Nikolai Shostakovich. D.

Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich.

Soviet composer, pianist, conductor, teacher and public figure. One of the largest composers of the XX century. The work of Shostakovich had a significant impact on the development of world musical culture.

Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR (1942).
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1948).
People's Artist of the USSR (1954).

Born on September 25, 1906 in St. Petersburg.
He graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory in the Piano Class in 1923 (Workshop L.V. Nikolaev), according to the class of composition in 1925 (M. M. M. Steinberg's workshop). He worked as a pianist-illustrator in cinemas.

Author 15 Symphony (1925-1971), Piano Trio (1944), a number of string quartets; Opero "Nose" (1928), "Katerina Izmailova" (2nd edition, 1956); ballet "Golden Age" (1930), "Bolt" (1931); Operettes "Moscow, Cherryomushki" (1959), the vocal-symphonic poem "execution of Stepan Razin" (1964), 10 poems for the choir without accompaniment to the poems of Russian poets (1951), chamber works (including 15 strings quartets, piano quintet, 24 Preludes and Fugue for Piano).

In 1928, the head of the Meyerhold Theater (Moscow), in 1930-1933, in 1930-1933 GGs - the Leningrad Theater of Working Youth. In 1943-1948, he taught at the Moscow Conservatory, from 1943 - Professor.
Since 1957 - Secretary of the Union of Composers of the USSR, since 1960 - the Union of Composers of the RSFSR (in 1960-1968 - the first secretary).
Doctor of Art History (1965).

In the past few years of his life, the composer hurt himself, suffering from lung cancer. Dmitry Shostakovich died in Moscow on August 9, 1975 and was buried on the metropolitan Novodevichy cemetery (section No. 2).

prizes and awards

Hero of Socialist Labor (1966).
Stalin's first degree premium (1941) - for piano quintet.
Stalin's first degree premium (1942) - for the 7th ("Leningrad") symphony.
Stalin's second degree premium (1946) - for the trio.
Stalin's first degree premium (1950) - for the music for the film "Meeting on Elbe" (1949).
Stalin's second degree premium (1952) - for 10 poems for choir.
International Peace Prize (1954).
Leninsky Prize (1958) - for the 11th Symphony "1905".
The USSR State Prize (1968) - for the Poem "penalty of Stepan Razin" for bass, choir and orchestra.
Three orders of Lenin (1946, 1956, 1966).
Order of the October Revolution (1971).
Order of the Labor Red Banner (1940).
Order of the Friendship of Peoples (1972).
State Prize of the RSFSR named after M.I. Glinka (1974) - for the 14th string quartet and choral cycle "Loyalty".
State Award of the USSR named after TG Shevchenko (1976 - posthumously) - for the opera "Katerina Izmailov", put on the scene of Kugatob named after TG Shevchenko.
Silver Commander Cross Order Honor for merits in front of the Austrian Republic (1967).
The prize of the I-th All-Union Film Festival for the best music for the film "Hamlet" (Leningrad, 1964).
Commander of the Orden of Arts and Literature (France, 1958).
Prize them. Ya. Sibelius (1958).
Prize Leoni Sonning (1973).
Honor diploma at the I-M International Competition of Chopin's Pianists in Warsaw (1927).

Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906-1975) - Soviet composer, pianist, musical and public figure, doctor of art history, teacher, professor; People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), Laureate of the Leninist Prize (1958), five Stalin Prizes (1941, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1952), State Prize of the USSR (1968) and State Prize of the RSFSR named after M.I . Glinka (1974). Member of the CPSU since 1960. Below is a fragment from the book "Certificate. Memories of Dmitry Shostakovich, recorded and edited by Solomon Volkov."

"I can say:" What do you complain about others? And the one? As if you were not afraid of the same way, how are they? " I answer honestly: I was afraid. The fear was generally universal, and I was no exception. I will say: "Why didn't you touch the musicians". I didn't touch the musicians. "I answer:" Vragne! Actually touched - and how! " The bikes that musicians did not touch, spread hell and his whims, and everything, starting with people of art with a short memory, they believe it. They already forgotten Nikolai Sergeevich Zhilyeva, the man I consider one of my teachers. I met Zhilyeva in Tukhachevsky: They were friends. Zhilyaev taught at the Moscow Conservatory, but he spent most of the classes at home. Best in Moscow, I always looked at him to show my recent work. Zialiev never made comments just to say something. By that time it was meaningless Contact Steinberg, my conservative teacher, because he simply did not understand that kind of music that I wrote then. Zialiev replaced me as much as possible to me the teacher.

