Biography. Biography Bell Biography

Biography

Heinrich Böll was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne, in the liberal Catholic family of an artisan. He studied in a Catholic school in a Catholic school, then continued his studies in the Cologne gymnasium Kaizer Wilhelm. He worked for a joiner, served in a bookstore. After graduating from high school in Cologne, Böll, who wrote poems and stories from early childhood, turns out to be one of the few students in the class who did not enter the Hitlergend. At the end of the classic gymnasium (1936), he worked as a student of the seller in a buckinistic store. A year after graduation, he is sent to work in the labor camp of the Imperial Labor Service.

In 1967, Böll gets a prestigious German Prize George Buchner. In Böll, he was elected president of the German Pen Club, and then headed the International Pen Club. This post he occupied until

In 1969, the premiere of the documentary film "Writer and his city: Dostoevsky and St. Petersburg" took place on television. In 1967, Böll visited Moscow, Tbilisi and Leningrad, where she collected material for him. Another trip took place in a year, in 1968, but only in Leningrad.

In 1972, he was the first of the German writers of the post-war generation was awarded the Nobel Prize. In many ways, the decision of the Nobel Committee was influenced by the release of the new novel of the writer "Group portrait with a lady" (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany of the XX century.

Heinrich Böll tried to speak in a press with the requirement to investigate the death of RAF members. His story "The lost honor of Catharina Blum, or as the violence arises and what it can lead to" (1974) was written by Böllem under the impressions of attacks on the writer in West German Print, which did not fall in the "inspiration" of terrorists without reason. The central problem of "lost honor of Katharina Blum", as is the problem of all the late works of Belyl - the invasion of the state and the press into the personal life of a simple person. On the danger of state supervision for their citizens and "violence of sensational titles" also tell the latest works of Böll - "Thoughtful Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonnsky" (1981). In 1979, the novel "under the conservation of care" (Fursorgliche Belaagerung) was published (Fursorgliche Belaagerung), written back in 1972, when the press was overcrowded by materials about the terrorist group of Baader and Mainhof. The novel describes the destructive social consequences arising from the need to strengthen security measures during mass violence.

In 1981, the novel "What will be with the boy, or some business on the book part" (Was Soll Aus Dem Jungen Bloss Werden, Oder: Iriend Was Mit Buchern) - Memories of early youth in Cologne.

Böll was the first and perhaps the most popular West-German writer in the USSR, whose books were published in Russian. From 1952 to 1973, more than 80 stories, the leads, novels and articles of the writer were published in Russian, and his books were extended much in large circulations than in his homeland, in Germany. The writer has repeatedly been to the USSR, however, he was known and as a critic of the Soviet regime. Has A. Solzhenitsyn and Lion Copelleva, expelled from the USSR. In the preceding period, Böll was illegally exported by Solzhenitsyn's manuscript to the West, where they were published. As a result, the work of Böll was prohibited from publication in the Soviet Union. The ban was removed only in the mid-1980s. With the beginning of restructuring.

In the same 1985, a previously unknown novel of the writer was published - "Soldier's inheritance" (Das Vermachtnis), which was written in 1947, but was published for the first time.

In the early 1990s, a manuscript was found in the attic of the house of Böll, in which the text of the first novel of the writer - "Angel was silent". This novel after the creation was the author himself, burdened family and needing money, "disassembled" into many separate stories for the sake of obtaining a larger fee.

He was buried on July 19, 1985 in Bornheim-Maten, next to Cool with a large crowd of the people, with the participation of colleagues writers and politicians.

In 1987, the Heinarich Böll Foundation was created in Cologne - a non-governmental organization, which is closely interacting with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including in Russia). The fund supports projects in the development of civil society, ecology, human rights.

