Art as a form of spiritual culture

Art is one of the most amazing creatures of humanity. These are multi-tiered Buddhist pagodas, a mournful face of Our Lady on Russian icons, perfection antique statues and the grandeur of medieval gothic, beautiful samples of Madonn Renaissance, the greatest works Pushkin, Shakespeare, Brilliant Music Baha, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Sculpty Fidia, Roden, Vuchetich, performances Stanislavsky, Breht, Fellini films, Tarkovsky and the richest world of other creations.

What is art? There are many definitions of this phenomenon of culture:

"Art in a broad sense is artistic creativity".

"Art is a specific nature of the spiritual development by a person of reality, forming and developing his ability to creatively convert the world around himself and himself according to the laws of beauty."

"Art is one of the specialized spheres of culture, functionally decisive task Intellectual sensual display of Genesis in artistic images. "

"Art - special way Development of reality, specific - artistic and figurative - sphere of human activity. "

With all the difference in these definitions, they are united that the basis of art is artistic creativity, and the specificity of art that distinguishes it from other forms of spiritual culture is in the artistic and figurative reflection of life. Artistic art should be considered as a special property, expressing in its high perfection, in aesthetic effects. If science knows Being, art creatively recreates him, transforming, complementing, expanding the world, life experience, creating an artificial secondary reality.

The form of thinking in art is an artistic image. This is a special, inherent art form of reflection of reality characteristic of each type of art. artistic means. The artistic reflection of life can be performed in visual images (from) in sound (music), in the word (fiction), through the synthesis of all of the above-mentioned images (theater, cinema), etc.

The figurative reflection of life is distinguished by associativity, alleparability, integrity, the ability to separate a significant, typical of the secondary. Artistic image does not just copy, "writes off nature." It manifests itself in the form of a creative attitude to reality made with subjective copyright positions. In art, everything is personally. This is the image of the world and man, reworked in the artist consciousness. It is no coincidence that art is called a subjective manner of the objective world. It is this merger of an objective and subjective explains the presence of "eternal topics" in the art: the love, friendship, motherhood, etc. (compare love lyrics A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontova, A.A. Bloka, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.A. Akhmatova).

In the artwork, the author always has the right to his "I". And the larger the person, the talented work. We can agree or disagree with the point of view of the author, but we must respect it (this is especially relevant for Russia, where the "restructuring" of curricula is always with the change of power).

IN contemporary art Focus on the departure from an objective image of life, art is considered primarily as a "method of self-expression and self-consciousness of the artist." But no matter how far it was worn from real Mira The imagination of the artist, it is powerless to break the threads, connecting it with the world, it is not able to create "in itself", without taking this material of impressions, observations that the artist gives experience, the immediate perception of the surrounding world.

At the same time, even in cases where art appeals to the image of real world objects, it turns out to be extremely conditional. The artistic development of reality does not pretend to be the most reality. No matter how true the artistic image was, he is always invented, illusory. And this next feature artistic image. Character and measure of conventionality depending on the type of art, of one or another style may be different (for example, cinema or ballet; realistic or symbolic work, etc.)

The most important feature An artistic image is also the mucifice of intellectual and emotional, "unity of thought and feelings", the sight and mood, beliefs and sensations, understanding and sympathy or antipathy. It is not by chance, art is called the School of Self. Emotional expressiveness of art can not be interpreted unilaterally: to reduce the content of art only to the expression of feelings, emotions, and the activity of thought is to give science. Art expresses the feelings and thoughts of the artist. Cannot disagree with M.S. Cagan, who notes that "Emotional reactions are characteristic and animals, however, the singing of birds does not become music, and jumping a monkey - dance, because animals have no consciousness, thinking ..."

All of the above seems particularly relevant in the light of the flooding screen of the low-volume production of mass culture (thrillers, soap operas, songs - one-day, etc.), appealing primarily to emotions and not giving food, mind. The ratio of emotional and rational can be different in the work of different artists, in different types Arts, in different artistic directions (music and literature; rationalism of classicism and emotionality of sentimentalism, etc.) However, artistic, poeticity is preserved only until the intellectual side of the content will displace emotional, or vice versa.

Features of content in art determine the character artistic formwhich in art plays an essential role. However, high attention to artistic form in the separation from the content is also extreme, because it leads to a surface, purely "technological" understanding of the work of art.

