Historical Baroque era. Baroque style in architecture: description and photo

italian. Barocco is a strange, quaint), one of the main style directions in the art of Europe and America con. XVI - Ser. XVIII centuries. B. The contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts (urban and palace-park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); At the same time - the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in tool music). Related to the noble-church culture of mature absolutism, the solemn "big style". Baroque is characteristic of contrast, tension, dynamism of images, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion. It turned out in architecture, sculpture and painting.

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BAROQUE

italian. - Freaky, strange) - style in the European art of the end of the XVI - the middle of the XVS centuries. Baroque was established in Europe in the Epoch of Education of National States. The art of Baroque, closely connected with the aristocratic circles and the church, was intended to glorify and promote their power.

For the art of Baroque, the grandeur and pomp, addiction to effects and spectacles, to the contrast of the scale, materials, light and shadow, that is, addiction to external effects, pompousness, departure from urgent problems, fantastic.

First of all, the baroque manifested itself in architecture. Buildings became frosted, lush. Paradinary interiors acquired diverse formswhose fancy emphasized sculpture, modeling, ornament.

Baroque was developed in other types of art - in painting, poetry, drama, and especially in music.

Epoch Baroque gave the world of outstanding writers (TS TASSO, P. Calderon), artists (Caravaggio, Korredjo, P. Rubens, A. Van Dyack), Architects (L. Bernini, F. Barromini), musicians (I.S. Bach , Gendel, A. Vivaldi) who created truly ingenious creations. Excellent definition

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Baroque (Ital. Barocco - "Freaky", "Strange", "prone to excesses") - style in painting, architecture, literature and music of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

The heyday of the baroque is determined by two centuries - between the end of the XVI and the end of the XVIII centuries. Baroque (that translated from Italian literally means fancy, strange) was a birth in Italy and soon covered most European countries and America (mainly central and southern). The main features of this style have become tensions, giantism and emotional saturation. Complex geometry, unexpected light effects, a variety of complex patterns and a lush decor, where concave spaces are unexpectedly replaced by convex, came to the change of a more relaxed era of the harmony of the late Renaissance. They were consistently vaccinated by the architecture of the Italian Michelangelo Buonotti (in their late period) and Vigola. Both were bothering the Vatican buildings, which is almost the main symbol of this architectural style.

In the design of baroque interiors, sculpture, carved ornament, painting, mirrors, massive columns and stairs are used. Materials use travertine, dolomite, marble, basalt. Scale contrasts, light and shadow game, intense deep colors (golden, pink, blue) - all this creates a feeling of illusion and constant variability of the world. From the general range you can allocate the most vivid architects of the time. In Italy, this is Francesco Borrombini (1599-1677), which began its activities as a mason in the Cathedral of St. Peter, but later became the assistant Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Michelangelo Buonotti, and Pietro and Corton. In France - Francois Mansar (1598-1666) and Louis Levo (1612-1648), who worked on Louis Xiv., in Austria - Johann Bernhard Fisher von Erlah and his son (the authors of the Chief Vienna Palace of Schönbrunn and Karleskirche). In Austria, this is Johann Bernhard Fisher von Erlah and his son (they are the authors of the main Vienna Palace of Schönbrunn and Karlskirm), in the Czech Republic - Francesco Karatti (author of the Cherninsky Palace), in Russia - Ukhtomsky Dmitry Vasilyevich (1719-1774). Many baroque samples on the territory of the current Poland and Ukraine (compulcular speech then). Some of them were built by Italian architects according to the Roman Church Ile Jesu.

Baroque architecture gave rise to new progressive trends In creating urban and garden-park ensembles. Buildings become a single integer with surrounding territories. The surrounding landscape decorate groups of fountains with majestic sculptures, put in the gardens theatrical performances in the open air. The style itself forces the creation of spectacular spectacles, the atmosphere on the verge of illusions and reality.

Baroque - excesses culture. Expressants of this excess - fold and curl. If the smooth surface of the wall suddenly begins to take up, like a wave, is a baroque. Baroque (following one of his branches - mannerism) has developed many new types of buildings. This is a majestic city palace, a baroque monastery, a country villa with a palace and a baroque garden.

Baroque is a materialized attraction to an unusual, amazing, striking. From this style, we got landscape architecture, gardens and parks with giant sculptures and grotesque masks, outdoor theaters, unusual buildings with exotic details. Baroque collects unusual and wonderful. Engravings, minerals, richery plants. For the first museum collections Separate cabinets are created.

About the gardens need to be said especially. Baroque buildings seek to involve the area in front of the palace or garden in front of the monastery. The building exists with the surrounding territories, and not in itself.

The Baroque man (and the architect including) was typical of the questions about the device of the world, and this answer was often not in the divine spheres. Baroque architects and sculptors are now eagerly confused by Ecstasy Divine with Human. In the famous sculpture of "Ecstasy Holy Teresa" Bernini has such a languid expression that even contemporaries laughed at him.

In Russia, the heyday of the Baroque style accounts for the second half XVIII century, while in Europe there is already a transition to classicism. Like other styles, Baroque in Russia acquired some kind of identity, in this connection such a term appeared as "Russian Baroque" and was different from the European simpler structure architectural compositions. At the same time, Russian architects actively used bright color and colorful contrasts in color, including gilding. As finishing materials, in order to further paint, preference is given to plaster and plaster. Therefore, the colors become brighter and rich: red, blue, yellow in combination with white. The stucco decor uses the modeling in the form of an ornament in a traditionally Russian style. For decoration of various parts of the interior, as well as roofing applies gilding technique.

In the late XVII-early XVIII century, Russian Baroque was divided into many currents: "Moscow" baroque, "Naryshkinskoye" Baroque, following them - "Stroganovskoye" and "Golitsyn". Such titles arose thanks to the names of persons who were built under the patronage of which significant objects Epochs. There are even "Ural Baroque" and "Siberian Baroque".

The most striking personification of the baroque was the palace ensembles of St. Petersburg, Peterhof and the Tsarsky village, the luxury and the scale of which are not found equal in Europe. One of the outstanding architects of that epoch is becoming the founder of Elizabethan Baroque.

TO mid XVIII There is even more sophisticated and eclectic style Rococo to change Baroque.

Baroque- Characteristics of European cultureXVII-XVIII centuries, in the late revival era, the center of which was Italy. Baroque style appeared in the XVI-XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Mantu, Venice, Florence. The baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphal march "Western civilization". Baroque anti-alcoholissicismismismalism.

Baroque features

Baroque is characteristic of contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts (urban and palace-park ensembles, opera, cultivism, oratorio); At the same time, the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suitav to instrumental music). The worldview frameworks of the style have developed as a result of the shocks, which for the XVI century strangers of the student. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe world as reasonable and constant unity, as well as the Renaissance idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a reasonable creature changed in antiquity. According to expression, the person began to realize himself "something mean between all and nothing", "those who capture only the appearance of phenomena, but it is not able to understand their beginnings or their end."

Epoch Barochko

Epoch Baroque breeds great amount Time for entertainment: instead of pilgrimage-promenade (walks in the park); in the carousel tournaments (horseback riding) ICC; Insector-Temptybal Masquerade. You can add another appearance of swings and "fiery fun" (fireworks). Portraits and landscapes were placed in the interiors, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant sound game.

