Extra-curricular activity "Hour of Folk Wisdom". Competition for experts in proverbs and sayings (2nd-3rd grade)

Exercise 1.

Complete the sentences with adjectives.

1. One winter we went to the forest. It was quiet in (...) the forest. Everything is covered (...) with snow. In (…) the air were (…) (…) fluffs. The branches were adorned with (...) frost. In this (…) (…) outfit, each branch seemed (…).

2. The view (…) of the forest is magnificent. Everything is covered (...) with snow. (…) The air is thin and hot. Snow covered (...) trees and bushes. Rays glide over them (…) (…) and sprinkle them (…) with brilliance. But then the frost begins to pass, and the brightness (...) of the sky fades. (...) a cloud clouded the horizon.

Exercise 2.

Determine the grade of the adjective.

Z hawkish character; blue lampshade; wooden cornice; stone object; great character;yesterday's newspaper; Bear Den;ravenous appetite; sad look;dangerous competition;goose feeder; Golden ring; beautiful evening;inclement weather; clear sky; favorite hero; talented artist; clear voice; winter morning; fresh snow.

Exercise 3.

Write out the phrase "Noun + adjective" from the text. Determine the category of adjectives. execute morphological analysis three adjectives.

Master Russian speech

You own the native language,
you speak smartly.

Russian is not important
you know, my baby!

Listen to the poet,
be diligent henceforth

So that the mighty Russian speech
good to own.

This speech is full of greatness
proud simplicity,

In it wonderful words wealth,
the power of beauty.

Let's say to foreign countries
you keep your way by the sea,

In front of your companions you want
to shine with knowledge -

In conversations or disputes
with a friend or an enemy

You will use it boldly
in Russian!

Because you, a frisky schoolboy,
be more diligent in the future!

You owe Russian speech
good to own.

( I. Grishashvili )

Exercise 4.

Read the text and complete the assignments.

Greatest 3 the wealth of the people is their language!<...>Accurate and figurative Russian language is especially rich in proverbs. There are thousands, tens of thousands! As on wings, they fly from century to century, from one generation to another, and are not visible 3 that boundless distance, where this winged wisdom directs its flight ...

The epochs that gave rise to the proverbs are different. The immense diversity of human 3 relationships that are embodied in chased folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of time, in these clots of mind, human joy and suffering, laughter and tears, love and anger, faith and unbelief, truth and falsehood, honesty and deceit, diligence and laziness, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudices have come down to us.<...>The publication of Russian proverbs collected over several decades of the last century by the dialectologist and writer V.I.Dal will serve the great and noble cause study of the inexhaustible wealth of our homeland 3 culture, great and mighty tongue our.(According to M. A. Sholokhov)

Find adjectives in the text that belong to different categories.

From the first paragraph, write out the phrase “app. + n. ", indicate the gender, number and case of the adjective.

Find cases of using the adjective as a definition and as a predicate (determine the type of predicate).

Make a morphological analysis of the indicated words.

Test on the topic "Adjective name"

A) action

B) a sign of an object

C) a sign of a sign

D) action sign

2. Morphological signs adjective is:

A) gender, number

B) gender, number, case

B) gender, number, person

D) person, number

3. The syntactic features of the adjective are :

A) definition, predicate

B) definition, circumstance

C) definition, addition

D) addition, circumstance

BUT) mighty, first, strong, fox

B) merciless, invented, colored, white

C) impatient, must, khaki, well-fed

D) dressed, unhappy, angry, expressed

5. Qualitative adjectives are adjectives that denote ...

A) the material from which the item is made

B) a sign by its affiliation

B) signs indicating different qualities of the object

A) young (man), handsome (drawing), white (snow)

B) wooden (house), fox (tail), mother's (scarf)

B) spring (morning), iron (nail), sports (clothing)

A) spring (song), winter (morning), kind (boy)

B) prickly (hedgehog), fresh (air), beige (color)

B) donkey (ears), wolf (footprint), fathers (scarf)

