What a religion of Bashkirov. Economy and Public Story Bashkir IX - XII BB
Bashkirs are an ancient people living in the south of the Urals for at least 12 centuries. Their history is extremely interesting, and it is surprising that, despite the surroundings of strong neighbors, Bashkirs retained their uniqueness and tradition so far, although, of course, ethnic assimilation makes its business. The population of Bashkiria for 2016 is about 4 million people. Not all residents of the region are native speakers and ancient culture, but the spirit of the ethnic group is preserved here.
Geographical position
Bashkortostan is located on the border of Europe and Asia. The territory of the republic is just over 143 thousand square meters. km and covers part of the Eastern European Plain, mining system Southern Urals and Zuraloga Hills. The capital of the region is Ufa - is the largest settlement of the republic, the rest of the population and the size of the territory are greatly inferior to it.
Bashkortostan relief is extremely diverse. The highest point of the region is Zigalga Range (1427 m). Plains and hills are well suited for agriculture, so the population of Bashkiria has long been engaged in cattle breeding and crop production. The Republic is rich in water resources, there are pools of rivers such as Volga, Urals and Ob. 12 thousand rivers proceed along the territory of Bashkiria different sizeHere there is 2,700 lakes, mainly spring origin. Also created 440 artificial reservoirs.
The region has large mineral reserves. So, here deposits of oil, gold, iron ore, copper, natural Gas, zinc. Bashkiria is located in the zone of moderate belt, on its territory a lot of mixed forests, forest-steppes and steppes. Here are three large reserves and several natural reserves. Bashkortostan borders with such constituent entities of the Federation as Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, with Udmurtia and Tatarstan.
History of the Bashkir Nor
The first people in the territory of modern Bashkiria lived another 50-40 thousand years ago. Archaeologists found traces of ancient parking in the cave of Imanai. In the era of Paleolitis, Mesolith and Neolithic, the tribes of hunters and collectors lived here, they mastered local territories, tamed animals, left pictures on the walls of the caves. The genes of these first settlers became the base for the formation of Bashkir nation.
The first mentions of Bashkara can read the works of Arab geographers. They say that in the 9-11 centuries, the people named "Bashkort" lived on both sides of the Ural Mountains. In the 10-12th centuries, Bashkirs were part of the state from the beginning of the 13th century, they felt violently with the Mongols who wanted to capture their lands. As a result, a partnership agreement was concluded, and for 13-14 centuries, the Bashkir people are part of the Golden Horde on special conditions. Bashkirs were not the people, crowning tribute. They retained their own social device and were in the kagan in military service. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, Bashkirs was part of the Kazan and Siberian Horde.
In the 16th century, a strong pressure on the independence of Bashkir on the part of the Russian kingdom began. In the 1550s, Ivan Grozny called on the people to voluntarily enter into his state. Negotiations were conducted for a long time, and in 1556 an agreement was concluded on the entry of Bashkir to the Russian kingdom on special conditions. The people retained their rights to religion, administration, army, but paid the Russian tag, for this to receive assistance in the reflection of external aggression.
Until the 17th century, the terms of the contract were observed, but with the coming to power of the Romanov began to encourage the sovereign rights of Bashkir. This led to a whole series of uprisings of the 17-18th centuries. The people suffered huge losses in the struggle for their rights and independence, but was able to defend their autonomy as part of the Russian Empire, although still had to go for certain concessions.
In the 18th-19 centuries, Bashkiria was repeatedly subjected to administrative reform, but in general reserved the right to accommodate in historical borders. The population of Bashkiria throughout its history was excellent warriors. Bashkirs actively participated in all the battles, which Russia led: in the war of 1812, the first and second world wars. The losses of the people were great, but also victories of Slavs. Among the Bashkir, there are many real heroes-warriors.
At the time of the 1917 coup, the Bashkiria was first on the side of the resistance of the Red Army, the Bashkir army was created, which defended the idea of \u200b\u200bthe independence of this nation. However, for a number of reasons in 1919, the Bashkir government has passed under control soviet power. Within Soviet Union Bashkiria wanted to form the Union Republic. But Stalin stated that Tatarstan and Bashkortostan could not be allied republics, as they are Russian enclaves, therefore the Bashkir Autonomous Republic was created.
In Soviet times, the region had to survive the difficulties and processes characteristic of the USSR. Here were collectivization and industrialization. During the war in Bashkiria, many industrial and other enterprises were evacuated, which were the basis of post-war industrialization and recovery. During the years of restructuring, in 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan was proclaimed with its constitution. Today, Bashkiria is actively engaged in revival national Identity and original traditions.
The total population of Bashkiria. Dynamics of indicators
The first Bashkiria was held in 1926, then 2 million 665 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic. Later, the estimate of the number of residents of the region was carried out with different periodicity, and only from the end of the 20th century, such data began to be collected annually.
Before the beginning of the 21st century, the dynamics of the number was positive. The greatest increase in the number of residents fell at the beginning of the 50s. During the remaining periods, the region has steadily increased by an average of 100 thousand people. A small deceleration of the increase was recorded in the early 1990s.
And only since 2001, a negative annually, the number of inhabitants was reduced by several thousand people. By the end of the 2000s, the situation corrected a bit, but in 2010 the number of residents began to decrease.
Today, the population in Bashkiria (2016) stabilized, the number is 4 million 41 thousand people. While demographic and economic indicators do not allow to expect to improve the situation. But Bashkortostan's leadership puts its primary task to reduce mortality and increase fertility in the region, which should have a positive impact on the number of its inhabitants.
Administrative division of Bashkortostan
Starting from the mid-16th century, Bashkiria as part of the Russian Empire combined around Ufa. At first it was a Ufa County, then the Ufa Province and Ufa Gubernia. In Soviet times, the region survived several territorial administrative reforms related to consolidation, then with crushing to areas. In 2009, today's division of Bashkortostan on territorial units was adopted. According to republican legislation in the region, 54 district, 21st city, of which are 8 - republican subordination, 4532 rural settlements. Today, the population of Bashkiria cities is gradually growing mainly due to internal migration.
Distribution of the population
Russia is a predominantly agricultural country, about 51% of the number of Russians live in rural settlements. If you evaluate the population of Bashkiria cities (2016), then you can see that about 48% of the population lives in them, i.e. 1.9 million people from total in 4 million. That is, the region is stacked in the all-Russian tendency. The list of cities of Bashkiria in terms of population is as follows: The largest settlement is Ufa (1 million 112 thousand people), the rest of the settlements are much smaller in size, in the top five, Sterlitamak is also included (279 thousand people), Salavat (154 thousand), Neftekamsk (137 thousand) and Oktyabrsky (114 thousand). Other cities belong to the number of small, their number does not exceed 70 thousand people.
Age-Poland Population of the Bashkiria
The all-Russian indicator of the relationship of women and men is approximately 1.1. And at an early age, the number of boys surpasses the number of girls, but with age the picture changes to the opposite. Considering the population of Bashkiria, you can see that this trend is preserved here. On average, each thousand men account for 1139 women.
The distribution of the population as follows in the Republic of Bashkiria is as follows: younger than able-bodied - 750 thousand people, older than able-bodied - 830 thousand people, working age - 2.4 million people. Thus, on 1000 people of working age accounts for about 600 people of young and elderly. On average, this corresponds to all-Russian trends. The sexually agreed model of Bashkiria allows the region to the aging type, which indicates the future complication of the demographic and economic situation in the region.
National population population
Since 1926, observation of the national composition of residents of the Bashkir Republic is monitored. During this time, the following trends were identified: the number of Russian population gradually decreases, from 39.95% to 35.1%. And the amount of Bashkir increases, from 23.48% to 29%. And the ethnic Bashkir population of Bashkiria for 2016 is 1.2 million people. The remaining national groups are represented by such numbers: Tatars - 24%, Chuvashi - 2.6%, Mariers - 2.5%. Other nationalities are presented with groups of less than 1% of the total population.
The region has a big problem to preserve small nations. So, the population of Kryazhenov over the past 100 years has grown, Mishari is on the verge of extinction, and the referee completely disappeared. Therefore, the leadership of the region is trying to create special conditions To preserve the remaining small subethnos.
Language and religion
In national regions, there is always a problem of preserving religion and language, no exception and Bashkiria. The religion of the population is an important part of national identity. For Bashkir, the original faith is Islam Sunni sense. In Soviet times, religion was under an unlaxed prohibition, although the intrameal estimation often was still built on Muslim traditions. In post-transfers in Bashkiria, the revival of religious customs begins. For 20 years, more than 1000 mosques were opened in the region (there were only 15 in Soviet times), about 200 Orthodox churches and several religious institutions of other denominations. And yet the dominant religion of the region remains Muslim, this religion has about 70% of all churches of the republic.
Language is an important part of the national self-consciousness. In Bashkiria, there were no special language policies in Soviet times. Therefore, part of the population began to lose their native speech. Since 1989, special work has been conducted in the republic to revive the national language. The school has been introduced in the native language (Bashkir, Tatar). Today, 95% of the population is owned by the Russian language, 27% own Bashkir, 35% - Tatar.
Economy Region
Bashkortostan is one of the most stable in the economic plan of regions of Russia. Bashkiria's subsoil is rich in minerals, so, the Republic ranks 9th in the country for the extraction of oil and 1st - for its recycling. The regional economy is well diversified and therefore well overcomes the complexity of crisis times. Several industries ensure the stability of the development of the republic, this is:
The petrochemical industry, represented by large combines: Bashneft, Sterlitamak Neftechimzavod, Bashkir Soda Company;
Mechanical engineering and metallurgy, including a trolleybus plant, Nephtemash, Kumertau airline, enterprise for the production of all-terrain vehicles "Vityaz", Neftekamsky Automobile Plant;
Energy industry;
Processing industry.
Agriculture has great importance for the economy of the region, Bashkir peasants are successfully engaged in animal husbandry and growing plants.
In the region, the trade and scope of service are well developed, which negatively affects the decline in the incomes of the population (2016) in Bashkiria, but still the situation in the republic is much better than in the subsidy regions of the country.
Employment
In general, the population of Bashkiria is in more good economic conditions than the inhabitants of many other regions. However, in 2016, unemployment growth was recorded here, in half a year the figure rose by 11% compared with last year. Also, there is also a decline in trade and consumption of services, reducing wages and real incomes of the population. All this leads to another clutch of unemployment. First of all, young professionals and graduates of universities will fall under the blow without experience. This leads to the fact that the outflow of young people and qualified employees from the region begins.
Infrastructure of the region
For any region is important which allows residents to experience satisfaction from accommodation in a particular place. The population of Bashkiria for 2016 quite highly appreciates the living conditions in its region. In Bashkortostan, many forces and means are invested in repair and construction of roads, bridges, health facilities. Transport and tourist infrastructure develops in the republic. However, definitely, there are problems, in particular with the security of the population, institutions of education and culture. The region has obvious difficulties with ecology, numerous production enterprises negatively affect the purity of water and air in the area of \u200b\u200blarge cities. However, urban infrastructure is significantly better developed than rural, which leads to an outflow of the rural population in the city.
Demographic characteristics of the population
According to demographic indicators, Bashkortostan is beneficial from many regions of the country. So, fertility in the republic is a bit, but the last 10 years is growing (only 2011 was the exception, when a decrease of 0.3% occurred). But, unfortunately, mortality is also growing in recent years, although less pace than birth rate. Therefore, the population of Bashkiria shows a small natural increase that is uncharacteristic for the country as a whole.