The Baroque era rejects traditions and authorities as superstitions and prejudices. True, everything that "clearly and clearly" thinks or has a mathematical expression, declares the philosopher Descartes. Therefore, Baroque is a century of mind and enlightenment. It is not by chance that the word "baroque" sometimes elevate to the designation of one of the types of conclusions in medieval logic - to baroco.. In Versailles, the first European Park is unpacking, where the idea of \u200b\u200bthe forest is expressed extremely mathematically: lime alleys and channels are listed in the line, and the trees are trimmed on the manner of stereometer figures. In the armies of the Baroque era, first received a uniform, much attention is paid to "Mushtra" - the geometric correctness of buildings on the fee.

Man era Barochko

The Baroque man rejects the naturalness that is identified with wildness, unceremoniousness, samotability, atrocity and ignorance - all the fact that in the era of romanticism virtue. The Baroque woman values \u200b\u200bthe skin with pallor, on it unnatural, shedding hairstyle, the Corset artificially expanded Ekroqas Skirt from the whale Usa. She is on heels.

And the ideal of men in the baroque era becomes a gentleman-otangl. gentle: "Soft", "gentle", "calm". Initially, he preferred to shave the mustache and beard, fumble of spirits and wearing frowning wigs. To what power, if you are killed, clicking on the trigger coating. In the era of Baroque, naturalness - etosinonymusement, wildness, vulgarity and madness. For a philosopherapy-free state (eng. state of Nature.) - This is a state that is characterized by anarchy and the war of all against all.

Baroque characterizes the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the nature on the beginning of the mind. Do not tolerate need, but "fraudulent in pleasant and taught words to offer" (youth honest zerozal, 1717). According to philosoprosis, attachments are already not contained, but the "human essence itself". Therefore, the appetite is drawn up in an exquisite agent (it is precisely in the baroque era, forks and napkins appear); Interest in the opposite sex - in the courtcomphlirt, quarrels - in sophisticatedDelli.

For Baroque, the idea of \u200b\u200bsleeping God-deism is characteristic. God does not think as a Savior, but as a great architect who created the world just as a watchmaker creates a mechanism. From here such a characteristic of the baroque worldview is Camekhanism. The law of energy conservation, the absolute of space and time is guaranteed by the word of God. However, however, the world, God soil from his works and does not interfere with the universe affairs. Such God is useless to pray - it can only learn. Therefore, the prophets and priests are genuine, the prophets and priests are descent, and scientists and naturalists. Visaak NewtonoClies the law of the world community and writes the fundamental work "Mathematical starts of natural philosophy" (1689), ABarl LinnisisteMatizes biology ("Nature System", 1735). Everywhere in european capitals Establish Academy of Science Scientific Societies.

The diversity of perception increases the level of consciousness - according to the philosopher of leibies. Galleevine directs a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), the aneurgukod microscope detects tiny living organisms (1675). Huge sailboats are furious expanses of the ocean, washing white spots on geographical maps of the world. The literary symbols of the era are travelers and adventurers of adventures: Robinson Cruzo, Ship Doggulliheri Baronmunhghausen.

"In the era of Baroque, the formation of fundamentally new, different from medieval allegorical thinking. A viewer was formed, capable of understanding the emblem language. Allegory has become the norm of artistic vocabulary in all kinds of plastic and spectacular arts, including such synthetic forms as the festivities. "

Baroque in painting

Baroque style in painting is characterized by dynamism of compositions, "plane" and a pomp forms, aristocratic and uncommonness of plots. The most characteristic features of Baroque - catchy flowelery and dynamism; bright example - Creativity Rubensaikaravage.

Michelangelo Merisi (1571-1610), which at the place of birth near Milanastricharavago, consider the most significant master among italian artistswho created at the end of the XVI century. new style in painting. His paintings written in religious stories resemble realistic scenes with a modern life author, creating contrast of the times of late antiquity and new time. Heroes are depicted in a twilight, from which the rays of the light snatch expressive gestures of characters, contrasting their characterity. Followers and paramounts of Caravaggio, who were initially called Karavagisti, and the Caravagism itself, such as Annibal Carragechi (1560-1609) or Reni (1575-1642), adopted the rust of the senses and the characterity of the Karavaggio's manner, as well as his naturalism in the image of people and events.

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) at the beginning of the XVII century. He studied in Italy, where he learned Maneru Caravaggio and Carrageach, although he arrived there only at the end of the course of study in Antwerp. He happily combined the best features of the schools of the Painting of the North and the South, merging natural and supernatural, reality and fantasy, scholarship, and spirituality in his canvases. In addition to Rubens of international recognition, another master of Flemish Baroque, Wang Deken (1599-1641) achieved. With the work of Rubens, the new style came to Holland, where his pick-up Hals (1580/85-1666), Rembrandt (1606-1669) Ivermeer (1632-1675). In Spain, in the manner of Caravaggio, TV Crequilla Velasquez (1599-1660), and in France -Nicola Poussin (1593-1665), which, not satisfied with the Baroque School, laid in his work the foundations of the new flow -classicism.

Architecture

For the Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, f. Borroriniv Italy, b. F. Rastrekv Russia, Jan Christoph Glaubitzv Commonwealth speech) are characterized by spatial scope, mucifice, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Often there are expanded scale-chickennads, abundance of sculptures on facades and in the interiors, volutes, big number Layouts, Luchic facades with dexploting in the middle, Rusted pilastry columns. Coolproof complex forms, Often they are multi-tier as Usobor Sv. Petland Rome. Characteristic parts Baroque -Teamon (Atlant), Caryatida, Maskaron.

In Italian architecture, the most prominent representative of the Baroque art was Carlo Madern (1556-1629), who broke Smartherismomy created his own style. His main creation is the facade of the Roman Mer Santa Susanna (1603). The main figure in the development of Baroque sculpture was Bernini, whose first masterpieces performed in the new style belongs about the K1620. Bernini is also an architect. It belongs to the design of the Cathedral of St. Peter Rome Iintergers, as well as other buildings. Significant contribution to the fountain, Carlo Rainaldi, Hvbanino, Baldassare, Longen, Luigi Vavitelli, Pietro and Cortona. In Sicily, a multiple earthquake1693 Apertured stylish Baroque - sicilian baroque. The light acts as a fundamentally important element of the baroque space, falling into the church through the milm.

The Kinochko quinquic, an impressive merger of painting, sculptures and architecture is considered to be Kapellakrano in Corvisanta-Maria della-Vittoria (1645-1652).

Baroque style gets spread in Spain, Germany, Belgium (then Flanders), the Netherlands, Russia, France, Commonwealth. Spanish Baroque, or local Churrieceseco (in honor of architectochurrigners), and distributed in Latin America. The most popular monument to his help of St. James is also one of the most revered by the believers of Spain's temples. In Latin America, Barochko mixed with local architectural traditions, it is the most sophisticated version, and call it ultrabacco.

In France, Baroque style is more modest than in other countries. Previously it was believed that here I did not receive the style at all, and Baroque monuments were considered classicism monuments. Sometimes they use the term "baroque classicism" in relation to the French and English variants of Baroque. Now the Versaille Palace with a regular park, the Luxembourg Palace, the Building of Paris, and others, is counted for the French Baroque. Works. They really have some features of classicism. The characteristic feature of the Baroque style is the rail-style landscape of gardening art, the example of which is the versators of the park.

Later, at the beginning of 18 centuries, they developed their own style, the variety of baroque -croshroke. He manifested itself not in the external design of buildings, but only in the interiors, as well as in the design of books, in clothing, furniture, painting. The style was distributed everywhere in Europe and in Russia.

In Belgium outstanding monument Baroque is the Grand Plasevbrussine ensemble. Baroque features have Rubensava Varpene, built according to the artist's own project.

