History and culture of the peoples of Russia. Russian and Russian culture

Good time of the day, dear friends! Andrey Puchkov is on the line. Today I present to your attention a new article about contemporary Russian culture. This topic is included in the list of topics from the USE codifier in history. And therefore, it can be verified in tests. I must say right away that the article was written by our new author. So, this is, so to speak, a test of the pen. 🙂

So let's go!

As we all know, the 90s of the XX century were marked by the collapse of the USSR, and accordingly, the single culture that existed in the Soviet Union also disintegrated into smaller ones - subcultures. And since there were more cultures, tension began to grow between them, since they were all inherently different and could no longer coexist together in a single socio-cultural space.

The new state, which was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, found itself in completely new conditions - both economic and political. Contemporary Russian culture also found itself in a new environment. On the one hand, it was no longer influenced by the censorship. On the other hand, culture has lost an important customer for itself - the state.

As a result (after all, no one else dictated norms and rules!), Culture had to be re-formed by the people themselves, including creating a new core. Naturally, all this was the cause of many disagreements. As a result, opinions were divided into two camps: some believed that the lack of a common idea in culture was a crisis, while others said the opposite - it was a natural phenomenon.

Thus, the elimination of ideological barriers created a fertile ground for the creation of spiritual culture. But a severe economic crisis and a difficult transition to a market economy contributed to its commercialization. Spiritual culture experienced an acute crisis in the 90s, since it objectively needed state support.And there was no such support because of the crisis.

At the same time, a sharp division took place between the elite and mass modern Russian culture, as well as between the older generation and the younger. At the same time, access to material and cultural benefits grew unevenly, which made the formation of a new culture an even more difficult process. So what exactly is the contemporary culture of Russia?

Music

In the modern world, music is always a means of self-expression, almost always a hallmark and rarely a fashion indulgence. If we talk about modern Russian music and culture, then massively stormy meetings of new albums are in the past. People in anticipation often switch to new performers for themselves, looking for new and new favorites; They rejoice at the new album, but without fanaticism, as, for example, in the days of Beatlemania. In general, listeners can be divided into two categories: connoisseurs and amateurs.

Connoisseurs buy albums, listen to them for hours, understand the biographies of singers and treat the act of listening to music as a sacred rite. They all know about genres and lyrics, and will certainly point you to the mispronounced title of the song. Amateurs can list the names of groups, perhaps they will remember the names of popular soloists, but they will not be able to call themselves adherents of any genre or group.

In fact, these are music lovers who listen to everything. Some people generally listen to the same thing for decades, something twenty years or more ago, reminiscent of their youth. It can be Yuri Vizbor, Mikhail Krug and Chopin at the same time - because Vizbora sang in school years, Krug in his student years, and Schubert was played by his father as a child.
This is where self-expression comes in. It is impossible to invariably listen to the songs of one or several groups all your life or always listen to the classics, all the same sometime rock "falls on the soul" and pop ...

We can say about music as an image: traditionally middle-aged people should love bards and classics, pensioners - classics and something "melodious". The 40-year-old rocker and 65-year-old disco lover, although they are more and more common, still remain exceptions to the rule in the eyes of young people.

Nostalgia for the Soviet Union covers a significant part of the population, plus you can often see nationalists lately. All of them are distinguished by their great love for the Soviet stage - Russian rock (like Aria and Nautilus) or bards (Tsoi, Vysotsky). Of these, those who are younger often listen to rap or modern Russian rock (Spleen, GrOb).

Architecture

In architecture, in modern Russian culture, the "loft" style is gaining popularity - the interior of housing in a former factory building. Loft-style details are very important - the interiors are decorated in the best traditions of the factory past - stairs, factory fixtures, various pipes, etc. - all this becomes a piece of furniture. Outside, the building is practically no different from an ordinary factory, and most often those factory buildings that are already ready to become a historical monument are taken for housing. However, in Russia the old building is being demolished and a similar, stronger one is being erected in its place.

Painting

The painting of modern Russian culture is characterized by somewhat gloomy trends. The tragic reflection of the events of Soviet history, characteristic of the "perestroika" years, was replaced by the "exposure of ulcers" of modern reality. Images of people with the stamp of moral, physical and spiritual degradation (Vasily Shulzhenko), images of human animals (Geliy Korzhev, Tatyana Pazarenko) have become popular, sometimes artists depict decay and destruction (V. Brainin), or simply gloomy city landscapes (A. Palienko , V. Manokhin).

Painting by Vasily Shulzhenko

However, you still cannot choose a few styles that prevail over the rest. In the fine arts of modern Russia, by and large, all genres and trends are represented - from classical landscapes to post-impressionism. An important role in the restoration and development of artistic creativity was played by the artist I. Glazunov, rector of the Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

Painting "Return". Artist Tatiana Nazarenko

It is widely believed that there was a cultural crisis in the 90s. And really, what associations do people have? They often recall the sharp reduction in state funding for the cultural sphere, low incomes for scientists and the outflow of highly qualified specialists from universities. However, few people remember the pros.

For example, thanks to the fall of the USSR, art gained freedom, there was no censorship, and universities and other higher educational institutions were able to teach students according to their programs, and, finally, there was freedom of research for scientists. But along with this, according to the recollections of many, there is a negative influence of the West (films, books).

Along with this, the demolition of monuments erected during the Soviet Union is taking place. From negative assessments, one can also draw attention to the fact that many note the low quality of translation of Western books and films that came to Russia along with perestroika.

Cinema

As for the films of the 90s, then, as we could see above, opinions were divided into two camps. But what about Russian cinema now? Lately, many cinemas with modern technology and the latest equipment have opened in Moscow. In addition, in Russia, thanks to the appearance of new directors, films began to be shot, which, perhaps, are hardly inferior to those in the West.

The Russian film festival "Kinotavr" and the film festival of the CIS and Baltic countries in Anapa - "Kinoshock" are held annually in Sochi. Several Russian films have received international awards - the film "Depicting the Victim" won the main prize of the Rome Film Festival in 2006, and the film "The Return" by Andrey Zvyagintsev won two "Golden Lions" at the Venice Film Festival. Director Nikita Mikhalkov's film 12 also received the Golden Lion in Venice and was also nominated for an Oscar in 2008.

Despite the flourishing of pop culture in music and its orientation to the needs of the masses, world-famous musicians and performers began to come to Russia. In 2012 and 2013. The English rock musician Sting visited Russia, at the same time another English musician, Elton John, also came. In 2009, the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow became an important event for Russian music.

In addition to a significant boost in the field of cinema and music, the architectural image of the capital of Russia and other cities is gradually changing. 1992-2006 monuments to A.A.Blok, V.S.Vysotsky, S.A.Esenin, G.K. Zhukov, F.M.Dostoevsky were installed and memorials to the victims of political repression were opened.