A large portrait of Tukhachevsky hung in his room, and after the report that Tukhachevsky was shot as a detail of the Motherland, Zhilyaev did not take it. I do not know if I can explain what it was the heroic act. How then did people behave? As soon as the next lost soul was declared the enemy of the people, as everyone in a panic destroyed everything related to this person. If the enemy of the people wrote books, his books were thrown if there were letters from him, they were burned. Consciousness does not fit how many letters and papers were burned at that time, no war could have been so cleaning personal archives. And naturally, the first thing in the fire was flying photos, because if someone came to me that you keep the image of the enemy of the people, it meant faithful death. Zhilyaev was not frightened. When he came to him, hanging out the portrait of Tukhachevsky struck even the executioners. "How, he still hangs?" They asked them. Zhilyaev replied: "Time will come, and he will put a monument."

We too quickly forgotten about Zhilyaev and others. Sergey Popov died, a very talented person. We were introduced to Shabalin. He restored the Opera Tchaikovsky "Voivode", which the composer burned in the seacchaece. When Popov was killed, the score was destroyed again. Once again she revived Lamm. Or Nikolai profitable, talented organist. The same story. Boleslav Psybyshevsky, the rector of the Moscow Conservatory, the son of a famous writer. Dima Gachev is forgotten. He was a good musicologist. After completing some difficult work, he decided to rest and drove into a sanatorium, where he got into the multi-seat chamber. Someone found the old French newspaper. To his misfortune Gachev read French. He opened the newspaper, began to read out loud - just a few sentences - and stopped: there was something negative about Stalin. "Oh, what nonsense!" But it was too late. The next morning he was arrested. Someone from the neighbors passed it, and perhaps that all together.

Before the arrest of Gachev rewritten with Romen Rollyn, who liked Dimina Work about him. Rollan Pravil Gacheva. I wonder if the Great French Humanist was curious, what happened to his fan and researcher? Where is he so suddenly disappeared? It seems, Gachev was given five years. He was a strong man and walked after five years of hard work, naively hoping that at the end of the deadline they would be released. A few days before the end, Gachev reported that he was given extra ten years. It broke it, and soon he died. Then everyone wrote the rates. Composers were probably used for this note paper, and the musicologists are clean. And, as far as I know, none of the basemen never repaid. In the mid-1950s, part of the arrested began to return - those lucky people who managed to survive. Some of them showed their so-called "cases" with denunciations. Today, the diagrams and former prisoners are found at concerts. Sometimes they are crushed. True, one of the victims turned out to be not so amazing. He publicly gave a slap in the face. But everything was stupid, the junk showed a nobility without submitting a complaint to the police. The former prisoner died at freedom, because his health was seriously undermined in the camp. And Stukach lives and flourishes and now. He, by the way, is my biographer, you can say a specialist in Shostakovich.

I was then lucky that I did not refer to the camp, but this omission would never find it too late. In the end, it all depends on what is thinking about your work another leader and teacher. In my case - about my music. They are all - patrons of art and elegant literature, expressants of the general opinion, voice of the people, and with this voice it is difficult to argue. Tiranes enjoy the patrons of art. This is a famous fact. But tyranans do not understand anything in art. Why? Because tyranny - perversion, and tyrant - pervert. There are many reasons for that. Thior is achieved by power, walking on the corpses. His entails power, the opportunity to destroy people, people, mock them. Is it a thirst for power - no perversion? To be consistent, it is necessary to answer this question affirmatively. At that moment, when the thirst for power in you is born, you are a disappearance. I do not believe any candidate for the head of the leader. I had a lot of illusions in my foggy youth. And now, at last, finally, his perverted desires, the person becomes the leader, but the perversion does not end up, because the government should be protected. Protect from the same crazy as you yourself. Therefore, even if there are no enemies, they need to be invented, because otherwise it is impossible to demonstrate the force and with the help of periodic bleeding to finally enslave the people. And without it - what is the pleasure of power? ".

Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (12 (25) September ( 19060925 ) , St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - August 9, Moscow, USSR) - Russian Soviet composer, pianist, teacher and public figure. One of the largest composers of the 20th century, which has enormous influence on the development of world musical culture. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Doctor of Art History (1965).

Biography

Origin and early years

1950-E.

The fifties began for Shostakovich very important work. Participating as a member of the jury at the Bach Competition in Leipzig in the fall of 1950, the composer was so inspired by the atmosphere of the city and the music of his great resident - Johanna Sebastian Baha, - that at the arrival of Moscow began to compose 24 preludes and fugues for piano, works tribute to the great composer and his "A well-tempered key" .

1960-E.