In Russia, Baroque appears in the XVII century ("Naryshkin Baroque", "Golitsyn Baroque"). In the XVIII century, in the Renuette, the development of the development of Vnct-Petersburg suburbs in creativity. The sober-called "Petrovskoe Baroque" (more restrained), and reaches a heyday of Petrovnyomanian and the Renovation. I. Chevakinskiyib. Rastrelli.

In Germany, an outstanding monument Baroque is the new palace in San Sousi (authors - and. G. Burning (Him.) Russian., H. L. Manther) and the Summer Palace there (G. V. Knobelsdorf).

The largest I. famous ensemblesbaroque in the world: Versailles (France), Peterhof (Russia), Aranjuees (Spain), Zwinger (Germany), Schönbrunn (Austria).

In the Grand Duch of Lithuanian, the Sarmatian Baroque Baroque Baroque styles were spread, the largest representative -an Christoph Glaubitz. Among his well-known projects - rebuilt the ascension of the Lord (Vilnius), Sophia Cathedral (Polotsk), etc.

Baroque in sculpture

Sculpture is an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and recognized architect 17 wasna, Italynetsloreno Bernini (1598-1680). Among the most famous sculptures - mythological scenes by the abduction of the underground kingdom of the wonderful transformation into the Tononymfydaphne, pursued by God Svetomapollon, and the Altar group "Ecstasy Saint Teresa" in one of the Roman churches. The latter of them with their chopped clouds and as if waving in the wind, the attitudes of characters, steatral-visible feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.

In Spain, wooden sculptures prevailed in Spain in the era of the Baroque style, they were given to a big truth-like, they were made with glass eyes and even a crystal tear, the real clothes were often put on the statue.

Baroque in the literature

Writers and poets in the baroque era perceived the real world as an illusion and sleep. Realistic descriptions were often combined with their allegorical image. Symbols, metaphors, theatrical techniques, graphic images are widely used (lines of poems form a drawing), saturation of rhetorical figures, antithesis, parallelism, gradations, oxuymons. Frequency-satirical attitude to reality. For literature, Baroque is characterized by a desire for a variety, to the summation of knowledge about the world, comprehension, encyclopedism, which sometimes turns around with chaotic and collecting curiosities, striving for the study of existence in its contrasts (spirit and flesh, darkness and light, time and eternity). Ethics Barochko is marked by the symbolism of the night, the topic of fragility and impermanence, dream life (F. de Kesvedo, P. Calderon). Known play Calderon "Life is a dream." Such genres, asgalant and heroic novel, are developing (g. De Schuderi, m. De Schuderi), a real-dual household and satirical novel (Fewerer, sh. Sorel, p. Scarron). As part of the Baroque style, its varieties are born, directions: Marinism (Italy), Gongorism (Culiteanism) Iconseptism (Spain), Evfisimimetophysical School (England), Precise Literature (France), Makaronism, i.e. Mixed Polish-Latin storm (Poland).

The actions of the novels are often transferred to the fictional world of antiquity, in Greece, court cavaliers and ladies are depicted in the form of shepherds and shepherds, which got the name of Pastoral (Onor D'Iurf, Astrey). The use of complex metaphors flourish in poetry. There are common forms, ashonet, Rondo, Cupid (a small poem, expressing any witty thought), Madrigals.

In the West in the area of \u200b\u200bthe novel, an outstanding representative - Grimmelsgauses (Roman "Simplisisus"), in the field of drama -P. Calderon (Spain). In poetry glorified. Wuatur (France), d. Marino (Italy), Don Luis de Gongora and Argote (Spain), d. Donn (England). In France, "Preventive literature" flourished during this period. Cultivated it then, mainly in Salonmadam de Rambouy, one of the aristocratic salons of Paris, the most fashionable and famous. In Spain, the baroque direction in the literature was called "Gongorism" by name a prominent representative (see above).

Baroque in Polish literature is presented by the poetry of the heroic and epic direction of Zbignev Morstyn, Vaclav Pototsky, Vespasian Kohovsky (the subject of poetry of which is largely due to the events of the military biography of all three), courtier (the so-called Makaronian style, popular at the end of the 17th century) Yana Angeha Morstyn, philosophosophostanislav Herakliusha Lubomirsky; in prose - predominantly memoir literature (most meaningful work - "Memoirs" Yana Chrisostoma Pasket).

In Russia, the Baroque literature includes S. Polotsk, f. Prokopovich.

In the German literature, Baroque style traditions are still supported by the members of the Blumenenden's literary community. They are going in the summer of literary holidays in the groverserhinePodnunberg. The society organized B1646 Legeoorg Philip Harsdursffers to restore and maintain German, strongly spoiled in the years of the war.

Theoretically poetics Barochko was developed in the treatises of "wit, or the art of a sophisticated mind" of Baltasar Grasian (1648) and "Aristotle's" Pipe of Aristotle "Emanuel Tezauro (1655).

Music Baroque

Music Baroque appeared at the end of the Renaissance Age preceded the music of epochiklassicism. Representatives - Vivaldi, Bach, Handel. The leading position is Uroangcanta, Osra, Operas. Characterized by opposition to theoresolists, votes and tools, a combination of large-scale forms, the gravity of Xinteziuschi, while simultaneously trends to the separation of Musicotalslov (the occurrence of instrumental genres).

Fashion Baroque era

Modaeho Barochko corresponds to the Village of the Legality of the Legal Lady of the XIV, the second half of the century. This is a broadcast. At the courtyard reigned rigidetiquette, complicated sceronal. The custody is subordinate to the etiquette. France was a fashion legislator in Europe, so in other countries the French fashion quickly adopted. It was an eyelid when the total fashion was established in Europe, and the national characteristics moved to the background or survived in the folk peasant costume. Doperer Ivuropean costumes also wore some aristocrats in Russia, although not everywhere.

Suit were characterized by primness, pomp, abundance of jewelry. The ideal of the man was Louis XIV, the "King Sun", a skilled rider, dancer, arrows. It was low in growth, so he wore high heels.

At first, when he was still a child (he was crowned at the age of 5), short jackets were sworn in fashion brasier, richly decorated with lace. Then the pants came into fashion, rhngravysimilar to the skirt, wide, also abundantly decorated with lace, which last long. Later appeared justocard (From French, this can be translated: "exactly on the body"). It is the type of cabin, knee-length, in this era was wore it fastened, the belt was wore over it. Under Caftannevalikamzol, sleeveless. Caftan and Camzole can be compared with the later jacket and vest, in which they will turn in 200 years. The zustocard collar was first postponed, with semicircular stretched down ends. Later it is changeable. In addition to lace, there were many bows on clothes, on the shoulders, on sleeves and pants - whole bows. In the previous era, Plududovka XIII, were popular with refreshers ( bottors). This is a field type of shoes, they usually wore the military estate. But at that time there were frequent wars, and in boots went everywhere, even on the bala. They were continued to wear in Louis XIV, but only already on their intention, in the field, in military campaigns. In the civil atmosphere, shoes came out in the first place. Up to1670 year decorated, then the buckles were ousted by bows. Difficult decorated buckles called agraf.

The female dressing, in contrast to the dresses of the previous period, not on the frame, but on the lining from the whale Usa. It smoothly expanded to the bottom, the rear was wary. A full female costume consisted of two-boxes, lower ( fryripon) and top ( modest). The first is bright, the second is darker. The lower skirt was visible, the top diverged to the side from the bottom of the bodice. On the sides of the skirt decorated. Drapets were also around the edge. The neckline was wide, opened the shoulders. Waist - narrow, under the dress be bored. If, with Louis XIII, women wore men's hats (they then borrowed many of the men's elements in men), then the hairstyles are included in the fashion. In the 1660s, fashion was hairstyles mancini and sevimier, named Nietening Cardinal Mazarini, in which the king was in his youth in love, and by the name of the famous writer. Later, the hairstyle fontandan. (It should not be confused with the "Fontand" cape), named one of the king's mistresses. This is a high hairstyle, from a variety of curls. In the history of the costume, the hairstyle is also called caucura.

