" notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, starting from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. Communicated Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries today, the bronze tips of the Scythian type arrows are the result of invasions and siege. Approximately 553, it occupied the territory of the Caucasus and Azov Sea To the Pacific Ocean, in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of the Wall * to the river Vitim in the north. Clapo argued that all Central Asia was subject to Turks. (Klaproth, "Tableaux Historiques de L" Asie ", 1826)

It should not be assumed that it was something unshakable, Turks, as well as the rest of the peoples quarreled among themselves, fought, diverged in different directions, they were conquered, but again and again, as if the legendary Phoenix bird, they restrained the ashes - Russia Visual example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the topics shown today by tourists, Novodel: "... a magnificent and almost perfect building, which modern travelers see almost fifty kilometers from the capital, has little common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of ancient Wall Now in a dilapidated state "(Eduard Parker," Tatars. The history of the emergence ")

Istarchy called Sakaliba of all blonde bars. Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe and a number of eastern authors were called Turks of Hungarians. In all early Arab geographical writings, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter "Turks". Al-Jahaine's Geographical School, starting with Ibn Ruste and to Al-Marvazi to Türkov attributed to Hiza (Uigurov), Kyrgyz, Karlukov, Kimakov, Pechenegov, Khazar, Burtasov, Bulgars, Magyar, Slavs, Rusov.

By the way, the Turks Ashina is considered the Chinese "Branch of Hongn House". Well, and Hunna (Huns) is 100% Mongola. Don't you know? Ay-Ya-Yai ... If not - Contact comrades from "Sanny", they will show you pictures with Mongols, I answer ...

And one more addition.

You know, I was always surprised by the fact when people who do not have something are attributed to their own possession. A typical example is "sanity". What, not even "sensate", but simply "thoughts" can talk about "people", the brain apparatus of which is completely deprived of the mental functions themselves, - only the basic instincts and other "installations". There, I mean the upper part of their body, nothing is no longer. I'm not talking about the presence of mentally unhealthy in their ranks ... But, here, you are - "sensible", and the point. Jews among them are a separate song, these on your mind, in their articles of Russophobia literally from all the cracks ... (who in the subject, I thought I guessed - about the "free artist" and some other "comrades").

I did not accidentally told about "other people's installations" - all reservations and inconsiderators in my articles are not random. The private information we have today makes it possible to attribute a significant part of the members of "sanctity" to the so-called fourth group with a predominance of law-based instinctivo-animal states.

The question of Turks would have been incomplete without evidence of who such Gunns (Hunnu): "In addition, the question of the origin of the Hongna is closely related to the question of which race and tribes belonged in the history of Europe. This can be seen at least from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to the region, not only completely alien synology, but even to a certain extent belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the story of Hongna refers to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, the question of the relations of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which Hongna moved to the West (if these two people are identified) or Where Hunna and Huns collided (if different). " (K.A. foreigners)

All those wishing to get acquainted in more detail with this question I send to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, Doctor of Oriental Studies K.A. Alienneva "Hunna and Gunns, the analysis of theories about the origin of the people of the Hongna of Chinese Chronicles, about the origin of European Gunns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, the second supplemented edition.) I will give only its conclusions.

"The results of our research are reduced to the next three conclusions:

(I) Hongna, who founded a powerful state, who founded a powerful state, the people of Hongna formed from the strengthened Turkish race. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also from the Turks, although, as from the basis of the state, it was especially different during his prosperity, various other tribes were included, somehow: Mongolian, Tunguz, Korean and Tibetan.

(Ii) After the decreement of the state into two parts (the semiconducts caused by political and cultural reasons rather than ethnic distinction - the South Hunnus more obeyed the influence of Chinese civilization, the northern best retained tribal features), the northern Hunna could not keep independence, and part of them was evicted on West. According to the historical news that you came to us, these evolving Huns were held in the usual way of nomads through juncaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered into Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century on R.X.

Iii) in North-West Asia and in Eastern Europe Turks Hunna or Gunnu collided with other tribes. First of all, the Finnish tribes were stood on the way (it's hard to solve it, whether the Turks were completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or vice versa contributed to the appeal of Finns in the nomadic, equestrian people). The further Gunns moved, especially the Turkish element among them, and other nations were mixed, somehow Slavic and Germanic. It is very likely that between the subjects of Mo-Dha and Attil was very little common. However, it seems to us undoubted that the invasion of formidable conquerors of the IV-V centuries is due and caused by coup on the extreme easternities of Asia. "

What did this hunnose look like?

Below in the photo Fragments of carpet (bedspread, mantle), found in one of the burials Hunn in Noain-Ula (31 Kurgan). On the canvas embroidered a ceremony (presumably) preparation of the catfish beverage. Pay attention to the faces.