From this we can conclude that Russian culture has moved away from the standards familiar to the Soviet man in the street and reflects reality in a new way.

It is not for nothing that the national culture of Russia has always been considered the soul of the people. Its main feature and attractiveness is its amazing variety, originality and uniqueness. Each nation, developing its own culture and traditions, tries to avoid imitation and humiliated copying. That is why their own forms of organizing cultural life are being created. In all known typologies, Russia is usually considered separately. The culture of this country is truly unique, it cannot be compared with either the western or the eastern directions. Of course, all peoples are different, but it is the understanding of the importance of internal development that unites people all over the planet.

The importance of the culture of different nationalities in the world

Each country and each nation is important in its own way for the modern world. This is especially true of history and its preservation. Today it is quite difficult to talk about how important culture is for modernity, because the scale of values ​​has changed significantly in recent years. National culture has increasingly become perceived somewhat ambiguously. This is due to the development of two global trends in the culture of different countries and peoples, which increasingly began to develop conflicts against this background.

The first tendency is directly related to some borrowing of cultural values. All this happens spontaneously and practically uncontrollably. But it carries with it incredible consequences. For example, the loss of the color and originality of each individual state, and therefore of its people. On the other hand, more and more countries began to appear that call on their citizens to revive their own culture and spiritual values. But one of the most important issues is the Russian national culture, which in recent decades has begun to be erased against the backdrop of a multinational country.

Formation of the Russian national character

Perhaps many have heard about the breadth of the Russian soul and the strength of the Russian character. The national culture of Russia largely depends on these two factors. At one time V.O. Klyuchevsky expressed a theory that the formation of the Russian character largely depended precisely on the geographic location of the country.

He argued that the landscape of the Russian soul corresponds to the landscape of the Russian land. It is also not surprising that for the majority of citizens living in a modern state, the concept of "Rus" carries a deep meaning.

Household life also reflects the remnants of the past. After all, if we talk about the culture, traditions and character of the Russian people, then it can be noted that it was formed a very long time ago. Simplicity of everyday life has always been a hallmark of the Russian people. And this is primarily due to the fact that the Slavs suffered many fires that exterminated Russian villages and cities. The result was not only the unrootedness of the Russian person, but also a simplified attitude to everyday life. Although it was precisely those tests that befell the Slavs that made it possible to form this nation a specific national character, which cannot be assessed unambiguously.

The main features of the national character of the nation

Russian national culture (namely, its formation) has always largely depended on the character of the people who lived on the territory of the state.

One of the most powerful traits is kindness. It was this quality that manifested itself in a wide variety of gestures, which even today can be safely observed in most of the inhabitants of Russia. For example, hospitality and cordiality. After all, not a single people welcomes guests as they do in our country. And such a combination of qualities as mercy, compassion, empathy, cordiality, generosity, simplicity and tolerance is rarely found in other nationalities.

Another important trait in the character of Russians is their love of work. And although many historians and analysts note that as much as a Russian person was hardworking and capable, just as lazy and lack of initiative, one cannot fail to note the efficiency and endurance of this nation. In general, the character of the Russian person is multifaceted and has not yet been fully studied. What, in fact, is the very highlight.

Values ​​of Russian culture

In order to understand a person's soul, it is necessary to know his history. The national culture of our people was formed under the conditions of a peasant community. Therefore, it is not surprising that in Russian culture the interests of the collective have always been above personal interests. After all, Russia has lived a significant part of its history in conditions of hostilities. That is why, among the values ​​of Russian culture, extraordinary devotion and love for their Motherland is always noted.

The concept of justice in all centuries was considered the first thing in Russia. This has come since the time when each peasant was allocated an equal piece of land. And if for the majority of nations such a value was considered instrumental, then in Russia it acquired a targeted character.

Many Russian sayings say that our ancestors had a very simplified attitude to work, for example: "Work is not a wolf, it will not run away into the forest." This does not mean at all that labor was not appreciated. But the concept of "wealth" and the very desire to get rich have never been present in a Russian person to the extent that is attributed to him today. And if we talk about the values ​​of Russian culture, then all of it was reflected in the character and soul of the Russian person, first of all.

Language and literature as the values ​​of the people

Say what you like, but the greatest value of every nation is its language. The language in which he speaks, writes and thinks, which allows him to express his own thoughts and opinions. It is not for nothing that there is a saying among Russians: "Language is the people."

Old Russian literature originated in the days of the adoption of Christianity. At that moment there were two directions of literary art - this is world history and the meaning of human life. The books were written very slowly, and the main readers were representatives of the upper classes. But this did not prevent Russian literature from developing to world heights over time.

And at one time Russia was one of the most reading countries in the world! Language and national culture are very closely related. After all, it was through the scriptures in ancient times that experience and accumulated knowledge were transmitted. Historically, Russian culture dominates, but the national culture of the peoples living in the vastness of our country also played a role in its development. That is why most of the works are closely intertwined with the historical events of other countries.

Painting as part of Russian culture

Just like literature, painting occupies a very significant place in the formation of the cultural life of Russia.

The first thing that developed as the art of painting in the territories of Russia is icon painting. Which once again proves the high level of spirituality of this people. And at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, icon painting reaches its climax.

Over time, the desire to draw arises among the common people. As mentioned earlier, the beauties on the territory of which the Russians lived had a great influence on the formation of cultural values. Perhaps that is why a huge number of paintings by Russian artists were dedicated to the vastness of their native land. Through their canvases, the masters conveyed not only the beauty of the surrounding world, but also the personal state of mind, and sometimes the state of mind of an entire nation. Often a double secret meaning was embedded in the paintings, which was revealed only to those for whom the work was intended. The art school of Russia is recognized by the whole world and takes an honorable place on the world podium.

Religion of the multinational people of Russia

National culture largely depends on which gods the nation worships. As you know, Russia is a multinational country in which about 130 nations and nationalities live, each of which has its own religion, culture, language and way of life. That is why religion in Russia does not have a single name.

Today on the territory of the Russian Federation there are 5 leading directions: Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, as well as Catholicism and Protestantism. Each of these religions has a place in a vast country. Although, if we talk about the formation of the national culture of Russia, then since ancient times the Russians belonged exclusively to the Orthodox Church.

At one time, the great Russian principality, for the sake of strengthening relations with Byzantium, decided to accept Orthodoxy throughout the territory of Russia. Church leaders in those days were obligatory included in the inner circle of the tsar. Hence the notion that the church is always associated with state power. In ancient times, even before the baptism of Russia, the ancestors of the Russian people worshiped the Vedic gods. The religion of the ancient Slavs was the deification of the forces of nature. Of course, not only good characters met there, but basically the gods of the ancient representatives of the nation were mysterious, beautiful and kind.

Cuisine and traditions in Russia

National culture and traditions are practically inseparable concepts. After all, all this is primarily the memory of the people, that which keeps a person from depersonalization.