Works

• AUS DER "VORZEIT".
• Die Botschaft.. (News; 1957)
• Der Mann Mit Den Messern. (Man with knives; 1957)
• SO Ein Rummel.
• Der Zug War Pünktlich. (The train arrives on schedule; 1971)
• MEIN TEURES BEIN.. (My dear leg; 1952)
• Wanderer, Kommst du Nach Spa .... (Traveler when you come to spa ...; 1957)
• Die Schwarzen Schafe.. (Parsi Sheep; 1964)
• Wo Warst Du, Adam?. (Where were you, Adam?; 1963)
• Nicht Nur zur weihnachtszeit. (Not only under Christmas; 1959)
• Die Waage Der Baleks. (Bale scales; 1956)
• Abenteuer eines brotbeutels.. (History of one soldier bag; 1957)
• Die Postkarte.. (Postcard; 1956)
• UND Sagte Kein Einziges Wort. (And not said a single word; 1957)
• Haus Ohne Hüter.. (House without owner; 1960)
• Das Brot Der Frühen Jahre. (Early bread; 1958)
• Der Lacher.. (Supplier of laughter; 1957)
• Zum Tee Bei Dr. Borsig. (On a cup of tea from Dr. Borziga; 1968)
• WIE IN SCHLECHTEN ROMANEN. (As in bad novels; 1962)
• Irisches Tagebuch.. (Irish diary; 1963)
• Die Spurlosen.. (Elusive; 1968)
• Doktor Murkes Gesammeltes Schweigen. (Dr. Murke's silence; 1956)
• Billard Um Halb Zehn. (Billiards in half the tenth; 1961)
• EIN SCHLUCK ERDE..
• ANSICHTEN EINES CLOWNS. (Eyes of clown; 1964)
• Entfernung Von Der Truppe. (Unauthorized rallet; 1965)
• Ende Einer Dienstfahrt.. (The one trip over the trip; 1966)
• Gruppenbild Mit Dame.. (Group portrait with a lady; 1973)
• "Die Verlorene Ehre Der Katharina Blum . Lost Honor Catharina Blum
• BERICHTE ZUR GESINNUNGSLAGE DER NATION.
• Fürsorgliche Belaagerung..
• Was Soll Aus Dem Jungen Bloß Werden?.
• Das Vermächtnis. Entstanden 1948/49; Druck 1981.
• Vermintes Gelände.. (Mined territory)
• Die Verwundung. Frühe Erzählungen; Druck (wound)
• BILD-BONN-BOENISCH.
• Frauen Vor Flusslandschaft..
• Der Engel Schwieg.. Entstanden 1949-51; Druck (Angel was silent)
• Der Blasse Hund.. Frühe Erzählungen; Druck.
• Kreuz Ohne Liebe.. 1946/47 (Cross without Love; 2002)

• Heinrich Belle Collected works in five volumes Moscow: 1989-1996.
  • Volume 1: Novels / tale / stories / essays; 1946-1954 (1989), 704 p.
  • Volume 2: Roman / story / travel diary / radio tracks / stories / essay; 1954-1958. (1990), 720 pp.
  • Volume 3: Novels / tale / radio tracks / stories / essay / speech / interviews; 1959-1964. (1996), 720 pp.
  • Volume 4: Tale / Roman / Stories / Essay / Speech / Lectures / Interviews; 1964-1971 (1996), 784 pp.
  • Volume 5: Tale / Roman / Stories / Essay / Interviews; 1971-1985 (1996), 704 p.

Heinrich Böll was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne, in the liberal Catholic family of an artisan. From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then he continued his studies in the Cologne gymnasium Kaizer Wilhelm. He worked for a joiner, served in a bookstore.

In the summer of 1939, Böll enters the Cologne University, but in the fall he is called to the Wehrmacht. During World War II, Böll is captured by Americans. After the war, he returns to Cologne University and studies philology.

Blell began to be printed in 1947. The first works - the story "The train comes on time" (1949), a collection of stories "Wanderer, when you come to Spa ..." (1950) and the novel "Where were you, Adam?" (1951, Rus. Per. 1962).

In 1971, Böll was elected president of the German Pen Club, and then led the International Pen Club. He held this post until 1974

Heinrich Böll tried to speak in a press with the requirement to investigate the death of RAF members.

The writer has repeatedly been to the USSR, however, he was known and as the critic of the Soviet regime. Has A. Solzhenitsyn and Lion Copelleva, expelled from the USSR.