Had Shostakovich suffered a forced joining party (as soon as the first secretary of the Union of Composers of the RSFSR, he actually owes it). In letters to his friend, Isaac Glikmann, he complains about the disgusting of this compromise and opens up genuine reasons that prompted him to write the famous String Quartet No. 8 (1960) subsequently. In 1961, Shostakovich carries out the second part of his "revolutionary" symphonic dylogium: in the "couple" to the eleventh Symphony "1905" writes Symphony No. 12 "1917" - a product of a pronounced "fine" character (and actually brings the symphonic genre with a film language) , as if paints on canvas, the composer draws musical paintings by Petrograd, Lenin asylum on a lake spill and the Oktyabrsian events themselves. He puts a completely different task a year later, when Yevgeny Yevtushenko appeals to the poetry - first writing the poem "Babi Yar" (for soloist-bass, the choir bass and orchestra), and then adding four more parts from the lives of modern Russia and her Recent history, thereby creating the next "canttany" symphony, the thirteenth - which after the dissatisfaction of Khrushchev was still executed in November 1962. (The Genocide of Jews during the war of the USSR authorities recognized reluctantly and did not want to specifically allocate these events against the background of other events of the war).

After removing the Khrushchev and the beginning of the era of political stagnation in Russia, the tone of the works of Shostakovich again acquires a skewly character. His quartets number 11 (1966) and No. 12 (1968), the second cello (1966) and the second violin (1967) concerts, a violin sonata (1968), the vocal works on the words of Alexander Blok, are permeated with anxiety, pain and an inequate longing. In the fourteenth symphony (1969) - again "vocal", but this time the chamber, for two soloist singers and an orchestra consisting of some strings and drums - Shostakovich uses the poems of Apolliner, Rilke, Kyhelbecker and Lorki, which are connected by one topic - death (They are taller about unfair, early or violent death).

1970-E.

In these years, the composer created vocal cycles on the poems of Tsvetaeva and Michelangelo, the 13th (1969-1970), the 14th (1973) and the 15th (1974) String Quartets and Symphony No. 15, an essay, distinguished by the mood of thoughtfulness, nostalgia, Memories. Shostakovich uses in music Symphony quotes from Rossini Overture to Opera "Wilhelm Tel" and the topic of fate from the opera tetralogy wagner "Nibelung Ring" , as well as musical allusions to the music of Glinka, Maler and their own. Symphony was created in the summer of 1971, the premiere took place on January 8, 1972. The last essay of Shostakovich became Sonata for Viola and Piano.

In the past few years, the composer hurt himself, suffering from lung cancer. Dmitry Shostakovich died in Moscow on August 9, 1975 and was buried on the metropolitan recent cemetery.

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

• 09/12/1906 - 1910 - Podolskaya Street, 2, square. 2;
• 1910-1914 - Nikolaev Street, 16, square meters. twenty;
• 1914-1934 - Nikolaev Street, 9, square. 7;
• 1934 - Autumn 1935 - Dmitrovsky Lane, 3, square meters. five;
• autumn 1935-1937 - House of the working housing and construction cooperative partnership of art workers - Kirovsky Prospect, 14, square meters. four;
• 1938 - 09/30/1941 - Profitable House of the First Russian Insurance Company - Kronverkskaya Street, 29, square meters. five;
• 09/30/1941 - 1973 - Hotel "European" - Rankov Street, 7;
• 1973-1975 - Zhelyabov Street, 17, square. one.

The meaning of creativity

The DSCH monogram (Dmitry Shostakovich), encrypted by the Music D-E ♭ (ES) -C-H, is used in a number of Shostakovich's works.

Today Shostakovich is one of the most executed composers in the world. His creations are the true expressions of the inner human drama and the chronicles of the terrible sufferings, which dropped on the XX century, where deeply personal intertwined with the tragedy of mankind.

The genre and aesthetic variety of Music Shostakovich is huge. If we use generally accepted concepts, it combines elements of the music of tonal, attrane and soft, modernism, traditionalism, expressionism and "big style" are intertwined in the work of the composer. However, his talent is so immense, which will correctly treat his work as a unique phenomenon of world art, which will fully comprehend our and subsequent generations.

Music

In the early years, Shostakovich experienced the influence of Maler's music, Berg, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Hindext, Mussorgsky. Constantly studying the classic and avant-garde traditions, Shostakovich developed his own musical language, emotionally filled and touched hearts of musicians and music lovers of the whole world.

The most noticeable genres in the works of Shostakovich are symphones and string quartets - in each of them he wrote 15 works. While the symphonies were written throughout the Career of the composer, most of the quartets Shostakovich wrote closer towards the end of his life. Among the most popular symphonies are the fifth and eighth, among quartets - the eighth and fifteenth.

