Soviet writers laureates of the Nobel Prize. Russian laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature
The most prestigious literary premium of the world that the Nobel Fund has been presenting annually for achievements in the field of literature. The laureates of the Nobel Prize in literature, as a rule, become writers with world name, recognized in their homeland and beyond.
The first Nobel Prize in Literature was presented on December 10, 1901. Its laureate was the French poet and Esseist Sully Duddy. Since then, the date of the behavior of the awards ceremony does not change, and annually on the death day of Alfred Nobel, in Stockholm, one of the most significant in the literary world awards from the hands of King Sweden receives a poet, essayist, playwright, prose, whose contribution to world literature, according to Swedish Academy, worthy of such a high marks. This tradition was broken only seven times - in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1943, - when the premium was not awarded and the award was not conducted.
As a rule, the Swedish Academy prefers not to evaluate a separate work, but all the creativity of the nominee writer. In the history of the premium, only several times specific works were noted. Among them: "Olympic Spring" Karl Spitteller (1919), "Juices of the Earth" Knuta Gamsuna (1920), "Men" Vladislav Remonta (1924), "Buddenbroques" of Thomas Mann (1929), "Saga about foresites" John Golsuorussi ( 1932), "Old Man and Sea" Ernest Hemingway (1954), "Quiet Don" Mikhail Sholokhov (1965). All these books entered the Gold Foundation of World Literature.
To date, the list of Nobel laureates consists of 108 names. Among them are Russian writers. The first Russian writer, who received the Nobel Prize, in 1933, became the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Later, in different years, the Swedish Academy appreciated the creative merits of Boris Pasternak (1958), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970) and Joseph Brodsky (1987). According to the number of Nobel laureates (5) in the field of literature, Russia is in the seventh place.
The names of applicants for the Nobel Prize in literature are held secret not only during the current premium season, but also the next 50 years. Every year, experts are trying to guess who will become the owner of the most prestigious literary award, and especially gambling bets in the bookmakers. In the 2016 season, the main favorite for the receipt of the literary Nobel is considered the famous Japanese Prosaika Haruki Murakami.
Prize size - 8 million kroons (approximately 200 thousand dollars)
date of creation - 1901 year
Founders and co-founders. The Nobel Prize, including a bonus in literature, was created by the will of Alfred Nobel. Currently, the award is under the jurisdiction of the Nobel Foundation.
Terms of conduct. Applying applications - until January 31.
Determination of 15-20 major candidates - April.
Definition of 5 finalists - May.
Announcement of the name of the winner - October.
The award ceremony is December.
Prize goals. According to the will Alfred Nobel, the literature premium is awarded to the author who created the most significant literary work of an idealistic orientation. However, in most cases, the award is awarded to writers for the aggregate merit.
Who can participate. Any nominated author who has received an invitation to participate. It is impossible to nominate himself to the Nobel Prize in literature.
Who can nominate. In accordance with the Charter of the Nobel Foundation, members of the Swedish Academy, other academia, institutes and societies with similar tasks and objectives, professors of literature and linguistics of higher educational institutions, Laureates of the Nobel Prize in the field of literature, Chairmen of the author's unions, can act as nomers representing literary creativity in different countries.
Expert Council and Jury. After all applications were filed, the Nobel Committee conducts selection of candidates and presents their Swedish Academy responsible for determining the laureate. The Swedish Academy of which includes 18 people, among which dear Swedish writers, linguists, teachers of literature, historians and lawyers. Nominations and prize fund. The Nobel Prize winners receive a medal, a diploma and money remuneration, which is slightly changing a year from year to year. So, in 2015, the entire prize fund of the Nobel Prize amounted to 8 million Swedish crowns (approximately 1 million dollars), which were divided between all laureates.
Nightly soon will be the famine of the Nobel Prize in 2016 Literature. In the whole history, only five domestic writers and poets - Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970) and Joseph Brodsky (1987) - were awarded this prestigious award. Meanwhile, other bright representatives of Russian literature were also claimed to the award - but they did not manage to get a cherished medal. About who from Russian writers could be the owner of Nobel, but did not receive it, in the RT material.
Secret Prize
It is known that the Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded annually since 1901. The Special Committee is selected by candidates, and then with the help of experts, literary crit and laureates of past years, the winner is selected.