The causes of the artistic development of the world do not remain unchanged. Changing the picture of the world in the 20th century caused to life and new artistic vision. Modernism breaks with the traditions of previous art, with the traditions of artistic and figurative reflection of life: parting with objectivity, with the real world. The period of art experiments, searches, is supported by domestic resources art. The dominant of the new art is something vague, elusive, the proportion of irrational, paradoxicality, irrationality increases.

As a developing system, art is distinguished by flexibility and mobility, which allows it to realize himself in various kinds, genres, directions, styles. In the course of the development of art, the system of art species has constantly changed. Existence different species art is caused by not one of them own means Can not give a comprehensive picture of the world. Only all artistic culture as a whole can create such a picture.

Art is a social phenomenon and performs many functions in society. In scientific literature there is no consensus in determining the number of functions of art and their hierarchy.

Art can not be reduced to any single function. It is polyfunctionally and performs a cognitive, educational, value-orientational, communicative, aesthetic, prognostic (foresight), hedonistic and other functions.

As a rule, in the artistic work, they are pitching almost everything, although in the historical development of art, structural changes in the system of functions are traced.

The ratio of functions may vary depending on the political, ideological and aesthetic positions, the creative method. Thus, in bourgeois-individualistic culture, a hedonistic and compensatory function is put forward on the fore (art as joy, pleasure, pleasure, like a vacation for "tired nerves"), in soviet culture - raising and ideological function. Critical realism 19th century came from the active impact of art for man and life (art - "Life Textbook"), so the cognitive and raising functions prevail, the modernism of the twentieth century denies the ability of art to "teach and teach", does not go beyond the form of formation, and therefore Puts a aesthetically hedonistic function.

The prevalence of any single function due to the other affects the quality of the work, making it or didactically by tearing or superficially entertaining, and also leads to uneven development different regions art. Only in completeness, uniformity, versatility of the implementation of all functions - pledge successful development Art and the fulfillment of his great role in the life of society.

Literature

1. Kagan M.S. Aesthetics as philosophical science [Text] / M.S. Caigan. - SPb.: Totk "Petropolis", 1997. -544 p.

2. Kravchenko A.I. Culturalology [Text]: tutorial For universities /. Kravchenko. - M: Academicheski project, 2004.- 512 p.

3. Cultural Science [Text]: Textbook for stud. tehn universities. / Ed. N.G. Baghdasaryan.- M.: Higher School, 2007. - 528 p.

4. World Art Culture [Text]: Tutorial / Ed. B.A. Erengross.-M.: Higher School, 2001-767c.

5. Flier A.Ya. Culturalology for cultural scientists [Text] / A.Ya. Flier. - M.: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2002.-492c.

Spiritual culture - This is a combination of intangible elements of culture: norms of behavior, morality, values, rituals, symbols, knowledge, myths, ideas, customs, traditions, language.

Spiritual culture arises from the need to comprehend and figuratively sensual development of reality. In real life, it is implemented in a number of specialized forms: morality, art, religion, philosophy, science. All these forms human life We are interrelated and affecting each other.

Morality - This is a system of norms and rules regulating communication and behavior of people who provide the unity of public and personal interests. In morality, the idea of \u200b\u200bgood and evil, honor, conscience, justice, etc. is recorded. These ideas, the norms regulate the behavior of people in society.

The principles of morality:

Humanism

Patriotism

Optimism

Tolerance

Morality - the system of values \u200b\u200bexisting in the form of universal certain principles of human existence; The system of unsolicited laws, which reflect the generally accepted norms and evaluations of human actions.

Morality is manifested in respect of the person to friends, to the family, the team, the Motherland, the people in general, to itself.

The main criterion of morality is a sense of responsibility to the team, society, by itself, homeland, etc.

Moral - proper, and morality -

Conscience - an internal regulator of all of our actions.

Norms of morality - the rules of behavior, prescribing a person what actions he must or should not make.

Religion- This is a worldview, the world weight and the behavior of people. Based on faith in the existence of a supernatural sphere.

Religious studies - Special science that studies religion as a special sphere of human culture.

World religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

National Religions: Confucianism (China), Judoism (Pedetin), Syntaism.

Religion serves the demands of the Spirit, a person draws his eyes to God. Science demonstrates the successes of the human mind.

The values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual culture (moral, aesthetic, religious) are embodied and the social nature and creative activity of the person himself is implemented, the conditions for its specifically human being are reproduced.

· MORALITY It is usually as a "unwritten law", realizing its regulatory function, primarily through everyday consciousness.