The music of the composer demonstrates the influence of a large number of Favorite composers of Shostakovich: Bach (in his fugas and passengers), Beethoven (in his late quarters), Malera (in his symphony), Berg (partly - along with Mussorgsky in his operations, as well as in the use of admission musical citation). From the Russian composers the greatest love Shostakovich Putal to the Modest of Mussorgsky, for his operas "Boris Godunov" and "Hovanshchina" Shostakovich made new orchestra. The influence of Mussorgsky is especially noticeable in separate scenes of the opera " Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County", In the eleventh symphony, as well as in satirical work.

Main works

• 15 Symphony
• Operas: "Nose", "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County" ("Katerina Izmailova"), "Players" (ended with Kshyshto Meyer)
• Ballets: "Golden Age" (1930), "Bolt" (1931) and "Light Creek" (1935)
• 15 string quartets
• Quintet for Piano and Strings
• Oratorion "Song of the Forests"
• Cantata "Over the birthplace of our sun shines"
• Cantata "penalty Stepana Razin"
• Anti-Falistic Rajak
• Concerts and Sonata for various tools
• Romances and songs for voices with piano and symphony orchestra
• Operetta "Moscow, Cheryomushki"
• Music for movies: "Simple people" (1945).

Awards and Prize

Mark of Russia 2000.
Dmitry Shostakovich

• Winner of the Stalin Prize (,,,,).
• Laureate of the International Peace Prize ().
• Laureate of the Lenin Prize ().
• Winner of the USSR State Prize ().
• Laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR ().

He was a member of the Soviet Committee for the Protection of the World (since 1949), the Slavic Committee of the USSR (from 1942), the World Committee for the Protection of the World (from 1968). The honorary member of the Swedish Royal Music Academy (1954), the Italian Academy of Arts "Santa Chechchilia" (1956), Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1965). Honorary Doctor of Sciences of Oxford University (1958), North-West University of Evston (USA, 1973), French Academy of Fine Arts (1975), Corresponding Member of the GDR Academy (1956), Bavarian Fine Arts Academy (1968), Member of the English Royal Music Academy (1958), US National Sciences Academy (1959). Honorary Professor of the Mexican Conservatory. President of the Society "USSR - Austria" (1958).

Multimedia

"Song of the world" from the movie "Meeting on Elbe" (info)

Relief D. Shostakovich: Transfer from Blood Leningrad September 16, 1941 (info)

Bibliography

Texts Shostakovich:

• Shostakovich D. D. Know and love music: conversation with young people. - M.: Young Guard, 1958.
• Shostakovich D. D. Selected articles, speeches, memories / ed. A. Tishchenko. - M.: Soviet composer, 1981.

Research literature:

• Danilevich L. Dmitry Shostakovich: Life and creativity. - M.: Soviet composer, 1980.
• Lukyanova N. V. Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich. - M.: Music, 1980.
• Maksimenkov L. V. Supbar instead of music: Stalin's cultural revolution 1936-1938. - M.: Legal book, 1997. - 320 p.
• Meyer K. Shostakovich: Life. Creation. Time / trans. with Polish. E. Guliava. - M.: Young Guard, 2006. - 439 p.: Il. - (Life of wonderful people: Ser. Biogr.; Vol. 1014).
• Sabinina M. Shostakovich-Symphonist: dramaturgy, aesthetics, style. - M.: Music, 1976.
• Hentova S. M. Shostakovich. Life and creativity (in two volumes). - L.: Soviet composer, 1985-1986.
• Hentova S. M. In the world of Shostakovich: conversations with Shostakovich. Conversations about the composer. - M.: Composer, 1996.
• D. D. Shostakovich: Notographic and Bibliographic Directory / Sost. E. L. Gardeners. 2nd ed., Add. and expansion. - M.: Music, 1965.
• D. Shostakovich: Articles and Materials / Sost. and ed. Schneerson. - M.: Soviet composer, 1976.
• D. D. Shostakovich: Collection of articles to the 90th anniversary of his birth / Sost. L. Kovakskaya. - SPb.: Composer, 1996.

The Physico-Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, was the son of the Revolutionary Siberian to Siberia, subsequently the post of managing the Irkutsk branch of the Siberian Trade Bank. Mother, nee Sophia Kokoulin, the daughter of the Golden People, was engaged in the class of piano in the St. Petersburg Conservatory.

Initial musical education Dmitry Shostakovich received at home (piano lessons at the mother) and in a music school in the Glisser class (1916-1918). By this time include the first experiments of writing music. Among the early works of Shostakovich are "fantastic dancing" and other plays for piano, scherzo for the orchestra, "Two Basiny Krylov" for voice with the orchestra.