Men wore magnificent wigs, highly sticking up, and low on their shoulders. Wigs entered the use in Louis XIII, which was Lys. Now they have become much more magnificent. There was a width of the 1660s with high-tulle. At the end of the century, they changed the tricon, which remained popular and in the nextXVIII century.

Umbrellas also included umbrellas, in women -Mufts, fan. Without measure used. Flies, faces and wigs were powdered for whiteness, and Black Mushka created a contrast. Wigs were so frightened that the hats then were often worn in their hands. Both men and women wore canes. Tearing ( bandular), on which the sword was worn, went into fashion in the previous era. Even earlier, the swords were worn on a thin strap, fastened to the belt belt. The digester was before the leather, now it was also done from Moir. Materials of that time: wool, velvet, satin, brocade, taffeta, moire, camlots, cotton.

Baroque in the interior

For Baroque style, a windowless luxury is characteristic, although it retains such an important feature of the classic style as symmetry.

Wall painting (one of the types of monumental painting) was used in the decoration of European interiors with early Christian times. In the baroque era, she got the greatest distribution. In the interiors, a lot of color and large, richly decorated parts were used: the ceiling, decorated, marble and particle, gilding. Color contrasts were characteristic - for example, marble floor, decorated with stacks of chimpiper. Abundant gilded decorations were a characteristic feature of this style.

The furniture was the subject of art, and was intended almost only for interior decoration. Chairs, sofas and chairs were awaited by a dear, richly painted with a cloth. Huge beds with cavities flowing down bedspreads, giant cabinets were widespread. Mirrors decorated with askulpaturamilization pattern. As a material for furniture, a frequently used nutsional black tree.

Baroque style is not suitable for small rooms, as massive furniture and decorations occupy a large volume in space. Baroque style atmosphere reproduction is currently possible by styling and using such Baroque details as:

figurines and vases with floral ornament;

tapestry walls;

mirror in a gilded frame with stucco;

chairs with carved backs and so on.

The parts used should be combined with each other in artistic and aesthetical.

Introduction

Currently, relevant acquires interest in issues complex world Arts, the need to understand its place and role in the widespread context of culture. Orientational and value changes in modern history are forced in a new way to science and culture, and in art to see not only a self-sufficient means of knowledge of reality, but also a way of value comprehension of peace, cultural self-awareness. Baroque appeared in Italy at the end of the XVI - early XVII century, like a papal style. But soon, Baroque became popular outside of Rome and Vatican throughout Europe and existed until XVIII century. It was used to decorate the palaces of noble families. In France, at the time of Louis XIV, Baroque received special distribution.

The term "Baroque" is translated as "fancy, strange, fright." The origin is not quite clear, in everyday life this word and is now used as a synonym for a strange, bizarre, unusual, fancy, unnatural. This term used jewelers, denoting to them non-standard pearls, which Masters of the Baroque era could use in decorative purposes. "Time Baroque" includes many styles and directions (mannerism, classicism, baroque and rococo) and "Baroque style". It must be in this style and in fact there is something bizarre and strange if even experts differ greatly in its assessment. Some believe that the art of Baroque is the wrong, swift, cumbersome, contradicts the harmonious and life-affirming art of rebirth. Others see the grandeur in Baroque, plasticity, the desire for beauty and therefore consider it rather a continuation of the revival. There is a third opinion: the art of a baroque type is the late, crisis stage of different eras in artistic culture. At the same time, many scientists insist that the crisis stage of revival is not yet baroque, give it a special name - mannerism. However, even the experts are not always decided to say with confidence, the author belongs to the revival, manherism or to Baroque.

The work consists of introduction, the main part, the conclusion and literature of the literature.

1. Characteristics of the baroque epic style

"Everyone - style "- These words of the famous French Scientist Buffon, as it is impossible to characterize the basic aesthetic views of the Baroque man's era. This style cannot be confused with any other style. Baroque - The embodiment of the era in which he appeared. Baroque combined two concepts, namely: style and lifestyle.

The culture of the XVII century embodies the complexity of this time. It is difficult to find a century that would give so much brilliant names in all areas human culture. Europe XVII century. - This is the era of manufactory production and water wheels - engine. The development of manufactory produced by the need for scientific developments. Such scientists like Copernicus, Galilee, Kepler made fundamental changes in views on the biblical picture of the universe. In the developments, Labitsa, Newton, Pascal was disclosed by the inconsistency of the medieval nature. All this made it possible to make a lot of discoveries and inventions. Algebra and analytical geometry were created, differential equations and integral calculus in mathematics were opened, a number of major laws in physics, chemistry, astronomy were formed.

For the spiritual life of the Society of the XVII century. Great geographic and natural science discoveries were of great importance: the first sailing of Christopher Columbus to America, the opening of the Vasco da Gamma of the Sea Rouge in India, the World Travel of Magellan, the opening of the Earth's Movement Copernicus around the Sun, Galilean's research. New knowledge destroyed the previous ideas about the unchanging harmony of the world, about a limited space and time to the individual.

Baroque historical style formationFirst of all, it is associated with the crisis of the ideals of Italian revival in the middle of the XVI century. and the rapidly changing "picture of the world" at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. At the same time, the new art of the Baroque style has grown on the forms of classicism of the Renaissance. The previous century in Italy was in an artistic attitude so strong that his ideas, despite all the tragic collisions, could not disappear suddenly, they continued to have a significant impact on the minds of people. And the masterpieces of the art "High Renaissance" - the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rafael - seemed unattainable. This is the essence of all the contradictions of the Baroque era. It was the time of painful changes in worldview, unexpected turns of human thought, partly caused by the great geographical and natural science discoveries.

Ideological basis new style There was a weakening of the spiritual culture and the spiritual power of religion, the split of the Church (on Protestants and Catholics), the struggle of various creeds reflecting the interests of various classes: Catholicism expressed feudal trends, Protestantism - bourgeois. At the same time, the state acquires a big role, respectively, the struggle of religious and secular began.

WORLD BASES OF STYLE There were a result of shocks, which were in the XVI century. Reformation and teaching Copernicus. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe world's understanding of the world, as well as a reasonable and constant unity, as well as the Renaissance idea of \u200b\u200ba person, as a reasonable creature, has changed. The person began to consult himself "something mean between all and nothing" according to Pascal's expression, "those who catch only the appearance of phenomena, but it is not able to understand their starts or their end."

In 1445, I. Gutenberg laid the beginning of a typography, in 1492 X. Columbus opened America, Vasco da Gama in 1498- sea Path to India. In 1519-1522 Magellan made the first round-the-world swimming, by 1533 the opening of the Earth's movement around the Sun began to conquer recognition. Research Galilee, Kepler and Newtonian "Heavenly Mechanics" destroyed the previous habitual ideas about a closed and stationary world, in the center of which land and man himself is. The fact that it used to seemed absolutely clear, unshakable and eternal, it became literally to crumble in front of her eyes. Until this time, a person, for example, was absolutely sure that the Earth is a flat saucer, and the sun comes to his edge, which is why it becomes dark at night. Now they began to convince that the Earth is not damn, and the ball, and even revolves around the sun. This contradicted visual impressions. The man continued to see still: a flat fixed earth and the movement of the heavenly bodies above his head. He felt the hardness of material objects, but scientists began to prove it as if it was just visibility, and in fact - nothing else like a lot of pulsating power centers. It was from what to come to confusion.