If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean resin, then a person on horseback ... will meet a similar type today, you would say - pure "Rusak".

Of course, the carpet was declared bridally. Well ... It is quite possible ... Professor N.V. Salmak believes: "In a dilapidated fabric, found on a tightened blue clay of the floor of the hunnu's funeral chamber and returned to life with hands of restorers, a long and difficult story. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (possibly in North-West India), and found in the third (in Mongolia) "

I can assume that the carpet fabric could well be brief, but why are it embroidered in India? His embroidery was not? Then how to be with this.

The picture of the anthropological material from the burial of the 20th Noain-Winsky Kurgan is well-preserved enamel covers from seven lower dental shifts: the right and left fangs, the right and left first premolars, the left first and second molars. The facets of artificial womb are found on the first left premolator - linear traces and shallow cavities. Such a type of deformation could appear in the classroom of needlework - embroidery or manufacture of carpets, when the threads (most likely woolen) snapped with teeth.

The teeth belong to a woman of 25-30 years of Europeoid appearance most likely come from the coast of the Caspian Sea or Mezzani India and Ganges. The assumption that this slave does not withstand no criticism - the Kurgan Noin-Ula, according to the approval of the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Hong nor. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and much, what the traces of the teeth are indicated. So why did the carpet have hurried to declare imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, saying that Hunna was Mongoloids?

For me, the facts are of paramount importance - new people appear - my opinion changes. In the official version of the story, the other way is, the facts are customized under the dominant versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let us turn again to Wikipedia: "Indo-Scythian kingdom - amorphous in terms of boundaries The state created in the era of Hellenism on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arazhala, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, the eastern branch of the nomadic tribe Skifs - Sakami." Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but scientists (D.I.N. T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above, where I'm talking about the territory of the Turkic state. Availability a huge country Always means moving not only material resources, but also people. What is amazing if the woman born in one place is married thousands of kilometers from the house?

All carpets from Noin-Walin Kurgan were made in one place and, about one time. S. I. Rudenko also pointed to their similarity: "For the equipment of embroidery of drapery-rugs, the imposition on the tissue of multi-colored filaments of a weak twist and fixes them on its surface very thin threads." Such an embroidery technique "In Attasp" is found in the burials already with I c. BC e. throughout the territory populated by Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why was it bridging them?

And what about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by Turks in the VI century, and since then was the composition of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Han, which modern historians refer to Mongols *, stand up at the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude such an opportunity, remember Stalin. However, it did not occur to anyone to call Georgia by the ruler of Russia. Is it possible to talk about the Mongols as the conquerors of the Universe? Well ... it's even a bad joke does not pull ...

*Note. Arabic sources, the same Rashid Ad-Dean (Rashid AT-Tabib), are called Genghis-Khan by an outcomes of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, Turks were not lucky more. For soviet power Almost all the mention of this people were destroyed (Decree of the CPSU Central Committee of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanate), and the scientists of Turkists went together for "logging". Power simply chose to replace the Turks on the Mongols. What for? This is already the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question - whether Stalin really was in reality with the sole ruler, or, let the main thing, but still, a member of the Politburo where questions were solved by a collegial, ordinary majority.

A completely reasonable question: the conquest of the Mongols of Russia to this day remains the only, officially recognized, version of the story, so that all scientists are mistaken, one is so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities have made no such tricks - most The XX century Russia has lived with solid confidence that communism invented by Jews, the descendant of famous rabbis - our Russian bright future. I'm not talking about Christianity. Look, with what diligence people, betraying their own gods, are praising a stranger. Continue to continue?

Above, I talked about a riddle of a julius, in fact there is no riddle - Scythians, Sarmati, Gunns (Hunna), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names, these others are all the same people. As quite witty noted by K.A. Foreigners: "Win the ring Hunna - everyone is done Hunn, defeated the genus Xian-bi - everyone is done by Xian-bi, etc. From this there is a frequent change in names in the history of nomadic peoples. "

Unfortunately, there remains another question that has not received any explanation today: why the European altai population, Siberia, Kazakhstan so quickly, during some one and a half thousand years, mutated in the Mongoloids? What was the reason for? A notorious spoon of conception (Mongols) in a barrel with honey? Or some, more serious, and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's sum up.

With confidence, you can talk - the Turkic state (state) was not mononational, it was present in her, besides the Turks themselves, another mass of other nations, and the national composition was changed depending on geography. Yes, and the Turks themselves preferred to rob to the local one.