As mentioned earlier, Russians have always been famous for their hospitality. That is why Russian cuisine is so varied and delicious. Although a few centuries ago, the Slavs ate fairly simple and monotonous food. In addition, it was customary for the population of this country to observe fasting. Therefore, the table was basically always divided into modest and lean.

Most often, meat, dairy, flour and vegetable products could be found on the table. Although many dishes in Russian culture have exclusively ritual significance. Traditions are tightly intertwined with the kitchen life in Russia. Some dishes are considered ritual and are prepared only on certain holidays. For example, kurniks are always prepared for a wedding, kutya is cooked for Christmas, pancakes are baked for Maslenitsa, and Easter cakes and Easter - for Easter. Of course, the residence of other peoples on the territory of Russia was reflected in its cuisine. Therefore, in many dishes one can observe unusual recipes, as well as the presence of by no means Slavic products. And in general, it is not in vain that they say: "We are what we eat." Russian cuisine is very simple and healthy!

Modernity

Many are trying to judge how much the national culture of our state has survived today.

Russia is indeed a unique country. She has a rich history and a difficult fate. That is why the culture of this country is sometimes gentle and touching, and sometimes harsh and warlike. If we consider the ancient Slavs, then it was here that a real national culture was born. Saving it is more important than ever today! Over the past few centuries, Russia has learned not only to live with other peoples in peace and friendship, but also to accept the religion of other nations. Most of the ancient traditions have survived to this day, which Russians are happy to honor. Many features of the ancient Slavs are present today among the worthy descendants of their people. Russia is a great country that treats its culture extremely frugally!

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"Eurasian Open Institute"

Kolomna branch

Test

on the training course of cultural studies

on the topic: Features of Russian culture

2nd year student of the 24MB group

Kozlov Oleg Vladimirovich

Head N. V. Kruchinkina

Kolomna, 2010

Introduction

The culture of Russian civilization, its formation

Russian culture as an object of research

Essential features of Russian national culture

General trends and features of the development of modern global culture and culture of Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The history of Russian culture, its values, role and place in world culture in the early 90s. XX century aroused great interest both as a subject of scientific study and as a training course. A lot of scientific and educational literature has appeared, covering our history and culture. Its interpretation was mainly based on the works of Russian thinkers Spiritual Renaissance late XIX - first quarter of XX century. However, by the end of the 90s. this interest began to subside. Partly because the sense of novelty of previously forbidden ideas has been exhausted, and a modern, original reading of our cultural history has not yet appeared.

The purpose of this work is to study the features of Russian culture.

Work tasks:

Study the formation of Russian culture;

Expand basic concepts;

Highlight the features of Russian national culture;

Study the development of Russian culture at the present stage.

The culture of Russian civilization, its formation

Our culture began to stand out as a special type within the framework of Christian civilization in the 9th-11th centuries. during the formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs and their introduction to Orthodoxy.

A great influence on the formation of this type of culture was exerted by the geopolitical factor - the middle position of Russia between the civilizations of the West and the East, which served as the basis for its marginalization, i.e. the emergence of such border cultural areas and layers, which, on the one hand, did not adjoin any of the known cultures, and on the other, were a favorable environment for diverse cultural development.

The most frequently distinguished features of Russian civilization include the autocratic form of state power, or, as the historian M. Dovnar-Zapolsky defined this type of power, “patrimonial state”; collectivist mentality; subordination of society to the state "(or" dualism of society and state power "), an insignificant amount of economic freedom.

As for the stages of development of Russian civilization, there are different points of view. Some scholars believe that from the 9th century. and to the present time in the area called Russia, there was one civilization. In its development, several stages can be distinguished, differing in special typological features, which makes it possible to qualify them as independent historical and cultural communities: Ancient Russia (IX-XIII centuries), Moscow kingdom (XIV-XVII centuries), Imperial Russia (from the XVIII century . and to this day).

Other researchers believe that by the XIII century. there was one "Russian-European", or "Slavic-European" civilization, and since the XIV century. - another: "Eurasian" or "Russian".

The dominant form of integration of the "Russian-European" civilization was (as in Europe - Catholicism) Orthodoxy, which, although it was accepted and spread in Russia by the state, was largely autonomous in relation to it.

The Russian Orthodox Church for a long time was dependent on the Patriarch of Constantinople, and only in the middle of the 15th century. gained actual independence.

The ancient Russian state itself was a confederation of fairly independent state formations, politically consolidated only by the unity of the princely family, after the collapse of which at the beginning of the 12th century. they acquired full state sovereignty.

Orthodoxy established a normative-value order common for Russia, the single symbolic form of expression of which was the Old Russian language.

The Kiev princes could not rely, like the Roman or Chinese emperors, on a powerful military-bureaucratic system or, like the Achaemenid shahs, on a numerically and culturally dominant ethnic group. They found support in Orthodoxy and carried out the building of statehood to a large extent as the missionary task of converting the pagans.

In the first centuries of the Old Russian statehood, according to many formal-cultural and value-orientational features, it can be regarded as a "daughter" zone of Byzantine culture. However, in terms of most of the essential forms of the socio-political structure and life activity, the Old Russian civilization was closer to Europe, especially Eastern.

It had a number of common features with the traditional societies of Europe at that time: the urban character of the “title” culture, marking the society as a whole; the predominance of agricultural production; The "military-democratic" nature of the genesis of state power; the absence of a servile complex syndrome (universal slavery) when an individual comes into contact with the state.

At the same time, Ancient Russia had a number of common features with traditional societies of the Asian type:

the absence in the European sense of private property and economic classes;

the domination of the principle of centralized redistribution, in which power gave birth to property;

autonomy of communities in relation to the state, which gave rise to significant opportunities for socio-cultural regeneration;

the evolutionary nature of social development.

In general, the Old Russian civilization, on a Slavic-pagan basis, synthesized some features of European socio-political and production-technological realities, Byzantine mystical reflections and canons, as well as Asian principles of centralized redistribution.

Geopolitical as well as economic factors predetermined the emergence of several subcultures in the ancient Russian civilization - southern, northern and northeastern.

The southern subculture was oriented towards the Asian "steppe". The Kiev princes even preferred to form a squad guard from mercenaries of the tribal association of "black hoods", the remnants of the Turkic nomads - the Pechenegs, Torks, Berendeys, who settled on the Ros River. During the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the Kiev subculture ceased to exist.

The Novgorod subculture was aimed at partners in the Hanseatic League, representing the trading islets of European civilization. If the Novgorodians resorted to mercenaries, then, as a rule, they were the Varangians. The Novgorod subculture, which survived during the Tatar-Mongol yoke and strengthened its European identity, degraded after the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow in the 15th century.

