What determines the participle in a sentence. Morphological signs of the participle

The Russian language is rich in a large number of different parts of speech, which help to build a competent and logical text. But it is impossible to imagine our native speech without participles, verb forms that contain both its signs and adjectives. The participle is a synthesized part of speech that has a large number of expressive capabilities, can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied in the course of the school curriculum.

First of all, it is necessary to define the participle as a part of speech. A participle is a verb form that combines the signs of an adjective and a verb and answers the questions of what? which the? The participle characterizes the action and its sign at the same time. So briefly, you can explain what the sacrament is. Examples of words related to this part of speech are leading, shouting, knowing, becoming, living, being read, and many others.

Since the participle is inseparable from the adjective, they have some common characteristics. So, participles can vary in number, gender and case. It is important to note that both short and full participles have these signs. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change in gender), recognized - recognized (singular and plural), composed - composed - composed (change in cases: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).

Signs of the verb in the participle

Since the participle is one of the forms of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely related and share a set of common features. Among them should be noted the form (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irreversibility (laughing, removed), voice (passive - prepared, real - aging). Transition and intransition is another sign that characterizes the participle. Examples of words that belong to transitional - cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), to intransitive - worn out, inspired.

A special point is the presence of time in the participles. It is necessary to remember that this part of speech has only the past and present tense. The participles have no future tense form.

Valid participles

This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But what is a real participle in practice? Examples of words of this category are frightening, whispering, living, screaming, flying, etc.

In a sentence, a real participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that calls the predicate (for example: the mother is watching the child at play).

Special situation with valid past participles. What action describes a particular participle can be judged after determining the type of the verb from which it is formed. So, if the real participle is formed with the help of the corresponding suffixes from the perfective verb, then the action took place before the other, called the verb. For example, a student sits in a class who has solved a test. The participle is formed from the verb "decide" (what to do?) - a perfect form. A student is sitting in the class, solving the test. In this case, the sentence uses an imperfect participle.

Passive participles

Another type of this part of speech is passive participles. Examples of words that fall into this category may be: created, purchased, dressed, built-in, slave, etc.

This type of participle describes an action that is performed on an object. In turn, the process that calls the participle can occur both simultaneously with what the predicate is talking about, or end earlier, nevertheless, have a connection with the present moment.

Very often, both in speech and in literature, you can find a passive participle with a dependent word. Examples of such phrases: a work written by a composer, a music track listened to by a music lover, etc.

Relationship with other parts of speech

The participle can be transformed into other parts of speech under the influence of various processes that contribute to the development of the Russian language. So, a participle can be substantiated into a noun (you need to pay attention to words such as commander, future, which answer questions who? and what?).

Another important concept is the adjectified participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, mature, intimate, innate, etc. A quite logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help to separate these parts of speech is to find a participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words: fried potatoes in a skillet, an act of indignation, etc.

Analysis of participles in the topic "Morphology"

In the course of studying each part of speech, both in the school curriculum and in the curriculum of any philological faculty, there are tasks for parsing one or another word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which this lexical unit belongs, and to correctly parse it. So, let's try to make out the participle. How to determine that a word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing the suffixes -usch-, -yush (participating, thirsty), -shch-, -shch- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (become), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, led), - all these participles, real and passive, past or present.

So, parsing a participle consists of substituting a question for it (most often what?), Identifying it as a participle, indicating the initial masculine form, singular in the nominative case, defining the verb and the suffix with which it is formed from it. It is also necessary to indicate the type, the presence of recurrence and transitivity, voice, time, form (short or full), gender, number, case and declension, syntactic role in this particular sentence.

The participle is a special form of the verb with the following characteristics:

1. It denotes a sign of an object in action and answers the questions which one does, what did he do, what did he do ?.

2. Possesses morphological features of a verb and an adjective.

Verb features include

View (SV and NSV),

Transition (the sign is relevant for real participles),

Returnability,

Time (present and past).

Collateral (valid and passive).

In school grammar, the pledge is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the pledge feature is seen in a verb in any form (compare: Workers build a house - A house is built by workers) - see the reflexivity of the verb ...

The signs of an adjective include

Death (for full participles),

Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. The participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on the transitivity and type of the verb

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and type.

Transitive verbs can have the forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only the forms of real participles.