The origin of Bashkir still remains unsolved secret.
This problem is interested in both of us and in other countries. His heads of Europe, Asia and America broke over her. This, of course, is not an imagination. Bashkir question, consisting in the desperate-combat history of the people, in his (people) is a unlikely character, original culture, in a kind of neighbors a kind of national face, in his history, especially in ancient historyAs the immersion in which she takes a kind of mysterious riddle, where every solvinary riddle generates a new one, - all this, in turn, generates a common question for many peoples.
Written monument in which the first name is first bashkir people It was mentioned, they say, left the traveler Ibn Fadlan. In 922, he, as secretary of the Messengers of the Baghdad Caliph al-Muktadir, passed through the southwestern part of the ancient Bashkortostan - through the territories of the current Orenburg, Saratov and Samara regions, where on the bank of the r. Irgiza lived Bashkirs. According to Ibn Fadlan, Bashkira - the Turkic people, live on the slopes of the Southern Urals, inhabit the extensive territory from the west to the coast of the Volga; Their southeastern neighbors are refugee (Pechenegi).
As you can see, Ibn Fadlan is already in that distant era set the values bashkir landsand bashkir people. In this case, it would be notable if possible to broadly explain in translation of the reports of Bashkira.
Already closer to the Emba River, the missionaries are beginning to disturb the shadows of Bashkir, from which it is clear that the messenger of the Khalifa travels on the ground Bashkir. Perhaps he was already heard from other neighboring peoples about the militant masse of the owners of this country. During the crossing over the Khagan River (Sagan, River in the Orenburg region, on the shore of which Bashkirs still live) Arabs are about what were disturbed by:
"It is necessary that the detachment of fighters, having a weapon with them, before they crush something from the caravan. They are a vanguard for people, (next) behind them, (for protection) from Bashkir, (in case) so that they (i.e. Bashkirs) have not captured them when they are crossing. "
Through the fear of Bashkirs, they are transferred across the river and continue their way.
"Then we drove a few days and crossed the Jaha river, then after it the Azhan River, then across the Badja River, then through Samur, then through the core, then through dry, then through KA (H) Jalla, and now we arrived in the country of the people Julius called al-Bashbird. Now the path of Ibn-Fadlan is known to us: already on the bank of Emba, he began to warn the courageous Bashkir; These fears pursued him during the whole path. Running through the fast yabs near the mouth of the Sagar River, it passes on the roads of Uralsk - Buguruslan - Bugulma, is transferred in the order itself through the Saga River (Zhaga), which flows into the River Bezavok near the modern village of Andreevka, Tanalyk River (Azhana River ), then a small week ("bookzha") near Novoaleksandrovka, Samara (Samur) near the city of Bess, then Borovka ("Cablod" from the word boar), Mal. Kyun Yula ("dry"), Bol. Kyun Yulia ("Cannel" from the word Kyun-Yul, Russians write Kinel), reaches the area, densely populated by the people of Al-Bashbird Bugulmina Hills with a picturesque nature between the Rivers Agidel, Kama, Idel (now the territory of the Republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Orenburg Regions and Samara). As you know, these places are the western part of the Pranodina of the Bashkir people and referred to as Arab travelers such geographical names as ESK Bashkort (internal Bashkortostan). And the other part of the Bashkir Pranodina, stretching through the Ural to Irtysh, was ordered Tyshki Bashkort - external Bashkortostan. There is Mount Jarenel (Ramil), allegedly, which occurred from the phallus of our deceased Ural-Batyr. Famous from the myths, the EM-UB "Vagina-elevation of Our ESE-Howa - Mother of the Sky, which is the continuation of the southern ridge of the Urals and towering over Caspian, sounds like Mugajar-Emba, still beats the key in this place. Emba (Ibn Fadlan walked past it).
Strangers could pass to the open international Bashkir city-bazar Bulgar on the IBN-Fadlan path, southern edge Internal Bashkortostan. The penetration of the Sacred Mountains is the "body of Schulgan-Batyr" and "the Body of Ural-Batyra" and others - on the mountain of the gods - forbidden a fatal taboo. Those who tried to break him, as warned by Ibn Fadlan, must comply with the heads (this strict law was broken after the Tatar-Mongolian invasion). Even the force armed to the teeth of 2 thousand caravans could not keep the traveler from the hanging threat to be devoid of heads:
"We were stirred up with the greatest caution, because these are the worst of the Turks, and ... more than other encouraging murder. Meets a man of man, hesitates his head, takes her with him, and his (himself) leaves. "
Ibn-Fadlan, all over his way, tried in more detail about the indigenous peoples, attached specifically, who had already adopted Islam and who owns the Arabic-Bashkira well, who had even asked: "What do you do with the login, after you catch it? " It seems that Bashkir turned out to be Pluto, who decided to make a touch of a touch of a traveler, "And we separate it and eat it." After all, one and a half thousand years old to Ibn-Fadlan Bashkira to the question of the same curious traveler of Greek Herodota, they say how to extract the mare milk from the udder, so they drove to the Birch curve (in other words: joked, deceived): "Very simple. We insert into the backs of the mare's cane kouchy and all together to inflate her belly, under the pressure of the air Milk in itself begins to splash out of the udder in the bucket "... anyway, not an imaginary in the trick of Ibn-Fadlan hurried to literally fix the answer to his way notebook as there is. "They shave their beards and eat lice when some of them will be caught. Some of them explore in detail the seams of their jacket and rank in their teeth. Indeed, one of them was with us, which was already accepted Islam, and which served with us, and so I saw one in his clothes, he crushed her his novel, then ate her. "
In these rows, it is rather a black seal of that era, rather than truth. What remains to wait from the servants of Islam for which Islam is true vera, and confessing it - Favorites, all the rest for them are not fatty; They who did not accept the Islam pagan-Bashkir they called "evil", "eating their lice", etc. The same dirty label hangs on his way and on other nations, who did not have time to join the righteous Islam. By the bucket - the lid, on the epoch - views (opinions), it is impossible to be offended today on the traveler. Here is a kind of other definition: "They (Russian. - Z.S.) the dirty of the creatures of Allah, - (they) are not cleaned of feces, nor from urine, and are not washed from sexual uncleanness and do not wash their hands before and after Food, they are as wandering donkeys. They come from their country and make their ships on Attile, and this is a big river, and build on her shore big houses from wood, and going (them) in one (such) house ten and (or) twenty - less and (or) more, and each (of them) the bench on which he sits, and with him (sit) Girls - delight for merchants. And one (of them) is combined with his girlfriend, and his comrade looks at him. Sometimes many of them are connected in this position alone against others, and the merchant comes to buy a girl from any of them, and (in this way) causing him combined with her, and he (Rus) leaves her, or ( Satisfy) partly your need. And they necessarily wash their faces every day and their heads through the most dirty waterWhat only happens, and the most unclean, namely, that the girl comes every day in the morning, carrying a big laughter with water, and brings her Mr.. So, he washes her both hands and his face and all his hair. And he washes them and makes them a crest in Lohan. Then he blows his noise and spits in her and leaves anything from the dirt, he (all this) makes it into this water. And when he graduates what he needed, the girl carries Lohan to the one who (sits) next to him, and (this) does not like how he makes his comrade. And she never ceases to tolerate it from one to another until he won't be all those in (this) house, and each of them blows his face and spits and washes her face and her hair in her. "
As you can see, the messenger of the Khalifa, as a devoted son of the era, assesses the culture of "kafyr" from the height of the Islamic minaret. He sees only their dirty Lohan and he has no matter before the condemnation of the future generation ...
Let's come back to the memories of Bashkarah. Surviving for the "lower" people, devoid of Islamic faith, he sincerely writes the following lines: "(But) the opinion evading (from the truth), each of them cuts a piece of wood with Fall and hangs it on himself, and if he wants to go on a trip Or he will meet the enemy, then kisses him (a piece of wood), worships him and says "Oh, Mr., make me that something and that." And so I told the translator: "Ask any of them, what is the excuse (explanation) to this and why did he make it his master (God)?" He said: "Because I got out of this and I do not know about myself of my own creature, except for this." Of these, someone says that he has twelve gentlemen (gods): Winter Mr., Summer, Suman, in the rain Mr., in the wind of Mr., in the trees of Mr., in humans, in the horses, Mr. Mr., at night Mr., in the day, Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr., and Mr., who in the sky, the biggest of them, but only he unites with them (the rest of the gods) in agreement, and each of them approves what he makes his companion . Allah is greater than what they say wicked, height and greatness. He (Ibn-Fadlan) said: We saw how (one) group worships snakes, (another) group worshiped fish, (third) the group worshiped cranes, and they reported to me that they (enemies) turned them (Bashkir) to escape and What cranes shouted behind them (enemies), so that they (enemies) were frightened and themselves were turned to flight, after they turned to flight (Bashkir), and therefore they (Bashkirs) worship the cranes and say: "These (cranes) are our Mr. Since he turned to the flight of our enemies, "and therefore they worship them (and now)." The monument of worship of Uryruzganz-Bashkir is an identical myth and a gymnical song-melody "Sisonrau Torn" - ringing crane.
In the chapter "On the peculiarities of the Turkic languages" of the two-volume dictionary of the Turkic peoples of M. Kashgari (1073-1074), Bashkir is brought in the number of twenty "main" languages \u200b\u200bof Turkic peoples. Language Bashkir is very close to Kypchak, Ogzu and other Turkic languages.
The Turkic people of Bashkhara also reports a prominent Persian historian, the official chronicler of the Changis-Khanovsky courtyard, Rashid-Hell Dean (1247-1318).
Al-Maxoudi (x in.), Al-Balkah (x.), Idrisi (XII), Ibn Said (XIII), Yakut (XIII), Kazvini (XIV) and MN. All argue that Bashkirs are turks; Only the place of their location indicate in different ways - then near the Khazarov and Alanov (al-Maxoudi), then the state of Byzantium (Yakut, Kazvini). Al-Balkah with Ibn Said - Urals or Some Western lands are considered the lands of Bashkir.
Western European travelers also wrote a lot about Bashkira. As they themselves are recognized, they do not see the difference between Bashkirs and the ancestors of the current Hungarians of the UGR tribe - they consider them alone and the same. Another version is directly added to this - the Hungarian story recorded in the XII century an unknown author. It is told about how Hungarians, i.e. Magyars, moved from the Urals in Pannonia - Modern Hungary. "In 884, it says in it, who generated by our God seven generators called Hetta Moger left from the West, from Earth Szit. Together, the leader of the Almus Son is left with them and the leader of the Magoga king with his wife, the son of the Arpad and other allied nations. Having passed on the flat lands of many days, they overwhelmed ethyl and did not find any roads between the villages, nor the villages themselves, did not eat food, cooked by man, however, before Suzdal, before reaching Russia, fed to meat and fish. From Suzdal headed to Kiev, then in order to master the inheritance left by the ancestor of the Almus Atilla, through the Carpathian mountains came to Pannonia. "
As you know, the Magyar tribes settled in Pannonia for a long time could not forget their ancient homeland of the Ural, in their hearts they kept a story about their branching tribesmen. With intentions to find them and help to get rid of paganism and browse to Christianity, westing on the journey Otto, Johanka Hungary. But their trip failed. In 1235-1237 With the same purpose, one more missionaries under the leadership of the Bolden Hungarian Julian arrive to the shores of the Volga. After a long weary and deprivation on the way, he finally reached the International Trade City of Bashkir Great Bulgar in the inner Bashkortostan. There he met a woman born in the country he is looking for, and married in the local land, which he has references about her homeland. Soon Julian finds his tribesmen on the shore of Big Itil (Agidel). In the chronicles it is said that "they listened with great attention to what he wanted to talk to them - about religion, about other things, and he listened to them."