· RELIGION(piety, piousness, shrine) is a worldview, worldview, worldview, as well as conjugate behavior of people and forms of its conceptualization, determined by faith in the existence of a supernatural sphere, articulated in mature forms.
Religion suggests dominance in the soul of a person sense of dependence and cruise in relation to the giving support and worthy worship of transcendental and secret force.
Religion reflects the desire of a person and society to directly communicate with the Absolute (God, God). This is an ideological mechanism that ensures the solidarization of people and the integrity of society through the sacrarization of basic public relations. In ethics and ritual, the religion reveals a wide horizon of concepts, explains the meaning of life, guarantees higher values \u200b\u200band norms, makes a person with a member of the spiritual community, gives him a spiritual homeland, gives an rationale for protest and resistance to everything wrong.

Final test. Art. 8th grade

Tests:

1. What is art?

A) part of the spiritual culture of mankind

B) historical style

C) folk creativity

2. What kind of art is the music?

A) to plastic b) to temporary

C) to spatial

3. What is an artistic image?

C) fantasy artist

4. What is style in art?

A) artistic attitude of the artist

B) a generalized idea of \u200b\u200breality

C) handwriting, techniques, features

5. What is a language in art?

A) Ways to transfer an artistic image

B) verbal expression

C) an insignificant phenomenon for art

6. Was the art in ancient Greece in a gap with science?

A) yes b) no

7. What are the tasks of art and science?

A) different b) common

8. How many muses had Zeus god?

A) 3 b) 12 V) 9

9. Which era of all kinds of artistic creativity united in art?

A) classicism b) baroque c) revival

10. Who was Leonardo da Vinci? Multifaceted personality - ...

BUT) artist, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer, writer, anata

B) artist, architect, engineer, musician, doctor, anal, lawyer, scientist

11. What a drawing of Leonardo da Vinci symbolizes internal symmetry, divine proportion human body?

A) Joconda b) Vitruvian man c) Mona Lisa

12. How did A.S. Pushkin called art?

A) "Magic nugget"

B) "Magic Crystal"

C) "Fantastic stone"

13. Who owns words from the poem "... Here you hear little, it is necessary to listen to, so that the soul of the consonant flew together ... »

A) N. Yelenkov b) A.S. Pushkin C) M.Yu.Lermont

14. What is the merit of Russians artists XIX. century A.Savrasova, I. I. I.Vitan, I. Shishkin?

A) were artists-impressionists

B) portrait artists

C) opened the beauty of Russian nature

15. What is impressionism in art?

A) transfer of fleeting impressions

B) disclosure sea landscape

C) fiction in painting

A) P.I. Tchaikovsky b) V.A. Motsart c) A.Vivaldi

17. What the main task Portrait artist?

A) accurate copying of the external trait of man

B) picturesque re-creation of a person's image

18. In which of the types of portraits, the main goal is to demonstrate the social position of the hero?

A) chamber b) group c) parade

"... her eyes are like two fog, semi-cough, half-fake.

Her eyes - as two deceptions covered with a mix of failure ... "(N. Zabolotsky)

A) V.L. Borovikovsky b) F.S. Rockies c) K.P. Bullov

20. Who is the Creator of the Gallery of Fine Arts in Moscow?

A) F. Crotov b) P.Trevyakov c) M.Vrubel

21. Is it possible in music similarity with a specific person?

A) yes b) no

22. Is it possible to apply the expression "in intonation a man is hidden"?

A) yes b) no

23. What perfection seeks art in man?

A) sports b) emotional c) mental

24. What is the mission of artists of different eras (painters, musicians, poets, architects)?

A) "send" your posts to descendants

B) glorify their creativity

C) development of professionalism

25. What famous museums of fine art are in St. Petersburg?

A) The Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Tretyakov Gallery

B) National picture gallery

C) Russian Museum, Hermitage

26. What festival is theatrical?

A) "New Opera" b) "Golden Mask" c) "Nutcracker"

27. What did A.S. Pushkin call translators and poetry?

A) "The first swallows of art"

B) "Post Horses Enlightenment"

C) "Good messengers of literature"