Belle Heinrich (December 21, 1917, Cologne - July 16, 1985, ibid.), German writer. Born on December 21, 1917 in the family in the liberal Catholic family of a cabinetrer and an artisan, sculptor. From 1924 to 1928 he studied at a Catholic school, then he continued his studies in the Cologne gymnasium Kaizer Wilhelm. After graduating from high school in Cologne Böll, writing poems and stories from early childhood, it turns out to be one of the few students in the class who did not entered the Hitlergend. Nevertheless, a year after graduation, it is attracted to forced labor. Served in a bookstore. At the end of the classic gymnasium (1936), he worked as a student of the seller in a buckinistic store. In April 1939 he was signed up in the University of Cologne, where she was going to study literature, but after a few months he received a call agenda from the Wehrmacht. In 1939-1945, the infantryman fought in France, participated in the battles in Ukraine and the Crimea. In 1942, Böll marries Anne Marie Czeh, who gave him two sons. Together with his wife, Böll translated into German such American writers like Bernard Malamud and Sallinger. In early 1945 deserted and got into the American camp for prisoners of war. After the liberation he worked for a joiner, and then continued to education at the university studying philology. Belly's literary debut took place in 1947, when his story "News" was published in one of the Cologne magazines. Two years later, a particular book was published a story of a beginner writer "The train came on time" (1949), who told about the soldier who, like Bell himself, was deserted from the army. In 1950 Bell became a member of the group 47. In 1952, in the program "Recognition of Ruins Literature", a kind of manifesto of this literary association, Belle called on the creation of a "new" German language - simple and true associated with a specific reality. In accordance with the proclaimed principles, Bell's early stories are distinguished by stylistic simplicity, they are filled with vital concreteness. Collectors of the stories Bell "Not only for Christmas" (1952), "Delicate of Dr. Murke" (1958), "City of the usual persons" (1959), "When the war began" (1961), "when the war ran out" (1962) found a response Not only with a wide reading public, and critics. In 1951, the writer received a "Group 47" award for the story "Black Sheep" about a young man who does not want to live according to the laws of his family (this topic will later become one of the leaders in Bell's works). From the stories with the simple plots, Bell gradually moved to more voluminous things: in 1953 published a story "and did not say a single word", a year later - the novel "House without a host." They are written about recently experienced, they recognized the realities of the first very difficult post-war years, the problems of the social and moral consequences of the war were touched upon. The glory of one of the leading Prosaikov Federal Republic of Germany brought Bell Roman "Billiards in half the tenth" (1959). Formally, its action takes place within one day, on September 6, 1958, when the hero named Heinrich Femel, a famous architect, celebrates his eightieth anniversary. In fact, the action of the novel accommodates not only events from the life of three generations of Femel's family, but also the half-century history of Germany. Billiards in half the tenth "consists of internal monologues of eleven heroes, the same events are represented by the reader from different points of view, so it makes up a more or less objective picture of the historical life of Germany of the first half of the 20th century. For Belyl's novels, a simple and clear manner of writing, focused on the revival of the German language after a sputted style of the Nazi regime. The grandiose abbey of St. Anthony becomes a kind of embodiment of Germany, in the contest of projects for the construction of which Henrich Femel once defeated and which was blown up by his son Robert, who left after the death of his wife in the anti-fascist underground. Post-war Germany, in which the heroes of the novel live, it turns out, according to Bell, not much better than pre-war: and here the lies, money for which you can pay off from the past. The following pain became a notable phenomenon in the German literature.

Best days

The work of Bell is "the eyes of a clown" (1963). Related Roman Bellya is, in fact, the inner monologue of the main character, Circus Artist Hans Shnira, the Son of the Millionaire Industrialist, who recalls the years of his childhood who came to the war, about post-warning youth, reflects on art. After the hero left his beloved Marie, which the star believes "his wife before God," he begins to fall out of the rhythm of life, His "two congenital diseases - Melancholia and Migraine" exacerbates. Alcohol is becoming a medicine against life failure for Hans. As a result, the star cannot go into the arena circus, he is forced to interrupt his speeches for a while. Returning to his apartment in Bonn, he calls him acquaintances to find Marie, who became the wife of the Catholic Worker of Zyupfner, but unsuccessfully. From the memories of the hero, the reader understands that he fell away long before he lost his beloved - still in adolescence, when he refused with his classmates to participate in the exercises of Hitlergenda and, later, at the age of twenty years, when the father's proposal to continue his case, choosing Path of a free artist. In no hero finds supports: neither in love, nor in the established life, nor in religion. "Catholic for intuition", he sees how the clergymen violates the letter and spirit of the Christian commandments, and the one who sincerely followed it in the conditions of modern society can turn into a burden. In 1967, Böll gets a prestigious German Prize George Buchner. The vertex of international recognition was the election of Bell in 1971 by the President of the International Pen-Club, which he was already president of the German Pen Club. He held this post until 1974 in 1967 - Böll receives the prestigious German award of George Buchner. And in 1972, he was the first of the German writers of the post-war generation was awarded the Nobel Prize. In many respects, the decision of the Nobel Committee was influenced by the release of the new novel of the writer "Group portrait with a lady" (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany of the 20th century. In the center of the novel described by the eyes of many people the life of the laziness of the laziness of the Schuten-Pfeifer, the personal destiny of which was closely intertwined with the history of her homeland. In the early 1970s, after a series of terrorist acts conducted by West German ultrasound, Bell acted in their defense, justifying the terrifying acts by the unreasonable domestic policies of the West German authorities, the impossibility of freedom of personality in a modern German society. Heinrich Böll tried to speak in a press with the requirement to investigate the death of RAF members. His story "The lost honor of Catharina Blum, or as the violence arises and what it can lead" (1974) was written by Bellem under the impressions of attacks on the writer in West German Print, which did not fall asleep with his "inspiration" of terrorists. The central problem of "lost honor of Catarina Blum", as well as the problem of all Lateries Bell - the invasion of the state and the press into the personal life of a simple person. On the danger of oversight of the state for their citizens and the "violence of sensational headlines" also tell the latest works of Bell - "Thoughtful Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonnsky" (1981). In 1979, the novel "under the conservation of care" (Fursorgliche Belaagerung) was published, written back in 1972, when the press was overflowing with materials about the terrorist group of Baader Mainehof. The novel describes the destructive social consequences arising from the need to strengthen security measures during mass violence. Belle was the first and, perhaps, the most popular West-German writer in the USSR, whose books were accessible thanks to the "thaw" of the late 1950s - 1960s. From 1952 to 1973, more than 80 stories, the leads, novels and articles of the writer were published in Russian, and his books were extended much in large circulations than in his homeland, in Germany. Belle was a frequent guest in the USSR. In 1974, in spite of the protest of the Soviet authorities, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, sent by the Soviet authorities from the USSR, time