In 1919, 13-year-old Shostakovich entered the Petrograd Conservatory (now the St. Petersburg State Conservatory named after N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov), where he was engaged in two specialties: Piano - Leonid Nikolaev (graduated from 1923) and the compositions - at Maximilian Steinberg (graduated in 1925).

The graduation work Shostakovich is the first symphony, the premiere of which was held in May 1926 in the Great Hall of the Leningrad Philharmonic, brought the composer world famous.

In the second half of the 1920s, Shostakovich concerted as a pianist. In 1927, in the first international competition of pianists named after F. Chopin (Warsaw), he was awarded an honorary diploma. Since the early 1930s, he performed at the concerts less often, mainly participating in the performance of their own works.

During the years of study, Shostakovich also worked as a pianist-illustrator in Leningrad cinemas. In 1928, he worked at the theater of Meyerhold as a head of the musical part and a pianist, then he wrote music to the "Klop" spectrum, supplied by Meyerhold. In 1930-1933 he was the head of the musical part in the Leningrad Theater of Working Youth.

In January 1930, the premiere of the first opera Shostakovich "Nose" (1928) was presented in the Leningrad Mal Opera Opera Theater (1928) on the story of Nikolai Gogol, which caused contradictory responses of criticism and listeners.

The most important stage of the creative evolution of the composer was the creation of the Opera "Lady McBet Mtsensky County" in Nicholas Leskov (1932), perceived by contemporaries as a work, on drama, emotional strength and virtuosity of the musical language comparable to Musorgsky Modest operators and the "peak lady" Peter Tchaikovsky. In 1935-1937, the Opera was performed in New York, Buenos Aires, Zurich, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Ljubljana, Bratislava, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Zagreb.

After the appearance of the article "Pravda" Article "Supbar instead of the music" (January 28, 1936), accusing the composer in excessive naturalism, formalism and leva deformity, the opera was prohibited and removed from the repertoire. Under the name "Katerina Izmailova" in the second edition of the Opera returned to the scene only in January 1963, the premiere took place at the K.S. Academic Music Theater Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko.

The prohibition of this work was the cause of the psychological crisis and the refusal of Shostakovich from work in the opera genre. His Opera "Players" in Nicholas Gogol (1941-1942) remained unfinished.

From that time, Shostakovich focused on creating works of instrumental genres. They were written 15 symphony (1925-1971), 15 string quartets (1938-1974), Piano Quintet (1940), two piano trio (1923; 1944), instrumental concerts and other works. The central place among them was occupied by symphonies, most of which embody the antithesis of a complex personal being of the hero and the mechanistic work of the "History Machine".

The 7th symphony dedicated to Leningrad was widely fame, on which the composer worked in the first months of blockades in the city. For the first time, symphony was executed on August 9, 1942 in a deposited of Leningrad in the Big Hall of the Philharmonic Radio Orchestra.

Among the most significant works of composer of other genres - cycle 24 Preludes and fugues for Piano (1951), Vocal Cycles "Spanish Songs" (1956), five Satire on the words of Sasha Black (1960), six poems of Marina Tsvetaeva (1973), Suite "Saunets Michelangelo Buonaroti "(1974).

Shostakovich also wrote ballets "Golden Age" (1930), "Bolt" (1931), bright stream "(1935), operetta" Moscow, Cheryomushki "(1959).

Dmitry Shostakovich led teaching activities. In 1937-1941 and in 1945-1948, he taught the instrument and composition in the Leningrad Conservatory, where since 1939 he held the position of professor. Among his students was, in particular, composer George Sviridov.

From June 1943, at the invitation of the Director of the Moscow Conservatory and his friend Vissarion, Schebalina Shostakovich moved to Moscow and became a teacher of the composition and tools to the Moscow Conservatory. Composers Herman Galynin, Karaev, Karen Khachaturian, Boris Tchaikovsky came out of his class. Student Shostakovich in the class of instrumentation was the famous cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich.

In the autumn of 1948, Shostakovich was deprived of the title of professor of the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatory. The reason for this was the ruling of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) about Opera Vano Muradi "Great Friendship", in which the music of the largest Soviet composers, including Sergey Prokofiev, Dmitry Shostakovich and Aram Khachaturian, was announced by the "formalistic" and "alien to the Soviet people".

In 1961, the composer returned to the pedagogical work in the Leningrad Conservatory, where until 1968 led several graduate students, including composers Vadim Biebergan, Gennady Belov, Boris Tishchenko, Vladislav Uspensky.
Shostakovich created music for movies. One of his little masterpieces - a melody "Songs about the counter" for the movie "Counter" ("Morning Morning Morning Meets", on the poems of the Leningrad poet Boris Kornilov). The composer wrote music to 35 movies, among them "Potemkin's armadiole" (1925), "Youth Maxim" (1934), "Man with a gun" (1938), "Young Guard" (1948), "Meeting on Elbe" (1949 ), "Hamlet" (1964), "King Lear" (1970).