Russian culture as an object of research

Concepts Russian culture , Russian national culture , Russian culture - can be considered as synonyms, or as independent phenomena. They reflect different states and constituents of our culture. It seems that when studying Russian culture, the focus should be on the culture itself, the cultural traditions of the Eastern Slavs as a union of tribes, Russians, and Russians. The culture of other peoples in this case is of interest as a result and process of mutual influence, borrowing, dialogue of cultures. In this case, the concept Russian culture synonymous with Russian national culture ... Concept Russian culture broader, since it includes the history of the formation and development of the culture of the Old Russian state, individual principalities, multinational state associations - the Moscow state, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation. In this context, Russian culture acts as the main system-forming element of the culture of a multinational state. The multinational culture of Russia can be typologized on various grounds: confessional (Orthodox, Old Believers, Catholics, Muslims, etc.); on the economic structure (agricultural culture, cattle breeding, hunting), etc. To ignore the multinational nature of the culture of our state, as well as the role of Russian culture in this state, is very unproductive.

Studying Russian culture is not only an educational task. It is closely related to another, no less important, to raise the bearers of Russian culture, the successors of its traditions, which will contribute to its preservation as a part of world culture, expanding the boundaries of Russian culture, and a dialogue of cultures.

Oh, the light, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious decrees, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, boyars honest, many nobles. You are filled with all, Russian land, O Christian Faithful Faith!

These lines, imbued with a deep love for their land, constitute the beginning of an ancient literary monument The word about the death of the Russian land ... Unfortunately, only a passage has survived, which was discovered as part of another work - The story of the life of Alexander Nevsky ... Time of writing The words - 1237 - early 1246

Each national culture is a form of self-expression of the people. It reveals the peculiarities of the national character, world outlook, mentality. Any culture is unique and goes through its own, unique path of development. This fully applies to Russian culture. It can be compared with the cultures of the East and West only to the extent that they interact with it, influence its genesis and evolution, and are connected with Russian culture by a common destiny.

Attempts to understand Russian culture, to determine its place and role in the circle of other cultures are fraught with certain difficulties. They can be subdivided into the following: a strong gravitation of researchers towards a comparative approach, a constant attempt at a comparative analysis of our culture and the culture of Western Europe, and almost always not in favor of the former; ideologization of a specific cultural-historical material and its interpretation from various positions, in the course of which some facts are brought to the fore, and those that do not fit into the author's concept are ignored.

When considering the cultural and historical process in Russia, three main approaches are clearly traced.

The first approach is presented by supporters of the one-line model of world history. According to this concept, all the problems of Russia can be solved by overcoming civilizational, cultural backwardness or modernization.

Proponents of the second proceed from the concept of multilinearity of historical development, according to which the history of mankind consists of the history of a number of distinctive civilizations, one of which includes the Russian (Slavic - N. Ya.Danilevsky or Orthodox Christian - A. Toynbee) civilization. Moreover, the main features or soul each civilization cannot be perceived or deeply understood by representatives of another civilization or culture, i.e. is unknowable and not reproducible.

A third group of authors tries to reconcile both approaches. These include the well-known researcher of Russian culture, the author of a multivolume work Essays on the history of Russian culture P.N. Milyukov, who defined his position as a synthesis of two opposite constructions of Russian history, of which one put forward the similarity of the Russian process with the European, bringing this similarity to identity, and the other proved the Russian originality, to complete incomparability and exclusivity ... Milyukov occupied a conciliatory position and built the Russian historical process on the synthesis of both features, similarities and uniqueness, emphasizing the features of uniqueness somewhat sharper than similarities ... It should be noted that identified by Milyukov at the beginning of the XX century. approaches to the study of the cultural and historical process of Russia retained, with some modifications, their main features until the end of our century.

Essential features of Russian national culture

There are specific features of Russian culture from ancient times to the 20th century:

Russian culture is a historical and multifaceted concept. It includes facts, processes, tendencies that testify to a long and complex development both in geographical space and in historical time. The remarkable representative of the European Renaissance, Maxim the Greek, who moved to our country at the turn of the 16th century, has a striking image of Russia in terms of depth and loyalty. He writes about her as a woman in a black dress, pensively sitting "on the road." Russian culture is also "on the road", it is formed and develops in constant search. History bears witness to this.

Most of the territory of Russia was settled later than those regions of the world in which the main centers of world culture were formed. In this sense, Russian culture is a relatively young phenomenon. Moreover, Russia did not know the period of slavery: the Eastern Slavs went directly to feudalism from communal-patriarchal relations. Due to its historical youth, Russian culture faced the need for intensive historical development. Of course, Russian culture developed under the influence of various cultures of the countries of the West and the East, which historically outstripped Russia. But perceiving and assimilating the cultural heritage of other peoples, Russian writers and artists, sculptors and architects, scientists and philosophers solved their problems, formed and developed national traditions, never limiting themselves to copying other people's samples.

The long period of development of Russian culture was determined by the Christian-Orthodox religion. For many centuries, temple building, icon painting, and church literature have become the leading cultural genres. Until the 18th century, Russia made a significant contribution to the world's artistic treasury by spiritual activities associated with Christianity.

The specific features of Russian culture are determined to a large extent by what the researchers called the “character of the Russian people”, all researchers of the “Russian idea” wrote about this, and faith was called the main feature of this character. The alternative "faith-knowledge", "faith-reason" was solved in Russia in specific historical periods in different ways, but most often in favor of faith.

General trends and features of the development of modern global culture and culture of Russia

One of the most important problems for modern culture is the problem of traditions and innovation in the cultural space. The stable side of culture, the cultural tradition, thanks to which the accumulation and transmission of human experience in history takes place, gives new generations the opportunity to actualize previous experience, relying on what was created by previous generations. In traditional societies, the assimilation of culture occurs through the reproduction of samples, with the possibility of minor variations within the tradition. Tradition in this case is the basis for the functioning of culture, greatly hampering creativity in the sense of innovation. Actually, the most “creative” process in our understanding of traditional culture, paradoxically, is the very formation of a person as a subject of culture, as a set of canonical stereotyped programs (customs, rituals). The transformation of these canons themselves is rather slow. This is the culture of primitive society and later traditional culture. Under certain conditions, the stability of the cultural tradition can be attributed to the need for the stability of the human collective for its survival. However, on the other hand, the dynamism of culture does not mean abandoning cultural traditions altogether. The existence of a culture without traditions is hardly possible. Cultural traditions as historical memory are an indispensable condition not only for the existence, but also for the development of culture, even if there is a great creative (and at the same time negative in relation to tradition) potential in it. As a living example, we can cite the cultural transformations of Russia after the October Revolution, when attempts to completely negate and destroy the previous culture led in many cases to irreparable losses in this area.

