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1. Painting

2. Types of painting

3. Colorology

Conclusion

Bibliography

1. Painting

The word "painting" is formed from the words "alone" and "write". "To paint," explains the distance, "to portray it right and via the brush or words, pen." For the drawing, depicting correctly means the exact transmission of the appearance of seen, its most important signs. It is right to pass them by graphic means - line and tone. But convey to the lives of the surrounding world by these limited means, the pulsation of life in each centimeter of the color surface of the subject, the charm of this life and constant movement and change is impossible. Truthfully reflect the color of the real world helps painting - one of the types of visual art.

Color - the mainly visual and expressive agent in painting - has a tone, saturation and light; It, as it were, glorifies everything characteristic in the subject: and what can be depicted with a line, and what is not available to it.

Painting, as well as graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and stains, but unlike her these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They transmit the color of the light source through the glare and brightly illuminated surfaces, lay the volumetric form of the subject (local) color and color, reflected by the medium, set spatial relations and depth, depict the texture and materiality of items.

The task of painting is not only to show anything, but also to reveal the inner essence of the depicted, reproduce "typical characters in typical circumstances." Therefore, truthful artistic generalization of life phenomena is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting.

painting Flower Science Drawing Watercolor

2. Types of painting

Monumental painting is a special type of painting products of a large scale, adorning walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the content of major social phenomena, which had a positive impact on the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates, contributing to the upbringing of people in the spirit of patriotism, progress and humanity. The elevation of the content of monumental painting, the significant sizes of its works, communication with the architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconism of the composition, clarity of contours and the generalization of the plastic shape.

Decorative painting is used to decorate buildings, the interior in the form of colorful panels, which the realistic image creates the illusion of a wall breakthrough, a visual increase in the size of the room or, on the contrary, deliberately composed forms approve the walls and closure of space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor adorning the works of monumental painting and sculptures are associated with all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty, consistency with architecture.

Theatrical and decoration painting (scenery, costumes, makeup, butafory, made according to the artist's sketches) helps to delete the performance of the performance. Special theatrical conditions of perception of scenery require the records of many points of view of the public, their great remoteness, the effects of artificial lighting and color lights. The scenery gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe place and time of action, activates the perception of what is happening on the scene. Theatrical artist is striving in sketches of costumes and makeups to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era and much more.

Miniature painting received a large development in the Middle Ages, until the invention of typography. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest screensavers, endings, detailed studied illustrations of miniatures. Picturesque miniatures of Russian artists of the first half of the XIX century were skillfully used when creating small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, the jewelry subtlety of the letter is distinguished by these portraits, complete grace and nobility.

Stank painting, performed on the machine - Molbert, as a material basis uses wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on the subframe. The glass picture, being an independent work, can be depicted solving everything: the actual and fictional artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, the old painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically multifaceted and finely convey the beauty of the surrounding world.

According to the technique and equipment, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel. These names obtained from a binder or from the method of applying material and technical means.

Oil painting is performed by paint, erased on vegetable oils. The thick paint with the addition of oil or special diluents and varnishes to it. Oil paint can be operated on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Temperal painting is performed by paint cooked on egg yolk or on Kazin. Temperal paint dissolves with water and applied pastosally or liquid on the wall, canvas, paper, wood. Tever in Russia was created wall paintings, icons and patterns on household subjects. In our time, Teperu is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied art and artistic business.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental-decorative compositions deposited by raw plaster with water colors. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and durable in a closed room.

Wax painting (Enkauski) was used by the artists of ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous "Fayum portraits" (I cent. E.). Bleached wax serves as a binder in Enkautics. Wax paints are applied in the molten state on the heated base, after which they are migrated.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is collected from individual slices of smalt or colored stones and is fixed on a special cement soil. Transparent smalle inserted into the ground at different angles reflects or refracts the light, causing flashed and flickering color. Mosaic panel can be found in the subway, in theatrical and museum interiors, etc. Stained-in painting - works of decorative art designed to decorate window openings in any architectural construction. Stained glass window is made up of stained glass pieces bonded by a solid metal frame. The light stream, punching the color surface of the stained glass, draws on the floor and walls of the interior decoratively spectacular, multicolor patterns.

3. Colorology

Colorography is a science of "color, including knowledge of the" nature of color, basic, composite and "additional colors, the main characteristics of color, color contrasts, mixing colors, color, color harmony, color language and" color culture.

Color - one of the "properties of the material world objects, perceived as a conscious visual sensation. A particular color" is assigned to "by the person in the" process of their "visual perception. The color perception can partially change in" dependence on "the psychophysiological state of the observer, for example intensifying in "Hazardous situations, decrease with fatigue.

In "the overwhelming majority of cases, the color sensation occurs in" resulting on the "Eye of the electromagnetic radiation streams from" the wavelength range, in which this radiation is perceived by the eye (visible range "- wavelengths from" 380 to "760" nm). Sometimes a color The feeling occurs without the impact of a radiant flow on the "eye" - at a pressure on the "eyeball, blow, electric irritation and" dr., a "also on the" mental association with "dr. Sensations "- sound, heat and" t. D., and "in" the result of the work of imagination. Different color sensations cause distracted items, their "variegated areas, a" also light sources and "lighting created by them. At the same time, the perception of colors may differ (even with the same relative spectral composition of the radiation streams) in" depending on "whether "Eye radiation from" light sources or from "non-simulating objects. In the" human language, however, one and "those" are used to designate the color of these two different types of objects. The bulk of the objects causing the color sensations make up unlimited bodies, which only reflect or skip the light emitted by sources. In "General, the color of the subject is due to the following factors: its coloring and" properties of its surface; The optical properties of light sources and the environment through which the light applies; the properties of the visual analyzer and the characteristics of the still studied psychophysiological process of processing visual impressions in "brain centers.

Basic concepts in floweronation.

Achromatic colors differ from each other only one sign - in lightness (light gray or dark gray). Chromatic colors, except for differences in lightness, are characterized by two more important signs - color tone and saturation.

Color tone is something that is determined by the words "red", "yellow", etc. and that the most distinguishes one color from the other. But the red can be pure-red or with an admixture of achromatic, for example, gray. At the same time, it will still remain red - an admixture of gray will not change its color tone. If you take gray the same light, then the new "mixed" red will not change. However, the color will still become different: it will change its third sign - saturation. From the impurities of the achromatic chromatic color became less saturated.