However, thanks to the archival finds at the University of UPSAL, it became known that the award in literature could have been awarded in the XIX century. Most likely, she was established by Santa Alfred Nobel, Emmanuel Nobel - the eldest, who at the end of the 18th century in the correspondence with friends discussed the idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing an international literary award.
In the list of winners of the premium found in Swedish University, there are names and Russian writers - Faddeya Bulgarine (1837), Vasily Zhukovsky (1839), Alexander Herzen (1867), Ivan Turgenev (1878) and Lion Tolstoy (1894). However, we still know little about the mechanism of selection of winners and other details of the award award procedure. Therefore, we turn to the official history of the Prize, which began for Russia in 1902.
Lawyer and Tolstoy
Few people know, but the first on the Nobel Prize in literature was nominated not a writer or poet, but a lawyer - Anatoly Koni. At the time of nomination, in 1902, he was an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences on the category of graceful literature, as well as a senator in the General Meeting of the First Department of the Senate. It is known that his candidacy was offered the head of the department of criminal law at the Military Law Academy Anton Vulfrat.
The more famous nominee is Lion Tolstoy. From 1902 to 1906, his candidacy persistently offered the Nobel Committee. Lion Tolstoy, by that time, was well known not only to the Russian, but also the world community with their novels. According to the expert community, Lion Tolstoy was the "most revered patriarch of modern literature." In a letter that was sent to the Writer from the Nobel Committee, academics called the thick "most great and deep writer." The reason why the author of the "war and the world" was never awarded, simple. Alfred Jensen, an expert in Slavic literature, who performed as one of the advisers of the Committee on nominees, criticized the philosophy of Lion Tolstoy, describing it as a "destructive and contrary to the idealistic character of the award."
However, the writer did not particularly eased the awards and even wrote about it in a response letter to the Committee: "I was very pleased that the Nobel Prize was not awarded to me. It saved me from great difficulty - to dispose of these money, which, like all the money, in my opinion, can only bring evil. "
Since 1906, after that, the letter, Lion Tolstoy on the premium no longer advanced.
- Lion Tolstoy in his desktop
- RIA News
The calculation of Merezhkovsky
In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, the Poet and writer Dmitry Merezhkovsky was nominated for the Nobel Prize. All the same Alfred Jensen noted the "artistic skill of the image, the universal content and the idealistic direction" of the creativity of the poet. In 1915, the Meriazhkovsky candidacy was again proposed, this time the Swedish writer Charles Melin, but again to no avail. But the first world war went, and only 15 years later, Dmitry Merezhkovsky was again nominated for the premium. His candidacy was highlighted from 1930 to 1937, but the poet had to face serious competition: together with him, Ivan Bunin and Maxim Gorky nominated in the same period. However, the persistent interest of Sigurd Agrel, who advanced Merezhkovsky seven years in a row, gave hope a writer to enter the number of owners of the cherished award. Unlike Lion Tolstoy, Dmitry Merezhkovsky wanted to become the Nobel laureate. In 1933, Dmitry Merezhkovsky was closest to success. According to the memories of the wife of Ivan Bunin, faith, Dmitry Merezhkovsky offered her spouse to divide the award. Moreover, in the case of Victory, Merezhkovsky would give the rioon of the whole 200 thousand francs. But that did not happen. Despite the fact that Merezhkovsky persistently wrote to the Committee, convincing his members in his superiority over competitors, he never got a reward.
Gorky more needed
To receive the Nobel Prize in literature Maxim Gorky was nominated 4 times: in 1918, 1923, 1928 and 1933. The writer's creativity represented a certain complexity for the Nobel Committee. Anton Carlgren, who replaced an expert on Slavica Alfred Jensen, noted that in the post-revolutionary work of Gorky (this referred to the revolution of 1905. - RT) There is no "the slightest echo of hot love to the homeland" and that in general his books are a solid "sterile desert." Earlier, in 1918, Alfred Jensen spoke about bitter as a "dual cultural and political personality" and "Tired, long ago already squeezed writer." In 1928, Gorky was close to gaining award. The main struggle has unfolded between him and the Norwegian writer Sigrid ONSET. Anton Carlgren noted that the creativity of Gorky looks like "Unusual Renaissance", which provided the writer "leading place in Russian literature."