True, the laws of Kepler were agreed with the Pythagorean theory of the music of heaven, and Newton was in no hurry to disclose their discoveries. But, one way or another, these sciences have come to a contradiction with experience and visible peace. There was an irrevocable psychological dormant - the basis of the future Baroque style. At the end of the XVI - early XVII centuries. The discoveries in the field of natural and accurate sciences significantly stagged the image of a completed, stationary and harmonious universe, in the center of which - the "crown of creation" - the person himself.

If most recently, in the era of the Renaissance, Picodella Picodella, Mirandol, argued in the "speech about the dignity of man", which is in the very center of the world a man of omnipotent and can "win everything and own, what wishes", then in the XVII century Vlez Pascal wrote his famous Words: a man is just a "thoughtful reed", his sat down is tragic, since, being on the verge of two abdomen "Infinity and non-existence," he is unable to reach either something or the other, and it turns out to be the average between all and nothing. It catches only the appearance of phenomena, because they are unable to know their beginning nor the end. " And these are the words of the Great Mathematics! What are the opposite judgments on the same subject! Even earlier, in the first third of the XVI century, the person began to acutely feel the contradiction between visibility and knowledge, ideal and reality, illusion and truth. It was during these years that the views were made, according to which, than the wrong-like, the work of art, the sharper it differs from the observed in life, the more interesting, more interesting from an artistic point of view.

On the territory of Italy, foreigners are beginning to host - Spaniards and French. They dictate policies, etc. Exposed Italy did not lose the height of their cultural positions - it remains the cultural center of Europe. She is rich in spiritual forces. Power in culture manifested itself with adaptation to new conditions. The center of the Catholic world is Rome. Thanks to these circumstances, the church needs that their strength and consistency see everything. There was no money on the construction of Palazzo, it was not known to know to create the illusion of power and wealth. The style becomes popular, which can be elevated, so in the XVI century in Italy arises Baroque.

The Baroque era rejects traditions and authorities as superstitions and prejudices. True, everything that "clearly and clearly" thinks or has a mathematical expression, declares the philosopher Descartes. Therefore, Baroque is a century of mind and enlightenment. It is not by chance that the word "baroque" sometimes elevate to the designation of one of the types of conclusions in medieval logic - to baroco.. The first European Park appears in Versailles, where the idea of \u200b\u200bthe forest is expressed extremely mathematically: lime alleys and channels are linked to the line, and the trees are trimmed into the manner of stereometer figures. For the first time dressed in the uniform of the Army, the Baroque era, much attention is paid to the "Mushtra" - the geometric correctness of the plaschers.

Distinctive features baroque There are spatial scope, pomp, splendor and luxury. Note that the variability and game of images of this style can be compared with the marine sink, in honor of which this style was named. Gourmet luxury, splendor and superiority returns to the decoration of houses after simplicity and minimalism in the decoration of the premises.

The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for entertainment: instead of pilgrimage - Promenade (walks in the park); Instead of knightly tournaments - "Carousel" (horseback riding) and card games; Instead of Mysteries - Theater and Masquerad Ball. You can add another appearance of swings and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, the place of icons took portraits and landscapes, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant sound game.

Baroque contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts (urban and palace-park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); At the same time, the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in Tool Music).

Thus, the Baroque style slowly caused to unexpectedly explode. In this era, several opposite stylistic flows were destroyed, they were all unstable and "inappropriate reality." In this circumstance, the key to understanding the words I. Grabar: "High Renaissance is already three quarters of Baroque." Every day it became clearer that Alberti - "Not exactly what is needed," that even Bramte is already slightly pedantic and "dry" and not so already fascinated Abrakadabra of the famous "golden cut" and mathematics of proportions given in his facade " Cancelleria. "

And only when the furious Michelangelo opened his sequestine ceiling and engaged in Capitol buildings, everyone understood what everyone was sick and that hid in her heart ... and a new style - Baroque - was created. "

2. Characteristics of Baroque National Style

In the 17th century, Rome was the capital of the world in the field of art, attracted artists from all of Europe, so Baroque art soon spread beyond " eternal city" The deepest roots outside Italy Baroque style was allowed in Catholic countries. In each country, Baroque art was fueled by local traditions. In some countries, it became more extravagant, such as, for example, in Spain and Latin America, where the style of architectural decoration, named ChurrieceSko developed; In others, he was fed to more conservative tastes. Baroque style gets spread in Spain, Germany, Belgium (Flanders), the Netherlands, Russia, France.

In Catholic Flanders Baroque art bloomed in the work of Rubens, on Protestant Holland It did not have such a noticeable effect. True, the mature works of Rembrandt, extremely living and dynamic, are clearly marked by the influence of baroque art.

In France It brighter expressed himself in the service of the monarchy, not the church. Louis Xiv understood the importance of art as a means of glorifying royal power. His adviser in this area was Charles Lebrene, who led by artists and decorators who worked in the Palace of Louis in Versailles. Versailles with his grand combination of lush architecture, sculptures, painting, decorative and landscaped art showed one of the most impressive examples of fusion of the arts.

For the architecture of Barochko (L. Bernini, F. Borrombini in Italy, B.F. Rastrelli in Russia) are characterized by spatial scope, mucifiasis, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. The Baroque architecture is to the solemn "large style", to the underlined monumentality, is based on the submission of complexity, diversity, variability of the world, reflects the greatness of the Pope and catholic church, as well as the power and luxury of monarchs and a large aristocracy. At this time, they erected catholic temples, urban and country palace-park ensembles - Square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, Country villas in Italy.

The main features of the buildings are a complex curvilinear plan and outlines of the lines, the fancy of the plastic facades, the use of complex diverse and scenic forms based on an oval, ellipse and semicircle, semi-curvous windows, torn frontones, paired columns and pilasters, massive front stairs, spatial scope of complexes, fusion of art (architecture, sculptures, painting), interior decorative, the use of mirrors in the design of the premises. The order is applied as a decorative plastic shape on a par with sculpture. Properties of buildings are extreme painting (personality), contrast, tension, dynamism of images and fluidity of complex usually curvilinear forms, desire for deliberate pomp, to combining reality and illusion. Often there are deployed large-scale colonnades, abundance of sculptures on the facades and in the interiors, volitions, a large number of low-slip, ample facades with a platoon in the middle, rustered columns and pilasters. The dome acquire complex forms, often they are multi-tiered, like the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Characteristic details of Baroque - Tewamon (Atlant), Caryatida, Maskaron.