SV verbs have only past participles (that is, SV verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (read, read, read, read),

intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - valid present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),

transitive verbs SV also have 2 participles - a real and a passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive verbs SV have only 1 participle form - a valid past participle (overslept).

Valid participles

Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

Active present participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes

Ush - (- yusch-) for verbs I conjugation: running-yush-i, running-yusch-i,

Аш - (- ящ-) for verbs of II conjugation: lying-аsch-i, hundred-iasch-i.

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the base of the past tense using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-i,

Ш- for verbs with a consonant stem: nes-sh-th.

Verbs can form valid past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to find) form the participles under consideration from the basis of the present / simple future tense (and not from the basis of the past tense): who has acquired (the basis of the future tense will be acquired, the basis of the past is acquired), the leading;

The verbs go and wither form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: shed-sh-th, faded-sh-th.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense, dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive, dried, and the choice of the suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of the object to which the action is directed: a book being read by a boy.

Passive participles of the present tense are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the stem of the present tense using the suffix

Em- (sometimes -om) for verbs I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-om-th,

Im- for verbs II conjugation: stored-im-th.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: guided and controlled are formed from the intransitive verbs

The verbs beat, write, sew, revenge and others do not have the passive participles of the present tense.

The passive participle of the present tense in the verb to give is formed from a special stem (let's-em-th).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: movable and movable.

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the past tense using suffixes

N (n) - from the verbs to -at, -at and -et: read-nn-th,

En (n) - from stems to a consonant and -it: carried away, built,

T- from stems to -nut, -tot, -grut and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: closed-t-th, colo-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, split th.

Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs to love, seek, take.

Some verbs in -sti, -there are passive past participles formed from the stem of the present / future tense: brought, acquired, conjugated, stolen.

The passive participles of the present and past tense can also be formed by attaching the postfix -s to the form of the active voice: selling well (= selling) / selling books.

Passive participles have full and short forms: a letter I wrote - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change in cases and appear in a sentence mainly in the function of the nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (literal) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish between them: from the verb to burn with the suffix -ych- a burning participle is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.

However, there are also differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. The participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, "resulting from the implementation of an action," "capable of participating in an action"), compare:

She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - the sacrament;

She was brought up, educated (= She was educated, educated).

2. A word in full form with the suffix -н - (- нн-), -en - (- enn) - is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and / or has dependent words, cf .:

unmown meadows (adjective)

meadows not mowed with slanting (participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows (participle, as CB).

3. Since the passive participles of the present tense can only be in transitive verbs NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb SV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, since the verb to get wet in the meaning of "let the water pass through" is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, because the verb is to defeat the SV).

The main features of the verb

Question number 2. (What is the difference between perfect and imperfective verbs?)

View verb - verbs are of a perfect and imperfect form.

• Verbs imperfect answer the question what to do?

• Verbs perfect kind answer the question what to do?

• There is a small number in Russian two-species verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have that perfect meaning (and answer the question what to do?), then the imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, marry, command, investigate, examine, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing?- imperfect species) your enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) more than fifty rebels.

Question number 3. (What verbs are called transitive?)

Transitivity- there are transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian.

· Transitive verbs able to combine with a noun, pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Question number 4.

1. Find the noun the verb refers to. For example, in the sentence “All Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field” the verb “glorified”, being a predicate, is associated with the subject - the word “Russia”. And the participle "won" (the participle is also a form of the verb, and therefore always has a pledge) refers to the word "victory".

2
Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb mean? Are you talking about something done by the one who (or what) the noun stands for? Or did someone else perform this action with him? “Russia glorified victory” - it is Russia that represents the character here. Therefore, the verb "glorified" is in the active voice. "Victory won by the army" - here the character is already "army", and the participle "won" denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore, it is in the passive voice.

3
A separate conversation is reflexive verbs, that is, those that end in "-sya". It is sometimes believed that all such verbs are necessarily the passive voice. But this is a mistake. There are many reflexive active verbs. You can distinguish them as follows. Try to rephrase the sentence so that the ending “-sya” disappears. For example, "The article is being written now" easily turns into "Someone is writing an article now." Hence, "written" is a passive verb. But let's take the phrase "The hostess is stocking up on vegetables for the winter." Paraphrasing it, we get "Vegetables are stored by the hostess for the winter." Obviously, initially the proposal spoke of something completely different. Likewise, it is impossible to remake the phrase "The dog bites." “Someone bites a dog” is a sentence with a completely different meaning. "Stocks up" and "bites" are active verbs.