A) seaside village, green ball, sports ground

B) emerald green, the correct answer, difficult question

C) swimming pool, clean hands, ringing voice

BUT) summer night, birch sap, tin ring

B) morning mail, silver voice, daddy's scarf

C) raspberry jam, raspberry beret, stone face

BUT) wolf howl, rabbit sheepskin coat, fox speech

B) antlers, fishing catch, grandma's pie

IN) washing machine, meat broth, Foxy burrow

11. Find adjectives, indicate their gender, choose the line with the correct answer:
« I am here again, in my own family! My land is thoughtful and tender! "

A) native (f), brooding (m), gentle (m)

B) native (Wed), pensive (m), gentle (m)

B) native (m), gentle (m)

12. Find adjectives, indicate their gender, choose the line with the correct answer:
« Early in the morning I approached the majestic river. The spring water felt fresh. "

A) early (m), majestic (f), spring (f)

B) early (Wed), majestic (f), spring (f), fresh (f)

C) early (Wed), majestic (f), spring (f)

13. Find the simple comparative adjective .

A) the fastest

B) beautiful

B) brighter

D) lighter

14. Indicate the compound comparative adjective .

A) less complicated

B) harder

C) hardest of all

D) the most difficult

15. Find a simple superlative adjective .

A) more beautiful

B) the quietest

C) louder

D) less severe

16. Indicate an adjective with a compound superlative degree.

A) deeper

B) the deepest

B) deeper

D) deepest

17. Indicate the variant without an error in the formation of the form of the degree of comparison of adjectives.

A. sharper, less steep, more taller

B. is longer, most beautiful, sweetest

V. very small, prettier, lower than all

G. longer, better, tastier

18. Indicate the variant with an error in the formation of the form of the degree of comparison of adjectives.

A) the most cheerful, the least of all, the highest

B) younger, whiter, harder

C) hottest, smartest, quietest

D) the most wonderful, the worst, the loudest

The well-known dictum, with which the Gospel of John begins, - "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God ... And the Word became flesh and dwelt with us, full of grace and truth ..." (Jn . 1) very full deep meaning and content, while "Word" is written with a capital letter.

The word is not only our speech, but also an expression of the people's self-consciousness, embodied folk spirit, which stores man-made things throughout the history of human development. The word raises us above the surrounding nature as the first sign of a conscious, intelligent life. It is a way of expressing our thoughts and feelings, which enables us to understand others and be understood. As a rule, the first word in a person's life is the word "Mom", which the child subsequently adds syllables for the first time, and then painstakingly displays in the copy. On his deathbed, a dying will is expected from a person, last words... Even before death penalty the criminal has the last word.

In all dictionaries, since the end of the 18th century, the interpretation of the meaning of "word" expands from philological to theological. "Philology" literally translated from Greek means "Love for the word".

Respect for the word was manifested in ancient times. Belief in the power of the word is reflected in folklore different nations peace: just remember the existence of all kinds of conspiracies and spells. Finally, prayer, which is the word addressed to God.

The importance and value of the word has been captured by numerous proverbs and sayings, in which the age-old folk wisdom is polished. Here are just a few of them: "You will win with a living word," "For bad words, the head will fly off."

It is impossible not to remember the words here Nobel laureate, writer M.A. Sholokhova: "The immense variety of human relations, which are imprinted in chased folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of times, in these clots of reason and knowledge of life, human joy and suffering, laughter and tears, love and anger, faith and unbelief, truth and falsehood have come down to us , honesty and deceit, hard work and laziness, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudice.

The greatest wealth of a people is its language! Accumulate for millennia and live forever in the word untold treasures human thought and experience. And maybe, in none of the forms of the linguistic creativity of the people with such force and so many-sided does their mind manifest itself, so crystalline its national history is not deposited, social order, everyday life, worldview, as in proverbs. Accurate and figurative Russian language is especially rich in proverbs. There are thousands, tens of thousands. As on wings, they fly from century to century, from one generation to another, and the boundless distance where this winged wisdom directs its flight is not visible. Our patriotic pride, clad in the damask of such proverbs will never fade: "He stepped on the Russian land, but stumbled"; "WITH native land- die, do not go ";" Stand boldly for a just cause. "

And the people themselves were aware of the special, headline position of proverbs and sayings in their language, which they expressed orally: "Red is the speech with the parable"; "A proverb is carried on like a hut tosses with a broom"; "The proverb says nothing for nothing"; "There is a proverb for your arrogance"; "White light is not a suburb, and empty speech is not a proverb."