Carpini's plan - traveler XIII century, Messenger Pope Innokenti IV to Mongola - in his work "History Mongol" calls the country of Bashkir "Great Hungary" - Hungaria Major. (Interestingly: in the Orenburg Museum of Local Lore Museum, a bronze ax, found on the banks of the R. Sakmary in the village of Der.Senek-Biktorkim in the village of Major. And "Major" - the changed "Bashkort" seems to be as follows: Bazhgard - Madjar - Major ). But what he writes by the Gilome de Rubruk who visited the Gilland: "... After the 12-day path from Ethia was held, we went to the river called Yasak (Yaik - Sovar. Ural. - Z.S.); She flows from the north of the lands of Paskatirov (that is, Bashkirov. - Z.S.) ... Language of the Hungarians and Pascatins is the same ... Their country from the West rests on the Great Bulgarians ... With the lands of these Pascatins they came out, later Hungarians, and this is the Great Hungary "
After the Bashkir Earth is rich in natural resources, "in his will" joined the Moscow state, the people's uprisings broke out there for centuries forced the royal autocracy to look at Bashkir on another. Apparently, in search of new opportunities for conducting colonial politics, a careful study of the life of the indigenous people begins - its economy, history, language, worldview begins. Official historian of Russia N.M. Karamzin (1766-1820), relying on the regurgitation messages, concludes that the Bashkir language was originally, it was necessary to think, they began to talk on the "Tatar": "They adopted him from their conquerors and because of long coexistence and communication, forgot your native language" This, if not to take into account the work of M. Kashgri, who lived a century and a half before the invasion of Tatars and considered Bashkir one of the main Turkic peoples. However, there are still controversy among scientists of the world that Bashkirs in their origin of the Türki or Uigur. In addition to historians, lingowns, ethnographers, archaeologists, anthropologists, etc. are also involved in this battle.
V.N. Tatishchev: "Bashkort" - means "Bash Bour" ("Main Wolf") or "Thief".
P.I. Schkov:"Bashkort" - "Main Wolf" or "Thief". According to his opinion, Bashkir was like nugaytsy (that is, Bashkir's fragments of Uryruzganz-Bashkir) for the fact that they did not move together with them to Kuban. However, Ibn-Fadlan, in 922, recorded "Bashkir" in their own name, the time of resettlement of Uryrugants-Nugaytsev to Kuban dates back to the XV century.
V.Yumat:"... They call themselves" Bash Court "-" beekeeping ", wilts, the owners of bees."
I.Fisher: This is an ethnonym, called in medieval sources in different ways "... Paschair, Bashkort, Basharta, Madjar, are all the same meanings."
D.A.Hvolson: Etnonyms "Madjar" and "Bashkort" originated from the root word "Bazhgard". And the "Bazgalds", in his opinion, lived in the Southern Urals, later decomposed and were used to name the tribes of the thieves. According to the assumption of this scientist, one of the branches went to the West and there formed the ethnonym "Bazhgard", where the title "b" is transformed into "M", and the final "D" is lost. As a result, "Majgar" is formed ... It, in turn, is in "Magizhar", which is consequely reincarnated in Madjar (as well as in Mishar, we add!). This group managed to maintain his tongue and laid the beginning of the people of Madjar.
The rest of the second part "Bazhgard" turns into Bashkhard - Bashkarta - Bashkort. This tribe urged and amounted to the core of the current Bashkir.
F.I. Hordev: "Etnonym "Bashkort" must be restored as "Bashkair". Hence the following is formed: it is quite possible that "Bashkair" was formed from several words:
1) "IR" - means "man";
2) "UT" - goes back to the endings of the plural -T.
(Due, Tә) In Iranian languages, reflected in the Scythian Sarmatics ...
Thus, the ethnonym "Bashkort" in the modern language is called the people, inhabiting the banks of the River Baska (USA) in the Ural region.
H.G. Gabasi: The name of the ethnonym "Bashkort" occurred as a result of the next modification of the words: "Bashku Uigyr - Bashhar - Bashkort." The observations of the gabashi are interesting, but modifications in reverse order closer to the truth (Bashkort - Bashyre, Bashchir - Uigyr), because, according to history, the ancient Uygura is not modern Uigurs, and not the UGR (because they are ancient Uryrugants).
Determining the time of formation of Bashkir as the people in the history of the Bashkir themselves still remains, as not unleashed by Gordiyev, a knot, not untatalized by the ball, and everyone tries to unravel him from the height of his minaret.
IN lately In the study of this problem, the desire to deeper into the interlayer of history is observed. We note some thoughts regarding this sacrament.
S. I. Rodenko, Ethnographer, author of the monograph "Bashkirs". From the ethnic side of the "Ancient Bashkir, regarding Sev.-Zap. Bashkiria, you can connect with the greenery massagets and, relative to the vehicle. territory - with Savromat and Iirikia. Consequently, the Bashkir tribes of history have been known from the times of Herodotus in the XV century. D.N.E. "
R.G.Kuseev, Ethnographer. "We can say almost all researchers in their assumptions do not take the last stages in the ethnic history of Bashkir, and they are actually important in the formation of the main ethnic signs of the Bashkir people." Apparently, R.Kuseyev on the issue of origin Bashkir himself is guided by this point of view. According to his basic idea, the tribes of Burzen, Tungur, Uryergan make up the basis for the formation of the Bashkir people. He argues that in the process of complex self-education of the Bashkir people, numerous generic groups of Bulgarian, Ugro-Finnish, Kypchak association participated in the process of the Bashkir people. To this ethnogenesis in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Tatar-Mongolian Horde with the Turkic and Mongolian elements came to the South Urals. According to R.Kuzhev, only in the XV-XVI centuries. The ethnic composition and ethnic signs of the Bashkir people are completely identified.
As you can see, although the scientist is open and denotes that the basis of the Bashkir people, his ridge is the ancient strong tribes of Burzen, Tungur, Uryergan, nevertheless, in the course of their reasoning, he for some reason evades them. A scientist somehow misses out of sight, bypassing a side of a resting reality that the above-mentioned tribes existed before AD, and already "from the time of the prophet nuha" they were turkyady. It is especially important that the tribes of Burzyan, Tungur, Uryergan still make up the kernel, the center of the nation, moreover, in all monuments of the IX-X centuries. Bashkort is clearly designated as Bashkort, Earth - Bashkir Earth, Language - Turkic. For not a reason for us, the reason is concluded that only in the XV-XVI centuries. Bashkirs were formed as a people. Decent attention these stuck in the eyes of the XV-XVI!
The famous scientist, apparently, forgets that all the basic languages \u200b\u200bof our continent (Turkic, Slavic, Thro-Finnish) in ancient times were a single primasuit, developed from one barrel and one root and further formed various languages. The times of the Pri-language could not be treated as he thinks to the XV-XVI centuries, and to very far, the ancient times BC.
Another opinion of the scientist is just opposite to these statements. On page 200 of his books "Bashkir Schjere", it is about the fact that Muitan-Bay, the son of the toxoba, considered the Praded not all Bashkir, and the Bashkir kind of Ucyrgan. The mention of Shejere about Mutean (Pradede Bashkir) is of interest in the ancient ethnic relations of Uryrugian Bashkir. Bashkir Rod Uusrygang, according to Kuzhev, in the second half of the first millennium was ethnically connected with the most ancient layer of the Muitan tribe in the Karakalpak people.
As you can see, here the main root of the Bashkir people, through Ucyrgan-muitan is transferred from the alleged scientist period (XV-XVI centuries) to one millennium earlier (deeper).
Consequently, we grabbed the deep roots of Bashkir called Uusrygan, got the opportunity to trace it to continue to the end. I wonder what depth is the fertile soil that gave rise to Ucyrgan? Immainlessly, this mysterious layer extends from the ancestor of Praodina from the Urals to Pamirs. The path to him may be laid through the Bashkir tribe of Uryergan and Karakalpanian muitan. According to the allegations of the famous Karakalpak scientist, L.S. Tolstoy, perhaps, at the beginning of our era, the historical ancestors of Muitanov, which make up the main part of the modern Karakalpak people, entering the confederation with Massagetti tribes, lived on Aral. The ethnogenetic connections of Muitanov, continues the scientist, on the one hand, lead to Iran, Transcaucasia and neighboring Asia, on the other hand, - to the north-west to the shores of the Volga, the Black Sea and Sev. Caucasus. Further, as Tolstoy writes, Karakalpaksky Rod Muitan is one of the most ancient birth of the Karakalpak people, with its roots deepened in the distant century, goes beyond the framework of the study of ethnographic science. The problem of the most ancient roots of this kind is very complex and controversial.
In this regard, two things cleared for us:
first, the oldest roots of the Muttinsky kind (we will assume that Uryergans) lead us to Iran (the Bashkir language of Iranian elements is widespread in the hydrotopronism of the Bashkir language), in the Caucasus and to the countries of neighboring Asia, to the Black Sea to North. Caucasus (mean related to the Turkic peoples living in these parts) and to the banks of the Volga (consequently, to the Urals). In a word, entirely to our ancient ancestors - to the world of sak-skif-massagets! If you explore more in-depth (from the point of view of the language), then the intuitive thread of the Iranian line of this branch is extended to India. Now we have the main root of one surprisingly huge "tree" - "Tirek": its spreading in different directions strong branches from the south cover p. Gang, from the north r.ident, from the West, the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, from the east - the sandy Uygur Steppes. If we assume that this is so, then where is the barrel connecting these spreading mighty branches in one center? All sources are primarily leading us to Amu DRA, Syrdarya, and then to the location of the roots and trunk - in the ground between the Urals and Idel ...
Secondly, as L.S. Tosla says, it becomes clear that the tribes of Ucyrgan - Muitan with their roots rise in the depths of the centuries (until the creation of the world), go beyond ethnographic research, the problem is very complex and controversial. All this confirms our first conclusions, the dispute and complexity of the problem only doubled inspiration in its research.
Is it really, the people living in Orhon, Yenisei, Irtysh, according to Bashkir Schjere and legends, were "Bashkorts"? Or are those scientists who argued that the ethnonym Bashkort occurred in the XV-XVI centuries.? However, if the time of origin Bashkir belonged to this period, it would have disappeared the need for spending words and forces. Therefore, it should be applied to scientists who eaten not one dog in the study of this problem:
N.A. Majitov: The middle of the first thousand AD. - The threshold of the Bashkir people on the historic arena. Archaeological materials indicate that at the end of the first. thousand AD. existed a group of related tribes on the South Ural, we have the right to argue in wide sense Words that they were the people of the country Bashkir. According to the scientist, only when setting the issue, it is possible to understand the records of M. Kashgarari, etc. Later authors who speakers Bashkhara as the people inhabiting both slopes of Yuzhn.