In Italian architecture The most prominent representative of the Baroque art was Carlo Maderna (1556-1629), who broke with mannerism and created his own style. His main creation is the facade of the Roman Church of Santa Susanna (1603). The main figure in the development of the baroque sculpture was Lorenzo Bernini, whose first masterpieces performed in the new style belong to approximately 1620. Kwintessenia Baroque, an impressive merge of painting, sculptures and architecture is considered to be Capella Kranaro in the Church of Santa Maria della Victoria (1645-1652) . The most prominent Italian contemporaries of Bernini during this period of mature baroque were architect Borrings and artist and architect Pietro yes Cortona. Andrea del Pozzzo (1642-1709); Plafon painted in the Church of Sant Inyazio in Rome (St. Ignatia Loyola's apotosis) is the culmination of the trend of Baroque to pompous magnificence. Spanish baroque, or by local Churriecezko (in honor of the architect Churgeriera), and also spread in Latin America. The most popular monument to his cathedral in Santiago de Compostela is also one of the most revered by the believers of Spain's temples. In Latin America, Barochko mixed with local architectural traditions, it is the most sophisticated version, and call it ultrabacco. In France, Baroque style expressed modest than in other countries. Previously it was believed that here I did not receive the style at all, and Baroque monuments were considered classicism monuments. Sometimes consume the term "baroque classicism" in relation to french and Baroque English variants. Now the Versailles Palace together with a regular park, the Luxembourg Palace, the building of the French Academy in Paris, and others, are counted for French baroque. They really have some features of classicism. In Belgiuman outstanding monument Baroque is the Grand Place ensemble in Brussels. Baroque features have a house of Rubens in Antwerp, built on the artist's own project. In Russia Baroque Appears in the XVII century ("Naryshkin Baroque", "Golitsyn Baroque"). In the XVIII century, the Board of Peter I receives development in St. Petersburg and suburbs in the works of D. Trozini - the so-called "Petrovskoy Baroque" (more restrained), and reaches a heyday of Elizabeth Petrovna, S.I. Chevakinsky and B. Rastrelli. In Germany An outstanding monument Baroque is the new palace in San Susti (authors - I.G. Bearing, H.L. Mantter) and the summer palace iban (G.V. von Knobelsdorf).

The largest and most famous baroque ensembles in the world: Versailles (France), Peterhof (Russia), Aranjuez (Spain), Zwinger (Germany), Schönbrunn (Austria).

Baroque style in painting It is characterized by dynamism of compositions, "plane" and a pomp of the shapes, aristocratic and uncommonness of the plots. The plots prevailed, which were based on a dramatic conflict, a religious, mythological or allegorical nature. Castle portraits are created, designed to decorate interiors.

Baroque feature is not observing the renaissance harmony for more emotional contact with the viewer. Great importance Bought composite effects, expressed in bold contrasts of scale, colors, light and shadow. But at the same time, the Baroque artists strive to achieve rhythmic and color unity, the painting of the whole.

At the origins of Baroque art in painting there are two great Italian artists - Caravaggio and Annibal CarRachchiwho created the most significant work at the end of the 16th - early 17th centuries. For italian painting The late 16th century is characterized by unnaturalness and style uncertainty. Caravaggio and Carragechi their art returned to her wholeness and expressiveness.

In the Italian painting of the Baroque era Different genres developed, but mostly were allegories, mythological genre. In this direction, Pietro Da Coronton, Andrea del Pozzo, Giovanni Battista Tapolo, Brothers Carragechi. A venetian school has become famous, where a great popularity received a genre of the lead, or city landscape. The most famous author of such works - D.A. Cantelto. Francesco Guard and Bernardo Belotto are not less well known. Kanteltto and Guardi wrote types of Venice, while Bellotto (Pupil Cantelto) worked in Germany. He owns many types of Dresden and other places. Rose Salvator (Neapolitan School) and Alessandro Manya wrote fantastic landscapes. The latter belongs to architectural species, and it is very close to it. french artist Jumber Robert, who worked at the time when an interest in antiquity broke out, to Roman ruins. Their works are represented by ruins, arches, colonnades, ancient temples, but in a somewhat fantastic form, with exaggerations. The heroic canvases wrote Domenikino, and picturesque parables - Domenico Fetty. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) at the beginning of the XVII century. He studied in Italy, where he learned Maneru Caravaggio and Carrageach, although he arrived there only at the end of the course of study in Antwerp. He happily combined the best features of the schools of the Painting of the North and the South, merging natural and supernatural, reality and fantasy, scholarship, and spirituality in his canvases.

Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) (1571-1610) consider the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the XVI century. New style in painting. His paintings written in religious stories resemble realistic scenes with a modern life author, creating contrast of the times of late antiquity and new time. Heroes are depicted in the twilight, from which the rays of the light, snatch expressive gestures of characters, contrasting their characterity. The followers and imitators of Caravaggio adopted the rustling of the senses and the characterity of the manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in the image of people and events.

In France Baroque features are inherent in the parade portrait of Iasent Rigo. His most famous work is a portrait of Louis XIV. Creativity Simon VEU and Charles Lebedna, court artists who worked in the genre of the parade portrait, characterize as "baroque classicism." The present transformation of Baroque in classicism is observed in the canvases of Nicola Poussin. A tougher, strict embodiment received the Baroque style in Spain, embodied in the works of such masters as Velasquez, Ribera and Surbaran. They adhered to the principles of realism. By that time, Spain experienced its "golden age" in art, while in the economic and political decline.

For art Spain It is characterized by decorativeness, capriciousness, sophistication of forms, dualism of the ideal and real, bodily and ascetic, jet and miser, elevated and funny. Among the representatives: Domenico Teotokopuli (El Greco). He was deeply religious, so in his art presented numerous options for religious plots and festivals: " Holy Family"," Apostles Peter and Paul "," Descent of the Holy Spirit "," Christ on the Maslennichny Grief ". El Greco was a magnificent portraitist - the depicted he interpreted as an irreal, fantastic, imaginary. Hence the deformation of the figures (elements of gothic), limit colorful contrasts with the predominance of dark colors, the game of lighting, a feeling of movement. Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) is a magnificent master of psychological portrait, painter of characters. Its paintings are distinguished by the multifigure complexity of compositions, multiple, limit detail, excellent color possession.

Flaw period flemish Baroque accounted for 1 floor. XVII century. The legislator in the new style was Rubens. In the early period, the baroque stylist is perceived by Rubens through the prism of Painting Caravaggio - "Evolve Cross", "Removing from the Cross", "Abduction of the Daughters of Levkipp". The transition to the mature phase of artist's creativity was a large order of the cycle of paintings "Life Mary Medici". Pictures of theatrical, allegorical, manner of writing expressive. Rubens demonstrates the incredible life-affirming power of Baroque, its portraits, especially female, open this source of joy for him. IN last period Rubens Creativity continues the topic of Vakhanaliy - "Vakh" - frankly bodily perception of life. In addition to Rubens, confession achieved another master of Flemish Baroque, Wang Dyk (1599-1641).

With the work of Rubens, a new style came to Holland, where France Hals (1580 / 85-1666), Rembrandt (1606-1669) and Vermeer (1632-1675). In Spain, in the manner of Caravaggio, Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) was created, and in France - Nikola Poussin (1593-1665), who, not satisfied with the Baroque school, laid in his work the foundations of the new flow - classicism.

In Holland There were several schools of painting, uniting large masters and their followers: Franz Hals - in Haarlem, Rembrandt - in Amsterdam, Vermeer - in Delft. In the painting of this country, Baroque was peculiar, focusing not on the emotions of the audience, but on their calm, rational attitude to life. Rembrandt It was emphasized in the following words: "Sky, Earth, Sea, Animals, People, - All this is used for our exercise."

3. Characteristics of individual styles

For Baroque architecture, spatial scope, mucifiasis, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms are characteristic. Brilliant center architecture baroque became a Catholic Rome.

"Father Barochko" consider the Italian sculptor and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti - Capella Medici in Florence (1520-1534).

Great Michelangelo the power and expression of their individual style In one moment, destroyed all the usual ideas about the "rules" of the figure and composition. The mighty figures written to them on the ceiling visually "destroyed" the visual space allotted for them; They did not match the scenario, nor the space of the architecture itself. Everything was anticlassically here. J. Vazari, the famous chronicler of Renaissance, amazed, like others, called this style "bizarre, out of a series of outgoing and new."