"Literacy is a step towards wisdom," says an old Russian proverb. The Russian people at all times treated literate people with great respect, rightly believing that literacy is the most important and indispensable condition for familiarizing a person with the treasures of world knowledge.

The gospel is the first cause and the first impulse of our millennial culture and literature. If it had not been the first teaching, then perhaps we would never have known such great works of art as "The Brothers Karamazov" by M.F. Dostoevsky, Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Resurrection by L.N. Tolstoy, "Cathedrals" by NS Leskov, "The Break" by A.I. Goncharova, "Twelve" by A.A. Block; we would not recognize the Gospel robber in Pushkin's penitent Pugachev. We would not have had "The Appearance of Christ to the People" by AA. Ivanov, nor gospel stories V.D. Polenova, I.N. Kramskoy, N.N. Ge, nor the liturgical musical poems of A.T. Grechaninov and S.V. Rachmaninov. If the Gospel Word had not been at the beginning of the remarkable monuments of ancient written culture, then we would not have had either the "Word of Igor's Host" or the "Word of Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion.

"The Word of Law and Grace", created in the late 30s of the 11th century, is outstanding work Old Russian oratorical prose. The author seeks to penetrate into the meaning and significance of events in the distant past of the Slavs and to give a comprehensive assessment of his contemporary reality. The main themes of the "Word" are: the superiority of Christianity over Judaism and paganism; victory and spread Christian teaching in pagan countries, first of all, in Russia; glorification of Vladimir the Baptist (his canonization is proposed), his son Yaroslav, clan Kiev princes, Russia and its capital - Kiev. The Slovo develops the doctrine of national independence and its own patriotic concept world history... The work of Hilarion becomes a model for the scribes of the 12-15th centuries, who use separate techniques and stylistic formulas of the Lay.

Hilarion is also the author of Prayer, which is close to the Word in content and style (for a long time it was considered its final part), and Confessions of Faith, which are characterized by theological accuracy and clarity of presentation. The belonging of other works to Hilarion, signed with his name ("A Word to the Stylite Brother"), has not been proven at present.

Slavic writing, and with it and literary language were created to translate biblical texts intended for worship. As you know, before the invention of printing, the complete Bible could not be widely disseminated, because it was read in paraphrases, extracts, in books with the interpretation of the biblical text, listened to during divine services.

The need for a complete Bible arose in the 15th century. At this time, in Muscovite Russia, among the common people and part of the clergy, views that were different from those officially adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church... The disputing parties, proving the correctness of their doctrine, turned to the Bible, therefore, a complete and reliable biblical text became necessary. Work on it was completed in 1499. This translation is called the Gennady Bible, after the Novgorod Archbishop Gennady, who directed the work.

In 1850-1581, the first printed Bible was published - the famous Ostroh Bible of Ivan Fedorov. This edition was based on the text of the Gennady Bible, the grammar and spelling of which were somewhat corrected. The Ostrog Bible was used by publicist, philologist, church and public figure of South-Western Russia Melety Smotritsky when compiling the first Slavic grammar... Copies of it were kept in many monastic libraries not only in Russia, but also in other Slavic countries... This Bible had a great influence on the norms of the Church Slavonic language.

The initiator of the last revision of the Church Slavonic Bible was Peter I. The book was published only in 1751, during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, and therefore is called the Elizabethan Bible. It is being republished at the present time.