Thus, if it is possible to talk about reactionary and progressive trends in culture, then, on the other hand, it is hardly possible to imagine the creation of culture "from scratch", completely discarding the previous culture and tradition. The issue of traditions in culture and the attitude towards cultural heritage concerns not only the preservation, but also the development of culture, that is, cultural creativity. In the latter, the universal organic is merged with the unique: each cultural value is unique, whether it is a work of art, invention, etc. In this sense, replication in one form or another of what is already known, has already been created earlier, is the dissemination, not the creation of culture. The need to spread culture does not seem to need proof. The creativity of culture, being a source of innovation, is involved in a contradictory process of cultural development, which reflects a wide range of sometimes opposite and opposing trends of a given historical era.

At first glance, culture, considered from the point of view of content, breaks down into various spheres: mores and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, settlements, work, education, the economy, the nature of the army, socio-political structure, legal proceedings, science, technology , art, religion, all forms of manifestation of the "spirit" of the people. In this sense, the history of culture is of paramount importance for understanding the level of development of culture.

If we talk about modern culture itself, then it is embodied in a huge variety of created material and spiritual phenomena. These are new means of labor, and new food products, and new elements of the material infrastructure of everyday life, production, and new scientific ideas, ideological concepts, religious beliefs, moral ideals and regulators, works of all kinds of arts, etc. At the same time, the sphere of modern culture, upon closer examination, is heterogeneous, because each of its constituent cultures has common borders, both geographic and chronological, with other cultures and eras.

Since the twentieth century, the distinction between the concepts of culture and civilization has become characteristic - culture continues to carry a positive meaning, and civilization receives a neutral assessment, and sometimes a direct negative meaning. Civilization, as a synonym for material culture, as a fairly high level of mastery of the forces of nature, certainly carries a powerful charge of technical progress and contributes to the achievement of an abundance of material benefits. The concept of civilization is most often associated with the value-neutral development of technology, which can be used for a wide variety of purposes, while the concept of culture, on the contrary, is as close as possible to the concept of spiritual progress. The negative qualities of civilization are usually attributed to its tendency to standardize thinking, an orientation toward absolute fidelity to generally accepted truths, its inherent low assessment of the independence and originality of individual thinking, which are perceived as a "social danger." If culture, from this point of view, forms a perfect personality, then civilization forms an ideal law-abiding member of society, content with the benefits provided to him. Civilization is increasingly understood as a synonym for urbanization, overcrowding, tyranny of machines, as a source of dehumanization of the world. Indeed, no matter how deeply the human mind penetrates into the secrets of the world, the spiritual world of the person himself remains in many respects mysterious. Civilization and science on their own cannot provide spiritual progress, culture is needed here as the totality of all spiritual education and upbringing, which includes the entire spectrum of intellectual, moral and aesthetic achievements of mankind.

In general, for modern, first of all, world culture, two ways of solving the crisis situation are proposed. If, on the one hand, the resolution of the crisis tendencies of culture is supposed on the path of traditional Western ideals - rigorous science, universal education, a rational organization of life, production, a conscious approach to all phenomena of the world, a change in the guidelines for the development of science and technology, that is, an increase in the role of the spiritual and moral improvement of a person, as well as improvement of his material conditions, the second way of resolving crisis phenomena involves the return of the human race either to various modifications of religious culture or to forms of life more "natural" for man and life - with limited healthy needs, a sense of unity with nature and space, forms of human existence free from the power of technology.

Philosophers of our time and the recent past take one or another position in relation to technology, as a rule, they associate the crisis of culture and civilization with technology (understood quite broadly). The interplay of technology and modern culture is one of the key issues to consider here. If the role of technology in culture is largely clarified in the works of Heidegger, Jaspers, Fromm, then the problem of humanizing technology remains one of the most important unsolved problems for all mankind.

One of the most interesting moments in the development of modern culture is the formation of a new image of the culture itself. If the traditional image of world culture is associated primarily with the ideas of historical and organic integrity, then the new image of culture is increasingly associated, on the one hand, with ideas of a cosmic scale, and on the other hand, with the idea of ​​a universal human ethical paradigm. It should also be noted the formation of a new type of cultural interaction, expressed primarily in the rejection of simplified rational schemes for solving cultural problems. The ability to understand someone else's culture and points of view, critical analysis of one's own actions, recognition of someone else's cultural identity and someone else's truth, the ability to include them in one's position and recognition of the legitimacy of the existence of many truths, the ability to build dialogical relationships and compromise are gaining more and more importance. This logic of cultural communication also presupposes the corresponding principles of action.

In Russia, the beginning of the 90s of the last century is characterized by an accelerated disintegration of the unified culture of the USSR into separate national cultures, for which not only the values ​​of the common culture of the USSR, but also the cultural traditions of each other turned out to be unacceptable. The sharp opposition of different national cultures led to an increase in cultural tension and caused the collapse of a single socio-cultural space.

The culture of modern Russia, organically linked with the previous periods of the country's history, found itself in a completely new political and economic situation, which radically changed a lot, above all - the relationship between culture and power. The state ceased to dictate its requirements to culture, and culture lost its guaranteed customer.

Since the common core of cultural life has disappeared as a centralized system of management and a unified cultural policy, the determination of ways for further cultural development has become a matter of society itself and the subject of sharp disagreements. The range of searches is extremely wide - from following Western patterns to apologizing for isolationism. The absence of a unifying cultural idea is perceived by a part of society as a manifestation of a deep crisis in which Russian culture found itself by the end of the 20th century. Others consider cultural pluralism to be the natural norm of a civilized society.

If, on the one hand, the elimination of ideological barriers created favorable opportunities for the development of spiritual culture, then, on the other hand, the economic crisis experienced by the country, the difficult transition to market relations increased the danger of the commercialization of culture, the loss of national features in the course of its further development. The spiritual sphere generally experienced an acute crisis in the mid-90s. The desire to direct the country towards market development has led to the impossibility of the existence of certain spheres of culture that objectively need state support.

At the same time, the division between elite and mass forms of culture, between the youth environment and the older generation, continued to deepen. All these processes are unfolding against the background of a rapid and sharp increase in the unevenness of access to the consumption of not only material, but cultural goods.

For the reasons given above, the first place in culture began to be occupied by the mass media, which were called the "fourth estate".

In modern domestic culture, in an outlandish way, incompatible values ​​and orientations are combined: collectivism, collegiality and individualism, egoism, enormous and often deliberate politicization and demonstrative apoliticality, statehood and anarchy, etc.

If it is quite obvious that one of the most important conditions for the renewal of society as a whole is the revival of culture, then specific movements along this path continue to be the subject of fierce discussions. In particular, the point of dispute is the role of the state in regulating culture: should the state intervene in cultural affairs, or should culture itself find the means for its survival. Here, apparently, the following point of view has been formed: ensuring freedom of culture, the right to cultural identity, the state undertakes the development of strategic tasks of cultural construction and responsibilities for the protection of cultural and historical national heritage, the necessary financial support for cultural values. However, the specific implementation of these provisions continues to be questionable. The state, apparently, is not fully aware that culture cannot be outsourced to business, its support, including education, science, is of great importance for maintaining the moral and mental health of the nation. Despite all the contradictory characteristics of Russian culture, society cannot afford to be separated from its cultural heritage. The disintegrating culture is not well adapted to transformations.