- Maxim Gorky, 1928
- RIA News
The Soviet writer lost due to the defeatful review of Heinrich Shyuk, who noted in the work of Gorky "Evolution from the bad May Day rhetoric to direct discredit of power and agitation against it, and then to the Bolshevik ideology." Late writer's work, according to Shyuk, deserve "completely dead criticism." It became a weighty argument for conservative Swedish academics in favor of Sigrid ONSET. In 1933, Maxim Gorky lost to Ivan Bunin, whose novel "Life Arsenyev" did not leave anyone any chance.
Marina Tsvevaeeva was subsequently outraged that Gorky was not awarded the award in 1933: "I am not a protest, I just disagree, for incomparably more Bunin: and more, and humane, and peculiar, and more bitter. Gorky - the era, and Bunin - the end of the era. But - as it is a policy, since the King of Sweden cannot boot the Order of the Gorky Communist ... ".
"Star" 1965
In 1965, four domestic writers were nominated for the prize: Vladimir Nabokov, Anna Akhmatova, Konstantin Powesty and Mikhail Sholokhov.
Vladimir Nabokov nominated for a premium several times in the 1960s for his sensational novel "Lolita". Member of the Swedish Academy Anders Esterling responded to him as follows: "The author of the amoral and successful novel" Lolita "under any circumstances cannot be considered as a candidate for a prize."
In 1964, he lost to Sartra, and in 1965 - his former compatriot (Nabokov emigrated from the USSR in 1922. - RT) Mikhail Sholokhov. After the 1965 nomination, the Nobel Committee called the novel "Lolita" immoral. It is still unknown whether Nabokov was nominated after 1965, but we know that in 1972 Alexander Solzhenitsyn turned to the Swedish Committee with a request to re-consider the writer's candidate.
Konstantin Powesta was selected at the preliminary stage, although the Swedish academics responded about his "story of life". Anna Akhmatova amounted to Mikhail Sholokhov competition in the final. Moreover, the Swedish Committee offered to divide the award between them, arguing that "they write in the same language." Andreas Esterling - Professor, a long-term secretary of the Academy - noted that the poetry of Anna Akhmatova is full of "genuine inspiration." Despite this, the Nobel Prize in literature in 1965 received Mikhail Sholokhov, who was already in the seventh time.
- King of Sweden Gustav Vi Adolf Hands Mikhail Sholokhov Honorary Diploma and Medal of the Nobel laureate
- RIA News
Aldanov and the company
In addition to the above nominees, other, no less well-deserved writers and poets have been put forward from Russia at different times. For example, in 1923, Konstantin Balmont was nominated with Maxim Gorky and Ivan Bunin. However, his candidacy was rejected by experts unanimously, as clearly inappropriate.
In 1926, Vladimir Francers, a Historian of Literature, put forward the White General Peter Krasnova to receive a premium in literature. Twice, in 1931 and 1932, the writer Ivan Shmelev claimed to receive a prize.
Since 1938, the writer and publicist Mark Aldanov, who became a record holder in the number of nominations, claimed for a long time. Proser was popular among Russian emigration in France and the United States. In different years, Vladimir Nabokov nominated him and Alexander Kerensky. And Ivan Bunin, who became a winner of the award in 1933, offered Aldanov's candidacy 9 times.
The philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev became the nominee, the writer Leonid Leonov was put on the award twice a prize, one time - writer Boris Zaitsev and the author of the novel "Drop Titan" Igor Guzenko, Soviet cipher cipher.
Eduard Epstein
Vladimir Nabokov
The Nobel Prize in Literature is the most prestigious award, which since 1901 is awarded annually by the Nobel Fund for achievements in the field of literature. The writer, awarded award, appears in the eyes of millions of people as an incomparable talent or genius, who managed to win the heart of readers from all over the world.
However, there are a number of famous writers whom the Nobel Prize for various reasons bypassed the party, but they were worthy of it no less than their colleagues laureates, and sometimes even more. Who are they?