neighnas in his house in Cologne (in the previous period Bell illegally removed the manuscript of the dissident writer to the West, where they were published). As a result, Bell's work was prohibited by publication in the Soviet Union. The ban was removed only in the mid-1980s. With the beginning of restructuring. In 1981, the novel "What will be with the boy, or some business on the book part" (Was Soll Aus Dem Jungen Bloss Werden, Oder: Iriend Was Mit Buchern) - Memories of early youth in Cologne. In 1987, the Henrich Bell Foundation was created in Cologne - a non-governmental organization, which is closely interacting with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including in Russia). The fund supports projects in the development of civil society, ecology, human rights. Böll died on July 16, 1985 in Langenbroych. In the same 1985 The very first novel writer is coming out - "Soldier's inheritance" (Das Vermachtnis), which was written in 1947, but was published for the first time.

Heinrich Theodore Bell (Heinrich Böll) was born on December 21, 1917 in Cologne in a large family of a chamber. From early childhood, he wrote poems and stories. After graduating from High School, Bell, unlike most of his classmates, did not enter the Hitlergend. The young man wanted to enter the university, but he was denied in this. For several months, he studied book-selling in Bonn, and then was brought to forced labor work. Then Bell still became a student of the University of Cologne, but in 1939 he was called to the army. He served as a corporal on the Eastern and Western fronts, was injured several times. In 1942, Belle married Anna Marie Czech. In 1945 he was captured to the Americans and spent several months in the camp for prisoners of war in southern France.

After the war, Belle returned to Cologne. He studied at the university, worked in the Father's workshop and in the city bureau of demographic statistics. Already in 1947, he began publishing his stories. In 1949, the first story was published in the world and received a positive feedback to the first story - "the train came on time", the story about a young soldier who will return to the front and ambulance.

In 1950, Bell became a member of the Group 47 - association of progressive young writers. In 1952, in the article "Recognition of Ruins Literature", a kind of manifest of this literary association, he called for the creation of a "new" German language - a simple and truthful, associated with the specific reality opposing the pompous style of the Nazi regime. In the titles "Wanderer, come when in a spa ..." (1950), "Where were you, Adam?" (1951), "Bread of early years" (1955) Bell described the meaninglessness of war and the post-war life. Then, from stories with simple plots, he gradually moved to more voluminous things - "and did not say a single word" (1953), "House without a host" (1954).

In the future, the works of Bell are becoming more complicated by the composition. Roman "Billiards in half the tenth" (1959) tells about the family of Cologne architects. Although the action is limited in just one day, the text based on the internal monologues is built in such a way that the life of three generations is presented, a look at the half-century history of Germany - from the last years of the Board of Kaizer Wilhelm actually until the time of writing the novel. This novel brought Belle the glory of one of the leading Prosaikov Federal Republic of Germany.