4
The active voice also includes those reflexive verbs that denote an action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending "-sya" with a separate word "yourself". "He saves himself from danger" thus becomes "He saves himself from danger." The active voice of this verb is already obvious.

Question 5. (What is a participle? What are the signs of a participle that bring it closer to an adjective and a verb?)

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes a feature of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers a question which? Questions are also possible what to do? what to do?

The main signs of the participle

Question number 6. (How are participles formed? What is the difference between real and passive participles?)

Education:

· Present participles are formed from the foundations of the present. In order to highlight this stem, it is necessary to discard the personal ending of the verb in the present tense:

a) valid participles:

solve(I conjugation): decidehut → solve- + -yush- + -th (decisive );
build (II conjugation): sternyat → stro- + -shch- + -th (building );

b) passive participles:

solve(I conjugation): decidehut → solve- + -em- + -th (solvable );
build (II conjugation): sternyat → stro- + -im- + -th (under construction ).

· Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or stem of the past tense):

a) valid participles:

solve(vowel stem): decidebe → solve- + -vsh- + -th (deciding );
carry (consonant stem): un-ti → non- + -sh- + -th (carried );

b) passive participles:

to write(not based on -it ): writingbe → write- + -nn- + -th (written );
build (based on -it ): build /and-th → built- + -enn- + -th (built );
take : tookbe → take- + -t- + -th (taken ).

Valid and Passive:

• Valid participles denote a feature that is created by the action of the object itself.

The reader reads himself ; read boy is the boy whoread it myself .

• Passive participles denote a feature that is created in one object by the action of another object.

Readboy book - a book thatread the boy ; built workers house - a house thatbuilt by workers .

Passive participles have a number of features:

• passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs;

• passive participles have a full and short form;

The built house - the house is built, the finished milk - the milk is finished.

• Passive participles can be propagated by a noun or a pronoun in the T. n. with the meaning of the subject of the action.

Wed: built(by whom?) workers House (workers built a house); narrated(by whom?) grandmother story (grandmother told a story).

Question number 7. (What is an adverbial participle? What brings together and what distinguishes an adverb and an adverbial participle?)

Gerunds- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when the action caused by the predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions what are you doing? what having done? Questions are also possible as? why? how? when? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

The gerunds with dependent words are called adverbial turnover.

Leaving for the village, waiting for the stage, seeing his brother.

Similarities:

Question number 8.

Formation of gerunds- gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes - -a, -i, -v, -lice, -shi :

• gerunds imperfect are formed from the stem of the present tense using suffixes -and I :

to be silent: silent -at → silentbut ;
solve : resha -yut → reshaI ;

• gerunds perfect kind are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi :

shut up: shut up -be → shut upin ;
solve : decide -be → decidein ;
get busy : busy -be-Xia → busylice sit;
bring : brought -ti → broughtshi .

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The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a feature of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted at night by poisonous, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a shining window, opened in the fog (G. Ivanov); Gloriously started glorious business ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: tortured by the poisonous night; into the fog by a shining window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real / passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Places of participles

Communion are divided into real and passive.

Valid participles denote a feature of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passionate participles denote the sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e. the sign of the object on which the action is performed or performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action break, which makes boy.

AND valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Communion present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not participles present tense).

2. Passionate participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communion present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communion of the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate participles the past tense is mainly formed from the perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -usch - / - yusch-(from verbs I conjugation), and -asch - / - box-(from verbs II conjugation): write -out - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs I conjugation); screaming - screaming, they say - talking(from verbs II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed by suffixes -wsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouted, carry - carried.

Passionate participles present time formed by suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs II conjugation): chita jNS- readable (read), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective verbs of passive participles present tense do not form: wait, stab, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passionate participles past tense formed by suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (NS rines ti- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note... Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles may have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only in numbers and in the singular by gender (in cases, short forms do not change).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the stem of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, but- female, about - average, NS- plural: decide, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat was lit by a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short participle can sometimes fulfill the role of definition, but only detached and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatiana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communion differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant features of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: Red- blushing, reddened; old- aging, aged.