Other works of Michelangelo: the architectural ensemble of the Capitol in Rome, the interior of the Capelich Capeli and the Lorenzo Library Lobby in Florence - demonstrated classic forms, but everyone in them was covered by extraordinary tension and excitement. Old architecture elements were used in a new way, first of all, not in accordance with their constructive function. So in the lobby of the library San Lorenzo Michelangelo did something completely inexplicable. The columns are dwined, but are harnessed in the deepening of the walls and do not support anything, so their capitals are some strange endings. Hanging volute-consoles do not fulfill any function at all. On the walls - imaginary, deaf windows. But most of all surprises the lobby staircase. According to the witty remark, Ya Burkhardt "It is only suitable for those who want to break her neck." On the parties, where it is necessary, the stairs have no railing. But they are in the middle, but too low so that you can rely on them. The extreme steps are rounded with completely useless curls at the corners. By itself, the staircase fills almost everything free space Lobby, which is generally contrary to common sense, it does not invite it, but only turns around the entrance.

In the draft Cathedral of St. Peter (1546) Michelangelo, in contradiction, began construction of Bramte, subjugated all the architectural space to the central dome, making the construction dynamic. Pillar beams, dual columns, dome ribs depict a consistent, powerful movement sweep. In comparison with the sketches of Michelangelo, the artist Dzhacomo della Port in 1588-1590. strengthened this dynamics to sharpen the dome; He made him not hemispheric, as was taken in the art of revival, but an elongated, parabolic.

The offensive of the era baroque meant the return of romance to the architecture of Christian temples. In this sense, the statement of O. Spengor about the evolution of Michelangelo's creativity: "From the deepest dissatisfaction with the art that he missed his life, his forever unfulfilled need for expression broke the architectonic canon Renaissance and created the Roman baroque ... And in the face of Michelangelo - sculptor" Ended the history of European breeding. " Really, Michelangelo - genuine "Baroque Father"Since in his statues, buildings, drawings occur, at the same time, the return to the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof the Middle Ages and the consistent opening of new formation principles. This brilliant artist, having exhausted the possibilities of classic plastics, in the late period of its creativity created invisible expressive forms. Its titanic figures are shown not according to the rules of plastic anatomy that served the norm for the same Michelangelo of all ten years ago, but according to other, irrational forms, caused by the fantasy of the artist himself.

One of the first signs of Baroque art: reducing money and mixing scale. In the art of classicism, all forms are clearly defined and excluded from each other. "Sikstinsky Plafond" Michelangelo is because the first work of the Baroque styleIt has a collision of drawn, but sculptural on the conbalance of figures, and an incredible architectural frame, written in the ceiling, not at all agreed with the actual space of architecture. The dimensions of the figures are also misleading the viewer, they do not harmonize, but they are dissected even with a picturesque, illusory space created by the artist.

"Baroque genius" J.L. Bernini (1598-1680). Bernini's largest architectural work - the end of many years of construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome and Registration of the Square in front of him (1656-1667). In the interior of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome over the tomb of the Apostle Peter, he built a huge, exorbitantly enlarged tent - Kyiviy in 29 m high (height of Palazzo Farnes in Rome). They published a chaater from the black and gold-plated bronze on four twisted columns with the "curtains" and statues from the Nafa of the Cathedral seems just a toy, the fad of the interior decoration. But near - stunning and suppresses, turning to be a colossusion of inhuman scales, which is why the dome seems immense, like the sky.

Two mighty wings of the monumental colonnade built by his project closed the extensive space of the square. Discalcated from the main, western facade of the cathedral, the colonnades form the formation form first, and then go into a huge oval, emphasizing the special mobility of the composition designed to organize the movement of mass processes. 284 Columns and 80 pillars with a height of 19 m constitute this four-row covered colonnade, 96 large statues crowned its attack. As you move along the area and changes in the point of view, it seems that the columns are shifted closely, then they are moved away, and the architectural ensemble seems to unfold in front of the viewer. Workshops are included in the design of the area of \u200b\u200bdecorative elements: unsubstantial strings of the water of two fountains and a slender Egyptian obelisk between them, which focus on the middle of the square. But the expression of Bernini himself, the area, "like prostrate hugs", captures the viewer, directing his movement towards the facade of the cathedral, decorated with the Grand Potted Corinthian Colonnes, "which rummage and dominate all this solemn baroque ensemble. By emphasizing the spatiality of the overall solution of the complex in the form of Square and Cathedral, Bernini identified the main point of view on the cathedral, which is perceived by the distance in its magnitude unity.

Bernini knew well and took into account the laws of optics and prospects. With a long-distance point of view, shrinking in the future, the angle of the colonnade of the trapezoidal area is perceived by straight, and the oval area is circle. The same properties of an artificial perspective skillfully applied during the construction of a parade royal staircase connecting the Cathedral of St. Peter with Papal Palace. It produces a grand impression due to the precisely calculated gradual narrowing of the staircase, the causionized overlap or decrease in its columns framing. Intensifying the effect of a promising reduction in the lallow, Bernini achieved the illusion of increasing the size of the stairs and its length.

In all the brilliance, the skill of the Bernini decorator was manifested when the interior of the Cathedral of St. Peter. He allocated the longitudinal axis of the Cathedral and his center - bribed space with a luxurious, bronze nodie (Baldakhin, 1624-1633), in which there is not a single calm contour. All forms of this decorative structure are worried. Twisted columns to the dome of the cathedral are cool; With the help of textured variety of bronze imitates magnificent fabrics and fruit frills.

In fine art This period prevailed plots, which were based on dramatic conflict- religious, mythological or allegorical character. Castle portraits are created, designed to decorate interiors. Baroque feature - non-compliance with renaissance harmony for more emotional contact with the audience. Composite effects, expressed in bold contrasts of scale, colors, light and shadow, acquired great importance. But at the same time, the Baroque artists strive to achieve rhythmic and color unity, the painting of the whole. Painting Baroque is characterized by dynamism, "plane" and pomp forms, the most specific traits Baroque - catchy flowering and dynamism; Bright example - Rubens, Caravaggio.

Rubens Peter Paul (1577-1640) - Flemish painter, draftsman, chapter flemish school Baroque painting. In life, Rubens embodied the baroque ideal of a virtuoso focused on the outside of things for which the whole world was scene. The contradictions of the era Rubens in painting reconciled, it would seem impurched opposites. His huge intelligence and mighty vital energy allowed him to create a variety of borrowing a holistic, unique style in which amazing manner Natural and supernatural, reality and fantasy, scholarship and spirituality are merged. Its epic canvases thus determine the scale and style of painting mature baroque. They are full of grinding, inexhaustible energy and ingenuity, and are, as well as his heroic nude figures, the personification of the feeling of life. An image of such a saturated being with such a scope required an extension of the alena of action, to provide only Baroque with its theatricality - in best sense of this word. The feeling of drama was inherent in Rubens to the same extent as Bernini. "The Exaltation of the Cross" - the first major altar image, indicates how many he was obliged italian art. Muscular figures, detailed worked in detail to demonstrate their physical strength and the passion of feelings, resemble the images of the Sistine Chapel of Michelangelo and the Gallery of Palazzo Farneza Annibal Carragechi, and in the style of the painting lighting there is something from Caravaggio. Nevertheless, its success is largely due to the striking ability of Rubens to combine Italian influences with the Dutch ideas, giving them a modern sound in the process. On the scale and concept of a picture of a heroicer than any other north work, but it is still impossible to present its appearance without "removal from the cross" Rogiram van der Waiden.