28. What is the code in works of art to communicate with people?

A) music b) paintings c) language art

29. What is the symbol in art?

A) external sign b) sign

C) artistic way

30. What are the artists in the still lifes "Vanitas" seek to convey artists?

A) the mortality of the earthly fuss

B) the joy of everyday life

31. How many sources is art?

A) 1 b) 2 V) 3

32. Myth is ...

A) symbolic effect

B) Priest action, minister of church

C) oral legends

33. What is the main meaning of the icon of Andrei Rublev "Trinity"?

A) praise to the teacher Sergia Radonezh

B) Combining Russia for Freedom

34. What are the symbols of images are central in any culture?

A) family, sun, road

B) road, moon, sun

C) sun, tree, road

35. Which direction of art is the creativity of V.V. Kadinsky?

A) realism b) classicism

C) abstractionism

36. What are the three properties of paints, which, according to V.V. Kadinsky, play important role?

A) color, tone, intensity

B) tone, color, palette

C) palette, color, mood

37. What is human culture based on?

A) truth, good, beauty

B) history, culture, morality

C) mutual respect, aesthetics, compassion

38. What are the laws of beauty?

A) harmony, form, melody, texture

B) harmony, symmetry, measure, proportion

C) harmony, rhythm, style, polyphony

39. What arts in different epochs?

A) create an image beautiful man

B) convey the reality of the world

C) bring up humanity

40. What is the role of creativity in a person's life?

A) is the meaning of life

B) helps spiritual growth

C) makes life rich

41. What is the power of art?

A) in visuality b) in emotionality c) in depth

42. What is the benefit of beauty?

A) reveals the value of nature and life phenomena

B) reveals ideals

C) reveals historical values

43. What's common between mass culture and art?

A) affect the views and tastes
B) affect psyche and health
C) affect the upbringing and morality

Answers:

1 - A.

6 - B.

11 - B.

16 - A.

21 - B.

26 - B.

31 - B.

36 - A.

41 - B.

2 - B.

7 - A.

12 - B.

17 - B.

22 - A.

27 - B.

32 - B.

37 - A.

42 - A.

3 - B.

8 - B.

13 - A.

18 - B.

23 - B.

28 - B.

33 - B.

38 - B.

43 - A.

4 - B.

9 - B.

14 - B.

19 - B.

24 - A.

29 - B.

34 - B.

39 - A.

5 - A.

10 - A.

15 - A.

20 - B.

25 - B.

30 - A.

35 - B.

40 - B.

Art and his role in the life of people. Arts.

The question is what role art plays in human life, as ancient, as well as the first attempts to its theoretical understanding. True, as notes Tovalovich L.N. At the very dawn of the aesthetic thought, expressed sometimes in mythological form, in fact, there was no question. After all, our distant ancestor was confident that to patch the image of a real or drawn arrow - it means to provide a good hunt, to fulfill the warlike dance - it means for sure to defeat your enemies. Asks, what doubts could be in the practical effectiveness of art, if it was organically woven in practical life people were urgently from the craft that did the world necessary for the existence of people of items and things related to magic ritesThanks to which people sought to influence their surrounding reality? Is it worth surprising their faith in the fact that the Orpheus, which ancient Greek mythology Attributes the invention of music and poems, he could inclined the branches of trees with his singing, move stones and tighten wild beasts.

Peace artistic images, on the conviction of the ancient thinkers and artists, "imitated" life, became an unfulfilled part true Life man. Euripide, for example, wrote:

No, not abandoned, muses, your altar ...

There is no true life without art

Already antique aesthetics sought to give answers to this question, but they were not unambiguous. Plato, recognizing only such works of art that strengthened moral Basics The aristocratic state, emphasized the unity of the aesthetic effectiveness of art and its moral importance.

At the "imitation" of reality, according to Aristotle, the ability of art is based on a person and moral and aesthetic effects, forming the character of his feelings: "The habit of feeling sorry or joy when perceiving what imites reality, leads to what we begin to experience The same feelings and in a collision with reality. "

The history of artistic culture has captured a lot of cases when the perception of art served as a direct impulse to commit one or other actions to change the lifestyle. Check out knight's novelsThe poor Hidalgo Kohaan has turned into Don Quixote Laman and set off on akin to the world of justice. The image itself has become nominated since then has served as an example for imitation already in real life.

Thus, we see that the origins of art are in reality, but the work of art is a special world, imposing perception other than the perception of life reality. If the viewer, taking art for reality, is riveted to establish justice, physically straightening with the actor playing the villain, shoots the film screen or rushes into a picture with a knife, threatens the novelist, worrying for the fate of the Hero of the Roman, then all this is obvious symptoms or mental pathology in general, Or at least the pathology of art perception.