So, all chromatic colors are characterized by three parameters - light, flower tone and saturation.

Chromatic colors are conditionally divided into warm and cold. The warm-red part of the spectrum belongs to warm, and to the cold - blue-blue. Its names of warm and cold these groups of colors got: Some - on the Association with the Color of the Sun and Fire, others - by association with the color of the sky, water and ice. Purple and green colors occupy an intermediate position in various specific cases, depending on the combination, they can be attributed to warm, then to cold.

If the spectral strip, where all neighboring colors, gradually changing, go over to another, take and bend into the ring, then this ring will not clocked, because, as already noted, between extreme colors - red and purple - lack transitional - red-violet (purple).

If adding them, the circle will be closed. Such a color circle will help us to understand a lot regarding the colors.

4. Gaisha technique. Watercolor technique

Watercolor painting equipment

Watercolor in the old days wrote on parchment of bleached skin, on thin plates from ivory, who are now used for thumbnails, on linen bleached tissues and is already much later - on paper. Now watercolor is written mostly only on paper.

Vintage paper was made from the XIV century of flax fibers and was very good quality. Starting from the XVII century for its manufacture, it began to use cotton, which is largely inferior to flares, and the quality of paper has become understood from that time.

Nowadays, produce a large number of paper varieties. It is made not only of cotton and flax, but also from such materials that did not use for these purposes before: from wood of coniferous trees, straw. But the most valuable materials still remain flax and cotton. In many grades of paper, in addition to plant fiber: Gypsum, spheres, chalk, kaolin, water alumina, lead whitewash, and to mask her yellow color Blue paint: ultramarin and Berlin azure.

Paper mass is sick with a flour celastic, starch, animal glue, gelatin (the last 2 is always in conjunction with alum), rosin. In the old days, an exclusively flour Cleaster was used, the most outgoing material for these purposes. Now the gelatin is increasingly used. Paper glued by gelatin, under the influence of dampness quickly blooms and covered with stains. In the manufacture of paper, many chemicals are used, traces of which often remain in the finished paper and affect the covering paint not in the best way.

Watercolor needs very good paper. Wood and resulting from straw paper quickly brown and black in one light, so absolutely not suitable for painting watercolor. Cotton paper does not have this negative property, but it is bad and rushes, and the paint falls on it not exactly.

The only suitable paper for watercolor painting equipment is linen paper with impeccable whiteness. It should not quickly suck water, it should not contain impurities of chemicals used in its manufacture. The paint falls into such a paper exactly and acquires brightness, it can be flushed off and roll.

On the surface of the paper, traces of fat are very often present, which prevents the uniform distribution of paint. Therefore, before use, the paper should be flushed with distilled water with several drops of ammonia alcohol. The yellowed good linen paper is easily whiten if it is washed with hydrogen peroxide.

The painting technique watercolor in its complexity is approaching tempera and even the fresco. During the long time the existence of this technique themselves, techniques and methods that facilitate work appeared. Since any paper with wetting is brewing, covered by waves, which prevents painting to avoid this, the paper is made to pull on the cardboard, the board, as well as use the "eraser".

Painting pure watercolor

Clean watercolor can be considered only the one in which all the resources of this technique are used: the transparency of the paints, translucent white tone of paper, lightness and at the same time the strength and brightness of the paints. In the technique of pure watercolor completely unacceptable Belil, the paper itself performs their role. It makes it thoroughly keeping it white in places allocated to glare, etc., since recorded paper places cannot be restored with Belil, always distingurable from the tone of paper. To facilitate this difficulty, there are a number of techniques. One of them is to accomplise recorded paper places with a special scaber ("Grattoire") or a knife. Such an operation can only be done on dry paper of good quality.

Another way is to apply to the savings places of a liquid solution of rubber in gasoline. By drying, the rubber is easily removed from the paper surface with an eraser.

Watercolor paints applied by a thin layer, after drying, change about one third of their initial force, and this must be considered. While working for more easy-to-store neighboring paints, it is useful to make paper from below. This method of work the French is called "Travailler Dans L" EAU "(work in water).

To slow down the drying of the paints, you can use aqualent or watercolor. For the same purposes in water, the paints are bruteed, honey or glycerin are added. However, a large number of these substances can adversely affect watercolors. Ideally, the watercolor drawing is better to do separately, and then transfer it to not spoil the surface of the paper. Sawd out paper makes the paint applying.

Watercolor paints can also play a service role, for example, in a millet for oil painting. On adhesive and emulsion soils, watercolor paint falls smoothly and well, and so thin layer, which does not necessitate the texture of the soil and does not interfere with the subsequent oil painting.

Painting gouache.

This ancient way of painting, representing one of the varieties of watercolor, was first developed in the works of Artist Paolo Pino (1548). Painting a gouache in appearance is close to painting performed by the gumiarabic Temper, but her colorful layer more loose. The gouache is deprived of transparency, since its paints are applied with a thicker layer than in pure watercolor, and we are mixed with her whites. Gouache painting is performed either by special paints, or the work is carried out according to the Gaisi method with ordinary watercolor paints with the addition of Belil. And in the same case, the pasteous letter is not permissible, since the thick layer of gouache when drying is easily cracking.

Materials for watercolor painting equipment

Palettes and brushes.

Palettes for watercolor paints are made of white porcelain or faience and they are attached to a smooth shiny surface. It serves for this purpose and metal covered by white enamel. Plastic palettes are often found. So that the oily surface of the plastic palette collects paints into a puddle, it can be slightly graxed with garlic juice so that it deprivates.

Watercolor painting brushes apply only from soft and elastic hair. The brush should be soft and at the same time elastic. These are column, squirrels, ferret brushes. The brush should have a round shape, and when wetting, take the type of cone with a completely sharp end.

Boards and erasers.

When the paper sticker on the board should be bandaged at the edges of the sheet by 2-3 cm. In the opposite direction of its front side, so that it would be like a paper chest. Then the front side on which painting will be, should be moistened with water, and leaving the edges are dried dry. Do not make water to the water, which will lay down to the blackboard, as the glue by water can be counted on the opposite side and glue the sheet to the tablet, which makes it difficult to remove the completed work from the board. The bent edges are lubricated with the inner side with wheat holter, more often than PVA glue, and the paper is superimposed onto the board, and the edges are glued to its sides. It should be not allowed to enter the air under paper, otherwise, when drying it, it is swallowed. It should not be too tensioning wet paper, since it is tensioned by drying on alone, and the waves disappear by themselves; But the dragging wet paper can crack. It is necessary to carefully glue the edges to the tablet without paying. Otherwise, in these places there will be a wave. For small works, they use the erases that are two species. One of them is an ordinary board that is inserted into a wooden frame. The paper is superimposed on the board and bend along the edges, after which the board is inserted into the frame. Do not have to resort to the help of any glue.