Various opinions are also expressed about the ways of developing culture in modern Russia. On the one hand, it is possible to strengthen cultural and political conservatism, as well as stabilize the situation on the basis of ideas about the identity of Russia and its special path in history. However, this is fraught with a return to the nationalization of culture. If, in this case, the automatic support of cultural heritage, traditional forms of creativity is carried out, then, on the other hand, foreign influence on culture will inevitably be limited, which will sharply complicate any aesthetic innovations.

On the other hand, in the context of Russia's integration under the influence from the outside into the world economic and cultural system and its transformation into a “province” in relation to global centers can lead to the dominance of alien trends in domestic culture, although the cultural life of society in this case will also be more stable for account of the commercial self-regulation of culture.

In any case, the key problem remains the preservation of the original national culture, its international influence and the integration of cultural heritage into the life of society; integration of Russia into the system of universal human culture as an equal participant in world artistic processes. Here, state intervention in the cultural life of the country is necessary, since only with institutional regulation is it possible to fully use the cultural potential, radically reorient the state cultural policy, and ensure the accelerated development of the domestic cultural industry within the country.

In modern domestic culture, numerous and very contradictory tendencies are manifested, partially indicated above. In general, the current period of development of national culture is still a transitional one, although it can be stated that certain ways out of the cultural crisis have been outlined.

Conclusion

Russian national culture

Russian culture is undoubtedly a great European culture. It is an independent and distinctive national culture, the keeper of national traditions, values, a reflection of the peculiarities of the national character. Russian culture in the process of its formation and development has experienced the influence of many cultures, absorbed some elements of these cultures, reworked and rethought them, they became part of our culture as its organic component.

Russian culture is neither the culture of the East, nor the culture of the West. We can say that it is an independent type of culture. As a result of various reasons, Russian culture has not fully realized its capabilities, its potential.

Unfortunately, the experience of various transformations in Russia is complicated by the fact that any changes were made by force or by abrupt breakdown, replacement, denial, rejection of the existing cultural tradition. The cultural history of the country has repeatedly confirmed in practice the disastrousness of such an approach, which caused not only the destruction of the previous culture, but also led to a conflict of generations, a conflict of supporters novin and antiquity. Another important task is to overcome the inferiority complex that is formed in a part of our society in relation to their country and culture. It is also not conducive to forward movement. The response to it is manifestations of nationalism and a sharp denial of any borrowing.

Russian culture testifies: with all the different interpretations of the Russian soul and the Russian character, it is difficult to disagree with the famous lines of F. Tyutchev: “You cannot understand Russia with your mind, you cannot measure it with a common yardstick: it’s special to become - you can only believe in Russia”

Russian culture has accumulated great values. The task of today's generations is to preserve and increase them.

List of used literature

1.Literature of Ancient Russia. Reader. M., 2005.

2.Milyukov P.N. Essays on the history of Russian culture: In 3 volumes. M., 2003.Vol. 1.

.V.I. Polishchuk Culturology: Textbook. - M .: Gardariki, 2007. with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

The Russian people are representatives of the East Slavic ethnos, the indigenous inhabitants of Russia (110 million people - 80% of the population of the Russian Federation), the largest ethnic group in Europe. The Russian diaspora numbers about 30 million people and it is concentrated in such states as Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, in the countries of the former USSR, in the USA and EU countries. As a result of sociological research, it was found that 75% of the Russian population of Russia are followers of Orthodoxy, and a significant part of the population does not classify itself as a particular religion. The national language of the Russian people is Russian.

Each country and its people have their own meaning in the modern world, the concepts of folk culture and history of the nation, their formation and development are very important. Each nation and its culture are unique in their own way, the color and uniqueness of each nation should not be lost or dissolve in assimilation with other nations, the younger generation should always remember who they really are. For Russia, which is a multinational power and home for 190 peoples, the issue of national culture is quite acute, due to the fact that in recent years its erasure is especially noticeable against the background of the cultures of other nationalities.

Culture and life of the Russian people

(Russian folk costume)

The first associations that arise with the concept of "Russian people" are, of course, the breadth of the soul and the strength of the spirit. But the national culture is formed by people, it is these character traits that have a huge impact on its formation and development.

One of the distinguishing features of the Russian people has always been and is simplicity, in former times Slavic houses and property were very often plundered and completely destroyed, hence the simplified attitude to everyday life. And of course, these trials, which fell to the lot of the long-suffering Russian people, only hardened their character, made them stronger and taught them to get out of any life situations with their heads held high.

Kindness can be called another trait that prevails in the character of the Russian ethnos. The whole world is well aware of the concept of Russian hospitality, when "they feed, and watered, and put to sleep." A unique combination of such qualities as cordiality, mercy, compassion, generosity, tolerance and, again, simplicity, which are very rare in other peoples of the world, all this is fully manifested in the very breadth of the Russian soul.

Hard work is another of the main traits of the Russian character, although many historians in the study of the Russian people note both her love for work and great potential, and her laziness, as well as complete lack of initiative (remember Oblomov in Goncharov's novel). But all the same, the efficiency and endurance of the Russian people is an indisputable fact, against which it is difficult to object. And no matter how scientists around the world want to understand the "mysterious Russian soul", it is unlikely that any of them can do it, because it is so unique and multifaceted that its "highlight" will forever remain a secret for everyone.

Traditions and customs of the Russian people

(Russian meal)

Folk traditions and customs represent a unique connection, a kind of "bridge of times" linking the far past with the present. Some of them are rooted in the pagan past of the Russian people, even before the baptism of Russia, little by little their sacred meaning was lost and forgotten, but the main points have been preserved and are still observed. In villages and towns, Russian traditions and customs are honored and remembered to a greater extent than in cities, which is associated with a more isolated lifestyle of urban residents.

A large number of rituals and traditions are associated with family life (this is matchmaking, and wedding celebrations, and the baptism of children). Carrying out ancient ceremonies and rituals guaranteed a successful and happy life in the future, the health of descendants and the general well-being of the family.

(Colorized snapshot of a Russian family in the early 20th century)

For a long time, Slavic families were distinguished by a large number of family members (up to 20 people), adult children, having already got married, remained to live in their own home, the head of the family was a father or an older brother, all of them had to obey and unquestioningly fulfill all their orders. Usually weddings were held either in the fall, after the harvest, or in the winter after the Epiphany (January 19). Then the first week after Easter, the so-called "Red Hill", was considered a very good time for a wedding. The wedding itself was preceded by a matchmaking rite, when the groom's parents came to the bride's family together with his godparents, if the parents agreed to give their daughter in marriage, then the bride was held (acquaintance of the future newlyweds), then there was a ceremony of conspiracy and mating (the parents decided on the dowry and the date of the wedding festivities ).