Art acts not on one human ability and strength, be it emotion or intelligence, but per person in general. It forms, sometimes valid, unconsciously the system of human installations, whose action will manifest itself sooner or later and often unpredictably, and not just aims to encourage a person to a particular action.

The artistic genius of the famous poster D. Motor "You wrote off a volunteer?", Which was so widely promoted in the days of World War II, in the fact that it is not limited to a rapid pragmatic task, but calls to human conscience through all human spiritual abilities. Those. The force of art is to appeal to the human conscience, to awaken his spiritual abilities. And on this occasion you can bring the famous words of Pushkin:

Glagol Loggy hearts of people.

I think this true destination art.

Art does not obsole. In the book of Academician Philosopher I.T. Frolov "Perspectives of a person" contains reasoning about why art does not become obsolete. So, in particular, he notes: "The reason for this is the unique originality of works of art, their deeply individualized character due to the ultimately constant handling of man. The unique unity of man and peace in the work of art, "Human reality", knowing them, deeply distinguish art from science not only according to the funds used, but also by the object itself, always correlated with the personality of the artist, his subjective worldview, while science seeks to go out During these limits, it rushes to the "dodge", guided by the principle of objectivity. Therefore, science is committed to the strict uniqueness of the perception of knowledge by man, she finds the appropriate means for this, their language, while the works of art do not have such unambiguity: the perception of them, refraarting through the subjective world of a person, generates a whole range of deeply individual shades and tones that make it perception is unusually diverse, albeit a subordinate to a certain direction, total subject» .

This is the secret of the extraordinary effects of art per person, his moral world, lifestyle, behavior. Turning to art, a person goes beyond the limits of rational unambiguity. Art opens a mysterious, non-scientific knowledge. That is why a person needs art as in the organic part of what is concluded in himself and in the world, which he knows and enjoys.

The famous Danish physicist Niels Bor wrote: "The reason why art can enrich us, lies in his ability to remind us of harmonies deficient for systematic analysis" In art, the problems of universal, "eternal" are often covered: what is good and evil, freedom, the dignity of man. Changing conditions for each epoch make these questions re-decide.

Classification of art types

Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) There is and developing as a system of interrelated species, the diversity of which is due to the multi-stage (real world displayed in the process of artistic creativity.

Art types are historically established, forms creative activityPossessing the ability artistic implementation Life content and differing in the methods of its material incarnation (word in literature, sound in music, plastic and colorful materials in visual art, etc.).

In modern art historical literature, a certain scheme and the system of classification of arts, although there are still no and they are still relative. The most common scheme is its division into three groups.

First - come spatial or plastic species Arts. For this group of arts, the spatial construction in the disclosure of an artistic image is essential - visual arts, decorative applied art, Architecture, photography.

The second group includes temporary or dynamic species Arts. In them key value Acquires the composition deployed in time - music, literature.

The third group is space-time species, which are also called synthetic or entertainment art - choreography, literature, theater art, cinema.

The existence of various types of arts is caused by the fact that none of them can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. This picture can only create all the artistic culture of mankind as a whole, consisting of individual Vi-Dov art.

Characteristic of art species

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture (Greek. "Architecton" - "Master, Builder") - a monumental type of art, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

Forms of architectural structures depend on geographic and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, intensity sunlight, seismic safety, etc.

Architecture is closer than other arts related to the development of productive forces, with the development of technology. The architecture is able to unite with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The foundation architectural composition - Volume-spatial structure, organic interconnection of elements of a building or building ensemble. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.

The architecture does not reproduce reality directly, it is not the pictorial, but expressive character.

ART

Fine art-group of species of artistic creativity, reproducing visually perceived reality. Works of art have an object that does not vary in time and space. Fine art includes: painting, graphics, sculpture.

GRAPHICS

Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") - this is, above all, drawing and artistic print works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive artistic form by using different lines, strokes and stains applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. Initially, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastering the color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered immediately.

Specificity graphics - linear ratios. She, reproducing the forms of objects, transmits their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. The painting captures the real ratios of the paints of the world, in color and through the color it expresses the creatures of objects, their aesthetic value, It imposes their public appointment, their compliance or contradiction to the surrounding.

In the process of historical development in the drawing and in print graphics began to penetrate, and now the graphics are also drawing with colored small shames - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors -Akvall and gouache. In various literature on art, there are different points of opinion on graphics. In some sources: graphics are a type of painting, and in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.