The second form is two wooden frames that enter one into one, like a hoop for embroidery. The paper is superimposed on a smaller frame and pressed more.

Preservation of watercolor works.

Thin layers of watercolor paint are easily discolored, and the binder is badly protected. Most transparent paints themselves are not durable.

However, they attract their beauty, and therefore artists are difficult to part with them. Watercolor is afraid of light. In the light paint fade, and the paper loses its whiteness. Watercolors need to be kept indoors with temperate light and dry air. Storage of watercolors in highly illuminated halls is natural barbarism. They are preserved under the glass (painting should not touch the glass), where they are up to a certain extent protected from external influence from the front side, and with the internal remains not protected.

For better water conservation, methods were proposed, difficult to practice in practice.

One of them is to put the watercolor between the two soldered windows.

It really protects fast-growing paints, but the black paint is black and more faster.

It is also proposed to pump air from the space between the two soldered windows, of course, this method will give the best result, but it is difficult to implement in practice.

Sometimes watercolors are covered with a white shellary lacquer on alcohol or water. The varnish really protects the watercolor from dampness, gives paint brightness, however, the watercolor covered with varnished, acquires the view that does it.

5. Drawing from a group of items. Still life in color

Drawing from nature develops observation and produces a picture of a picture of a picture. After all, drawing from nature different in size, color and form items, the child exercises in the construction of compositions.

You can draw from nature with a pencil, felt-tip pen and paints.

The first stage of drawing from nature is the formulation of the subject for drawing.

In order to be more convenient to draw, the item must be placed in front of it at a distance of three sizes.

The second stage is the sketch of these general forms of the subject on a sheet of paper, that is, their correct placement.

The third stage is the shadow hatching of the depicted object. Artists have this stage is called elaboration. Covering background and object color, do not forget about the shadow.

Drawing from nature should be started with simple items. Let's try to draw a box from the nature. Take a rectangular box and put it on the table right in front of yourself.

Let's see how many sides do we see - one side or also a lid? Draw the box as we see it from your place.

Now finish the drawing, "tangle" the box with ribbon.

When drawing from nature from time to time, it is necessary to check the correctness of the image, departing from the figure by 2-3 meters.

Still life in color.

Still life is considered one of the most complex genres. However, the same can be heard about all other genres. But the fact that still life is the most creative genre, undoubtedly. To shoot or draw still lifes, you need inspiration. Because, in contrast to others, in still life, it is originally missing an object for shooting. Simply put nothing to shoot or rice, while you yourself do not think of the plot in your imagination, and then do not create it in reality. It is necessary to pick up "participants", build the composition of them, think over the lighting options and set the light, while take into account such nuances as a medium in which the composition is located, the interaction of objects with each other and the environment, their combination of color, texture, sizes, and, and a lot more. Those. The process of creating still life includes not only the photography as such, but also the creation of the plot. Therefore, the genre of still life can be bolden by creativity in a square.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the summary of the foregoing:

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical-ornamental, miniature and machine.

According to the technique and equipment, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel.

In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, household, landscape, still life, animal genre.

Historical painting is images of certain historical moments, as well as pelvis personnel in the past.

Battle painting aims to capture the battle, battles and war. Mythological painting depicts events described in myths, epics and legends.

Household (genre) Painting is an image of a scene of real life, its realities and attributes.

Landscape (landscape) Painting is an image of natural nature or any terrain.

Portrait painting is an artistic image of a person. Specific portrait type is a self-portrait.

Still life is an image of various inanimate objects, such as fruits, colors, household items, utensils placed in a real household medium and compositely organized into a single group.

Bibliography

1. Batrakova SP Artist XX century. and painting language. M., 1996.

2. Vipper B.R. Introduction to the historical study of art. M., Fine Arts, 1985

3. Western art of the XX century. Classic heritage and modernity. M, 1992.

4. History of foreign art. M., Fine Arts, 1984

5. History of world art. 3rd edition, publishing house "Academy", M., 1998.

6. From constructivism to surrealism. M., 1996.

7. Polyakov V.V. History of world art. Fine art and architecture XX century. M., 1993.

8. Sadokhin A.P. Culturalology: Theory and History of Culture: Tutorial. - M.: Eksmo, 2007.

9. Modern Western art. XX Century: Problems and Trends. M., 1982.

10. Suzdalev P. About the genres of painting. // Creativity, 2004, No. 2, 3. P. 45-49.

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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Introduction

1. Types of painting

2. Painting and her genres

Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

The word "painting" is formed from the words "alone" and "write". "To paint," explains the distance, "to portray it right and via the brush or words, pen." For the drawing, depicting correctly means the exact transmission of the appearance of seen, its most important signs. It is right to pass them by graphic means - line and tone. But convey to the lives of the surrounding world by these limited means, the pulsation of life in each centimeter of the color surface of the subject, the charm of this life and constant movement and change is impossible. Truthfully reflect the color of the real world helps painting - one of the types of visual art.

Color - the mainly visual and expressive agent in painting - has a tone, saturation and light; It, as it were, glorifies everything characteristic in the subject: and what can be depicted with a line, and what is not available to it.

Painting, as well as graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and stains, but unlike her these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They transmit the color of the light source through the glare and brightly illuminated surfaces, lay the volumetric form of the subject (local) color and color, reflected by the medium, set spatial relations and depth, depict the texture and materiality of items.

The task of painting is not only to show anything, but also to reveal the inner essence of the depicted, reproduce "typical characters in typical circumstances." Therefore, truthful artistic generalization of life phenomena is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting.

1. Types of painting

Monumental painting - This is a special type of picturesque works of a large scale, adorning walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the content of major social phenomena, which had a positive impact on the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates, contributing to the upbringing of people in the spirit of patriotism, progress and humanity. The elevation of the content of monumental painting, the significant sizes of its works, communication with the architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconism of the composition, clarity of contours and the generalization of the plastic shape.