LEV TOLSTOY
It is believed that Lion Tolstoy himself refused the award. In 1901, the first Nobel Prize in literature was awarded to the French poet of Slyly-Proud - although it would seem how to get around the author "Anna Karenina", "War and Peace"?
Understanding awkwardness, the Swedish academics turned sharply to Tolstoy, calling it the "deep patriarch of modern literature" and "one of those mighty penetrating poets, which in this case should be remembered first of all." However, they wrote, the great writer after all, and himself "never sought such a reward." Tolstoy thanked: "I was very pleased that the Nobel Prize was not awarded to me," he wrote. "It saved me from a lot of difficulties - to dispose of these money, which, like all the money, in my opinion, can only bring evil."
49 Swedish writers led by August Strindberg and Solma Lagerlef wrote a protest letter to Nobel academicians. For the scenes, the opinion of the expert of the Nobel Committee, Professor Alfred Yensen, was left behind: the late Tolstoy philosophy contradicts the will of Alfred Nobel, who dreamed of the "idealistic orientation" of works. And "war and the world" and at all "deprived of understanding of history." The secretary of the Swedish Academy Karl Vissen agreed with this:
"This writer condemned all forms of civilization and insisted in return to accept the primitive lifestyle, torn away from all the establishments of high culture."
Lev Nikolaevich heard this or not, but in 1906, foreseen the next nomination, he asked academics to do everything so that he could not have to give up the prestigious award. They happily agreed and in the list of Nobel laureates Tolstoy never appeared.
Vladimir Nabokov
One of the applicants for the 1963 reward was the famous writer Vladimir Nabokov, the author of the sensational novel "Lolita". This circumstance has become a pleasant surprise for fans of the writer's creativity.
The scandalous novel, the topic of which was unthinkable for that time, was published in 1955 in the Paris Publishing House "Olympia Press". In the 60s, rumors about the nomination of Vladimir Nabokov on the Nobel Prize appeared more than once, but nothing really was clear. A little later, it will be known that Nabokov will never receive the Nobel Prize for excessive immorality.
The permanent member of the Swedish Academy Anders Esterling acted against Nabokov's candidature. "The author of the amoral and successful novel" Lolita "under any circumstances cannot be considered as a candidate for a prize," Esterling wrote in 1963.
In 1972, the Sweden Committee applied to the Alexander Solzhenitsyn premium with a recommendation to consider Nabokov's candidate. Subsequently, the authors of many editions (in particular London Times, The Guardian, New York Times) ranged to those writers who were not incompletely included in the list of nominees.
The writer was nominated in 1974, but lost to two Swedish authors, which no one remembers now. But they were members of the Nobel Committee. One American critic was witty said: "Nabokov did not receive" Nobeli "because it does not deserve it, but because the Nobel Prize does not deserve Nabokov."
MAKSIM GORKY
Since 1918, Maxim Gorky was 5 times nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature - in 1918, 1923, 1928, 1930 and, finally, in 1933.
But in 1933, Nobel wisered by the writer. Among the nominees that year, Bunin and Meriazhkovsky were again. For Bunin, it was a fifth attempt to take Nobel. It turned out to be successful, in contrast to the five-time nominees. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was awarded with the wording "for strict skill with whom he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose."
Until the forties, Russian emigration had a care - to do everything that the award did not fall asleep and did not fall the myth that there was no culture in the territory of Russia without emigrants. Balmont, and Shmelev, but especially nervous - Merezhkovsky were put forward by candidates. I was accompanied by intrigues, Aldanov called Bunin to agree to the "group" nomination, threesome, Merezhkovsky persuaded Bunin to go to a love collusion - who will win, he divides the award in half. Bunin did not agree, and did the right thing - a fighter with the "coming Ham" Merezhkovsky will soon be mastered by a brother with Hitler and Mussolini.
And Bunin, by the Word, part of the award without any contracts gave to those in need of Russian writers (still redisched), the part was lost in the war, but the Burnin Bunin bought the Radio, which was listening to the battle reports on the Eastern Front - worried.