Communion can lose the meaning and features of the verb and pass into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already constant feature of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with him, to control nouns: an upset piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my beloved(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives most easily participles: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communion are used mainly in the styles of book speech and almost never occur in colloquial everyday life.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, type, time) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). The participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, recurrence - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

Permanent:
real or passive;
kind (perfect or imperfect);
time (present or past).
Fickle:
full or short form (for the passive);
case (in full);
number;
genus (singular).
Initial form- the full form of the participle in the nominative singular masculine.

Real and Passive participles

Valid participles denote a sign of an object that itself performs an action: teaching(i.e. he teaches himself), taught(i.e. taught himself), taught(that is, he taught himself).
Formed:

Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is affected by another object: learner(by someone) trained(by someone).

Gerunds

Gerunds is a special form of the verb that denotes an additional action in the main action expressed by the verb and answers questions what doing?what having done?
Syntactic role: in a sentence it is a circumstance.
Already across the river,a fishing fire blazed.(NS.)

Morphological signs of the participle

1. Kind (perfect or imperfect).
2. Transient or intransient.
3. Immutability.
Initial form- infinitive.

Type of participles

Imperfect.
Imperfective participles answer the question what doing? and are formed using suffixes:

Perfect.
Perfective participles are formed using suffixes

scholar(by someone).
Formed:

Complicated non-union proposal
Unionless is a complex sentence, the parts of which are not connected
unions or allied words, but in terms of meaning, intonation, the ratio of species
the tense forms of the verbs and the order of the parts (The horses started to move,
the bell rang, the wagon flew (A.S. Pushkin). You are wrong again:
I'm not a deli at all; I have a nasty stomach (M.Yu. Lermontov).
A complex non-union sentence can consist of two or more
independent parts. Between parts in non-union complex sentences can be established
various semantic relationships, for example:
-lists (the horses started, the bell rang, the wagon flew
(A.S. Pushkin);
-comparisons (It was long ago dusk - she was still sitting in
living room (A. Aksakov);
-explanations (Suddenly we hear: lapwings screaming at the top of their lungs (M.M. Prishvin);
-conditions (I think - I will hide large rivers for a long time under oppression (N.A.
Nekrasov);
-reasons (Now the water in the lake was very black, transparent: all the duckweed to
winter fell
on the
bottom (K.G. Paustovsky);
-consequences (We are in mourning, so the ball cannot be given (A.S. Griboyedov);
-time (the storm stopped - the detachment moved on), etc.

Union sentences are complex sentences in which semantic relations between predicative constructions (parts of a complex sentence) are expressed using conjunctions or union words. For example: I realized that I need to act immediately. It was that abyss where he was afraid to look (JI. N. Tolstoy). In terms of syntactic form, union sentences are divided into complex and compound sentences. The formal syntactic means that distinguish between the compositional and subordinate connection in a complex sentence are the compositional and subordinate conjunctions. It is the use of a compositional or subordinate union as part of a complex sentence that characterizes the sentence as complex or complex. Constructive conjunctions show the equality of predicative constructions. For example: The rain stopped, but the wind was blowing with a vengeance. Subordinate conjunctions express the syntactic relationship of dependence of one predicative construct on another. For example: We were late because we lost a lot of time in traffic jams.
8 ... Spelling of dividing lines b and b

Although the letters b and b by themselves do not denote any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce the words correctly. Compare, for example: SEED (no soft sign) and FAMILY (with soft separator). To remember when to write a soft mark and when to write a hard mark, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside the word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, YU, I, I (VYUGA, BURIAN, FOX TRACKS), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O ( BULLION, SIGNOR, GUILLOTINE). A soft sign usually softens the preceding consonant sound and, in addition, makes us pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The dividing b (solid sign) must be written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root of the word begins with the letters E, E, YU, I. For example: ENTRANCE, EXPRESS, INJECTION, TRANS-EUROPEAN. In addition, the dividing b is written in complex words with numerals: TWO-STORY, TRILINGUAL.

Please note: before other vowels, b is not written: EMERGENCY, CONTRACT, TRANSARCTIC.

The exception is compound abbreviated words (CHILDREN, INYAZ, ORGEDINITSA) and compound words written with a hyphen (POL-YURTS). Neither hard nor soft sign is needed in these words.