Decorative painting It is used to decorate buildings, the interior in the form of colorful panels, which the realistic image creates the illusion of the wall breakthrough, the visual increase in the size of the room or, on the contrary, deliberately complicated forms claim flatness of the wall and the closure of space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor adorning the works of monumental painting and sculptures are associated with all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty, consistency with architecture.

Theatrical Decoration Painting (scenery, costumes, makeup, butafory, performed by artist's sketches) helps deeper the performance of the performance. Special theatrical conditions of perception of scenery require the records of many points of view of the public, their great remoteness, the effects of artificial lighting and color lights. The scenery gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe place and time of action, activates the perception of what is happening on the scene. Theatrical artist is striving in sketches of costumes and makeups to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era and much more.

Miniature painting Received a large development in the Middle Ages, until the invention of typography. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest screensavers, endings, detailed studied illustrations of miniatures. Picturesque miniatures of Russian artists of the first half of the XIX century were skillfully used when creating small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, the jewelry subtlety of the letter is distinguished by these portraits, complete grace and nobility.

Stank paintingPerformed on the Machine - Molbert, as a material basis uses wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on the subframe. The glass picture, being an independent work, can be depicted solving everything: the actual and fictional artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, the old painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically multifaceted and finely convey the beauty of the surrounding world.

According to the technique and equipment, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel. These names obtained from a binder or from the method of applying material and technical means.

Oil painting Perched by paint, erased on vegetable oils. The thick paint with the addition of oil or special diluents and varnishes to it. Oil paint can be operated on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Tever Painting is performed by paint prepared on egg yolk or caseine. Temperal paint dissolves with water and applied pastosally or liquid on the wall, canvas, paper, wood. Tever in Russia was created wall paintings, icons and patterns on household subjects. In our time, Teperu is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied art and artistic business.

Fresco painting Decorate interiors in the form of monumental-decorative compositions deposited on raw plaster with water colors. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and durable in a closed room.

Wax painting (Encausky) was used by the artists of ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous "Fayum portraits" (I cent. e.). Bleached wax serves as a binder in Enkautics. Wax paints are applied in the molten state on the heated base, after which they are migrated.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, assembled from individual slices of smalts or colored stones and is fixed on a special cement soil. Transparent smalle inserted into the ground at different angles reflects or refracts the light, causing flashed and flickering color. Mosaic panel can be found in the subway, in theatrical and museum interiors, etc. Stained-in painting - works of decorative art designed to decorate window openings in any architectural construction. Stained glass window is made up of stained glass pieces bonded by a solid metal frame. The light stream, punching the color surface of the stained glass, draws on the floor and walls of the interior decoratively spectacular, multicolor patterns.

2. Painting and her genres

Painting genres (Fr. Genre - Rod, View) - Historically established division of painting works in accordance with themes and objects of the image. In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, household, landscape, still life, animal genre.

Although the concept of "genre" appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences existed since ancient times: images of animals in the caves of the Paleolithic era, portraits of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia with 3 thousand BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as the system in easel painting began in Europe in the XV-XV centuries. And ended mainly in the XVII century, when, in addition to the separation of fine arts, the concept of "high" and "low" genres appears depending on the image, themes, plot.

The "high" genre was the historical and mythological genres, to the "low" - portrait, landscape, still life. Such gradation of genres existed until the XIX century. So, in the XVII century in the Holland in painting, the "low" genres (landscape, household genre, still life) were leading, and a parade portrait that formally belonged to the "low" portrait genre was not treated.

Becoming a form of displaying life, the genres of painting with all the stability of the general features are not unchanged, they develop along with life, changing as art development. Some genres die or gain a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new, usually inside previously existed (for example, an architectural landscape and marina appeared inside the landscape genre). Works appear connecting various genres (for example, a combination of a household genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).

The genre of fine art reflecting the external and inner appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is distributed not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for the portrait are the transfer of external similarity and the disclosure of the inner world, the nature of the character of a person. By the nature of the image, two main groups are highlighted: the front and chamber portraits. A parade portrait shows a man in full growth (on horse standing or sitting), on an architectural or landscape background. The chamber portrait uses a belt or sulfur image on a neutral background. A self-portrait is allocated to a special group - an image of himself.

The portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art, he originally had a cult destination, identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, the portrait developed more in sculpture, as well as in picturesque portraits - Fayum portraits I - III centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of portrait is replaced by generalized images, although on frescoes, mosaics, icons, miniatures there are some individual traits in the image of historical persons. Late Gothic and Revival is a stormy portrait development period, when the portrait genre, reaching the vertices of the humanistic faith in a person and understanding his spiritual life occurs.

The genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historic genre, which is characteristic of monumentality, has developed for a long time in wall painting. From the Renaissance before the XIX century. Artists used the stories of antique mythology, Christian legends. Often the real historical events depicted in the picture were saturated with mythological or biblical allegoric characters.

The historical genre is intertwined with the other - household genre (historical and household scenes), a portrait (image of historical figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), closes with a battle genre.

The historic genre finds the embodiment in the machine and in monumental forms, in miniatures, illustrations. Binding in antiquity, the historic genre connected real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, even existed types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, transfer to him by the Divine) and narrative cycles of paintings and reliefs. In ancient Greece, there were sculptural images of historical heroes, reliefs were created in ancient Rome with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in the miniatures chronicles, in icons. The historic genre in easel painting began to develop in Europe in the Renaissance era, in the XVII - XVIII centuries. He was considered as a "high" genre, putting forward to the fore (religious, mythological, allegorical, actually historical stories).

The paintings of the historic genre were filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, a depth of human relations.

The genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of the ancient peoples are told, called mythological genre (from Greek. mythos - legend). Mythological genre comes with historical and is issued in the Renaissance, when the ancient legends gave the richest opportunities for the incarnation of stories and characters with a complex ethical, often allegorical subtext. In the XVII century - Nach. The XIX century in the works of the mythological genre expands the circle of moral, aesthetic problems that are embodied in high artistic ideals and or get closer to life, or create a festive sight. From the XIX -XX centuries. The topics of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, Slavic myths became popular.

Batal genre (from FR. Bataille - Battle) is called the genre of painting, which is part of the historic, mythological genre and specializing in the image of the battles, military exploits, fighting, chanting military valve, the rage of battle, the triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.