Rubens is as attentive to the vital details of the Flemish Realist, which can be seen by such details as the image of foliage, armor and dogs on foreground. These diverse elements enamelled with the highest skill form a composition of huge dramatic power. Unstable, threateningly swaying pyramid from bodies in a typically baroque manner bursts the limits of the frame, creating a feeling from the viewer with participation in this action.

In the 1620s, the dynamic style of Rubens reached its vertex in huge decorative work By orders churches and palaces. The most famous cycle of paintings made by Rubens for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris and dedicated to the glorification of the life path of Mary Medici, the widow of Henry IV and Mother Louis XIII.All here is connected by a single rhythm of circular motion: the sky and land, historical faces and allegorical characters, even drawing and painting, as Rubens used similar pictorial sketches in the preparation of its compositions. Unlike the artists of the previous epoch, he preferred to develop his paintings regarding light and color from the very beginning (most of his drawings are curly etudes or portrait sketches). Such a holistic vision, at the origins of which, although even without explicit achievements, stood great Venetians, was the most valuable in the heritage of Rubens for the painters of subsequent generations.

Michelangelo Merisiwhich at the place of birth near Milan nicknamed Caravaggio, consider the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the XVI century. New style in painting.

Already in the first performed in Rome works, he acts as a brave innovator, he challenged the main artistic directions The era - manherism and academism, opposing the stern realism and democracy of their art. Hero Caravaggio - a man from a street crowd, - the Roman boy or a young man, endowed with the sensual beauty and naturalness of mindlessly-cheerful being; The Caravaggio Hero appears in the role of a street merchant, a musician, an ardent shyol, listening to Lukava Gypsy, then in the appearance and attributes of the ancient God of Vakha. These genre in their essence characters filled bright light, closely moved to the viewer, depicted with underlined monumentality and plastic tangible.

Period creative maturity Opens a cycle of monumental canvases dedicated to St. Matthew. In the first and most significant of them, "the vocation of the apostle Matthew" - moved the action of the Gospel legend to the mixture with bare walls and a wooden table, making it the participants of people from the street crowd, Caravaggio at the same time built an emotionally strong playwright of the great event - invasion The light of truth in the lower life of life. "Breaky Light", penetrating into the dark place after those who entered there Christ and St. Peter, highlights the figures of those who gathered around the table of people and at the same time emphasizes the wonderful nature of the phenomenon of Christ and St. Peter, his reality and at the same time irradiance, catching out of darkness only part of the Jesus profile, a thin brush of his outstretched hand, a yellow cloak of sv. Peter, while the figures are vaguely appear from the shadow

His paintings written in religious stories resemble realistic scenes with a modern life author, creating contrast of the times of late antiquity and new time. Heroes are depicted in a twilight, from which the rays of the light snatch expressive gestures of characters, contrasting their characterity. The art of Caravaggio had a huge impact on creativity not only by many Italian, but also the leading Western European masters of the XVII century - Rubens, Yordans, George de Latur, Surbaran, Velasquez, Rembrandt.

Thus, the artists of Baroque opened up the art of new techniques for the spatial interpretation of the form in it eternally changeable vital dynamics, they activated the vital position. The unity of life in the sensual bodily joy of being, in tragic conflicts Makes the basis of the beautiful Baroque art.

Conclusion

Thus, Baroque is the characteristic of the European culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the center of which was Italy and then spread throughout Western Europe. The baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphal march "Western civilization".

His appearance was historically natural process prepared by all preceding development. Nonodynakovo found its implementation style in various countries, identifying their national characteristics. At the same time had common featuresTypical for all European art and for all European culture:

1. Church dogmatism, which led to strengthening religiosity;

2. Increase in the role of the state, secularity, the struggle of two began;

3. High emotionality, theatricality, exaggeration of everything;

4. Dynamics, impulsiveness;

It will not be an exaggeration to say that Baroque is one of the most fade, lush styles.

The style of "Baroque" fully corresponds to the lifestyle characteristic of the epoch. This is a style based on the use of classical rational forms given in a state of dynamic voltage, sometimes reaching convulsions.

Baroque time contributed to the formation of national art schools with their own characteristics (Flanders, Holland, France, Italy, Spain, Germany).

List of sources used

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Fig. 1 - Square in front of the Cathedral of St. Peter, designed Lorenzo Bernini

Fig. 2 - Michelangelo. Fragment of vault Sicstinskaya Capella

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Painting Barochko (In the lane. With IT. - "Freaky") It is customary to call the artistic style, which prevailed in the art of Europe in the 16-18 centuries.

It is this epoch that is considered the beginning of the triumph of "Western civilization".

It originated thanks to two important events Middle Ages. It was originally the ideological ideas about man and universe, thanks to the epochable scientific discoveries of that time. In the future, there was a need to create a simulation of its own greatness against the background of material decline. To do this, it began to use an artistic style that glorify the power of nobility and church. However, a person began to feel herself with a leader and creator and already in the style itself, the spirit of freedom and sensuality broke through.

This artistic style arose in Italy, in particular in Rome, Mantu, Venice, Florence, and spread to other countries after the Renaissance era. In the 17th century, Italy lost its power in politics and economics. Its territory begins to be attacked by foreigners - Spaniards and French. However, ITALY exhausted by Nevzpects did not lose their positions. Cultural Center Europe still remained Italy. Church and knew sought to show their power and consistency, but since there was no money for it, they turned to the sphere of art. Thanks to him, the illusion of wealth and power was created.

The main features of this style are solemnity, parade, pomp, life-affirming nature, dynamism.

The art of Baroque has a bold contrast scale of color, shadow and light, combining fantasy and reality. The painting of this direction is characterized by progressive ideas about the complexity of the universe, the limitless and diverse world, his impermanence.

Holy Family, Antonis Wang Dyk Thomas Howard, 2nd Count Arundel, Antonis Wang Dyk Portrait of Philadelphia and Elizabeth Waiton, Antonis Wang Duck

A person is part of the world, a complex person, which is experiencing life conflicts.

The interior began to decorate with portraits that emphasize the position of a person in society. Portraits of rulers on which they are depicted with antique gods are also very popular. For Baroque, still lifes with the image of the gifts of nature are also characteristic.

Giovanna Gartenony Good news, philip de champ Giovanna Gartenony

Artists directions Barochko

By the famous representatives of Baroque are Rubens, Van Deken, Sneiders, Yordans, Maulberch.

A few artists, even outstanding, deserved the honor to be the founders of this style in the art of painting. Rubens turned out to be an exception. He created an exciting, living manner of an artistic expression. This method of writing is inherent in its early work of the "Holy George, affecting the dragon". Rubens style is characterized by a show of large and heavy figures in action - they are excited and emotional. His paintings are endowed with huge energy.

Nobody managed to portray people and animals in a mortal battle as Rubens.

Previously, artists studied tamed animals, they portrayed them with people. These works usually demonstrated anatomical knowledge of the structure of animals. Their images were taken from the stories of the Bible or myths. The artist's imagination gave rise to real paintings of fighting people and animals in a real fight.

This style includes other masters of painting, for example, Caravaggio and his followers. Their paintings are realistic and have dark colors.

Caravaggio is the most significant creator among Italian artists.

His paintings are based on religious plots. They created a contrast of epochs between late antiquity and new time.

Martha and Maria Magdalina, Caravaggio Musicians, Caravaggio Christ at the pillar, Caravaggio

In Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Western Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Baroque style intertwined with Rococo trends. So, in France, classicism was considered the main style of the 17th century, the baroque was considered before the middle of a century by the on-line, but in the future both directions were united in one big style.