The translation of the Bible into Russian began only in 1812. At first, this caused a lot of disagreements and protests in society, including the church, because the usual Slavic text in Russian translation seemed simplified. The complete Bible in Russian appeared only in 1870. The translation was approved by the Holy Synod and was called the synodal one. Until now, it remains the only Russian text of the Bible that has been accepted by the Russian Orthodox Church, despite the fact that many other translations appeared in the 20th century. In general, Bible translations have played important role in the formation of many languages ​​of Europe, including Russian.

The Russian language is the richest treasure trove we inherited from our ancestors. Having absorbed a huge amount of information that has been collected bit by bit for centuries, the Russian language is able to convey information on any branch of knowledge. Due to the wide morphological and syntactic possibilities of our native language, we can express our even the most intimate feelings and experiences, describe what we saw and heard. Lexical richness Russian language made it possible to capture historical events in ancient times, reflect the present and predict the future.

This is how he described the Russian language famous writer M. Gorky: “Our extraordinary language itself is a mystery. It contains all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds - from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; parties high words from the language of the Church-Biblical, and on the other hand, choosing apt names from the countless adverbs scattered across our provinces to choose from, thus having the opportunity, in the same speech, to ascend to a height inaccessible to any other language and descend to a simplicity perceptible to touch the most incomprehensible person - a language that is already a poet in itself.

I highly recommend reading Russian fairy tales, epics, collections of songs, the Bible, classics to get acquainted with the Russian language. Read Afanasyev, Kireevsky, Rybnikov, Danilov, Aksakov, Turgenev, Chekhov. There are some things that may seem boring to you - read on! Delve into the beauty of common speech, into the structure of a phrase in a song, a fairy tale, in the Psalter, in the Song of Solomon's Songs. You will see here an amazing richness of images, accuracy of comparisons, simplicity, enchanting power, amazing beauty of definitions. Delve into folk art - it's great, like fresh water from the springs of mountain, underground, sweet streams. Stay close to folk language, look for simplicity, brevity, healthy strength that creates an image in two or three words. There are a lot of new words in the language, but together with so goes spoilage of language, there is a newspaper, cloth language, extremely monotonous and colorless ".

According to one of the greatest Russian scientists M.V. Lomonosov: "Charles IV, the Roman emperor, said that Spanish with God, French - with friends, German - with the enemy, Italian - to speak decently with women. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, because he would find in him the splendor of the Spanish, the liveliness of the French, the strength of the German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, wealth and strong in images brevity of Greek and Latin ".

The Russian language is the language in which the brilliant masterpieces of world literature were written - the works of famous Russian masters of the pen, such as A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, M.A. Sholokhov. We not only inherit the priceless treasure created by our great compatriots, but we are also responsible for preserving our mighty Russian language for future generations.

We are gradually forgetting the words of the famous Russian historian N.M. Karamzin that "the Slavic-Russian language, according to the testimony of foreign aesthetics themselves, is not inferior either in courage to Latin or in fluency to Greek, surpassing all European ones: Italian, French and Spanish, even more so German. Our language is expressive not only for high eloquence, for loud, pictorial poetry, but also for tender simplicity. For the sounds of the heart and sensitivity. He is richer harmoniously than French, more capable of pouring out the soul in tones; represents more analogous words, that is, consistent and with an expressed action: the benefit that have the same indigenous languages. "

As you know, the word not only heals, but also cripples. People, without hesitation, "rush" with words, but "the word is not a sparrow: it will fly out, you will not catch it." Many of us, out of envy, inferiority, bitterness, break down on others, try to stab harder, offend, humiliate. A whole generation of crippled souls is growing, among which fewer and fewer are reading youth. In schools, children striving for knowledge are called "nerds", they are laughed at. Books are gradually being replaced by audio and video equipment, from which a stream of cheap Western propaganda falls on us, where sometimes the main words are words that basically contradict the 10 commandments of the Law of God: murder, idol, intimate relationship out of wedlock, theft, lies, slander, accusation, envy, betrayal, etc.