The genre of fine art, showing the scenes of the daily, personal life of a person, everyday use of the peasant and city life, is called domestic genre. Appeal to life and the businesses of people are already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in antique vases and sculpture, in medieval icons and characters. But it was allocated and acquired the characteristic forms of the household genre only as the phenomenon of secular machine art. Its main features began to be executed in the XIV - XV centuries. In altar paintings, reliefs, trellis, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the XVI century, in the Netherlands, the household genre began to grow violently and altered. One of his founders was Jerome Bosch.

The creativity of Peter Breygel was very important for the development of a household genre in Europe: he passes to a pure household genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty. The XVII century can be called the century of the household genre in all picturesque schools of Europe.

In the XVIII century In France, genre painting is associated with the image of gallant scenes, "pastoral", becomes exquisite and graceful, ironic. The works of the household genre are diverse: they showed the warmth of home the life and exotics of distant countries, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. Household genre, focused on displaying the peasant life and the life of the citizen, brightly developed in Russian painting XIX C.: For example, in the works of A.G.Veetsianova, P.A. Fedotova, V.G. Perova, I.E. Pepina.

The genre of fine art, where the main thing is the image of nature, the environment, trees of countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called landscape (FR. Paysage). There are rural, urban landscape, architectural, industrial, marine (marina) and river landscape.

In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the landscape appears in the muffins of the temples, palaces, in icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance era appealed to the image of nature. From the XVI century The landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the XIX century Creative discoveries of the masters of the landscape, saturation of his social issues, the development of a captive (the image of a natural environment) was completed by the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the picturesque transmission of spatial depths, the variability of the light-hearted medium, the complexity of the color scheme.

The genre of fine art, which shows the items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, a bit of game, caught fish placed in a real household medium called still Life (Fr. Nature Morte - Dead Nature). Still life can be endowed with a complex symbolic meaning, play the role of decorative panel, to be. "Death", which gives illusory reproduction of real objects or figures causing the effect of the presence of genuine nature.

The image of objects is known in the art of antiquity and middle ages. But the first still life in the easel painting is the picture of the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari "Partridge with an arrow and gloves". Already in the XVI century, still life is divided into a variety of types: the kitchen interior with or without them, a covering table in a rural setting, "Vanitas" with symbolic objects (vase with flowers, redeemed candle, musical instruments). Especially rich was the Dutch still life, modest on color and on depicted things, but exquisite to the expressive texture of objects, on the game of color and light.

The genre of fine art showing animals is called animal genre (from Lat. Animal - Animal). Animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristic of the animal, its sobs, decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette. Often animals are endowed with people with features, actions and experiences. Animal images are often found in an ancient sculpture, vases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the summary of the foregoing:

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical-ornamental, miniature and machine.

According to the technique and equipment, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel.

In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, household, landscape, still life, animal genre.

Historical painting is images of certain historical moments, as well as pelvis personnel in the past.

Battle painting aims to capture the battle, battles and war. Mythological painting depicts events described in myths, epics and legends.

Household (genre) Painting is an image of a scene of real life, its realities and attributes.

Landscape (landscape) Painting is an image of natural nature or any terrain.

Portrait painting is an artistic image of a person. Specific portrait type is a self-portrait.

Still life is an image of various inanimate objects, such as fruits, colors, household items, utensils placed in a real household medium and compositely organized into a single group.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Batrakova SP Artist XX century. and painting language. M., 1996.

2. Vipper B.R. Introduction to the historical study of art. M., Fine Arts, 1985

3. Western art of the XX century. Classic heritage and modernity. M, 1992.

4. History of foreign art. M., Fine Arts, 1984

5. History of world art. 3rd edition, publishing house "Academy", M., 1998.

6. From constructivism to surrealism. M., 1996.

7. Polyakov V.V. History of world art. Fine art and architecture XX century. M., 1993.

8. Sadokhin A.P. Culturalology: Theory and History of Culture: Tutorial. - M.: Eksmo, 2007.

9. Modern Western art. XX Century: Problems and Trends. M., 1982.

10. Suzdalev P. About the genres of painting. // Creativity, 2004, No. 2, 3. P. 45-49.

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Features of painting as a type of visual art

Painting belongs special place in a number of other arts : perhaps no other type of art is capable of transferring seen phenomena of the world, human images with such a completeness, especially if we consider that most of the information we get from the outside world through vision,those. Visually. Art Painting Portrait Landscape Still Life

It was the art of painting that was able to create an impossible - stop the moment long before the photo: works of this species and art after one depicted moment transmits Previous subsequent, past and future, summarized by the viewer.

Picture - this is a spectacle organized by the artist:

· Despite the fact that the painter embodies the actual images in visible forms, they are not direct copying of life;

· Creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but at the same time she recreates it on the material obtained as a result of its social and professional experience, skills, skill, figurative thinking.

Can be detected several main types of experience caused by picturesque works:

· Learning of the usual subjects comprehended by vision - on the basis of this, certain associations are born about the depicted;

· Getting aesthetic feeling.

In this way, picturesque work performs visual, narrative and decorative functions.

Types of painting and its expressive means

Painting is divided into the following types:

· Monumental - decorative - serves to add and design architectural structures (wall paintings, plafoons, panels, mosaics);

· Decoration - used in other art types (in cinema or theater);

· Stankovaya;

· Iconiste;

· Miniature.

The most independent variety is an stank painting.

Paintingpossessed special expressive means:

· Picture;

· Coloring;

· Composition.

Picture -one of the most important expressive drugs: it is with the help of it and the components of the drawing linescreated plastic images. Sometimes these lines are sketchy only outlined volume designs.

Color -the leading expressive art of painting. It is in color who knows the world around him. Color:

· Lays form depicted objects;

· Simulate space subjects;

· Creates mood;

· Forms defined rhythm.

Color organization system, color tone ratio,with which the tasks of the artistic image are solved, called colorith:

· In a narrow value - it The only correct organization of the color solutions of this picture;

· Wide - common to most people are the laws of color perception,since you can say "warm color", "cold flavor", etc.

In different periods of painting history existed their colorist systems.

In the early stages used local flavorexcluding the game of colors and shades: the color here is homogeneous and unchanged.

In the era of revival developed tonal flavor Where colorsconducted position in space and their illumination.The ability to designate exactly the light shape of the image of the subject is called plastic color.