It is very careful to the problem of trucks, but still against Uryergan confirms the date given by R. Kuzhev. Moreover, he confirms the periods specified by the last scientist and with respect to other tribes of the Bashkir people. And this means the shift in the study of the problem for two steps forward.
Now let us turn to scientists to anthropologists studying about typical features The structures of the human body, about their similarities and differences of nations.
M.S.Akimova: According to the studied chain of signs, Bashkirs stand between the European and mongoloid races ... For some signs, the Uryrugants stand closer to the Chelyabinsk Bashkirs ...
Zauralskiy Bashkirs and Uryruzgans on their own qualities, argues a scientist, stand closer to the southeast neighbors - Kazakhs and Kirgizam. However, their similarities are determined only on two signs - in the height of the face and growth. According to other important signs of Bashkir Zauralye and the southern areas of Bashkortostan, on the one hand, stand in the middle between the Kazakhs, on the other hand, between Tatars, Udmurts and Mariers. Thus, even the most Mongoloid group of Bashkir is more different from the Kazakhs with a pronounced mongoloid complex, especially Kyrgyz.
Bashkirs, according to the scientist, also differ from the thieves.
And as a result of the research of the Moscow scientist, the following was identified: at the end of the first millennium BC. And at the beginning of AD. The northern part of the current Bashkortostan inhabited the people with the smallest content of the mongoloid mixture, and the people of the southern part belong to the European-like type with a low face.
Consequently, firstly, the Bashkir people, being the most ancient and in their modern signs, and the anthropological type, occupies one of the leading main places among other peoples; Secondly, on all paleoanthropological signs of their roots rise to the interval between the end of the first millennium BC. and started AD That is, to the annual rings of the slicer of the trunk, which determines the age of world tresh-tirec, is added another ring of the first millennium. And this is another one - the third is a step in promoting our problem forward. After the third step for the traveler, this journey begins.
On the path of our following there are no direct roads with distance pointers, bright traffic lights and other road signs and devices: we must feel the right way in the dark.
Our first searches for the touch stopped at the turn of Ucyrgan - Muitida - Karakalpak.
The etymology of the word "Karakalpak" seems to us as follows. At first there were "Kara AK ALP-AN." In ancient times, instead of the current "punishment" - "Caras AK". "Alp" still exists in the meaning of the Giant, "An" - the end in the hardware case. Hence the name "Karakalpan" - "Karakalpak".
"Caracalpan" - "Karakalpak" - "Caraban". Wait! Sure! We met him in the book "Ancient Khorezm" S.P. Tolstoy. It was discussed about dual-generic organizations and secret primitive associations in Central Asia. "Karaban" is just one of these associations. In the urabs, the records of the ancient authors who came to us can be found very stingy information about the Karabany - about their customs, traditions and legends. Among them, it is interesting for us to hold the holiday of the New Year - Nauruza in Firgar. In the Chinese monument "History of the Tang Dynasty" this holiday is described as follows: At the beginning of each new year, the kings and leaders are divided into two parts (or divided). Each party chooses one person who dressed in military clothes, starts to fight the opposite side. Supporters supply it with stones and cobblestones. After the extermination of one of the parties, they stop and looking at it (each of the parties) determine bad or good will be the next year.
This, of course, is the custom of primitive peoples - the struggle between two phratries.
Famous Arabic author Akhman-At-Taxim Fi-Marifat Al-Akalim Al McDisi (x in.) In his records, it is reported on how on the east coast of the Caspian Sea in the city of Gurgan (name from the optional pronunciation of Ulyurgansky ethnonym Uһurgan\u003e һ Turgan\u003e Gurgan ) Udeargana conducted a rite of struggle on the occasion of the Muslim holiday Kurban-Bayram, when "in the capital Gurghana can be seen as the two sides defeat the head of the camel, for which they wrap each other, beat each other ... In matters of burning in Gurghans often there are scuffle among themselves and among the people of Babbad : on a festive day there are fights for camels. "
Here we are talking About the scuffle between residents of urban posants of Shaharystan and Babbada (between Uryarkan and Bashkirs), located on both sides of the River Gurghana and the interconnected bridges. Many sources often encounter lines that tell us about the hostility and cruel sweatshirts that converted into the ordinaryness between the two sides of the citizens of Central Asia (by the way, in the scuffle of the early spring between the Bashkir boys of the upper and lower parts of the village, you can see the otlovka of this ancient custom. - Y.s .).
In the previously mentioned history of the Tang dynasty, there are valuable information about the people of the city - the state of Kusya, which in new Year Seven days in a row are having fun, watching battles of rams, horses, camels. This is done in order to find out, good or bad will be the year. And this is a valuable find in our journey: here they are directly connected by the bridge said custom "fight for camels" and "Fergansky Nauruz"!
Close to these customs is also annually conducted in ancient Rome rite of sacrificing a horse, which begins with the chariot competition. The hardened on the right of the horse, who came first in one Oglochal in a pair on the other, kill the spell of the spear. Then the inhabitants of both parts of Rome - the Sacred Road (Kyun-Ufa roads?) And Subarams (not related to ASA-Ba-Er with the name of the city and the Tribal of Suvar in the Urals?) - Began to fight for the right to possession of the cut-off head of the killed horse. In the event of the victory of people from the sacred road, then the heads were suspended on the fence of the Tsarist Palace, and if the Subarovtsians won the victory, then Malimat was put on the minaret (Small-At? - Literally in Russian sounds: "My cattle is a horse"). And molding of horse blood to the royal palace threshold, and storing it to spring, and mixing this horse blood with a calf, who was sacrificed, then for the purpose of charging the legend of this mixture of fire (Bashkir also preserved the custom of protection against misfortunes and misfortunes Blood and skin!) - All this, as S.P. says. Tolsts, enters the circle of rites and customs associated with land and water, in ancient firgin, Horosan and Kus. And according to the traditions of Central Asia, and according to the traditions of ancient Rome, the king always occupied an important place. As you can see, the scientist continues, the complete similarity makes it possible to assume that the ancient Roman customs helps to solve the riddles of the very scoop described traditions of the ancient Central Asia.
Now in science is indisputable that there was a close relationship between states of CP.Azia, ancient Rome and Greece and there are many actual material proving about their comprehensive relationships (culture, art, science). It is known that the capital of Greece Athena founded the ancestors of Ucyrgan, honoring the Wolf Bero-Asak (Belo-Asak). Moreover, the ancient legend is also the fact that the ancient legend about the founders of Rome Romulule and Rememe, sucking Bero Asak (Fig. 39), in ancient Italy transferred from the east; And the twin boys (Ural and Schulgan) and fed up the ancestor of Uusyrgan Wolf Berou-Asak - the central bunch of the Bashkir myth (in our opinion, in the ancient original Epos "Ural-Batyr" Brothers - Gemini. - Y.S.).
In the ruins of the destroyed city of Calai-kahkha, the ancient state of Bactri, now the territory of the CP. Asia, the painted wall was discovered on which the twins are depicted, the girl (Schulgan) and the boy (Ural) (Fig. 40) - exactly as in the famous sculpture in Rome! The distance between the two monuments from Bure Asak is the distance of so many peoples and years, a distance of thousands of kilometers, but what a striking resemblance! .. The similarity of the traditions described above only strengthen this amazing community.
The appropriate question arises - is there today the influence of those ancient customs, if there is, then what kind of peoples?
Yes there is. The direct "heir" is the custom "cozer" ("Blue Wolf"), which exists today in various form and under the different name among the peoples of Wednesia among the Kazakhs, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Karakalpakov. And among the Bashkir at the end of the XIX century, PS Nazarov stumbled upon it. "And now and now in some places the rite of the Kozeadder dominates. It consists in the following: Bashkir riders are collected in a certain place, one of them trimps the lighting goat on himself. According to a certain sign, Bashkir, who brought the goat on his horse to jump, while others should catch up and take it from him. Children's game "Return, Gusi-Gus!" It is the echo of this ancient custom. Moreover, it is possible to give examples proving about the links of Bashkir custom with ancient Roman:
1) The Romans sacrificed the horse, immediately after the horse, the Bashkir also had a tradition before cutting the cattle, previously forced him to jump out (it was believed that it improved the taste quality of meat);
2) Romans smeared the palace threshold by blood sacrificed a horse (healing, sacred blood), the Bashkir also has a custom today, when immediately after sprinkling the skin of the cattle, smeared the face with pair fat (protects against various diseases);
3) The Romans solemnly highlighted the head of the sacrificial horse on the palace wall or on the bell tower, the Bashkir still has a custom hanging on the external fences (from the street) horsepower skulls (protects from all sorts of misfortunes).
These similarities are an accident or they testify to the relationship-unity of the ancient Romans and Bashkir?!
The story itself makes clarity into it.
We have already spoken about the unity of the twins swollen by the Wolf. As two drops are similar to each other, and the enmity between them is to destroy each other (Romulus - Rema, and Shulgan - Urals). Consequently, there is some reason that requires clarifying things, so far former mystery.
It is known that based by the legendary Romulosh and Rem to 754-753. BC. "The Eternal City of Rome was standing on the banks of the Tiber River. It also became known that this river during the two brothers was called Albal (K). This is not a latice. But then what is this language? Latin-speaking authors translated it from Romulus and Remisses as "Rose-Alaya River." Consequently, the word consists of two words (twisted word), "Al-Bula (K)", in addition exactly in our opinion, in Bashkir, where "al" - pink color, "Bulak" - river, like the river Dogwood, that in the Urals! .. It should be remembered that the changed word "Bulak" as a result of the modification of "P" in "L" in its original form was "Bukura" ("Bur" Wolf ") and after the modification retained its Value (Bulak - Volk - Wolf - Volga!). As a result of the actions of the Language Law, the name "Bureg-ER" (i.e. "Bur-Ir" - Wolves-Uryrugantsev turned into "Burgar\u003e Bulgar".
Thus, it turns out that the founders of the city of Rome Romul and Rem said in our way. And the ancient Roman historians all in one voice wrote that they were not really an Indo-Europeans (it means the Ural-Altai Turks!) That they came from Scythia, located in the north of the Black Sea, which in their inference, they are - "Enotra, Avona, Pelasgi." Based on the specified similarities of Bashkir and ancient Romans, we can correctly read the names of childbirth distorted on someone else's (Latin) language: Bashkira-Oguza (OGUZ - from the Word of Falling 'Byk'), admiring "Enotra" - INE-TORA (cow-goddess) ; "Avony" - Abaz-en - Bajeneki-Bashkirs; "Pelasgi" - Pele Eseki - Bur-Asaki (Wolf), i.e. Uryergana-Bilyar.