PAINTING

Painting - plane artwhose specificity is in the presentation with the help of paints deposited on the surface of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Ital. Fresco) - painting on raw plaster with paints divorced on water and mosaic (from the French Mosaice) image of colored stones, smalts (smalt - color transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.

Machine (from the word "machine") - the canvas that is created on the easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (genre (French Genre, from Lat. Genus, the genus generis - genus, view) is an artistic, historically established inner unit in all kinds of art.):

Portrait - the main task to convey the idea of appearance man, reveal the inner world of man, emphasize his personality, psychological and emotional image.

Landscape - reproduces the world around him in all the variety of its forms. The image of the sea landscape is determined by the term mariny.

Still-life - an image of household objects, workers, flowers, fruits. It helps to understand the worldview and estimation of a certain era.

The historical genre - tells about historically important moments Society.

Household genre - reflects daily life People, temper, customs, traditions of one or another ethnic room.

Icon (translated from the Greek "prayer image") - the main goal to send a person to the transformation path.

Animalism - an image of an animal, as the main character of the artistic work.

In the XX century The character of painting is changing under the influence of funds technical progress (The emergence of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new art forms - multimedia art.

SCULPTURE

Sculpture - spatially - visual arts, Os-wearing world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. On the modern stage The development of society, man-made progress expanded the number of materials used to create sculptures: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main varieties of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

The relief is high relief,

Bas-relief - low relief,

Counter-relief relief.

By definition, the sculpture is monumental, decorative, steel.

Monumental - used to decorate streets and squares of the city, designations of historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture include:

Monuments,

Monuments

Memorials.

Stankovaya - designed for inspection with close distance and is designed to decorate interior.

Decorative - used to decorate life (objects of shallow plastics).

Decorative and applied art.

Decorative and applied art is the type of creative activity on the creation of household items intended to meet the utilitarian and the artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied art includes products performed from a variety of materials and using various technologies. Material, wood, clay, stone, bone can serve material for the Item. Technical and artistic techniques manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is the decorativeness, which consists in images and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied art has national character. Since it comes from customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnos, approximated to the embezzlement of his life.

An important component of decorative - applied art is people's artistic crafts - a form of artistic work based on collective work, developing a cultural local tradition and selling commercial products.

Key creative idea Traditional fields - approval of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk fishing of Russia are:

Tree carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo Kudrinskaya;

Painting on the tree - Khokhlomskaya, Gorodetskaya, Polhov-Maidan, Mezenskaya;

Decoration of products from Berestov - embossing on Bereste, painting;

Stone artistic processing - a solid and soft rock processing;

Bone carving - Holmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotykovskaya

Miniature painting on Paper-Masha - Fedoskinskaya miniature, Palekh miniature, Masta Miniature, Balcon Miniature

Metal artistic processing - Velikostuyvskoye Cherry Silver, Rostov Finife, Zhostovsky painting on metal;

Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinskaya ceramics, Dymkovskaya toy, Kargopol toy;

Laceway - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,

Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky scarves and shawl

Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, color to translate, gold-wave embroidery.

LITERATURE

Literature is a type of art in which material carrier Pictures are the word.

The scope of literature includes natural and public phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the person, her feelings. In the various genres, literature covers this material or through dramatic reproduction of the action, or through the epic story of events, or through the lyrical self-discharge of the inner world of a person.

Literature is divided into:

Artistic

Training

Historical

Scientific

Reference

The main genres of literature are:

- Lyric - one of the three main births fiction, reflects life by image a variety of human experiences, lyrics feature poetic form.

- Drama - One of the three main births of fiction, the plotwork written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.

- Epos. - narrative literature, one of the three main births of fiction, includes:

- Epic - large work epic genre.

- Novella - narrative prosaic (much less often - poetic) genre of literature representing a small narrative form.

- Tale (story) - literary genrewhich is characterized by a less significant amount of smaller number of figures, life content and breadth

- Story - an epic product of small sizes, which differs from the novels greater prevalence and arbitrary composition.

- Roman - A large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verses.

- Ballad - Lyric-epic poems plot, written by stanza.

- Poem - The plot literary work of a lyric-epic nature in verses.

The specifics of the literature is the phenomenon of historical, all the elements and components of the literary work and literary processAll features of literature are in constant change. Literature - a living, mobile ideological and artistic system, which is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of the literature is the oral folk creativity.