There are two types of tonal flavor:

· Dramatic -contrast of light and shadow;

· Color -contrast color tones.

For the artist, the ability to use the reception is very important. lightingthose. withstand the faithful gradation of light and dark in the picture,because it is so achieved the volume of the displayed subjectsurrounded by a light-air medium.

Composition in painting in the most general sense - placing figures, their ratio in the picture space.The composition combines into a single whole a variety of details and elements. Causes of their connection is formed by a closed system in which nothing can be changed or add to it. This system reflects part of a valid world, which is conscious and felt by the artist, is allocated to them from many phenomena.

At the same time, in the composition of the composition is located concentration of ideological and creative designbecause it is through it manifest the attitude of the Creator to his model. The image becomes artistic only when it is subordinated to ideological intent, Because otherwise, you can only talk about simple copying.

N.N. Volkov draws attention to differences of the concepts of "Structure", "Design", and "Composition":

· Structure determined a single nature of the links between the elements, the unified law of formation.With the concept of structure in relation to the work of art, the multi-layer of the artwork is associated with the work of art, that is, in the process of perception, we can penetrate into a deeper layers of its structure;

· Design - this type of structure in which elements are functionally connected, because its integrity depends on the unity of the function. In relation to the picture, it can be said that the function of structural connections in the picture is the creation and strengthening of semantic relations, since usually the constructive center most often has a semantic node;

· Arrangement of artwork there is a closed structure with fixed elements associated with unity of meaning.

One of the main laws of the compositionis a limit images, which provides opportunities for the most important picture of the picture.

Form limit also plays a significant role - in artistic practice, such main forms:

· Rectangle.

Restriction applies to whatyou can depict, i.e. find an external similarity in paints, lines on the planesubjects, persons, visible space, etc.

In the practice of visual art, the following types of compositions are known:

· Sustainable (static) - the main composite axles intersect at right angles in the center of the work;

· Dynamic - with dominant diagonals, circles and ovals;

· Open - composite lines as if diverge from the center4

· Closed - tightening lines to the center.

Sustainable and closed composite schemescharacteristic of artistic practice renaissancedynamic and open -for baroque era.

Techniques and basic painting genres

The expressiveness of the picture and the embodiment of the artistic plan depends on what kind of painting technique is used by the artist.

Main types of painting technicians:

· Oil painting;

· Watercolor;

· Tools;

· Pastel;

· Fresco.

Oil painting It is characterized by the fact that with their help you can get sophisticated color solutions -the viscosity and long drying of oil paints make it possible to enjoy the mixture of paints and getting them a variety of combinations.

The usual base for oil painting is linseed canvas covered semi-haired soil.

Other surfaces are possible.

Watercolor different from other technician special transparency and freshness of color.It does not apply Belil and is used on a non-negotiated white paper that performs their role.

Interesting watercolor, made on crude paper.

Tempera, The prepared on casein-oil, egg or synthetic binder substance is one of the most ancient painting techniques.

Tempera makes the work of the artist because it quickly dries and does not be mixed, as well as when dried, changes color, but color in Temperaespecially beautiful is calm, velvety, smooth.

Pastel - painting with colored crayons.

Gives soft, tender tones. Performed on crude paper or suede.

The works made by pastel, unfortunately, are difficult to persist due to their flowability.

Watercolor, pastel and gouache sometimes refer to K. graphicssince these paints are applied to a neglished paper, but they have a greater extent basic specific property of painting - color.

Fresco painting it is performed as follows: colorful pigment powders are divorced by water and applied to crude plaster, firmly bonding colorful layer.

Possesses a centuries-old history.

Especially often this technique is used when decorating walls of buildings.

Despite the fact that painting is able to reflect almost all the phenomena of real life, most often it represents images of people, vibrant and inanimate nature.

therefore the main genres of painting can be considered:

· Portrait;

· Scenery;

· Still life.

Portrait

Portraitin the general sense, it is defined as an image of a person or group of people existing or existing in reality.

Usually indicate such signs of portrait in fine art:

· Similarity with the model;

· Reflection through it socio-ethical traits.

But, undoubtedly, the portrait reflects not only this, but also the special attitude of the artist to portrayed.

Never confuse Portraits of Rembrandt's brush with works of Velasquez, Repin with sulfur or tropinic, because in the portrait represent two characters - the artist and its models.

Inexhaustible basic portrait topic -human. However, depending on the peculiarities of perception, the artist portrayed arises the idea that the artist seeks to convey.

Depending on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe portrait are determined:

· Compositional solution;

· Painting technique;

· Coloring, etc.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe work creates the image of the portrait:

· Documentary-narrative;

· Emotional-sensual;

· Psychological;

· Philosophical.

For documentary-narrative solutionthe image is characteristic of reliable portrait concretization.

The desire for documentary similarity here prevails over the author's vision.

Emotional shaped solutionachieved decorative picturesque meansand the documentary authenticity is not obligatory here.

Not so important as Rubens Women looks like their prototypes. The main thing is to admire their beauty, health, sensuality, transmitted from the artist to the viewer.

To variety philosophical portraityou can attribute the "Portrait of an old man in red" Rembrandt (approx. 1654). During his creative maturity, such portraits of the elderly people who are philosophical thinking of artist about the period of human life when the peculiar results of long and difficult being are summed up.

Artists often elect as a model yourselftherefore, so extended self-portrait.

In it, the artist seeks to appreciate himself from the side as a person, to determine his place in society, simply capture himself for descendants.

Durer, Rembrandt, Velasquez, Van Gogh make an internal conversation with him and simultaneously with the audience.

Special place is in painting group portrait.

It is interesting by what is precisely general portraitand not portraits of several specific personalities depicted on one canvas.

In such a portrait, of course, there is a separate characteristic of each character, but at the same time it seems the impression of the generality, the unity of the artistic image ("Regensha for elderly in Harlem" F. Hals).

Sometimes it is very difficult to carry out the border between a group-portrait and other genres, since old masters depicted groups of people often in action.

Scenery

The main object of the image of the genre of the landscape is nature -either natural or transformed by man.

This genre significantly young, compared to others.If the sculptural portraits were created by another 3 thousand BC, and the picturesque numbers about 2 thousand years old, the beginning of the biography of the landscape dates back to 6 V. AD, and they were spread in the East, especially in China.