On August 9, 1975, Dmitry Shostakovich died in Moscow. Buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

The composer was an honorary member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music (1954), the Italian Academy "Santa Chechchili" (1956), the Royal Academy of Music of Great Britain (1958), Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1965). He was a member of the US National Academy (1959), a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts (1968). He was an honorary doctor of Oxford University (1958), the French Academy of Fine Arts (1975).

Dmitry Shostakovich's work was marked by various awards. In 1966, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the Lenin Award (1958), State Prize of the USSR (1941, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1952, 1968), State Prize of the RSFSR (1974). Cavalier of the Order of Lenin, Labor Red Banner. Commander of the Orden of Arts and Literature (France, 1958). In 1954, awarded the international premium of the world.

In December 1975, the composer's name was assigned to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) Philharmonic.

In 1977, the name of Shostakovich in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) was named the street on the Vyborg side.

In 1997, in St. Petersburg in the courtyard of the house at Kronverkskaya Street, where Shostakovich lived, his bust was opened.

The three-meter composer monument is set at the corner of Shostakovich Street and Engels Avenue in St. Petersburg.

In 2015, a monument to Dmitry Shostakovich was opened in Moscow in front of the building of the Moscow International House of Music.

The composer was married three times. The first spouse was Nina Warzar, who died after 20 years of marriage. She gave birth to the Shostakovchi Son Maxim and Daughter Galina.

By a short time, his wife was Margarita Kayonov. With the third spouse, editor of the Publishing House "Soviet composer" Irina Sudinskaya, Shostakovich lived until the end of his days.

In 1993, the Shostakovich widow founded the DSCH (Monogram) publishing house, the main goal of which is the release of a complete collected of the writings of Shostakovich in 150 volumes.

The son of the composer Maxim Shostakovich (born in 1938) is a pianist and conductor, a student of Alexander Gauca and Gennady Christmas.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

Shostakovich Dmitry Dmitrievich (12 (25) September 1906 (19060925), St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - August 9, 1975, Moscow, USSR) - Russian Soviet composer, pianist, teacher and public figure. One of the largest composers of the 20th century, which has enormous influence on the development of world musical culture.

Biography

Childhood.

Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich was born in the St. Petersburg family of a chemical engineer and pianist on September 25, 1906.

It is known that Shostakovich grew up in a musical family. His mother, Sophia Vasilyevna, was a wonderful pianist who studied in a conservatory for several years, and Father, Dmitry Boleslavovich, loved the music very much and sang quite well. Music lovers were among the familiar family of the composer. Many of them took part in the Muzication of them at home.

From the stories of Shostakovich himself, it is known that music often sounded from the next apartment. There lived an engineer, an excellent cellist and a big amateur chamber music. With her friends, he often played quartets and trio of Beethoven, Borodin, Gaidna, Mozart and Tchaikovsky. Little Shostakovich was often climbed into the corridor to listen to their game. It lasted hours. Parents also arranged musical evenings. Of course, it all brightly imprinted in his memory.

The mother Shostakovich was not just a pianist, but the teacher of the piano game for beginners. She trained their children to music - the future composer and his two sisters, the eldest of whom later became a professional musician.

The First World War and the October Revolution of 1917 fell on the Childhood of Shostakovich. Therefore, he constantly observed the reaction of home to these events, which is quite explained, because they occupied the minds of almost all contemporaries. In addition, he himself was also a direct witness to some historical events. So, on April 3, 1917, being eleven-year-old boy, he found himself on the square at the Finnish station in the crowd of people who listen to V.I. Lenin.

By the same period also apply to his first experiments in writing music. He began in nine years. Among his piano plays, those composed in the period of 9 - 11 years old, "the hymn of freedom" and the "mourning march of memory of the victims of the revolution." Thus, we see that the desire to transfer the music and experiences related to the most important events of the current life has been discovered in childhood. It will become characteristic and for Shostakovich as a mature composer.

Conservatory.

The future composer studied for some time in one of the private music schools. And in 1919, when he was 13 years old, he entered the Petrograd Conservatory. He arrived at once in two specialties - composition and piano.

In the Conservatory, Shostakovich was advised to seriously do the composition. The Council gave Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov, then the director of the Petrograd Conservatory. He saw in the thirteen-year-old boy "one of the best hopes of our art." In the examination sheet, he described the Shostakovich:

"Exceptionally bright, early outlined creative talent. Decently surprise and admiration ... ".