However, the fact: and then the Swedish newspapers were perplexed. Gorky has much more merit in front of Russian and world literature, Bunin knows only fellow on Peru and rare connoisseurs. And Marina Tsvevaeeva was outraged, by the way, sincerely: "I am not a protest, I just disagree, for incomparably more Bunin: and more, and humane, and more kind of bitter. Gorky - the era, and Bunin - the end of the era. But - as it is a policy, since the King of Sweden can not boot the Order of the Communist of Gorky ... "
Over the scenes remained evil opinions of experts. Listening to them, in 1918, the academics considered that the bitter, nominated by Rollyn, an anarchist and "without a doubt, in no way fits into the framework of the Nobel Prize." Gorky preferred Danchanin H. Pontoppidan (do not remember who it is - and does not matter). In the 30s, the academics were blocked and invented - "cooperates with the Bolsheviks", the award "is becoming interpreted".
ANTON CHEKHOV
Anton Pavlovich, who died in 1904 (award is awarded since 1901), most likely, just did not have time to get it. By the day of his death they knew in Russia, but not very good in the West. In addition, it is more famous there as a playwright. More precisely, in general, only as playwright it is known. And the Nobel Committee of the playwright does not favor.
…WHO ELSE?
In addition to the above-mentioned Russian writers among Russian nominees, Anatoly Konstin, Konstantin Balmont, Peter Krasnov, Ivan Shmelev, Nikolai Berdyaev, Mark Aldanov, Leonid Leonov, Boris Zaitsev, Roman Jacobson and Yevgeny Yevtushenko.
And how many geniuses of Russian literature did not even be announced in the number of nominees of Bulgakov, Akhmatov, Tsvetaeva, Mandelstam ... Everyone can continue this brilliant number by the names of their favorite writers and poets.
Is this an accident that four of the five Russian writers who became Nobel laureates were somehow in conflict with the Soviet authorities? Bunin and Brodsky were immigrants, Solzhenitsyn - dissident, Pasternak received a premium for the novel, published abroad. Yes, and quite loyal to Soviet power Sholokhov Nobel Dali "For the artistic strength of the wholeness of the epic on the Don Cossack in a turning point for Russia."
It is worthwhile to be surprised that in 1955, the Nobel Prize in Literature was nominated even ... The Igor Guzenko's scandalous Soviet encryption manager Igor Guzenko, in the West, the literature.
And in 1970, the Nobel Committee had to prove for a long time that the prize was awarded Alexander Solzhenitsyn by no means political reasons, but "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." After all, by that time, only eight years passed from the moment of the first publication of the writer, and its main works "Archipelag Gulag" and "Red Wheel" were not yet published.
These are the cases, brothers ...
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1933, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
Bunin was the first Russian writer who received such a high award - the Nobel Prize in literature. It happened in 1933, when Bunin lived for several years in Emigration in Paris. The award was awarded to Ivan Bunin "For strict skill, with whom he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose." It was about the largest work of the writer - the novel "The Life of Arsenyev".
Taking the award, Ivan Alekseevich said he was the first exile marked by the Nobel Prize. Together with the diploma Bunin received a check on 715 thousand French francs. On the Nobel money, he could have to live again until the end of the days. But they ran out quickly. Bunin spent them very easily, generously distributed to the needy to colleagues emigrants. Part invested, which, how he was promised by the "well-wishers", win-win, and burned.
It was after receiving the Nobel Prize that the All-Russian Fame of Bunin turned into world glory. Each Russian in Paris, even the one who has not yet read a single line of this writer, took it as a personal holiday.
1958, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
For Pasternak, this high award and recognition turned into real injury in the homeland.
For the competition of the Nobel Prize, Boris Pasternak advanced more than once - from 1946 to 1950. And in October 1958, he was awarded this award. It happened just after the release of his novel "Dr. Zhivago". The prize was awarded to Pasternak "For significant achievements in modern lyrical poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."
Immediately after receiving the telegrams from the Swedish Academy, Pasternak answered "Extremely grateful, touched and proud, amazed and confused." But after it became known about the award of the Pravda newspaper and the "literary newspaper" awards, they fell on a poet with outrageous articles, awarding it with epithets, "traitor", "slander", "Juda". Pasternak was excluded from the Writers' Union and forced to abandon the award. And in the second letter in Stockholm, he wrote: "By virtue of the value that awarded awarded award in society, to which I belong, I should refuse it. Do not think for insulting my voluntary failure. "
Boris Pasternak Nobel Prize after 31 years received his son. In 1989, the indispensable secretary of the Academy, Professor Stora Allen, read both telegrams sent by Pasternak on October 23 and 29, 1958, and said that the Swedish Academy recognized Pasternak's refusal from a premium forced and after thirty one to present his son's medal, regret that The laureate is already alive.