MUSICAL ART

Music - (from Greek. Musike - letters. - Art Music), type of art in which the means of incarnation of artistic images serve as a certain way organized musical sounds. Basic elements and expressive means of music - Floor, rhythm, meter, pace, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, tools. Music is fixed in the tank record and is implemented in the execution process.

It is accepted by dividing music to secular and spiritual. The main area of \u200b\u200bspiritual music is a cult. With European iconic music (commonly called church) is associated with the development of the European musical theory letters musical pedagogy. According to performing funds, the music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal tool. Music is often connected with choreography, theatrical art, movie. There are one-voice (monodia) music and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided:

For childbirth and species - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;

On genres - song, choral, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of incarnation of reality and human feelings, sound images.

Music in sound images generally expresses significant processes of life. Emotional experience and painted by feeling the idea expressed through the sounds of a special kind, which is based on the intonation of human speech, is the nature of the musical image.

CHOREOGRAPHY

Choreography (gr. Choreia - Dance + Grapho - I write) - the type of art, the material of which are the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space that constitute the artistic system.

Dance interacts with music, together with her forming a music-choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates the dance of its own patterns and at the same time experiencing influence from the dance. In some cases, the dance can be executed without music - accompanied by cotton, specking with heels, etc.

Sources of dance steel: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and rites, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; The dance is spontaneously expressing in movements in the movements the culmination of the emotional state of the person.

The dance is always, at all times, was associated with life and life of people. The poet every dance responds to the character, the spirit of the people who originated. Photo (gr. Phos (Photos) Light + Grafo I write) - Art that is reproducing on the plane, through lines and shadows, the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, contour and the form of it transmitted it.

Specific feature of photo articulation Organic interaction in it creative and technological processes. Photo artworks turn xi xx centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and progress of photographic science and technology. His emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, oriented on a mirror figure. visible world and used to achieve this goal of opening geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera - obscura).

The specificity of photo articles is that it gives an image of documentary value.

The photo gives the image of the artistically expressive and with the accuracy of a significant moment of reality in the frozen image.

Life facts in the photograph almost without additional software are transferred from the sphere of reality in the artistic scope.

Cinemaless

Cinema is the art of playback on the screen captured on film moving images that create the impression of live validity. Cinema invention XX century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical engineering and photographic equipment, chemistry, etc.

Cinema transmits the dynamics of the era; Working time as a means of expressiveness, the cinema is able to change the change of various events in their internal logic. - Tragedy, the problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, art historians. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to a huge form of training material concerning art. The author expresses the hope that he will serve good help For students, students and all who are not indifferent to art.

Topic: "Art - as part of spiritual culture"

Purpose:promote the formation of the concept of "art" in children - as part of spiritual culture.

Tasks:

Subject:

form the concept of art

determine the value of art

give an idea of \u200b\u200bart.

MetaPredimet: Create conditions for student development

lead a discussion;

interest to New educational material, the ability to accept and maintain a learning task;

the ability to build arguments, analyze, summarize;

skills work with information;

ability to work with different types of texts - educational, artistic, vocabulary

Personal

form responsible attitude to study

visit love for animals.

Teacher: Let's remember that we know about culture. What is culture?

Children: Culture is moral, moral and material values, skills, knowledge, customs, traditions.

What is the culture?

Children: Culture is spiritual and material.

What belongs to spiritual culture?

All you called can be called, in one word.

Motivation cognitive activity

Teacher: Collect the word from the letters.

Children: It turned out the word - art.

Teacher: What do you think there will be the theme of today's lesson.

Children: express your assumptions

Teacher: The theme of today's lesson "Art - as part of spiritual culture"

The fact that art originated 30 thousand years ago became known not so long ago, after visiting the archaeologists of the cave Altamira. And it happened like this:

A hundred years ago, the archaeologist Soutouol in search, the tools of the ancient people examined the underground cave Altamira in Spain. Together with him was his little daughter Maria. The girl went deep into the low cave and suddenly shouted: "Bulls, bulls drawn by bulls!" And in fact, almost the entire cave ceiling was covered with colorful images of wild bulls - bison. Beasts were frozen on the run in strange and bizarre poses.

Archaeologist discovered cave painting, suggested that it was created by primitive hunters many thousands of years ago. However, none of the then scientists believed that the images of the Bizonov were created by primitive people. Suppose why.

What objections arose from scientists?