The rite of baptism in Russia was also interesting and unique, the child had to be baptized immediately after birth, for this, godparents were chosen, who would be responsible for the life and well-being of the godson throughout their lives. At one year old, the baby was seated on the inside of a sheep's sheepskin coat and sheared, cutting off a cross on the crown, with such a meaning that impure forces would not be able to penetrate his head, and would not have power over him. Every Christmas Eve (January 6), a slightly grown godson must bring kutya (wheat porridge with honey and poppy seeds) to the godparents, and they, in turn, must present him with sweets.

Traditional holidays of the Russian people

Russia is a truly unique state, where, along with the highly developed culture of the modern world, they carefully honor the ancient traditions of their grandfathers and great-grandfathers, going back centuries and keeping the memory of not only Orthodox vows and canons, but also the most ancient pagan rituals and sacraments. And to this day, pagan holidays are celebrated, people listen to the signs and age-old traditions, remember and tell their children and grandchildren old traditions and legends.

Major folk holidays:

• Christmas Jan. 7
• Christmastide January 6 - 9
• Baptism January 19
• Pancake week from 20 to 26 February

• Forgiveness Sunday ( before the onset of Lent)
• Palm Sunday ( Sunday preceding Easter)
• Easter ( the first Sunday after the full moon, which occurs not earlier than the day of the conditional vernal equinox on March 21)
• Red hill ( first Sunday after Easter)

• Trinity ( Sunday at Pentecost - 50th day after Easter)
• Ivan Kupala 7 july
• Day of Peter and Fevronia July 8
• Ilyin's day August 2

• Honey Savior 14 august
• Apple Spas August 19
• Third (Khlebny) Spas August 29
• Cover day October 14

There is a belief that on the night of Ivan Kupala (from 6 to 7 July) once a year a fern flower blooms in the forest, and whoever finds it will gain untold riches. In the evening, near rivers and lakes, big fires are kindled, people dressed in festive Old Russian robes lead round dances, sing ritual chants, jump over the fire, and let wreaths go down the stream, hoping to find their soul mate.

Maslenitsa is a traditional holiday of the Russian people, celebrated during the week before Lent. For a very long time, Shrovetide was rather not a holiday, but a ritual, when the memory of departed ancestors was honored, placating them with pancakes, asking them for a fertile year, and spending the winter by burning a straw effigy. Time passed, and the Russian people, thirsting for fun and positive emotions in the cold and dull season, turned the sad holiday into a more cheerful and daring celebration, which began to symbolize the joy of the imminent end of winter and the arrival of the long-awaited warmth. The meaning changed, but the tradition of baking pancakes remained, exciting winter entertainment appeared: sledding and horse-drawn sledding downhill, a straw effigy of Winter was burned, a relative went to pancakes all through the Shrovetide week, sometimes to the mother-in-law, then to the sister-in-law, the atmosphere of celebration and fun reigned everywhere , various theatrical and puppet performances with the participation of Petrushka and other folklore characters were held on the streets. One of the most colorful and dangerous entertainments on Maslenitsa was fist fights, in which the male population took part, for whom it was an honor to take part in a kind of "war effort", testing them for courage, courage and dexterity.

Christmas and Easter are considered especially revered Christian holidays among the Russian people.

The Nativity of Christ is not only a bright holiday of Orthodoxy, it also symbolizes the rebirth and revival of life, the traditions and customs of this holiday, filled with kindness and humanity, high moral ideals and the triumph of the spirit over worldly concerns, are reopened to society and rethought by them in the modern world. The day before Christmas (January 6) is called Christmas Eve, because the main dish of the festive table, which should consist of 12 dishes, is a special porridge "sochivo", consisting of boiled cereals sprinkled with honey, sprinkled with poppy seeds and nuts. You can sit down at the table only after the first star appears in the sky, Christmas (January 7) is a family holiday, when everyone gathered at the same table, ate a festive meal and gave each other gifts. 12 days after the holiday (until January 19) are called Christmastide, earlier at this time girls in Russia held various gatherings with fortune-telling and rituals to attract grooms.

Bright Easter has long been considered a great holiday in Russia, which people associated with the day of general equality, forgiveness and mercy. On the eve of Easter celebrations, Russian women usually bake cakes (festive Easter bread) and Easter, clean and decorate their homes, young people and children paint eggs, which, according to ancient legend, symbolize drops of blood of Jesus Christ crucified on the cross. On the day of Holy Easter, smartly dressed people, meeting, say "Christ is Risen!", Answer "Truly He is Risen!"

The culture of the peoples of Russia is one of the most diverse in the world. More than 190 peoples live on its territory, each of which individually has its own unique culture, and the larger the number, the more noticeable the contribution of this people to the culture of the whole country.

The most numerous in Russia is the Russian population - it is 111 million people. The three most numerous nationalities are closed by Tatars and Ukrainians.

Russian culture

Russian culture has a huge historical and cultural heritage and dominates the state.

Orthodoxy is the most widespread religion among the Russian people, which has had a tremendous impact on the development of the moral culture of the peoples of Russia.

The second religion in number, although incomparably losing to Orthodoxy, is Protestantism.

Russian housing

A log hut with a gable roof is considered a traditional Russian dwelling. The entrance was a porch, a stove and a cellar were built in the house.

There are still many huts in Russia, for example, in the town of Vyatka, Arbazhsky district of the Kirov region. There is an opportunity to visit the unique Museum of the Russian Hut in the village of Kochemirovo, Kadomsky District, Ryazan Region, where you can see not only a real hut, but also household items, a stove, a loom and other elements of Russian culture.

Russian national costume

In general, men's folk costume consisted of a shirt with an embroidered collar, pants, bast shoes or boots. The shirt was worn outside and picked up with a belt made of fabric. A caftan was worn as outerwear.

Women's folk costume consisted of a long embroidered shirt with long sleeves, a sundress or a skirt with a frill, and a woolen skirt on top - a poneva. Married women wore a headdress - a warrior. The festive headdress was a kokoshnik.

In everyday life, Russian folk costumes are no longer worn. The best examples of these clothes can be seen in ethnographic museums, as well as at all kinds of dance competitions and festivals of Russian culture.

Traditional Russian cuisine

Russian cuisine is known for its first courses - cabbage soup, hodgepodge, fish soup, pickle, okroshka. Porridge was usually prepared as a second course. “Cabbage soup and porridge is our food,” they said for a long time.

Very often, cottage cheese is used in dishes, especially when making pies, cheesecakes and cheesecakes.

The preparation of various pickles and marinades is popular.