1965, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov
Mikhail Sholokhov was the only Soviet writer who received the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR leadership. Back in 1958, when the Delegation of the Union of Writers of the USSR visited Sweden and found out that among the Names of Pasternak and Shocholov, the names of Pasternak and Shocholov were called, in the telegram sent to the Soviet Ambassador in Sweden, said: "It would be desirable through the cultural workers close to us Understand the Swedish public that in the Soviet Union would be highly appreciated by the Sholokhov Nobel Prize. But then the prize was given to Boris Pasternak. Sholokhov received it in 1965 - "For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic on the Don Cossacks in a turning point for Russia." By this time, his famous "Quiet Don" was already released.
1970, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn
Alexander Solzhenitsyn became the fourth Russian writer who received the Nobel Prize in literature - in 1970 "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." By this time, such outstanding works of Solzhenitsyn as "Cancer Corps" and "in the first circle" were already written. Upon learning of awarding, the writer said it intends to get a reward "Personally, within the meant day." But after the announcement of the award, the injury of the writer in his homeland gained full force. The Soviet government found the decision of the Nobel Committee "politically hostile". Therefore, the writer was afraid to go to Sweden for receiving award. He gratefully accepted her, but did not participate in the awards ceremony. Solzhenitsyn's diploma received only four years later - in 1974, when he was sent from the USSR to Germany.
The wife of the writer Natalia Solzhenitsyn is still sure that the Nobel Prize saved his wife and gave the opportunity to write. She noted that if he had published the Gulag Archipelago, not being a laureate of the Nobel Prize, he would have killed him. By the way, Solzhenitsyn was the only laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature, who from the first publication to the award of the award took just eight years.
1987, Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky
Joseph Brodsky became the fifth Russian writer who received the Nobel Prize. It happened in 1987, then his big book of poems was published - "Urania". But he received the award Brodsky already neither as Soviet, but as an American citizen who had already lived in the United States for a long time. The Nobel Prize was awarded to him "For comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity." Iosif Brodsky's reward In his speech, Joseph Brodsky said: "For a person private and particular, this whole life of any public role preferred, for a person who came in preference is quite far away - and in particular from homeland, for it is better to be the last loser in democracy than to be Martyr or the ruler of the Dum in Despotiya, - to be suddenly on this tribune - a big awkwardness and test. "
It should be noted that after awarding the Brodsky Nobel Prize, and this event just happened during the start of restructuring in the USSR, his poems and essay began to actively publish in their homeland.
Briton Kadzuo Isiguro.
According to the will of Alfred Nobel, the award is awarded "to create the most significant literary work of an idealistic orientation."
The editorial office of the TASS dossier has prepared material on the procedure for awarding this premium and its laureates.
Award award and nomination of candidates
The Prize awards the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. It includes 18 academics, which occupy this post for life. The Nobel Committee is being prepared by the Nobel Committee, the members of which (four to five people) are elected by the Academy from its composition for a three-year period. Candidates can put forward members of the Academy and similar institutions of other countries, professors of literature and linguistics, premium winners and chairmen of writing organizations that have received special invitations from the Committee.
The process of nomination of applicants lasts from September to January 31 of the next year. In April, the Committee is a list of 20 of the most worthy writers, then it reduces to five candidates. The laureate is determined by academics in early October by a majority vote. The writer is reported for half an hour before the announcement of his name. In 2017, 195 people were nominated.
The laureates of the five Nobel Prizes become known during the Nobel week, which begins on the first Monday of October. Their names are announced in the following order: physiology and medicine; physics; chemistry; literature; Peace Prize. The owner of the Gosbank Prize of Sweden on the economy of memory Alfred Nobel is called the next Monday. In 2016, the order was broken, the name of the awarded writer was made public late. According to the Swedish media, despite the delay in the beginning of the procedure of elections of the winner, there was no disagreement inside the Swedish Academy.