Listening to our modern speech, to the words that sound around us on the street, in transport, in the courtyard, in institutions, we sometimes do not hear words from V.I. Dahl or S.I. Ozhegova. The usual words "greens", "cabbage", "packed", "lemon" have now become "new vocabulary", have turned into some metaphors. The semantics of these "new formations" seem to constitute a separate phrasebook for the criminal or semi-criminal world. Surprisingly, even older people often began to use such "slang" in everyday life, flaunting their "modernity." Sometimes the words of the father of the family sound ridiculous, which can only be learned in the gateway. In some ways, this means keeping up with the times. The question is where, why and with whom to go.

A whole separate set of sound monsters invented to express thoughts and feelings. What a wretched thought must be to fit into such "packages" ?! Is it possible to cultivate virtue, patriotism, morality, purposefulness, spirituality, when the words: honor, dignity, pride, Fatherland, light, kindness, faith, chastity are completely absent in speech?

Gradually, such necessary at all times words as "thank you" - God save, "thank" - I give blessings - as a response to the good shown to you, disappear from the speech. From all this it becomes clearly uncomfortable. Are we gradually regressing and soon find ourselves like in the Stone Age, only on foreign cars, with the Internet and mobile phones?

One involuntarily recalls the words of American General Allen Dulles, spoken by him in 1945, already distant for us, and embodied in life at the beginning of the 21st century: “Having sown chaos in Russia, we will imperceptibly replace their values ​​with false ones and make them believe in these false values. How? We will find our like-minded people, our assistants and allies in Russia itself. Episode after episode, the tragedy of a grandiose scale of the death of the most rebellious people on earth, the final, irreversible extinction of its self-consciousness will be played out. From literature and art, for example, we will gradually erase their social essence We will wean artists, we will discourage them from engaging in images, researching the processes that occur in the depths of the masses.Literature, theaters, cinema - everything will depict and glorify the lowest human feelings... We will in every possible way support and raise the so-called creators who will plant and hammer into human consciousness the cult of sex, violence, sadism, betrayal - in short, all immorality.

In government, we will create chaos, confusion. We will imperceptibly, but actively and constantly contribute to the tyranny of officials, bribe-takers, lack of principle.

Bureaucracy and red tape will be elevated to virtue. Honesty and decency will be ridiculed and will not be needed by anyone, will turn into a relic of the past. Rudeness and arrogance, lies and deceit, drunkenness and drug addiction, animal fear of each other and shamelessness, betrayal, nationalism and enmity of peoples, above all, enmity and hatred of the Russian people - we will deftly and imperceptibly cultivate all this.

And only a few, very few will guess or understand what is happening. But we will put such people in a helpless position, turning them into a laughing stock. We will find a way to slander them and declare them to be the dregs of society ... ".

Questions arise by themselves, which are very difficult to immediately answer: "What will we leave to our descendants? Who is responsible today for the state of the Russian language, native speech? Do we have the right to be indifferent to what is national treasure? Can we stop the ongoing degradation of the Great and Mighty RUSSIAN LANGUAGE? "

The current 2007 has been declared the Year of the Russian Language in Russia. In Odessa, for example, an action "I speak Russian" is being held, in Belgorod, architectural projects of a monument to the Russian language are being considered. But will all these actions, events, national projects affect the preservation of the original Russian language, will they help the modern young generation, even if you do not know the native Russian language "excellently", but at least respect it, remember that it is one of the main and important elements of our culture, our mentality?

In our opinion, the problem of the Russian language existing in society should not be reduced only to the problem of how to speak better and more competently, because it is also a problem of the moral image, "moral content" of every Russian and society as a whole; in part, this is also a political issue. Remember, at least, what happened abroad, what debates were held on the issue of studying and using the Russian language in the speech circulation. The centuries-old history knows dozens of examples when books published in Russian were simply destroyed, and the work of Russian thinkers, writers, philosophers was completely banned. Therefore, all those, regardless of age, religion, origin, social, official or property status, in whom the desire to revive our glorious Fatherland still lives, should take part in solving the above issues.