You can try Russian dishes in numerous restaurants of Russian cuisine, which are found almost everywhere in Russia and abroad.

Family traditions and spiritual values ​​of the Russian people

The family has always been the main and unconditional value for the Russian people. Therefore, from ancient times it was important to remember your family. The connection with the ancestors was sacred. Children are often named after grandparents, sons are named after fathers - in this way they show respect for relatives.

Previously, the profession was often passed from father to son, but now this tradition has practically died out.

An important tradition is the inheritance of things, family heirlooms. This is how things accompany the family from generation to generation and acquire their own history.

Both religious and secular holidays are celebrated.

The most massively celebrated public holiday in Russia is the New Year holiday. Many people also celebrate the Old New Year on January 14th.

The following holidays are also celebrated: Defender of the Fatherland Day, International Women's Day, Victory Day, Workers' Solidarity Day ("May" holidays on May 1-2), Constitution Day.

The largest Orthodox holidays are Easter and Christmas.

Not so massively, but the following Orthodox holidays are also celebrated: Baptism of the Lord, Transfiguration of the Lord (Apple Savior), Honey Savior, Trinity and others.

Russian folk culture and the Maslenitsa holiday, which lasts a whole week until Lent, are practically inseparable from each other. This holiday is rooted in paganism, but is now celebrated everywhere by Orthodox people. Shrovetide also symbolizes the farewell to winter. The visiting card of the festive table is pancakes.

Ukrainian culture

The number of Ukrainians in the Russian Federation is approximately 1 million 928 thousand people - this is the third largest population among the general population, and therefore Ukrainian culture is an important component of the culture of the peoples of Russia.

Traditional Ukrainian housing

Ukrainian hut is an important component of Ukrainian traditional culture. The typical Ukrainian house was wooden, small in size, with a hipped roof made of thatched. The hut was necessarily whitewashed inside and out.

There are such huts in Russia, for example, in the Orenburg region, in the western and central regions of Ukraine, in Kazakhstan, but almost always the thatched roof is replaced with slate or covered with roofing felt.

Ukrainian folk costume

The man's suit is made up of a linen shirt and wide trousers. The embroidered front slit is characteristic of the Ukrainian shirt; they wear it tucked into their pants, girded with a sash.

The basis for the women's outfit is a long shirt. The hem of the shirt and the sleeves were always embroidered. A corset, skirt or andarak was worn on top.

The most famous element of traditional Ukrainian clothing is embroidery - a men's or women's shirt, distinguished by complex and varied embroidery.

Ukrainian folk costumes are no longer worn, but they can be seen in museums and at festivals of Ukrainian folk culture. But embroidered shirts are still in use and are even gaining more and more popularity - Ukrainians of all ages love to wear them, both as a festive outfit and as an element of everyday wardrobe.

The most famous Ukrainian dish is red beet and cabbage borscht.

The most popular product in Ukrainian cuisine is lard - it is used to prepare many dishes, eaten separately, salted, fried and smoked.

Wheat flour products are widespread. National dishes include dumplings, dumplings, verguns, lemishki.

Ukrainian cuisine is loved and popular not only among Ukrainians, but also among many other residents of Russia - it will not be difficult to find a restaurant of Ukrainian cuisine in large cities.

The family values ​​of Ukrainians and Russians are largely identical. The same applies to religion - Orthodox Christianity occupies a large part of the confession of the Ukrainians living in Russia; traditional holidays are almost the same.

Tatar culture

Representatives of the Tatar ethnos on the territory of Russia make up approximately 5 million 310 thousand people - this is 3.72% of the total population of the country.

Tatar religion

The main religion of the Tatars is Sunni Islam. At the same time, there is a small part of the Kryashen Tatars, whose religion is Orthodoxy.

Tatar mosques can be seen in many cities of Russia, for example, the Moscow Historical Mosque, the St. Petersburg Cathedral Mosque, the Perm Cathedral Mosque, the Izhevsk Cathedral Mosque and others.

Traditional Tatar housing

The Tatar dwelling was a four-walled log house, fenced off from the facade and remote from the street, with a passage. Inside, the room was divided into a female and a male part, the female part was at the same time a kitchen. Houses were decorated with bright paintings, especially the gates.

In Kazan, the Republic of Tatarstan, there are many such estates left, not only as architectural monuments, but also as residential buildings.

The costume may differ depending on the subgroup of Tatars, however, the clothing of the Volga Tatars had a great influence on the uniform image of the national costume. It consists of a shirt-dress and wide trousers for both women and men, and a robe was often used as an outer garment. The headdress for men was a skullcap, for women - a velvet cap.

In their original form, such suits are no longer worn, but some elements of clothing are still in use, for example, scarves, ichigi. You can see traditional clothes in ethnographic museums and thematic exhibitions.

Traditional Tatar cuisine

A distinctive feature of this cuisine is that not only Tatar ethnic traditions influenced its development. From different cultures, Tatar cuisine has absorbed bal-may, dumplings, pilaf, baklava, tea and other various dishes.

Tatar cuisine boasts a variety of flour products, among them: echpochmak, kystyby, kabartma, sansa, kyimak.

Milk is often used, but most often it is processed - cottage cheese, katyk, sour cream, syzme, eremchek.

A lot of restaurants throughout Russia offer a menu of Tatar cuisine, and the best choice, of course, is in the capital of Tatarstan - Kazan.

Family traditions and spiritual values ​​of the Tatars

The creation of a family has always been the highest value of the Tatar people. Marriage is considered a sacred duty.

The moral and spiritual culture of the peoples of Russia is in one way or another connected with the religious culture, and the peculiarities of a Muslim marriage lie in the fact that it is inextricably linked with the religious culture of Muslims. For example, the Koran forbids marrying an atheist woman, an agnostic woman; marriage with a representative of another religion is not too approved.

Now Tatars get to know each other and marry mainly without the intervention of the family, but earlier the most common marriage was matchmaking - the groom's relatives went to the bride's parents and made an offer.

The Tatar family is a family of the patriarchal type; a married woman was completely at the mercy of her husband and on his support. The number of children in a family sometimes exceeded six. The spouses settled with the husband's parents; living with the bride's parents was a shame.

Unquestioning obedience and respect for elders is another important feature of the Tatar mentality.

Tatar holidays

The Tatar culture of the celebration includes both Islamic and original Tatar and all-Russian state holidays.

Major religious holidays are considered Uraza Bayram - the holiday of breaking the fast, in honor of the end of the month of fasting - Ramadan, and Eid al-Adha - the holiday of sacrifice.

Until now, Tatars also celebrate Kargatuy, or Karga Butkasy, a folk holiday of spring, and Sabantuy, a holiday on the occasion of the completion of spring agricultural work.

The culture of each people of Russia is unique, and together they represent an amazing puzzle that will be inferior if you remove some part. Our task is to know and appreciate this cultural heritage.