("Scientists believed that people did not know how to draw so beautifully")

"The scientists seemed to be" dikari ", who did not know the farming and cattle breeding workers, who did not know how to read and write, make clay dishes and produce metals, were not able to recreate with such skill the powerful figure of the animal, the steepness of his ridge, all the bulges of the massive body."

And the art of primitive people.

What kind of art includes rock paintings of primitive people? (painting)

What other types of art do you know?

Architecture, from (sculpture, painting, graphics), music, literature, choreography, theater, movies, decorative and applied art.

It is said that art is a dialogue. What do you think there is a dialogue between?

Many sculptures depict not only great people, but also ... animals.

Today we will look at the image of a dog in different kinds of art.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov first in Russia made an idea to put a monument to a dog - as a faithful companion and assistant scientists. Russian officials perceived the idea of \u200b\u200bthe bayonets. When Ivan Petrovich walked on instances with past over the device of the monument, the Western scientists learned about it. And they said that they would give money in order to put such a monument in France or Germany. Pavlov refused. He believed that such a monument should stand only in Russia and only in St. Petersburg. As a result, the hassle of Academician Pavlova Petersburg became the first city in the world where a monument was established by a non-name dog.

Monuments are put not only by celebrities, albeit among the animals. For example, a monument to Nickname is not a famous stray dog \u200b\u200bin a small garden street. He reminds us that animals are our friends, and they cannot be left in trouble.

Many artists depict dogs as the main characters in their works, and dismiss them special role - The role of a peacemaker, psychologist.

For example, a picture of F. P. Reshetnikova "Again, Two", where we see, a negligent student with a "two" returned home from the school. Mom is very upset; Sister seems to be an excellent study, looks contemptuously; younger brother Eldly smiles. It can be seen that the whole family, without looking at his repentance, turned away from the dude, depriving his family support and support that it is necessary for a child during the period of personality. The psychologist would advise mom in this situation not to turn away from the son and do not condemn, but, on the contrary, it is necessary to cheer up that next time it will definitely work out, most importantly, to believe in yourself and in your strength. This is exactly what a dog, caressing boy, she, as a professional psychotherapist, is trying to establish spoiled relationships in the family.

Here is another picture of Riviera "sympathy". A little girl demonstratively offended on the "Whole White Light", sitting down alone on the stairs. It seems that adults are too busy and do not notice this protest. But the little dog remained not indifferent to childhood and with a guilty view puts her face on her shoulder. Pesk asks for all his appearance to pay attention to her and forgive me for all sins of the world, calls for sympathy and mercy. And it seems that the Maiden Heart is growing, and joyful children's laughter will sound again.

Let's remember works of art About devotion of dogs (White Bim Black Ear) - This book tells about the complete adventures of the tragic fate of hunting dog named Bim, about his owner, about friends and enemies Bim among people.

A person must remember that in relations with animals he has a lot of rights and even more responsibilities. Especially before those whom he tamed and introduced into his house, did "homemade. History keeps a lot of examples of sincere kindness and gratitude to the person in relation to the brothers to our smaller. These examples are talking about the spiritual appearance of the person himself.

"If the beast is not afraid of you, then it already talks about the nobility of your feelings," said the famous Russian writer M.M. Prishvin.

And about the beneficial effect of art on health, noticed in antiquity. Famous proverbs "IN healthy body - healthy mind you can rephrase otherwise: " Healthy Spirit Makes both healthy body. " Everything is interconnected! To have physical and mental health, you need to live in positive. It's not so difficult to surround yourself by harmony and beauty, especially since the person instinctively strives for beauty.

Consolidation of knowledge

Teacher: Let's get acquainted with the arrival of Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky "Beauty"

Teacher: What do you think, what differed these two travelers?

Children: (express your opinion)

Teacher: Art is very subjective - reflects only one person's glance. Each viewer and the listener becomes co-author, as it perceives, compets, forms his attitude.

Summarizing

Teacher: Before you 3 statements about art. Read them. What kind of statement would you completed today's lesson and why?

"The task of art is to worry the hearts» Gelving

"Each work of art, sculpture or painting should express some rule of life, should be taught, otherwise it will be a mound" Denis Didro

"Art soften the morals" Ovid

Children: (express your opinion)

Reflection

Teacher:

The soul of man is associated with a butterfly. Color the butterfly, pass your mood, your feelings.

Children paint the butterfly to the music of Mozart.

Homework.

Is there such a work of art: book, painting, musical essay, Performance, film - which made you think about what previously seemed unimportant, insignificant? Prepare about this story.