Laureaats
In all the time of the premium existence, 113 writers became its laureates, among which 14 women. Among the awarded world-famous authors like Rabindranat Tagore (1913), Anatole France (1921), Bernard Show (1925), Thomas Mann (1929), Hermann Hesse (1946), William Falkner (1954), Ernest Hemingway (1954), Pablo Neruda (1971), Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982).
In 1953, this award "for the high mastery of works of historical and biographical nature, as well as for brilliant spectacular art, with the help of which higher human values \u200b\u200bdefended themselves," the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was noted. Churchill was repeatedly nominated for this premium, in addition, he twice advanced to the Nobel Prize of the world, but did not become its owner.
As a rule, writers receive a premium for the aggregate achievements in the field of literature. However, nine people were awarded for a specific work. For example, Thomas Mann was noted for the novel "Buddenbok"; John Golsuorussi - for "Fursight Sagu" (1932); Ernest Hemingway - for the story "Old man and the sea"; Mikhail Sholokhov - In 1965, for the novel "Quiet Don" ("for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic on the Don Cossacks in a turning point for Russia").
In addition to Sholokhov, there are also other compatriots among the laureates. So, in 1933 Ivan Bunin received Ivan Bunin "For strict skill with whom he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose," and in 1958 - Boris Pasternak "for outstanding services in modern lyrical poetry and in the field of great Russian prose."
However, Pasternak, who was criticized in the USSR for the novel "Dr. Zhivago", published abroad, refused the award under pressure from the authorities. Medal and diploma were awarded to his son in Stockholm in December 1989. In 1970, Alexander Solzhenitsyn became the premium laureate ("for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature"). In 1987, Joseph Brodsky was noted for a prize "for comprehensive creativity, impregnated with the clarity of thought and passion of poetry" (emigrated in the United States in 1972).
In 2015, the rewards were awarded the Belarusian writer Svetlana Aleksievich for "polyphonic writings, a monument of suffering and courage in our time."
In 2016, the American poet, composer and performer Bob Dylan for "the creation of poetic images in the Great American Song Tradition" became a laureate.
Statistics
The Nobel site notes that from 113 laureates 12 wrote under pseudonyms. This list includes the French writer and literary critic Anatole France (real name of Francois Anatole Tibo) and Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda (Ricardo Elieser Neftali Reyes Basoalto).
The relative majority of awards (28) were awarded to the writers writing in English. For books in French were awarded 14 writers, in German - 13, in Spanish - 11, in Swedish - seven, in Italian - six, in Russian - six (including Svetlana Aleksievich), in Polish - four, in Norwegian and Danish - Three people, and in Greek, Japanese and Chinese - two. The authors of the works in Arabic, Bengal, Hungarian, Icelandic, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Oksitansky (Provencal Dealer of French), Finnish, Czech, and also in Hebrew were noted by the Nobel Prize in Literature one time.
The most often awarded writers who worked in the genre of prose (77), in second place - poetry (34), on the third - dramaturgy (14). For works in the field of history, three writers received a prize, two philosophy - two. At the same time, one author may be awarded for work in several genres. For example, Boris Pasternak received a prize as a prose and as a poet, and Maurice Meterlink (Belgium; 1911) - as a prose and playwright.
In 1901-2016, the award was awarded 109 times (in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940-1943, academicians could not determine the best writer). Just four times the reward was divided between two writers.
The average age of laureates is 65 years old, the youngest Rudyard Kipling, who received a premium in 42 years (1907), and the most elderly - 88-year-old Doris Lessing (2007).
The second writer (after Boris Pasternak), who abandoned the award, became the French novelist and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1964. He stated that "he does not want to be transformed into a public institute," and expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that when awarded the Academic Award "ignore the merits of revolutionary writers of the 20th century."
Famous Candidate Writers who have not received a premium
Many great writers nominated for a prize have not received it. Among them, Lion Tolstoy. Our writers as Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Maxim Gorky, Konstantin Balmont, Ivan Shmelev, Evgeny Yevtushenko, Vladimir Nabokov were not awarded. Not laureates and outstanding prosaicists of other countries - Jorge Louis Bruges (Argentina), Mark Twain (USA), Henrik Ibsen (Norway).