The state structure of Rome's times of Romul rule is also instructive: the people of Rome consisted of 300 OGOs (childbirth); They were divided into 30 "smokers" (cows-circles), each of which consisted of 10 labor; 30 clans branched to 3 tribe (Bashka. "Turba" - "Tirma" - "Yurt") of 10 cows (Bashk. K'or - community). Every race headed "Pater" (Batyr), these 300 bays were the Senate Aksakalov near Tsar Romulus. The election of the king, the announcement of the war, interdicate disputes were solved on the nationwide barks - Yiyynh - on "Coire" (from here Bashkir Kurultay - Corrett!) By voting (every Cor - one voice). There were special seats for Kurultayev, Ashakalov meetings. The royal title sounds like "(e) Rex" that in our language corresponds to "Er-Kys" (Ir-Kyz - a man-woman - the type of imir-hermaphrodite, i.e. the owner itself and the owner), unites both Wings of the genus (man, woman - Bashkort, Uryergan). After the death of the king, before the election of the new, the representatives of 5-10 cows (communities) were temporarily pretended on the throne. These barks elected by Senate (Bashkirski һanat) Aksakalov, were the most chapters of 10 cows. Romulus had a powerful path and equestrian army, and the personal Guard (300 people), saddling the best horses, was called "Cherler" (Bashk. Elemer is a swift horse).
The rites and traditions of the Romula people also have a lot of similarities with Bashkir: everyone should know the genealogy (six) of their ancestors to 7 knees, in marriage it was possible to consist only with strangers bypassing seven generations. The sacrificial cattle in honor of the gods was cut by a non-iron knife, but a stone - this custom existed among the Ural Bashkis: which is confirmed by Land Ilbuldin Fasghetdin, in the Ulyrgan village of Bakatar by stone finds - tools of sacrifice.
As for the land issue, the king Romulus each genus endowed the land called "Pagos" (Bashk. Bagus, Bucks - Garden, Garden), and the head of the site (tank, Bay, Bai) was called Pag-AT-Dir - Bhadir, i.e. . Bogatyr. The value of the partial separation of state land, the protection of the territory was as follows. When there was a need for God, who is God to grind the earth, as a way of grinding grain, this God called "Term" (Bashka. Tyrmen - Mill) ... As we see, the life of ancient Romans and Bashkir are similar and therefore understandable. In addition, we should not forget about the perpetuation of the name of our ancestor of Romulus in the Urals Bashkortostan in the form of Mount Jaremel (and Ramel - E-Romulus!) ...
Italians of the middle of the first thousand AD, perhaps recognized the historical unity of Bashkir and the ancient Romans, as well as the right of Bashkir on the land. Because after the cunning defeat in 631 in the Bavaria of the Usyrgan-Bourzian Ariecleard under the leadership of Alsak-Khan, the Allies Franks, the remaining part of the troops runs to Italy and in the Duchy of Benevento (this city still exists) near Rome, where it lays the foundation cities Bashkort. , famous for the same name in the XII century. Byzantine historian Pavel Deacon (IX century) knew those Ucyrgan-Bashkir well and wrote that they were well talking to Latin, but they did not forget their native language. If we consider that the images of the winged horses common in the myths and epos of the Greeks, as well as the peoples of Wed. Asia in the form of an Akbuzat and Cookbook, constitute a central bunch in Bashkir folk epic, It remains to be recognized that these similarities are not an accident, the connection with the ancient junctions (Greece) we see in one of the main Schjore Bashkir in the "Tavarich NEE-and Bulgar" Thahtina Yalsygul al-Bashkhardi(1767-1838):
"From the father of our Adam ... There are thirty-five generations to Kasur-Shaha. And he lived on the earth of Samarkand ninety years, he died to adhering to the religion of Jesus. The ruler named Socrates was born from Kasur-Shaha. This Socrates came to the Greek region. At the end of the life being the ruler under Alexander the Macedonian-Roman, expanding the borders of the ownership, came to the northern lands. Burner founded. Then the ruler Socrates married a girl from Bulgaria. They with Alexander Macedonian nine months stayed in Bulgaria. Then they went to the unknown in the direction of Darius I (Iran). Before leaving the country of unknown Darius I, the ruler Socrates died in the country of unknown Darius I. From the title girl was born a son. And his name is known "...
If you eliminate one inaccuracy in the names, inserting the leader of his aristotle's teachings, instead of the ruler, then the mentioned information in the Bashkir Schjere coincides with the records of the historians of the old world. Since the ruler Socrates (470/469) - 399) died even before Alexander Macedonsky (356-326), he could not be a second teacher, and from history it is known that his teacher was Aristotle (384-322). It is known that Aristotle was born in the city of Stagir on the outskirts of Frakia in Scythia (the country of our ancestors!) And, as Socrates from Bashkir Schjere, in search of exercises (education) went to the capital of Juno to Athena. Also, the story is silent that Alexander teacher married the Bulgarian girl and that Alexander himself was married to Rukhsan - Daughters of Oxyartha, Uryergano-Bourziansky Beck, conquered Bactria. There is also information that the son of Alexander was born from this marriage. And in the future, the Macedonian, and not Socrates or Aristotle died by His death. It may also be said "made Motherland Bulgar" in the event that it is not about the city at Kame Volga, but the city of Balhare (now Belh) on the banks of the Balh River in Bactri (Northern Afghanistan). Therefore, it turns out that Alexander Macedonsky married the Uryergano-Bourzian girl Rukhsan and from their marriage, the son of Alexander was born ... All cities and states called Balhare, Balcar, Bulgar, Bulgaria, founded Bashkir Uryergano-Burzian (or Bulgarian) tribes, Because just mentioned cities mean a "Wolf" ("Uusrygan-Bourzian).
Meanwhile, the origin of the Bashkir people and ethnonym barkar / Bashkort. (Bashkir) Very clearly "recorded" by our ancestors in the main Tep of the genus Uryergan (Fig. 41), where the chief myth of the origin of mankind is encrypted:
Fig.41. Tamga Roda Ucyrgan is the origin of Bashkir (the first-enders of mankind).
Deciphering the pattern, where the fat (solid) line is indicated by Tamga of the kind of Uryergan, dotted by the path of resettlement of the first-enders to the place of the first Tirma (Yurts):
1. Mount Kush (Umai / Imai) 'Maternal Chest Imir'.
2. Mount Yurak (Hieer-AK) 'Cow-Milk' - Northern Breast Northern Breast, there was a Kormilitsa Wolf, and Cow-Kormilitsa led a newborn first-class Bashkir and all mankind of the Ural Patera.
3. Mount Shake's 'Mother-Wolf Kormilitsa' (destroyed by Sterlitamak soda combine) - Nipple southern chest, there was a born cow-kormilitsa, and the Kormilitsa's Wolf led there a newborn first-hand of Bashkir and all mankind of Schulgan Mother.
4. Mount Nara 'The Semenist of the Men's Half Praopredka Imira', there, with the help of the "obean grandmother", the born of the cormilitsa born the Ural Pater and was given to the mountain of Yurak (their path is shown by dottediers).
5. Mount Mashak 'scrambled eggs of the female half of Praopredka Imira', there, with the help of the "obean-handed grandmother", the Kormilitsy Wolf was born Schulgan-Mother and was given to the mountain shake (their wayposen dotted).
6. Atal-Asak 'Fire Fire and Mother-Water', a place of combination (marriage) Patterna Patter (Father-Fire) with Schulgan Mother (Mother-Water) for living (initial crust / circle), By forming the initial (bash) circle of people (Cor), that by joining these two words "bash" and "kor" began to be called Bash-Cor\u003e Bashkar / Bashkir, that is the beginning began human society. Term bakkor. by joining the indicator of the plural number "T" took the form bashkor-T\u003e Bashkort 'Man from the original circle of people'. At this place, where the first round Tirma (Yurt) of the first family was allegedly stood, now the old village of Talas (name from the word A [ tal AS]aK 'Fire-Fire - Mother-Water'), from the same word there is a name for the Great Bashkir River Atal / Atil / Idek (Agidel-Belaya).
7. River Agidel.
8. Point of intersection (knot) of sacred roads of Mount Toon (the word Toucan\u003e Tun means "node").
Routes 3 - 8 - 4 -2 - 6 There is the road of the cow and the Ural Patera; 2 - 8 -5 -3 -6 - Wolf and Shulgan Mother.
The present version of the origin of the nationwide ethnonym "Bashkort / Bashkir" reflects the last stage of the development of world mythology, but the version-based version on the first stage remains also in force. In short, in the first stage of the addition of world mythology, the formation of the main two ethnonyms, it seems to me, it was associated with the names of the totems of two phratris, since the primary association of people was understood as the "People of the Bizon-Cow tribe" and "People of the Wolf Tribe". And so, in the second (last) stage of the development of world mythology, the origin of the main two ethno is rethought in a new way:
1. Title animal name: Boz-AnaC 'Ice Cow (Bison)'\u003e bazhanak / Pecheneg ; From the abbreviated version of the same name "BOS-AN" the word was formed: BOZAN\u003e Bizon 'Ice Cow'. The variant name of the same totem gives: Boz-car-ab 'ice-snow-air' (bison)\u003e Boz-cow 'Ice Cow (Bison)'; What in abbreviated the form gives: Boz-car\u003e bashkar / Bashkir , and B. multiple number: Bashkar + T\u003e bashkort. .
2. Totem name: Asa-Brere-Kan 'Mother Wolf-Water'\u003e Asaurgan\u003e ucyrgan . Over time, an ethnonym-term asa-Bure Can began to be perceived simply as es-Er-Ken (water-land-sun), but this does not change for the same content, because by the Mythology of Bashkir Kan / Kün (Sun) could go down to the bottom and run through water-land (ES-ER) in the image of the same Wolf ES ERE\u003e SERE (Gray)\u003e Soro / Zorro (Wolf). Consequently, the authors of Orhon - Selengin ruunic monuments under the term "er-su" meant the earth-water in the form of a wolf.
When you go along the main tract from Sterlitamak in Ufa (mythical "the abdication of the gods"), on the right side along the right bank of the river. Agidel Shine Magnificent Mountains-Shikhana: Sacred Torau-Tau, Shake-Tau (Barbarusky destroyed Sterlitamak soda combine), double-headed Kush-Tau, Yuryak Tau - just five vertices. We, Uryruganz-Bashkir, from generation to generation a sad myth is transmitted from the generation, associated with these five vertices and annually in the first decade of April, with a harsh snow buran "Bish Kunak" 'five guests': supposedly from the far side followed us five Guests (Bish Kunak) and, without coming to the goal, were subjected to the named seasonal buran, from the jersey all the stolen, turning into the snow-white mountains - so this Buran was called "Bish Kunak". Obviously, we have a fragment of some epic legend, which is in a more complete version preserved in Iranian-Indian mythology (from the book G. M. Bourd-Levin, E.A.Grantovsky. From Scythia to India, M. - 1983, page . 59):
The bloody war between Pandava and Kauravai ended with the victory of the Pandavas, but she led to the extermination of entire tribes, the death of many heroes. Everything was empty around, mighty Ganges molded quietly, "But the appearance of those great waters was silent, dull." It was time for grant doubts, deep disappointments in the fruits of aimless hostility. "Tommy Crucian", the righteous king of Yudhishthira grief about the dead. He decided to renounce the throne, handed the throne to another ruler "and the travel began to think about his brothers." "Jewelry dropped in the house, wrists, dressed in Rogozh. Bhima, Arjuna, Gemini (Nakula and Sakhadeva), the Presucha Daruai - they were all also put on Rogodh ... and moved on the road. " The path of the wanderers lay to the north (to the country of the gods - Bashkortostan. - Z.S.) ... The terrible difficulties and tests fell to the share of Yudhisthira and his five satellites. Moving north, they passed mountain ranges and finally saw ahead of the sandy sea and "the best of the vertices - the Great Morce. They headed for this grief, but soon the forces left Draupadi. I didn't even look at her Yudhishhir, the best of Bharatov, and continued my way silently. Then one after another fell on the ground courageous, strong attacks, righteous and wise men. Finally, the Tigr-Man fell - mighty bhima.