Birth of european landscapeit happened in the 16th century, and he acquired the independence of the genre only since the beginning of the 17th century.

The landscape genre was formed, having passed the path from the decorative-auxiliary element as part of other works to independent artistic phenomenon, portraying the natural environment.

It can be Really existing or imaginary types of nature. For some of them, their names were entrenched:

· City architectural landscape call redo ("Opera pass" K. Pisserro;

· Sea species - marina (landscapes I. Aivazovsky).

Genre landscapeit becomes not just mapping nature, but also a means of expressing a special artistic idea.

Moreover, by the nature of favorite plots to a certain extent, it is possible to judge the emotional stroke of the artist and the stylistic features of his creativity.

From the choice of natural type depends on the figurative meaning of the work:

· Epic Beginning contained in the image of forest land, mountain panoramas, endless plains ("Kama" A. Vasnetsov).

· Stormy sea or impassable wilderness embodies something mysterioussometimes harsh (J. Michel "Thunderstorm");

· Lyriche types of falling asleep paths, forest edges, small water bodies;

· Sunny morning or noon can transmit feeling of joy and calm ("White pitchers" K. Mone, Moscow Dvorik V. Polenov).

Since the pristine nature is gradually being actively interfering with a person, The landscape acquires the features of a serious historical document.

Landscape is able to embody even some social sensations of the era, the course of social thought:so in the mid-19th century, aesthetics of a romantic and classic landscape gradually inferior to the national landscape, which often acquires social sense; Fixed in the landscape and the offensive of a new technical era ("New Moscow Yu. Pimenova," Berlin-Potsdam Railway "by A. Mencel).

Scenery is not only the object of knowledge of nature, a monument of art, but also a reflection of the state of culture of a certain era.

Still life

Still life depicts the world of people surrounding things that are placed and organized into a solid composition in a real household medium.

This is organization of thingsit is a component of the generated genre system.

Still life can have independent valueand maybe become part of the composition of another genre,in order to more fully disclose the semantic content of the work, as, for example, in the paintings of Kupchikha, B. Kustodiev, "Patient" V. Polenov, "Girl with Peaches" V. Serov.

In the plot-thematic paintings, still life has, although important, but subordinate importance, however, as an independent genre of art has great expressive opportunities.It presents not only the external, material essence of objects, but in figuratively the essential sides of life are transmitted, the era and even important historical events are reflected.

Still life serves good creative laboratory,where the artist improves his skill, individual handwriting,

Still Life has experienced periods of recession and development.

Huge importance for its formation was played dutch painters 16 - 17 centuries.

They were developed main artistic principles:

· Realism;

· Thin observations over life;

· Special gift transfer of the aesthetic value of the usual things.

In favorite "breakfasts" and "shops", material objects were transmitted with great mastery; The texture of the surfaces of fruits, vegetables, game, fish.

It is especially important that still life emphasizes the inseparable communication of a person with the world of things.

Artists Impressionist somewhat solved the creative task of a picturesque still life.

Here the main thing was not to reflect the properties of objects, their tangibility. BUT game Light, Colors, Freshness Colorite (Still lifes K. Monet, masters of the Russian branch of French impressionism K. Korovina and I. Grabar).

Not all capturing the world of things on paper or canvas will be considered still life. Since each item has its own natural habitat and purpose, its room in other conditions can cause dissonance in the picture of the picture.

The main thing is to be combined into the composition of the still life of things created harmonious emotionally - saturated artistic image.

Other genres of painting

Genres occupy a significant place in the art of painting:

· Household;

· Historic;

· Battle;

· Animalistic.

Household genre pictures casual private and social life,usually, modern artist.

The paintings of this genre presents the work of people ("straight" D. Lelasquez, "on the harvest" of A. Venetianova), holidays ("peasant dance" P. Breigel), moments of rest, leisure ("Young couple in the park" T.heisboro , "Chess players" O.Domier), national flavor ("Algerian women in their rest" E.Dellakrua).

Historical genre - imprinting important historical events.To this genre include legendary and religious plots.

Among paintings historic genre you can call the "death of Caesar" K.T. Pilot von, "Delivery of nonsense" D. Velasquez, "Farewell to Hector with Androma" A.Lenko, "Sbinakov" J.L. David, "Freedom, the leading people" of Edalakroy and others.

Subject to imagebatal genre are military campaigns, glorious battles, tight exploits, fighting ("Battle of Angyari" Leonardo da Vinci, "Tacanka" M. Grekova, "Defense of Sevastopol" A. Deneki). Sometimes it is included in historical painting.

In the picturesanimal genre displayed animal world ("Poultry "M. de Chondoceiver," Yellow Horses "F. Mark).

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History of development of still life, famous painters. The execution model depicted objects, composite features of the genre. Color, means, techniques and technology of oil painting. Basic rules of work with paints. The choice of theme, working with canvas and cardboard.

- this is one of the main types of visual art; It is an artistic image of the objective world with colored paints on the surface. Painting is divided into: machine, monumental and decorative.

- Basically represented by works made by oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or ryolith). It is the most massive type of painting. This species is usually applied to the term " painting".

- This is a drawing technique on the walls when making buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Especially common in Europe fresco - Monumental painting for crude plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique is well known since the time of antiquity. Later, such a technique was used in the design of many Christian religious temples and their arches.

Decorative painting - (from the Latin word from Decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images for objects and details of the interior, walls, furniture and other decorative items. Refers to decorative and applied arts.

The possibilities of pictorial art especially brightly reveals steel painting from the 15th century, from the moment the mass use of oil paints. It is in it a special diversity of content and deeply designed form. The basis of the picturesque artistic agents lie colors (possibilities of paints), in an inseparable unity with lightness, and the line; Color and lightweight are designed and developed by painting techniques with completeness and brightness, inaccessible to other types of art. This is due to the inherent realistic painting the perfection of the volume and spatial modeling, the living and accurate transmission of reality, the possibility of implementing the plots of the artist (and the ways to build compositions) and other visual advantages.

Another difference in the differences in painting species is the technique of execution by species of paints. Not always enough common features to determine. The border between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works performed by watercolor or pastels may also relate to the other region, depending on the approach of the artist and the tasks set by them. Although the drawings on paper and relate to the graph, the use of various drawing techniques with paints sometimes erases differences between painting and graphics.