The action of the story "Eyes of Clown" (1963) is also occurring within one day. This is an inner monologue of the chief hero, a circus artist, recalling his military childhood and about post-warning youth. He does not find a support - neither in love, nor in the established life, nor in religion; In all he sees the hypocrisy of the post-war society.

Countering the official power and official standards is the characteristic topic of Bell. It sounds in the "unauthorized ability" (1964), the "end of one business trip" (1966).

The peak of international recognition was the election of Bell in 1971 by the president of the International Pen-Club. In 1972, he was the first of the German writers of the post-war generation was awarded the Nobel Prize. In many respects, the decision of the Nobel Committee was influenced by the exit of a large and difficult built (consisting of interviews and documents) of the novel "Group portrait with a lady" (1971), in which the writer tried to create a grandiose panorama of the history of Germany in the twentieth century.

In the early 1970s. Goal, after a series of terrorist acts conducted by West German ultraless youth groups, Bell spoke in their defense, justifying the terrifying acts by the unreasonable domestic policies of the West German authorities, the impossibility of freedom of personality in a modern German society. The story "Lost Honor of Catharina Blum, or as the violence arises and what it can lead to" (1974) was written on the basis of personal impressions from the writer's attacks in West German Print, which did not fall aside his "inspiration" of terrorists. The central problem of the story (like all late works of Bell) is the invasion of the state and the press into the personal life of a simple person. The story caused a large public resonance, was shielded.

The danger of the state of supervision of the state for their citizens is also told by other works of Bell - "Thoughtful Siege" (1979) and "Image, Bonn, Bonnsky" (1981).

In 1985, in connection with the fortieth anniversary of the capitulation of fascist Germany, Bell published a "letter to my sons" - about how he himself survived the end of the war. The topic of calculation with the fascist past is present in the last, posthumously published novel "Women on the background of a river landscape."

Bell traveled a lot. He visited Poland, Sweden, Greece, Israel, Ecuador; Reused in France, in England and especially in Ireland, where he lived in his own home.

Bell was the most popular West German writer in the Soviet Union, one of the idols of the young post-war generation. His books became affordable thanks to the "thaw" of the late 1950s-1960s. In Russian, more than 80 stories, the leads, novels and articles of the writer were published, and his books went out much in large circulations than in his homeland in Germany. Belle was a frequent guest in the USSR. But in 1974, the writer, despite the protest of the Soviet authorities, provided himself from A.I. Solzhenitsyna is a temporary refuge in his house in Cologne (in the previous period, he illegally exported Solzhenitsyn's manuscript to the West, where they were published). As a result, Bell's work ceased to be printed in the Soviet Union; The ban was removed only in the mid-1980s. With the beginning of restructuring.

In 1980, Bell seriously fell ill, suffered amputation of the right leg. In early July 1985, he was forced to go to the clinic again, and on July 16, 1985 died. Buried in Bornheim-Mentene near Cologne; The funeral was held with a large crowd of the people, with the participation of colleagues writers and political figures.

In 1987, the Henrich Bell Foundation was created in Cologne - a non-governmental organization, closely interacting with the Green Party (its branches exist in many countries, including in Russia). The fund supports projects in the development of civil society, ecology, human rights.

For the sincerity of his works and the political activity of Heinrich Böll called the "conscience of the nation." "He was a lawyer of weak and the enemy of those who are always confident in their own infallibility. He advocated the freedom of spirit wherever she was under threat," so the former President of Germany Richard von Wezsecker described Bölla in a letter with the condolence of the widow of the writer.

Böll was the first after Thomas Mann a German writer who received the Nobel Prize in literature. He always felt like a German, but at the same time the "public hospitality" of the government and "selective amnesia" of his compatriots sharply criticized.

Life on the border epoch

Böll House in Iifel

Böll's life covered several periods of German history. He was born of a second Emperor of Wilhelm's second, grew up in the Weimar Republic, survived the Hitler's times, the second world war, the occupation, and finally actively participated in the formation of the West German society.

Heinrich Böll was born in 1917 in Cologne in the family of sculptor and the chamber. Parents of Böll were very religious people, nevertheless, they were who taught their son to hold a clear distinction between the Christian faith and an organized church. At the six-year-old, Böll begins to visit a Catholic school, and then continues to study in the gymnasium. After the arrival of the Nazis to power, Böll, unlike most of his classmates, he refused to join the Hitlergendan.