One left Yudhishhir, "left, without glancing, the hardy grief." And then the God of Indra appeared in front of him, he ascended the hero to the mountain abode (to the Urals - the country of the gods of Bashkortostan. - Z.S.), in the kingdom of bliss, where "Gandharva's gods, Aldi, Apsear ... you, Yudhishthira , wait in the glittering clothes, "where" Tours-People, Bogati, who are detached from anger, are. " So tell recent Books "Mahabharata" - "Great Exodus" and "Ascension to the Sky".
Pay attention to the five satellites of the king - frozen in the snowy beran and turned into five vertices of the sacred mountains of Schikhan along the road leading to the habitat of the Ufa's gods: Torau Tau (Bhima), Shake Tau (Arjuna), Kush-Tau / Gemini (Nakula Both Sahadeva), Yuryak-Tau (Draupadi) ...
Introduction 3
1. Historical essay 4
2. Bashkirs - Peoples of the Southern Urals 8
Conclusion 14
List of used literature 15
Introduction
The Turkic peoples (Turks) of the Urals resettled on both sides of the Middle and South Urals from the Volga region to Priobya are the northwestern part of the extensive Turkic ethnocultural space, limited by the Mediterranean (Turks) and Eastern Siberia (Yakuta).
Along with the Mongolian and Tungus-Manchuri peoples, Turks belong to the Altai language family. In the languages \u200b\u200bof the Kypchak branch of the Turkic group, Volga-Ural and Siberian Tatars, Bashkirs, Nogai, Kazakhs say; The language of the Chuvash forms the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic group. Pranodina Ancient Turks Many researchers consider the foothills of Altai and Sayan. According to ancient legend (recorded by Chinese sources VI century. N. E.), the Turkic tribe happened from a quartered boy and passing it in the Altai Wolf Cave. There were 10 sons of the Wolf, one of whom was the name of Ashin or Turk.
1. Historical essay
Bashkirs (self-talent Bashkort) - Turkic-speaking nomads that began their movement in the current Bashkiria in the IV century. From the south-steppe stripes. Ethnogenesis Bashkir is extremely complicated. The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes where the formation of the people occurred, has long been the arena of the active interaction of different cultures and languages. In the 2nd floor. 1st thousand to n. e. In the south of Bashkiria, Iranian-speaking sarmatic cattlemen lived, in the north - agricultural and hunting tribes of Ananinski culture, ancestors of Finno-Ugric peoples. In 1st thousand n. e. Begins penetration of nomads to the southern urals, to con. 1st thousand. Having taken all of the Bashkiria. Having displaced and partly assimilating Aboriginal, Turk. The tribes, obviously, played a decisive role in the addition of the language, culture and physical appearance of Bashkirov, in the ethnogenesis of Bashkis, the Ogzo-Pechenezh tribes, Volzhsko-Kama Bulgars, later - Kypchaki (XI - XIII centuries) and some Mongolian tribes were participating (XIII- -XIV centuries). In Arab sources, Bashkirs are mentioned in the IX - X centuries. Under the name "Bashgird" ("Bashgourd"). So, according to Ibn Fadlan, during his journey (922) in Bulgar, crossing the river. Chagan (right. Yaika influx), the embassy fell "into the country of the people of Bashkhird". Arabic geographer and diplomat calls them "the worst of the Turks ... more than other encroaching on life." Therefore, having entered into their land, the Arabs for security were sent forward an armed equestrian squad. In the IX - XIII centuries. Bashkirs nomaded in separate births in the priestly, south. Urals and between PP. Volga and YiK (Ural). Engaged nomadic cattle breeding , as well as fishing, hunting and fighting. In the X - XIII centuries. Bashkir began a decomposition of a generic relationship, and they began to wander already separate groups in 10-- 30 families. For a long time, their patriarchal slavery remained. In the late XII - the beginning of the XIII centuries. Easy feudal relationships. In the X - XIII centuries. Western Bashkirs obeyed Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria. Bashkirs were idolaters, from the X century. To them from Bulgaria begins to penetrate Islam; Believers Bashkira - Muslims-Cynites. In 1229, the Tatar-Mongols were invaded on the territory of Bashkiria and the Bashkir were fully conquered to 1236, which included with their nomads in Ulus Sheibani - Brother Batu-Khan. In the 2nd floor. The XV century, after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the South and Southeast Territory of the Bashkir nomads went to the Nogai Horde, the western part - to the Kazan Khanty, and Northeast - to Siberian Khanate. With accession (1552) to Russia of the Kazan Khanate, Western Bashkirs became the subjects of the Russian state. From 1557 almost all Bashkir. Nomads began to pay Yasak Russian king. In con. XVI-- Nach. XVII century Eastern Bashkirs also found themselves under the rule of Russia. From 1586, an active colonization of Russian territories of Bashkirs from the north-east and lower seconds began. Bashkira themselves "considered the descendants of the Nogaites, in which they really resemble some physical features, but Kyrgyz called them the scenters and considered Bashkir as tribesmen of this Siberian people mixed with Tatars. The mountain Bashkir probably retained the initial type in the greatest purity longer, the head is most often small, but very wide; Between them there was an increasing and strong types with the correct features of the face, very similar to Transylvanian Magyars, which is advised by the Uphors origin quite a long time. Most Bashkir has a flat, round, nose small, a little sworn, small eyes, gray or brown, the ears are big, a rare beard, the physiognomy is kind and pleasant. Indeed, ordinary people were very good-natured, benevolent, friendly and accepted by ingenians with the most welcoming hospitality, which they often used the owners in evil. Slow in work, they are far surpassed Russian accuracy and health. Like Kazan Tatars, the Batters had to buy their wives, but Calma's payment could be discharged for several years, and often the husband widdled his living property after paying only half of Vienna. During the first year, a young wife had no right to talk to his father-in-law and mother-in-law, custom found on Earth except for non-equatorial African blacks. Many Bashkirs owned fairly large octaras of sheep, herds of cattle, but preference was given to herds of horses who served them at the same time both riding and harmful, and fragile; Animals gave them meat, milk (from the mare milk they made kumys - therapeutic and alcoholic drink) and the skin from which they did their clothes, kibitats, bedspreads, belts, bags, or Tresuki. It was not uncommon to meet Bashkir, who considered their own hundreds, even thousands of horses. Bashkirs (as, however, and others. Nomadic peoples and tribes) were unusually deft rider; Favorite from their military exercises were horse races, which represented an unusually exciting and picturesque sight. Beekeeping was also considered one of the most favorite classes of Bashkir, so some of the ethnographers even tried to bring out the name of the people - Bashkhart from the word meaning the profession of beekeepers. Bashkirs quite actively resisted the penetration of Russian into their lands, as they immediately began to swallow their pastures and meadows, put on the banks of the village of the village, dig mines, narrowing the suture of the shepherdic nomads in their century-old movement after her octaras and herds. In vain, however, the Bashkirs ruined and burned Russian villages, even the Russian deceaseders from the graves, so that no Moscow man remains - not a living nor dead - in their land. After each such revolt, the Russians came again, and even more than more, rather than before, now by the force of Bashkir from their possessions and building new cities and villages on them. By the middle of the XIX century. Bashkirs owned only the third former her lands. " A gradual decrease in pastures made the Bashkir to do agriculture: at first they gave their land to Russian peasants (so on. Letters) for rent for an annual or lump sum, and then slowly and themselves began to adapt to the work of the agriculture. Numerous local khans became the attachments of noble and princely childbirth and entered Ross. Nobility, and the Bashkir Princely Gifts of Aptulovy, Turnumbette, Devillet, Kulyukov, and others continued to use, as before, Tarkhanism. During the trips, Tarkhans were special detachments in Russian troops, and they were already joined by a militia, sabilized from the same and yasacha Bashkir; He always commanded Russian heads. Shortly after the adoption of the Russian citizenship of Bashkira, not wanting to deliver Yasak to Kazan and suffering from the raids of the neighboring tribes, asked the king to build a city on their land, which would protect them and wherever they were overlooking Yasak. In 1586, the construction of the city of Ufa, which became the first Russian settlement to Bashkir, if not counting Elabugi, built on the border of Bashkir. Land. In the same 1586, despite opposition Nogaisk. kn. Urus, was built and Samara. In Voevodsky Agolase (1645) mentioned about Ostrog Menzelinsk. In 1658, the city of Chelyabinsk was built for covering Slobod, stretching through the p. Iset (in Sovr. Sverdlovsk region). In 1663, earlier the existing Birsk turns into a strengthening that stood in the middle of the road from Kama to Ufa. Simultaneously with the construction of Ufa, the colonization of the edge begins: Tatars, Meshcheryaki, Bobyli, Tsery, Cheremis, and other people will settle at Bashkir as letters (Novobashkashi), take the earth for the lifts, and the Russians first occupy Siberian Slobods (in the modern Chelyabinsk region) And then begin to be embedded in the indigenous lands of Bashkiria, Vladimir Boguslavsky. Slavic encyclopedia. XVII century. M., Alma-Press. 2004.
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2. Bashkirs - Peoples of the Southern Urals
AutoThennym "Bashkort" consists of two parts: "Main" (Bash) and "Wolf" (court), that is, the "Wolf-leader" and, possibly, goes back to the tongo hero-orphanage.
The main territory of the settlement
Most of Bashkir lives in the Republic of Bashkortostan - 864 thousand people, which is 21.9% of the population of the republic. Bashkirs also live in Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions. In addition, Bashkira live in Kazakhstan - 42 thousand people., Uzbekistan - 35 thousand people., In Ukraine - 7 thousand people.
Ethnic and ethnographic groups
Up to 20 century Bashkir has preserved tribal division, there were about 40 tribes and tribal groups: Burzyan, dusty, Katata, Ming, and others.
Language
Bashkir: In Bashkir, the South-Jurmatian and East - Kuvacan dialects, as well as the North-Western group of dialects, are distinguished. The Tatar language is distributed among the Bashkir parts.
Writing
Writing for the Bashkir language was first created on the basis of Arabic graphics, in 1929 she was transferred to Latin, and from 1939 to a Russian graphic basis.
Religion
Muslim: writing for the Bashkir language was first created on the basis of Arabic graphics, in 1929 she was transferred to Latin, and from 1939 to the Russian graphic basis.