All who heard the game of the young pianist composer treated her enthusiasm. The writer Konstantin Fedin met Shostakovich in one of the Petrograd houses and described how a slender boy, who turned to his amazement into a bold musician, was barely sorn the piano. He described the "unexpected writings", forced to "experience the sound as if it was a theater, where everything is obvious to laughter or to tears."

Shostakovich admired his works and peers gathered with him in the composer mug of the conservatory. Especially strong emotions have bright "fantastic dances" for piano. "Fantastic dances" still persist in the repertoire of pianists.

Shostakovich was strongly fond of studying in the conservatory. Subsequently, he responded about his teachers with gratitude. These were L. V. Nikolaev (class of piano) and M. O. Steinberg (class of composition). He was also very grateful to A. K. Glazunov. After all, he not only was actively interested in the success of the student in creativity, but also directly care about the conditions of his life. In 1922, the Father died in Shostakovich. The situation of the family has deteriorated greatly, and the glazing surrounded the personal scholarship for a gifted student.

Yet one scholarship was not enough. Therefore, without breaking away from classes, Shostakovich after the death of the Father went to work at the "Parisian" cinema on Nevsky Prospect. He worked as a music illustrator. This profession was very common in the years of silent movies. Music illustrators voiced film frames game on piano. The experience of this work was then very useful to Shostakovich.

Shostakovich graduated from the piano conservatory in 1923, and in composition - two years later.

A lot of essays are written in conservative years. Among them are symphonic scores, and piano plays, and romances. Of the symphony scores, the larger is the graduation work of a young composer - the first symphony.

Musicians know that symphony has always been the most complex genome of instrumental music. A composer that wring a significant work of this kind aged 18-19 years is a rare case. However, this is the case with Shostakovich. An noticeable event of the musical life of Leningrad was the fulfillment of his symphony on May 12, 1926. Dmitry Dmitrievich's mother wrote in a letter: "... The biggest success fell on Mitina share. At the end of Symphony, Mitu was also called. When our young composer seemed at a very boy, appeared on the stage, the turbulent enthusiasm of the public switched to ovation. "

Very soon, in less than a few years, the symphony has been performed in the United States of America and Germany. In the US, it sounded under the control of UN monastery and Tuscany, in Germany - under the control of Bruno Walter and Otto Clemerer,.

It should be noted that over time, the perception of symphonies changed greatly. At first there was no more mischief in it, such a theatrical and youthful mood. Then the tragic images enclosed in music on mourning rhythms began to pay more and more. The multifaceted content of the work of the young composer was revealed before critics and listeners gradually. It felt the influence of various composers: Scriabin, Stravinsky, Prokofiev ... But, despite this, they are refracted in their own style of Shostakovich; The music of the first symphony itself is very pretty.

After graduating from the conservatory.

Although his symphony was a great success, the young composer was puzzled by a problem immediately after the end of the Conservatory: Whether a composer or a pianist?

He did not choose immediately, striving at the first time to combine both. After graduating from the conservatory, Shostakovich often performed in the second half of the 20s as a pianist, gave solo concerts (in the program Shopin, Sheet, Bach); Played the first concert Prokofiev, the first concert of Tchaikovsky, the concerts of Chopin. His game was distinguished by depth and poetry. In 1927, he participated in the International Competition named after Chopin in Warsaw. There he was celebrated by an honorary diploma. However, he refused the glory of the concert virtuoso, since this activity interfered with the composition.

Searches for your style. Very tense for Shostakovich were the second half of the 20s - the beginning of the 30s. This is the time of searching for your style and the time of tense creativity. Not only for Shostakovich, he and for all young Soviet arts this time was the time of experiments and searches.

Composers of that time argued on various issues important for them. Most of them were interested in what artistic means should display global changes in the life of the country. What do you need to choose genres and musical means of expressiveness to create music, and affordable people, and reflective modernity?

Some of them believed that the main properties of Soviet music should be the most simple, understandable language, mass genres, oratoria, songs, choirs. They believed that sonates, symphonies and other "clean" forms were too complex for the general public.

Others assured that the authors should not dine Soviet music, refusing complex tools and purposefully simplifying expressiveness. In contrast, in their opinion, the latest developments of both Russian and foreign composers should be used. However, at the same time, the valuable contents in the works of authors were often not separated from purely formal, technical experiments.

This was the turning point, in contradictory trends of which it is difficult to understand. But Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich is unusted limitations. He is interested in all genres and parties to musical life. His variety of writings appear one after another. Both Opera, and piano plays, symphones, ballets, music for cinema and theater, songs - the young composer tried it all. In these essays, various musical impressions are fused together: from songs and household dances, from the mass music of songs and marches to modern vocal and instrumental works with a complicated musical language. Shostakovich is under the influence of Prokofiev's music, as well as other modern composers, foreign and Russians: Kshek, Berg, Hindemit, Stravinsky. In Leningrad of that time, their music sounded widely, and Shostakovich was remarkably familiar with her.