It is necessary to take into account that the semantic term "painting" itself is the word of the Russian language. It is taken to use as a term during the formation period in Russia of visual art in the baroque era. Using the word "painting" at that time was used only to a certain type of realistic image with paints. But initially it comes from church equipment drawing icons, in which the word "write" (related to writing) is used because this word is a translation of meaning in Greek texts (these are "difficulties of translation"). Development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word "painting", writing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in Russian, the feature of the verb "write" was formed regarding writing and drawing paintings.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of the visual art, several classic genres of paintings have been formed, which have found their own features and rules.

Portrait - This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist is trying to achieve similarity with the original. One of the most popular painting genres. Most customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to get portrait similarity (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. Portraits of various styles are the most mass part of the exposition of most artistic museums and private collections. This genre includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - The image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Scenery - One of the popular picturesque genres, in which the artist seeks to display the nature, its beauty or feature. Different types of nature (mood of season and weather) have a bright emotional influence on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression of landscapes made this genre one of the most popular in artistic work.

- This genre is largely similar to the landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural facilities, buildings or cities. Special direction - street types of cities transmitting the atmosphere of space. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a specific building - its appearance or image of its interiors.

- Genre in which the main plot of paintings is a historical event or his interpretation by the artist. What is interesting is to this genre there are a huge number of paintings on the biblical theme. Since in the Middle Ages, the biblical plots were considered the "historical" events and the main customers of these paintings was the church. "Historical" biblical plots are present in the work of most artists. The second birth of historical painting occurs during neoclassicism, when artists turn to famous historical plots, events from antiquity times or national legends.

- reflects the scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect the historical event, but also to convey the audience an emotional elevation of the feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre becomes also political, allowing the artist to convey the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. A similar effect of political accent and the power of the artist's talent we can see in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimated objects, using colors, products, dishes. This genre is one of the latest and formed in the Dutch School of Painting. Perhaps his appearance is caused by the feature of the Dutch school. The economic flourishing of the 17th century in Holland led to the desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of population. This situation attracted a large number of artists in Holland, causing acute competition among them. Poor artists were not available models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes). Drawing pictures for sale, they used primary means (objects) for composition compositions. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the cause of the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - The plot of paintings are household scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. Just like still life, gets the spread from the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the romanticism and neoclassicism period, this genre acquires a new birth, the paintings seek not so much to reflect everyday life, how much romanticize it, make a certain meaning or moral to the plot.

Marina - View of the landscape, in which sea views are depicted, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships, or even sea battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but the marine battles still belong to the "Marina" genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch School of 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- A feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in animal images are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for realistic image existed from ancient times, but had a number of shortcomings due to the lack of technologies, a systematic school and education. In antiquity, more often can be found examples of applied and monumental painting with drawing technique for plaster. At the time of antiquity, the most important was attached to the artist's talent, artists were limited in paint manufacturing technologies and opportunities to get a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of the new heyday of European art in the Renaissance Epoch. Decorative painting received substantial development during the Greek and Roman antiquity (the school is lost in the Middle Ages) the level of which was achieved only after the 15th century.

Roman fresco painted (Pompeii I century BC), an example of antique painting technique:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to prohibitions on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of antique masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, compositions, architectures and sculptures are prohibited, and many artistic values \u200b\u200bare destroyed due to their dedication to antique deities. Return to the values \u200b\u200bof art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (Renaissance).

Artists of the early Renaissance (Renaissance) have to shut and revive the achievements and the level of antique artists. What we admire in the works of the artists of the early Renaissance, was the level of Masters of Rome. The visual example of the loss of several centuries of the development of European art (and civilization) during the period of the "dark centuries" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these pictures of the 14th centuries!

The occurrence and distribution of oil paints and drawing techniques of them in the 15th century generates the development of machine painting and a special kind of artist products - colored paintings by oil paints on the tortured canvas or a tree.

A huge leap in high-quality development, painting gets in the Renaissance era, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first outlined the foundations of the prospects in painting (treatise "about painting" 1436). His (his works on the systematization of scientific knowledge), the European Art School is obliged to appear (revival) of the realistic perspective and the naturalness of proportions in the paintings of artists. Famous and familiar many drawing Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian man" (human proportions) 1493, dedicated to the systematization of antique knowledge of Vitruvius on proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo on half a century later the Alberti treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance era.

But bright and mass development painting received, starting from 16-17 centuries, when the common technique of oil painting became a common technique of paints, and the school of painting was formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing techniques), in combination with the demand for artworks in aristocracy and monarchs leads to the rapid flowering of the visual art in Europe (baroque period).

Unlimited financial capabilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs have become excellent soil for the further development of painting in the 17-19 centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the Church and the secular lifestyle (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed to be born a variety of plots, styles and directions in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine art, artists have formed a variety of styles and techniques, which lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the arrival of modernist currents), interesting transformations begin in painting. The availability of art education, mass competition and high demands on the skill of artists among the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of equipment of execution, artists seek to make special meanings in the work, ways of "look" and philosophy. Which often goes to the detriment of the level of execution, becomes speculation or the way of an emptyage. A variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technology belongs to the chart and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any paint drawing techniques.

Painting since ancient times accompanies human life. The rock paintings tell us about the life of primitive people. What is painting?

Painting: Definition and types

Painting is a kind of art that is the application of visual images with the help of paints to the base.

In the modern world, this type of art also includes the creation of images using digital technologies, and the artworks themselves made by these methods.

In addition, painting is an important way to transfer the reality, feelings and condition of the human soul. In addition to paintings depicted on canvas, painting the walls, blood vessels, wood, cardboard, paper and other surfaces. Painting often accompanies architecture.

According to the nature of execution and purpose, the following types of painting distinguish:

• Monumental - decorative is a type of painting that helps create an atmosphere of architectural structure or ensemble (wall paintings, panels).
• Decorative (scenery, costumes).
• Iconography.
• Miniature. This type of painting is used to illustrate books, manuscripts.
• Panorama - Writing an image with a circular review, and creating an illusion of reality.
• Diorama - creating a curved image.
• Stank painting.

What is old painting? This is an image of paintings that are perceived separately from the world around them. So to speak the picture created on the machine - Molbert. For the most part, it is the work of machine painting that is exhibited in museums.

In this article, you learned a little about painting, about the beautiful form of visual art, which for many centuries already pleases.