Labels today Taldychat - everywhere there were "ours"; "Thinking", in turn, drowning with legs, squeezed - everywhere one Mongols. Neverse neither those nor others, Russia is a great example - a lot, say, in the north of the Yakutia of the Russians? But this is the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Gofman leads the results of the studies of the two Hong Mogilniks (Tebsh-Uoul and Hirma-Toghoi): "Paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced mongoloid features, the second - European one. If for visibility to resort to comparison modern populationIt can be said that people who left these monuments differed from each other, as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks are from Georgians and Armenians. " You can compare modern Russian and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what conclusion? Are these residents of different states? Or today there are no "national" cemeteries?

The Turks themselves were Europeanoids, in fact these are the Turan tribes, the descendants of the legendary Arya.

Turks became ancestor not only Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why did the Turks draw out from our story? The causes of the mass, the main one - hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has a much deeper root rather than it is customary to think today ...

P.S. The tortured reader will definitely ask the question:

Why do you need this? Why continue to rewrite the story? What is the difference, as it really happened, should not change anything - let it be as it was, as we used to get used to it.

Without a doubt, the "Straus Pose" is very comfortable for the majority - I do not see anything, I don't hear anything, I don't know anything ... A person who extended from reality is easier to transfer stress - only now the reality does not change from this. Psychologists even have the term "hostage effect" ("Stockholm syndrome"), describing the protective and unconscious traumatic bond arising between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capturing, abduction and / or the use of (or threats to the application) of violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noticed: "Russia rose from his knees only in order to stand with cancer." And while we will all be "Ivanov, kinship, we do not remember us again and again will be put in the position known for everyone in the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some kind of misanty there! The awareness of this fact is our only chance to return the former greatness.

It was the steppe to survive Muscovy in an unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, the Swedes, the ethas ... Read Karamzin and Solovyova - they are as frank, just need to be able to separate the grain from the whores. "... Novgorod residents were driven by Muscovites for the Schend, but the Western Raint Tatarskaya suddenly hit them and decided the case in favor of the troops of great-room" - this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is already Karamzin, speaking of the war 1533 - 1586, describes the composition of the troops Moscow Principality: "In addition to Russians, Princes Cherkess, Shevkal, Mordovskie, Nogai, Tsarevichi and Murza, the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan day and night went to Ilmen and Paipula."

And it is the steppe, call it tartaria or as, we betrayed, having hugged the western western emissaries. So why now cry, what do we live bad? Remember: "... And, throwing Srebrenniki in the temple, he came out, went and walked. The high priests, taking Srebrenniki, said: it is unable to put them in the treasury of church, because this is the blood price. Having made the same meeting, bought the land of the pot, for the burial of the wanders; Therefore, the land of that "earth of blood" is called this day. " (Matt., Ch. 27)

I want to finish today's article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: "... For the All-Russian power there is no other outcome: or to become what it is called from the century to be (the world force, which combines the West with the East), or to make a fall in the fall, because Europe is in itself Us in the end, will suppress our external superiority, and we don't have an awakened Asian peoples, there will be more dangerous than Western events "

Actually, he considered the article finished, just a friend, rereading, asked to complement - literally another one or two minutes of your attention.

People often, and in the comments, and in PM, pay attention to the inconsistency of my views of the official version of the story, give references to the "left" sites like "anthropogenesis", and sometimes on the opinion of fairly well-known scientists. My good, with an academic version I am not worse, and perhaps it is better than many visitors to the right, do not bother yourself.

Once, in other matters, it was not very long ago, people believed that the flat land rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, float in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I do not swim, I am absolutely serious. Just that, very briefly, voiced the version of the world order, which is quite recently, of the historical standards of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The keyword here is "believed." Not checked, namely believed. Tu, a small group, which decided to "check out", was waiting for an unenviable fate. Think since then something has changed? No, today they no longer laid fires on the squares, today they do a lot smarter, those who think otherwise they are simply declared fools. If the name of Jordan Bruno and now it is known to many, then how many "ridiculous" just rushed into the fly. Do you think among them were not great?

S.A. Geninsky, speaking of ways to manipulate consciousness, leads the reception (one of many), called "Razming": "When using this technique, ridiculous may be subjected to both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people against which the struggle is conducted. The choice of the object of ridiculous is carried out depending on the purposes and specific information and communicative situations. The effect of this reception is based on the fact that during the ridicule of individual statements and elements of human behavior, a humorous and non-serious attitude is initiated, which automatically applies to other statements and views. When used by the use of such a reception, the formation of a particular person of a "non-serious" person, whose statements do not deserve confidence. " (Psychotechnology of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence did not change either on the iota - you should be like everyone, do it all, think, like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy ... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, he needs "sensible" rams. A simple question. How do you think why the topic of lost sheep and shepherds is so popular in the Bible, then you mean shepherds?

To new meetings, friends!