After graduating from the gymnasium in 1937, Böll intended to continue his studies at the university, but he was denied. For several months, he studied bookseller in Bonn, and then half a year he had to bear a labor service, a twist of trench. Böll again tried to enter the University of Cologne, but he was called in the army. Six years Böll spent on the front - in France and in Russia; He was injured four times, tried several times to avoid service, simulating the disease. In 1945, he finds himself in American captivity. For Böll, it was really a day of liberation, so he always retained a sense of gratitude towards the allies who rid of Germany from Nazism.

On the way to professionalism

After the war, Böll returned to Cologne. And already in 1947, he began publishing his stories. In 1949, his first book was published - Roman "The train came on time." In its first works, which can be attributed to the genre of the so-called "Ruin Literature", Böll told about the soldiers and their favorite women, about the cruelty of war, about death. The heroes of the works of Belyl remained, as a rule, nameless; They symbolized by the suffering humanity; They did what they were ordered, and gibbles. These people hated the war, but not enemy soldiers.

The books immediately became interested in critics, but the circulations dispersed badly. Böll, however, continued to write. By the end of the 50s, Böll departs from the theme of war. At this time, his manner of writing is improved. In the book "Billiards in half the tenth", which is often called his best novel, Böll uses complex narrative techniques, squeezing into one day the entire day of three generations of the wealthy German family. In the novel "Eyes of Clown", the morals of the Catholic establishment are revealed. The "group portrait with a lady", the most surround and most innovative novel of Böll, is clothed in the form of a detailed bureaucratic report, where about sixty people characterize a certain person, thereby creating a mosaic panorama of German life after the First World War. "Lost Honor of Catharina Bloom" - ironic sketch on the topic of the poverty of the boulevard press.

Unloved for the truth

Heinrich Böll with Alexander Solzhenitsyn

A separate chapter in the life of Heinrich Böll is his love for Russia and the active support of the dissident movement.

Böll knew a lot about Russia and had a clear position in many aspects of Russian reality. This position is reflected in the multiple works of the writer. Böll's relationship with the Soviet leadership has never been cloudless. The actual ban on the Russian editions of Böll lasted from mid-1973 to the last days of his life. "Wine" served by public and human rights activities of the writer, his angry protests against the introduction of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia, active support for the dissident movement.

And everything began with the incredible success of Böll in the Soviet Union. The first publication was published back in 1952, when the only international magazine "in defense of the world" did the story of the young West German author's story "Very expensive foot".

Since 1956, the Russian editions of Böll appear regularly, with colossal circulations. Perhaps nowhere in the world of his translations did not use such popular as the Russian audience. A close friend of Böll Lev Copellev once remarked: "If Turgenev said that he was the gentle of Russian writers, then Böllo could say that he is the most Russian of German writers, although he is a very" German "writer.

On the role of literature in society

The writer was convinced that literature was extremely important in the formation of society. In his opinion, literature in the usual understanding of this word is able to destroy authoritarian structures - religious, political, ideological. Böll was confident that the writer in one degree or another can change the world with his work.

Böll did not like when he was called the "conscience of the nation." In his opinion, the conscience of the nation is the parliament, the set of laws and the legal system, and the writer is intended only to awaken this conscience, and not to be an embodiment.

Active political position

Heinrich Böll, Nobel Prize laureate

Böll always actively interfered with politics. So, he strongly defended such Soviet dissident writers as Lev Copellev and Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

He critically referred to the capitalist system. To the question, there is a humane capitalism, he somehow answered: "This, actually, can not. How the capitalist economy functions and should function, does not allow any humanism."

By the mid-1970s, the Böllevskaya assessment of the German society becomes extremely critical, "sharpening" and its political views. It does not accept the ideology of mature capitalism with its double morality, sympathize with socialist ideas about justice.

The writer makes it so decisively and publicly that it turns out to be at some point almost the "enemy of the state" - in any case, the figure of the official crown. Up to his death, Heinrich Böll participated in public life on the rights of the dissident, which represented unacceptable views from an official point of view.

Glory - means to do something for others

Böll was a very popular writer. He commented on his attitude to glory like this: "Glory is also a means to do something, to achieve something for others, and this is a very good tool."

The writer died in 1985. On the mourning ceremony of friend Böll, the priest Herbert Falken his sermon completed such words: "On behalf of the deceased, we moli about the world and disarmament, about the readiness for dialogue, about the fair distribution of the best, about the reconciliation of peoples and for the forgiveness of guilt, lying hard burden especially on us , Germans. "

Anastasia Rakhmanova, LB