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history
In the formation of Bashkir, the main role was played by the Turkic nomadic tribes, which the waves came to the territory of the Southern Urals from the East, starting with 4 V.N.E. Here, these tribes entered into interaction with the local Finno-Ugric and Iranian-speaking population. Of great importance for ethnogenesis Bashkir was to move to the Southern Ural of the Pechenezhsko-Ogzovsky population at 8-10 centuries, and the appearance of ethnonym Bashkort is connected with it. For the first time as "Al-Bashkird", he is mentioned under 922 in the description of the travel on the Volga Arab Traveler Ibn-Fadlan. The process of ethnogenesis Bashkir ended at the beginning of the 13th century. Bashkirs were an integral part of the population of the Volga Bulgaria, and then the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. In the middle of the 16th century Land Bashkir became part of the Russian state. In 1919, the Bashkir ASSR ASSR was established as part of the RSFSR, since 1992 the name of the National Statehood of the Bashkir Ethnic Sheet is the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Farm
The traditional occupation of Bashkir has long been half-pastoral cattle breeding, they bred mainly horses, as well as sheep, cattle, camels. In the warm season, periodically, pastures were changed periodically, in the winter they were returned to the aules, but a significant part of the cattle remained on the tebenevka, the hooves mining food from under the snow. Other classes were hunting fishing, Borthernsky. Agriculture first played a minor role, millet, barley, hemp and other cultures were grown. In the forest strip, the housing-fire system of agriculture prevailed, in the steppe - overlap. The land was treated with Plow Saban and various types of harrows. The role of agriculture began to increase from the 17th century, and soon it becomes the main occupation, but the nomadic in some areas remained until the beginning of the 20th century. In agriculture began to prevail the landing and three-rolled system, among cultures - winter rye and flax. Beekeeping played an important role in the forest zone, and in the mountains of the Bortnism - the collection of wild bees honey. Everywhere the hunt for wolves, moose, hares, cunits and other game were widespread. Bashkira's fisheries were mainly engaged in the northern regions, on the Zaral lakes and mountain rivers. Auxiliary classes and crafts were developed - weaving, woodworking, blacksmith and jewelry. A special role was played by the treatment of skins and leather, the manufacture of clothes and shoes from them. Pottery was underdeveloped, the use of leather dishes prevailed. Bashkirs were widely engaged in forest fishery - wood harvesting, fly race, griming and coal.
Traditional clothes
Traditional women's clothing consisted of a long cutting dresses in the waist with rollers, decorated with ribbons and pranks, pants with a wide step, apron, camsole, decorated with pose and gold coins. Young women wore chest decorations from corals and coins. The female headdress was the coral grid with silver coins and pendants, descending on the back of the blade, embroidered beads and Kauri's sinks. Girls wore helmet hats covered with coins on their heads. There were other types of female and maiden hats. Women's shoes were leather shoes, boots, lapties. Upper clothes were swinging cafts and non-ferrous cloths with rich finish. Diverse were female and maiden decorations - rings, rings, bracelets, earrings.
A male suit was the samepen and consisted of a tunic-shaped car shirt, pants with a wide step, put on top of them a short sleeveless - Camzole, and leaving on the street of a swing caftan - Cossakin or a coat-shaped bossy from a dark fabric. In cold weather they put on a sheepskin Tulup. The heads of men were tubages, various kinds of fur hats. On the legs of the men wore boots, Ichigi, boils, in the Ural - and Napti.
Traditional settlements and dwellings
The traditional rural settlement Bashkir was Aul. In the conditions of nomadic life, his location changed, permanent settlements appeared with the transition to settling, as a rule, on the site of the winter. For them, he was first characterized by a heap layout, then it replaces the street, in which each grouping of related families occupied individual ends, streets or quarters. The number of courtyards varied from several tens to 200-300 or more, there were 10-20 yards in the raids.
In the conditions of nomadic life, the traditional housing Bashkir had a felt yurt with a national carcass of the Turkic (with hemispherical riding) or Mongolian (with a conical top) of the type. The entrance to the yurt was usually closed by a cat. In the center there was an open focus, smoke went to the hole in the dome and through the doorway. To the right of the entrance was a female half, where the utensils were placed and the products were stored, on the left - men, there were trunks with property, weapons, horse harness. Hedicoral groups of Yurt had a summer housing. In mining and forest areas, a borama was built on the flying - a cutting hollow with an earthless floor without ceiling and windows, her two-tie roof was covered with a crust. Known was also kibitka - Tirma. Stationary dwellings were different: in the steppe zone of clay, samanny, reservoir, in the forest and forest-steppe - cutting, in the wealthy families of five-ranging and crosses, sometimes two-storey houses. The dwellings were divided into the front and economic and everyday half. Along the walls were arranged by Nara, they were covered with cats or woven pales, in the corner there was a focus or a brass Russian oven, a small chamber was attached to her side. The burdock buildings included stables, a barnyard, barn, sauna, they were few and were located freely.
Food
In the food of Bashkir, as the main activity is transition to agriculture, the importance of flour and cereal dishes grew, but the vegetables were almost not used until the 20s of the 20th century. Nomadic groups prevailed dairy and meat products. One of your favorite dishes was Beshbarmak - finely cut horse or lamb with broth. Integro was prepared to be dried sausage from horse meat and fat. Diverse were dairy dishes - various types of cottage cheese and cheeses. From various croup cooked porridge. Popular was noodles on meat or milk broth, cereal soups. The bread was first used freshly, acidic began to enter the diet from the 18th century. The most common drink was AYRAN - diluted sour milk, from alcohol - kumys based on acidic mare milk, a bean of sprouted barley grains or a shelf, a ball of honey or sugar.
Social organization
The Bashkir tribes were generic units - aimaki, uniting groups of related families - the descendants of one ancestor over the male line, they retained the customs of exogamia, mutual assistance, etc. In family relations, a big family gradually inferior to a small place, which became the main form of the family at the beginning of 20 in . Inheritance adhered to mainly the minorah principle for which most of the property got the youngest son, for which he had to contain elderly parents. For the marriage relationship, polygamy was characterized (for the rich Bashkir), the printed position of a woman, marriages for youngsters. Before the beginning of the 20th century The custom of Levirate was maintained - the preferential right to marry the sister of his wife.
Spiritual culture and traditional beliefs
For religious beliefs, Bashkir was characterized by the weave of Islam with pagan reports. This is clearly visible on the example of the ritualness of the life cycle. So, during difficult births, to alleviate them, shot from a gun, scratching the female in the back of the paw of a mink. Three days after the birth of the child, the feast of the naming name was arranged, he was accompanied by a meal. Marriages were committed in the match, but there was a wash bride, which was released from the payment of Calma. The size was discussed during the wedding conspiracy, in Kalim included cattle, money, clothing and other values. The wedding was made after his payments of the girl's parents in the house, during her the fighting competitions, horse racing and other entertainment contests were organized. During the funeral, the body of the deceased, wrapped in Savan, brought in the cemetery and laid in a niche arranged in the grave pit. In some areas over the grave, log houses were built.
Required natural objects - lakes, rivers, forests, phenomena of nature and some types of animals and birds. There was faith in the lower spirits - the house, water, Leshgo, Albaste, as well as the Supreme Divine of Tenre. In the consciousness of Bashkir-Muslims, Tenre merged with Allah, and the lower spirits with Islamic demons - Jeans and Shaitans. To protect against the otherworldly forces, wanted - bones and teeth of animals, Kauri's sinks, coins, as well as stitched on a piece of leather or bark notes with sayings from the Quran.
Bashkir's calendar holidays were numerous: Kargatui ("Gracy Holiday") in honor of the arrival of rods, during which the ritual porridge was treated, drove dances, competed in the run, the remains of the porridge with a plot left on the field, Spring Sabantuy with a ritual zabot of the animal, a common meal, Competitions in running, archery, battle bags, Gin holiday in the middle of summer, common for a whole district, which solved important public issues with feasts, and community gins were organized.
In the spiritual life of Bashkir, song-musical creativity played a big role: the epic tales, ritual, domestic, lyrical songs were accompanied by a game on traditional musical instruments - Domre, Kumyaz, Kurae (kind of swirls).
Conclusion
Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, it can be concluded that in the formation of Bashkir, the main role was played by the Turkic nomadic tribes, which the waves came to the territory of the Southern Urals from the East, starting from 4 V.N. Here, these tribes entered into interaction with the local Finno-Ugric and Iranian-speaking population. Of great importance for ethnogenesis Bashkir was to move to the Southern Ural of the Pechenezhsko-Ogzovsky population at 8-10 centuries, and the appearance of ethnonym Bashkort is connected with it. For the first time as "Al-Bashkird", he is mentioned under 922 in the description of the travel on the Volga Arab Traveler Ibn-Fadlan. The process of ethnogenesis Bashkir ended at the beginning of the 13th century. Bashkirs were an integral part of the population of the Volga Bulgaria, and then the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. In the middle of the 16th century Land Bashkir became part of the Russian state. In 1919, the Bashkir ASSR ASSR was established as part of the RSFSR, since 1992 the name of the National Statehood of the Bashkir Ethnic Sheet is the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Persons of Russia. "Live together, remaining different"
The multimedia project "Persons of Russia" has existed since 2006, talking about russian civilization, the most important feature Which is the ability to live together, remaining different - such a motto is especially relevant for the countries of the entire post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we have created 60 documentaries about representatives of different russian ethnic groups. There were also 2 cycles of radio broadcasts "Music and the songs of the Peoples of Russia" - more than 40 gears. In support of the first series of films, illustrated almanacies were released. Now we are halfway to the creation of a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot, which will allow residents of Russia to know themselves and to descend to leave a picture of what they were.
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"Persons of Russia." Bashkirs. "Bashkir Honey"
General
Bashkira - People in Russia, the indigenous population of Bashkiria (Bashkortostan). According to the 2006 census, 1 million 584 thousand Bashkirs live in Russia, in the republic itself Bashkortostan - 863.8 thousand people. Live Bashkirs also in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions and in the republics of the neighboring countries.
Bashkirs themselves call themselves Bashkort. According to the most common interpretation, this ethnonym is formed from two words: the General "Bash" - the head, the chief, and the Türko-Ogzovsky "Court" - Wolf. For the polar star, Bashkir also has its own name: Timer Tsazyk (iron count), and two neighboring stars with her - it's horses (bucks, sarat), tied to the iron cola.
They say Bashkirs on the Bashkir language of the Turkic group of the Altai family dialects: South, East, the North-Western group of Govorov is standing out. Russian tatar languages. Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet.
Believers Bashkirs are Muslim-Sunnis.
Bashkir National Hero Salavat Yulaev was the leader of the poor rebels in the Peasant War of 1773-1775.
Essays
Mountains stone, man-head
Is it possible to determine how many brightest proverbs as they compose? The task is not easy, but performing. "The hero gives birth to the battle." "A good horse is torn forward, good well done returns with glory." "Glory to Batyr - in battle." "Listen to - Look forward." If the hero and die - Glory will remain. " If we take into account that in this set of proverbs, horses, batyrs, mountains, as well as heroic acts, then the feeling immediately arises that they are born by representatives of the Bashkir people.