As the Bible teaches - "In the beginning was the Word ...",
And the Word was - God, and in Him all grace
And our life is like the Kulikovo field,
Where everyone has to stand to death!
Alexander Trutnev
First published in Kaluga diocesan magazine "Orthodox Christian"

"Project on the Russian language" - The goal of the project. Results after the lesson using computer tasks. Design stage. Conclusion. Approbation stage. Results of the verification and generalizing lesson with traditional tasks. Results. This form allows you to make the lesson clearer, more interesting, more informative. Final Editing of the developed computer tasks.

"Lessons of the Russian language" - Lesson - test. Lesson - workshop. Lesson - independent work... Literature. Types of lessons: Lesson - conference. Lesson - overview lecture. Russian language and literature lessons. The lesson is a concert. The results of the exam in the Russian language in grade 11 (USE). Literature exam results. Russian language. Lesson - seminar.

"Russian and English proverbs and sayings" - The ant is small, but it digs mountains. Object of study. Two heads are better than one. The process of translating proverbs and sayings into Russian. Little strokes fell great oaks. In oral speech, sayings often become proverbs, and proverbs become sayings. Goals. Well started - half done. One head it's good, but two better.

"Proverbs about good" - Do not tear, but glue. Not to seize, but to give. Having done good, do not reproach. Kind word and opens the iron gate. REMEMBER! Try not to step on, but to give in. Not shouting, but listening. The shirt will wear out, and the good deed will not be forgotten. Do not show your fist, but extend your palm. Remember the good, but forget the evil. Kind word that rain in drought.

Bread and Salt - Why do salts have similar properties? The use of salts. And the king had to buy salt from foreign merchants at fabulous prices. Calcium carbonate is used as a raw material for lime production. Potassium chloride is used in agriculture as a potash fertilizer. Sodium sulfate decahydrate is used as a raw material for producing soda.

"Summaries of Russian language lessons" - Topic " Difficult sentence"In the 5th grade. Features of the study of the topic: - block presentation of material; - advanced learning; - the layout of the material. Teaching the Russian language according to reference schemas-synopses has many advantages. P. - 2 or more P. Communication meaning intonation Usually, Ss, ss. The transparent forest alone turns black, and the P spruce turns green through the frost.

The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For millennia, countless treasures of human thought and experience have been accumulating and eternally living in the word. And, perhaps, in none of the forms of linguistic creativity of the people with such force and so many-sided does their mind manifest itself, its national history, social order, way of life, worldview, as in proverbs, is not deposited so crystallinely.

Accurate and figurative Russian language is especially rich in proverbs. There are thousands, tens of thousands! As on wings, they fly from century to century, from one generation to another, and the boundless distance where this winged wisdom directs its flight is not visible ...

The epochs that gave rise to the proverbs are different. The immense variety of human relationships is imprinted in chased folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of time reached us in these clots of reason and knowledge of life, the joy and suffering of people, laughter and tears, love and anger, faith and unbelief, truth and falsehood, honesty and deceit, diligence and laziness, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudices.

Referring to the proverbs of the Russian people, Soviet man will take the best and discard what is already dead and does not need him in the creation of a new world.

Our patriotic pride, clad in damask of such proverbs, will never fade: “Came

on the Russian land, but stumbled "," From the native land - die, do not descend "," Stand boldly for a just cause. "

Following the sage people, the Soviet man will say (a proverb by the way says!): "White hands love other people's work", "Without sweeping away your strength, do not lift the pitchfork", "Taking someone else's back easily", "Looking at someone else's work, You will not be full ”,“ An hour late, you don’t turn up a year ”,“ The word is not an arrow, but strikes ”.

However, our contemporary is alien to everything that bears in proverbs the stamp of national discord, slavery, oppression of women, religious superstition - everything that did not express the true wisdom of the people, over which the class, estate and church oppression gravitated. The people perfectly expressed their protest against him in a multitude of well-aimed, crafty and striking with their mockery, and sometimes bitter proverbs: "The rich man would eat money if the poor man would not feed him" there is no benefit "," Praise the rye in a haystack, and the master in the coffin. "

And a lot of false wisdom, ugly ideas instilled in the people centuries of social injustice, admiration for power, hypocrisy and hypocrisy. Quite a few things have survived in proverbs that can now offend a healthy feeling. All this is being supplanted by the life going forward, our new, socialist experience comes to replace it, which also gives rise to a new, noble worldly wisdom.