Nevertheless, the works of the Shostakovich himself were sometimes imperfect and uneven. He was looking for new rhythms and intonation. His thirst to embody modernity in music encouraged him to actively experiment.

The second, written in 1927, Symphony Shostakovich dedicated to October, and the third, written in 1929 - the first of May. The third symphony is more interesting, brighter in music. The experts heard in it the drilling of spring demonstrations, the respiration of the squares and streets, the intonation of oratory speeches, the rumble of street orchestras and the rhythms of the marches. Nevertheless, in the May Day symphony, there was no harmony and purposefulness of musical development, distinguishing more mature writings of Shostakovich. "Pervomaisaya Symphony" was only a chain of sketches from nature, however very lively and bright. It is curious that the "Songs about the Counter" was noticeable in the choir final, written for the film "Counter" a little later - in 1932. She was called the Morning Song. Shostakovich created one of the first mass Soviet songs.

Thus, we see that Shostakovich managed to convey in music a novelty of his time already in some early writings. This novelty concerned the construction of socialism in the USSR, and the composer melodies carried the then enthusiasm, a sense of life, light, youth and confident movement into the future.

In the same period, a somewhat different topic arose in his work. In the years when Shostakovich created the "May Day" symphony and "song about the counter", he also had a "nose" opened, written in the same name of Gogol. In addition, he created and caricature portraits of the trash, bureaucrat, hooligan and pest in the Bolt ballet, set in 1931. He wrote music to the films in which the vulgarity of the blessing tastes was paroded. Shostakovich was even called the "musical lintonist" for the ability to caricature and the advocacy.

Something general is in these different and artistic value, and according to the plots of works. This is general - ridicuing what was considered vices that were inherited from the past, the fact that Mayakovsky called "bourgeois hoops."

This topic was topical for all Soviet art. The desire for a new one forced sharper feeling the incompatibility of the residues of bourgeois traditions with the ideals of the communist ideology. I. Ilf and E. Petrov also worked on this topic - in their famous books "twelve chairs" and "Golden calf", which appeared in the late 20s - early 30s. V. Mayakovsky also expressed this topic. In his "conversation with his comrade Lenin" - a work written in 1929 - there are such lines:

"Comrade Lenin, I repeat to you

not in service, but soul.

Comrade Lenin, Advanced work

will be done and done already.

Light, wear poverty and il

the mining of coal and ore collapse ...

And next to the length, a lot,

Many different rubbish and nonsense.

The whole tape tape stretches.

Fists and fiber,

podkhalima, sectarians and drunkards ... "

Awards, Prize and Membership in Organizations

• Stalin's first degree premium (1941); For Piano Quintet
• Stalin's first degree premium (1942); For the seventh ("Leningrad") symphony
• Stalinsky Degree Prize (1946); for trio
• Stalin's first degree premium (1950); For music for the film "Meeting on Elbe" (1949)
• Stalinsky Degree Prize (1952); For 10 poems for choir
• International Peace Prize (1954)
• People's Artist of the USSR (1954)
• Lenin Prize (1958)
• Hero of Socialist Labor (1966)
• State Prize of the USSR (1968)
• Order of "Friendship of Peoples" (1972)
• State Prize RSFSR (1974)
• Silver Commander Cross Order Honor for Merit to the Austrian Republic (1967)

Doctor of Art History (1965). Member of the CPSU since 1960.

He was a member of the Soviet Committee for the Protection of the World (since 1949), the Slavic Committee of the USSR (from 1942), the World Committee for the Protection of the World (from 1968). The honorary member of the Swedish Royal Music Academy (1954), the Italian Academy of Arts "Santa Chechchilia" (1956), Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1965). Honorary Doctor of Sciences of Oxford University (1958), North-West University of Evston (USA, 1973), French Academy of Fine Arts (1975), Corresponding Member of the GDR Academy (1956), Bavarian Fine Arts Academy (1968), Member of the English Royal Music Academy (1958), US National Sciences Academy (1959). Honorary Professor of the Mexican Conservatory. President of the Society "USSR - Austria" (1958).

Shostakovich said:
"In 1925, I graduated from the composer faculty. It should be honestly to admit that I was not satisfied with conservative education. There is an opinion among young people that only talent is needed, but you don't need classes. Then I realized that a conservative education was given to me - it was a systematic education ... I know how to orchestrate, some modulation to do. Now I remember with the love of those years and thank the Conservatory for my knowledge. "