In the southern of the Urals
In the formation of Bashkir, the Turkic cattle breeding tribes of Southernibirsk-Central Asian origin played a decisive role. Before joining the Southern Urals, Bashkirs have naochesed a considerable time in the Priaral-Syrdarya steppes, entering into contacts with the pechenezhsko-Ogzi and Kimako-Kypchak's tribes. Ancient Bashkirs are mentioned in written sources of the IX century. Later, they moved to the Southern Urals and the adjacent steppe and forest-steppe spaces. Rained in the Southern Urals, Bashkirs were part of the part of the Local Finno-Uranian and Iranian (Sarmato-Alansky) population as part of the South Urals. Here, they apparently came into contact with some anodian-haired tribes. More than two centuries (from X to early XIII) Bashkirs were under political influence Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria. In 1236, they were conquered by Mongol-Tatars and are attached to the Golden Horde. In the XIV century, Bashkirs accepted Islam. During the Mongol-Tatar dominion, some Bulgarian, Kypchak and Mongolian tribes joined the Bashkir. After the fall of Kazan (1552), Bashkirs adopted Russian citizenship. They stated the right to own on behavior principles with their lands, live by their customs and religion. Tsarist officials subjected to Bashkir various forms of operation. In the XVII and especially in the XVIII century, the uprisings were repeatedly broken. In 1773-1775, the resistance of Bashkir was broken, however, their victim rights to land were preserved. In 1789, the spiritual administration of Muslims of Russia was established in Ufa. In the XIX century, despite the plundering of the Bashkir lands, the economy of Bashkir is gradually being established, restored, and then the number of people increases noticeably, exceeding 1 million by 1897. At the end of the XIX - early XX century occurs further development Enlightenment and culture. Now it is no longer a secret that the twentieth century brought Bashkirs a mass of tests, troubles and disasters, which led to a sharp reduction of the ethnos. The pre-revolutionary number of Bashkir was achieved only by 1989. In the past two decades, national self-consciousness has been activated. In October 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. In February 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan was proclaimed. It is located in the southern part of the Urals, where the mountain range is divided into several revolts. Here, fertile plains, turning into the steppe spread. According to the 2002 census, 1 million 674 thousand Bashkir lives in Russia, in the republic itself Bashkortostan - 863.8 thousand people. The Bashkirs call themselves Bashkort. According to the most common interpretation, this ethnonym is formed from two words: the general "bash" - the head, the chief and the Turko-Ogzovsky "Cort" - Wolf.
The earth himself will not bow - she will not come to you
About what was the world of Bashkir to the scientific and technological revolution, you can learn from the heroic epic "Ural-Batyr". For a long time, this work existed only in oral version. It was transferred to the paper in 1910 by the collector of the Bashkir Folklore Mughameschy Buragulov. Heard and recorded from the People's Sweater-Sesan Habita from Aul Indris and in Aul a small yel from Sesan Khamita. In the Russian language "Ural-Batyr" in the translation of Ivan Kychakov, Adelma Mirbadalieva and Achyara Khakimov was published in 1975. The "Ural-Batyr" Epos has three tiers, three spheres. It includes heavenly, earthly, underground (underwater) space. Heavenly king Samrau, his wife, the sun and the moon, the daughter of Humai and Aikhyl, who take the appearance of the birds, then beautiful girls. People live on Earth, the best of which (for example, Ural-Batyr) want to get "live water" for the people to make it immortal. Under the ground (underwater) live bad devices (diva), snakes and other dark forces. Through the feats of the Ural Batyr, the views of the Bashkir about good and evil are actually revealed. This warmer overcomes incredible tests and, in the end, finds "living water". There are B. bashkir folklore Cosmogonic legends. They preserved the features of ancient mythological ideas about the "connections" of stars and planets with animals and people of earthly origin. For example, the stains on the moon are always chasing on each other at the other of the root and wolf (in other versions - a girl with a rocker). The constellation is a big bear (Etygen) - seven wolves or seven beauties girls who rose to the top of the mountain and found themselves in heaven. The polar star Bashkis was called an iron cola (Timer Tsazyk), and two neighboring stars with her - horses (bucks, sarat), tied to the iron cola. Wolves from the constellation of a large bears can not catch up with horses, since with dawn they all disappear to appear in the sky at night.
In one heart, two love do not fit
Puzzles - popular genre Folklore. In the riddles, the Bashkir people creates a poetic image that it surrounds: items, phenomena, people, animals. Riddles are one of the best and most effective means for the development of imagination. It can be easily ensured in this. Communicate, comes up - the ravis runs away. (Lightning) stronger than the sun, weaker wind. (Cloud) Over the roof of the house I have a multicolored skiing. (Rainbow) There is no fire - burning, no wings - flies, no legs - runs. (Sun, cloud, river) Minor loaf, and everything is enough. (Moon) Bashkira, although they adopted Muslims, retained in their culture a lot of elements that are rooted in the pre-aslant ideas and rites. This, for example, reverence of the spirits of the forest, mountains, winds, crafts. In healing used ceremonies of medical magic. The disease was sometimes expelled with the help of witchcields. It looked like this. The patient was going to the place where he seemed to him, fell ill. Immediately there was a bowl with porridge. It was believed that the evil spirit would certainly come out of the body and pounce on porridge. And in the meantime, the patient will run away from this place by another road and hides so that he will not find him an evil spirit. Many Bashkir holidays are associated with those or other moments of public life, economic activity and change in nature. The most remarkable of them, perhaps, three holidays: Kargatui, Sabantuy and Jean. Kargatuy - Spring Female and Children's holiday arrival of Graci (Karga - Ruch, Tui - holiday). The main treats on this holiday was a barley porridge, welded from common products in a large boiler. When the collective meal ended, the remains of cereals were scattered around, treating and routine. All this was accompanied by games and dance. Sabantuy (Sabay - Plow) - spring holidaywhich symbolized the beginning of the plowing. There was a custom before the start of the spring plowing to throw into the furrow of the egg, asking for the sky of fertility. On the summer holidays - Gina, common for several villages, were arranged not only than feasts, but also a competition in running, archery, jumps, struggle, mass games. Mostly, the weddings were brought together for the summer, which included three main points: walling, wedding ceremony and wedding feast. Among the many Bashkir proverbs and sayings, a whole group of statements can be distinguished, in which family wisdom and morality is concentrated. Many of these phrases are not outdated to this day: "A good wife is pleased with her husband, good husband Mire pleases. " "Beauty is needed at the wedding, and the rammer is every day." "In one heart, two love do not fit."
Bashkirs, like all nomads, sincecore were famous for freedom and militia. And now they retained courage, a sharpened sense of justice, pride, stubbornness in defending their interests.
At the same time, in Bashkiria, there was always warmth of the immigrants, they actually provided the land for them, did not impose their customs and beliefs. It is not surprising that modern Bashkirs are a very friendly and hospitable people. They are completely alien intolerance to representatives of other nations.
The ancient laws of hospitality are still honored and respected in Bashkortostan. To the arrival of guests, even uninvited, cover a rich table, and leaving - giving gifts. Unusual tradition to present rich gifts breastfish Guests - it is believed that it must be touched, because the baby, unlike his older relatives, can not eat anything in the host house, and therefore can curse him.
Traditions and customs
In modern Bashkiria, great importance is paid to the traditional way, all national holidays are celebrated on the scale of the republic. And in antiquity, rites were accompanied by all the most significant events for man - the birth of a child, a wedding, funeral.
Traditional wedding rituals Bashkir - Complex and beautiful. For the bride, the groom paid a big calm. True, the economical has always had a way out: wash your beloved. In the old days, the family was consolidated to encourage even the birth of children. And the engagement between the bride and groom (Syrgatuy) was carried out at a gentle age of 5-12 years. Later, the search for the bride began to begin only when the boy is achieved by a worker.
The bride of his son chose parents, and then sent to the selected family of the matchmaker. Weddings arranged with a scope: organized jumps, fighting tournaments and, of course, a feast. The first year, a young wife could not talk to mother-in-law and mother-in-law - it was a sign of humility and respect. At the same time, ethnographers mark very careful attitude To a woman in the Bashkir family.
If the husband raised his hand to his wife or did not provide her, then it could end the divorce.
The divorce was possible in the event of a change in the woman - in Bashkiria, they treated the female chastity.
Special attitude from Bashkir was to the birth of a child. So, a pregnant woman for a while became almost a "queen": according to custom, it was necessary to fulfill her whim to ensure the appearance of a healthy baby. Children in Bashkir families loved and rarely punished. Submission was founded only on the continued authority of the father of the family. Bashkir family has always been built on traditional values: worship the elders, love for children, spiritual development and proper education of children.
In the Bashkir community, Aksakals, elders, Keepers of Knowledge were enjoyed in great respect. And now the real Bashkir will never say a rude word an old man or an elderly woman.
Culture and holidays
The cultural heritage of the Bashkir people is incredibly rich. Heroic EPOS. ("Ural-Batyr", "Akbuzat", "Alpamysh" and others) are forced to plunge into the militant past of this nation. Folklore includes numerous magic legends about people, deities and animals.
Bashkirs loved the song and music - in the piggy bank of the people there are ritual, epic, satirical, household songs. It seems that no minute of life of the ancient Bashkir took place without a song! They loved Bashkirs and dance, while many dancing are sophisticated, narrative, whether to turn into a pantomime, or in theatrical action.
The main holidays accounted for a spring-year time, during the heyday of nature. Kargatuy's most famous (graceful holiday, day arrival), Maidan (May holiday), Sabantuy (Plow day, ending sowing), which remained the most significant holiday Bashkir people marked with a big sweep. In the summer, Jein was held - a holiday, which was gathered by residents of several neighboring villages. Women had their own festive day - the curtain tea rite, to participate in which men were not allowed. IN holidays Residents of the village gathered and organized competitions in the struggle, running, shooting, jumps, ending with a common trapeza.
Racing has always been an important element of the festivities. After all, Bashkirs are skillful riders, in the villages of the boys taught riding from an early age. Previously, they said that Bashkirs were born and died in the saddle, and indeed - most of their lives were riding. Women were no less well keen on the horse and if necessary, could slip several days. They did not cover the face, unlike other Islamic women, had the right to vote. Elderly Bashkirki had the same influence in the community as elders-Aksakala.
In rites and celebrations there is an interweaving of Muslim culture with the ancient pagan beliefs, the worship of the forces of nature is traced.
Interesting Facts about Bashkira
Bashkirs first used Runic Turkic writing, then Arabic. In 1920, a Latin-based alphabet was developed, and in the 1940s, Bashkirs moved to the Cyrillic alphabet. But, unlike Russian, there are 9 additional letters to display specific sounds.
Bashkortostan is the only place in Russia, where Bortfreaty has survived, that is, the form of beekeeping with collecting honey of wild bees from the hollow trees.
Favorite dish Bashkir - Beshbarmak (dish of meat and dough), and a favorite drink - Kumys.
In Bashkiria, a handshake was taken by two hands - it symbolizes special respect. In relation to the old people, such a greeting must.
Bashkirs put the interests of the community above personal. They adopted the "Bashkir Brotherhood" - the care of everyone about the prosperity of a kind.
A few more decades ago, long before the official prohibition of Mata in the public space, there was no absent of an absent vocabulary in Bashkir. Historians associate it with both the norms forbidding in the presence of women, children and elders, and with the conviction that the swords are harmful to the speaker. Unfortunately, over time, under the influence of other cultures, Bashkir lost this unique and commendable feature.
If you write the name of Ufa on the Bashkir language, it will look like өf. In the people, it is called "three screws" or "three tablets". This stylized inscription can often be found on the streets of the city.
Bashkirs participated in the defeat of the Napoleonic army during the war of 1812. They were armed only onions and arrows. Despite the archaic weapons, Bashkirs were considered dangerous opponents, and European soldiers nickname them with northern amurs.
Women's Bashkir names traditionally contain particles denoting heavenly shining: ah - moon, con - sun and tang - dawn. Male names Usually related to masculby and resistance.
Bashkir had two names - one was given immediately after birth in time to wrapping the baby in the first diapers. It was called - diaper. And the second kid received at the rite of adherents from Mullah.