This is how the gold grains scattered in proverbs are continuously washed and polished by time. folk life, struggle and traditions of countless generations.

The publication of Russian proverbs collected over several decades of the last century by the dialectologist and writer V.I.Dal will serve the great and noble cause of studying the inexhaustible wealth of our national culture, our great and mighty tongue.

During their centuries-old history, the peoples of our country have created great amount proverbs and sayings. Sharp and imaginative, these little pearls folk wisdom passed from one generation to another for centuries, preserving the depth of thought and artistic power... The rich life experience people, their high moral qualities. From time immemorial they have lived in colloquial speech, in a peculiar form expressing the thoughts and aspirations of ordinary people.

Folk proverbs cover a huge range of phenomena and events, talk about social relations people in society, national liberation struggle, spiritual qualities of the people. They “form an exemplary form of all life, socio-historical experience working people", Said A. M. Gorky. In figurative and expressive sayings, the people embodied ardent love for the Motherland and hatred for its enemies - foreign invaders.

Therefore, the purpose of my work is to explore the relationship between history and culture. Russian people(using the example of proverbs, sayings and catch phrases)

To achieve the stated goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1.examination and analysis literary sources dedicated to proverbs, sayings of the Russian people;

2. analysis of proverbs and sayings from the point of view of reflection in them of specific historical events and the attitude of the people towards them;

3. drawing up a table in which proverbs and sayings are combined by a specific historical event, and given short description historical fact.

4. ranking of collected information by topic training course History of the Fatherland, which will allow using the results of work in the classroom, both for the teacher and the students.

I studied the works of authors, both philologists and historians - V. Dal, M. Gorky, M. Shakhnovich (experts in Russian literature) and V. Balyazin, O. Volobuev, A. A. Danilov and many others. A systematization of sayings and proverbs (based on the collection of V. Dahl "Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People"), reflecting the historical events experienced by the people, is carried out, and a brief description of these events is given. A chronological systematization and linking of these materials to specific topics studied in the course of the history of the Fatherland at school have been carried out.

Product research work should be a table of proverbs, sayings and catchphrases of the Russian people (based on the collection of V. Dahl "Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People"), classified by historical events, topics of the course History of the Fatherland.

The materials received will help the teacher in organizing and conducting lessons related to the study of the culture of Russia, and the students to learn their history, the history of their people from an interesting and entertaining side, and therefore to form love for their Fatherland.

The presented work does not claim to be exhaustive (since it relies on a limited range of literary sources) and is artificially limited by the time frame (9-19 centuries). However, the undoubted merit of this work is the fact that it can be continued on other grounds, criteria or time limits.

Why was this manifestation of the culture of the people interested in me - proverbs and sayings? Proverbs and sayings are distinguished by accuracy, laconism, and refinement. Thought is expressed in them extremely succinctly, they are easy to remember. The language of proverbs and sayings is distinguished by sharpness, humor, great comparisons, metaphors, epithets. Contained in proverbs, extraordinary wisdom, brevity and clarity of expression have always attracted attention. public figures, writers. Even N. V. Gogol noticed that "all great people, from Pushkin to Suvorov and Peter, were in awe of our proverbs."

The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For millennia, countless treasures of human thought and experience have been accumulating and eternally living in the word. And maybe not in any of the forms of the linguistic creativity of the people with such force and so many times does his mind manifest itself, so crystalline is his national history not deposited, social life, build, worldview, as in proverbs.

Accurate and figurative Russian language is especially rich in proverbs. As on wings, they fly from century to century, from one generation to another. The epochs that gave rise to the proverbs are different. The immense variety of human relations, which are embodied in chased folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of times came down to us in these clots of reason and knowledge of life, joy and human suffering, laughter and tears, love and anger, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudices.

Among the various works of folk poetry, proverbs and sayings occupy a special place: they live in colloquial speech as its organic part, concentrating in artistic image phenomena of human life and nature. Collected together, proverbs make up a set of judgments about the life of the people, a set of precise and sharp characteristics, observations and generalizations. The proverbs also reflect erroneous, false interpretations of the surrounding world and true knowledge, which gradually accumulated and received a figurative expression. Taken together, the proverbs reveal the complex and often contradictory worldview of the people in the process of their development; the proverbs clearly express the people's assessment of the existing reality, their view of life - through overcoming inert, backward views - affirming it not as it is, but as it would like to see it. Best compilations proverbs and sayings can be put on a par with greatest works world literature. An outstanding collection of proverbs is the collection of V. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people", compiled and published by him in the middle of the 19th century. V. Dahl's collection is a classic work containing a wealth of material (about 30,000 proverbs, sayings, apt words, sayings, etc.), most of which is still vividly perceived. It was this collection that became the main source of the folklore material I analyzed in the presented work.

The source for V. Dahl's collection was a live folk speech, rich in proverbs and sayings. V. Dal wrote “the sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks communicated from different sides, and - most importantly - the living Russian language, and more - the speech of the people. ". The division of proverbs into ancient and new, into general and private, general and local, into historical, political and so on is applicable only to a small number of them. But even here you can't avoid stretching, that's all folk proverbs developed in everyday life and their application is extremely diverse - as V. Dal believed. On the other side historical knowledge- this is not only a statement of specific historical events and facts, but also the attitude towards these events - the approval or condemnation of them by the people, pride or disappointment. I was not interested so much literary terms(philological interpretation of certain concepts), how much is the reflection of historical events in them. Therefore, despite the conventionality of the principle of dividing proverbs and sayings into historical and others, I nevertheless allowed myself to isolate from the total proverbs and sayings are those that, in my opinion, meet the task at hand.

Of course, each of the proverbs and sayings of the people to one degree or another is the result of historical development society, but in this case the interpretation of history is very extensive and cannot be used in the framework of student work. This means that in my analysis I rely on a specific name historical facts(wars, laws, etc.) in proverbs and sayings as the basis for distinguishing them as historical.

In the collection of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, proverbs and sayings are classified on two grounds - thematic (190 sections) and alphabetical order on keywords found in proverbs and sayings (434 names). Moreover, neither in the first nor in the second case was there the criterion I used for the classification of proverbs and sayings. I analyzed about 3000 proverbs and sayings from the dictionary of V. Dahl, 74 were assigned to the necessary category. This is about 2.5% of the total amount of analyzed material.

Among my selected proverbs and sayings more refer to the following events:

Patriotic War of 1812;

Sayings related to military valor;

The reign of Peter 1;

Horde yoke in Russia.

This result can be explained by the fact that the collection of V. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people" was published in the second half of the 19th century and events Patriotic War were fresh and popular with the people. And since this war ended in victory for the Russian people, the sayings associated with the military valor of the Russian soldier are also relevant for Russia of that historical period.

Each proverb or saying is given a short description historical event, which was reflected in it (from the point of view of the interpretation of a proverb or saying, and not an exhaustive description of a historical event). Using the rich, additional material on the course of the history of the Fatherland allowed me to feel the facts and events that were previously abstract knowledge and ideas. This personal discovery is one of the important results of the work. The received materials can be used by the history teacher in the preparation of lessons and extracurricular activities. In order to facilitate the teacher's task, I have carried out work on the distribution of the prepared materials on the topics of the training course on the History of the Fatherland.

In addition to the history teacher, my work attracted the interest of the teacher of the Russian language and literature, who believes that my work is interesting and used by it.

Thus, my work testifies to the close relationship between the history of the Russian people and its culture (for example, proverbs and sayings). I have created a "catalog" of proverbs and sayings (9-19 centuries) and described their historical roots, which makes it possible to use the prepared materials in the course of teaching and studying the course of the history of the Fatherland.