Dictionary

literary terms

Used Books

Bushko O.M. School dictionary of literary terms. - Kaluga: Publishing house. "Golden Alley", 1999

Esin A.B., Ladygin M.B., Trenina T.G. Literature: Brief reference book of the student. 5-11 cells - M .: Bustard, 1997

Meshcheryakova M.I. Literature in tables and diagrams. – M.: Rolf, 2001

Chernets L.V., Semenov V.B., Skiba V.A. School dictionary of literary terms. - M.: Enlightenment, 2007

A

Autology - artistic device of figurative expression of a poetic idea is not poetic words and expressions, but simple everyday ones.

And everyone looks with respect
How again without panic
I quickly put on my pants

And almost new

From the point of view of the foreman,

Tarpaulin boots…

A.T. Tvardovsky

Acmeism - the course in Russian poetry of the first two decades of the 20th century, the center of which was the circle "Workshop of Poets", and the main tribune was the magazine "Apollo". Acmeists contrasted the social content of art with the realism of material mother nature and the sensual plastic-material clarity of artistic language, refusing the poetics of vague hints and the mysticism of symbolism in the name of "return to the earth", to the subject, to the exact meaning of the word (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky , N. Gumilyov, M. Zenkevich, O. Mandelstam).

Allegory - allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through specific image; personification of human properties or qualities. The allegory consists of two elements:
1. semantic - this is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, childhood, nature, etc.) that the author seeks to depict without naming it;
2. figurative-objective - this is a specific object, a creature depicted in a work of art and representing the named concept or phenomenon.

Alliteration - repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound recording.
Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
Storm is near. Beats on the shore
Uncharmed black boat.
K.D.Balmont

Alogism - artistic technique, contradicting logic with phrases emphasizing internal inconsistency certain dramatic or comic situations - to prove, as if by contradiction, some logic and, therefore, the truth of the position of the author (and after him - the reader), who understands the illogical phrase as a figurative expression (the title of the novel by Y. Bondarev is “Hot Snow”).

Amphibrachius - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the second syllable - stressed among unstressed ones - in the foot. Scheme: U-U| U-u...
Noisy midnight blizzard
In the forest and deaf side.
A.A. Fet

Anapaest - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the last, third, syllable in the foot. Scheme: UU- | UU-…
People have something in the house - cleanliness, beauty,
And in our house - tightness, stuffiness ...
N.A. Nekrasov.

Anaphora - unanimity; repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several phrases or stanzas.
I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender look ...
A.S. Pushkin.

Antithesis - a stylistic device based on a sharp opposition of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms:
I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!
G.R.Derzhavin

Antiphrase (is) - the use of words or expressions in an apparently opposite sense. "Well done!" - as a reproach.

Assonance - repeated repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of homogeneous vowel sounds. Sometimes an inaccurate rhyme is called assonance, in which the vowels coincide, but the consonants do not coincide (enormity - I remember; thirst - it's a pity). Enhances the expressiveness of speech.
It became dark in the room.
Covers the slope of the window.
Or is this a dream?
Ding dong. Ding dong.
I.P. Tokmakova.

Aphorism - a clear, easy-to-remember, precise, concise expression of a certain completeness of thought. Aphorisms often become separate lines of poetry or phrases of prose: “Poetry is everything! - riding into the unknown. (V. Mayakovsky)

B

Ballad - a narrative song with a dramatic development of the plot, which is based on an unusual event, one of the types of lyrical-epic poetry. The ballad is based on an extraordinary story that reflects the essential moments of the relationship between a person and society, people among themselves, the most important features of a person.

Bard - a poet-singer, usually a performer of his own poems, often set to his own music.

Fable - a short poetic story-allegory of a moralizing orientation.

Blank verse - non-rhyming verses with metrical organization (i.e. organized through a system of rhythmically repeating accents). Widely distributed in oral folk art and was actively used in the 18th century.
Forgive me, girlish beauty!
I'll part with you forever
I'm crying young.
I'll let you go, beauty
I'll let you go with ribbons...
Folk song.

Epics - ancient Russian epic songs-tales, singing the exploits of the heroes, reflecting the historical events of the 11th - 16th centuries.

IN

Barbarism - a word or figure of speech borrowed from a foreign language. Unreasonable use of barbarisms pollutes the native language.

Vers libre - a modern system of versification, which is a kind of border between verse and prose (it lacks rhyme, size, traditional rhythmic order; the number of syllables in a line and lines in a stanza can be different; there is also no equality of accents characteristic of white verse. Their features of poetic speech, division into lines with a pause at the end of each line and weakened symmetry of speech are preserved (the emphasis falls on the last word lines).
She came from the cold
flushed,
Filled the room
The aroma of air and perfume,
in a clear voice
And completely disrespectful to work
Chatter.
A. Blok

Eternal image - an image from a work of classics of world literature, expressing certain features human psychology, which has become a common noun of one type or another: Faust, Plyushkin, Oblomov, Don Quixote, Mitrofanushka, etc.

Inner monologue - the announcement of thoughts and feelings that reveal the inner experiences of the character, not intended for the hearing of others, when the character speaks as if to himself, “aside”.

Vulgarism - simple, even seemingly rude, seemingly unacceptable expressions in poetic speech, used by the author to reflect a certain nature of the described phenomenon, to characterize a character, are sometimes similar to common speech.

G

Hero lyrical - the image of the poet (his lyrical "I"), whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are reflected in the lyrical work. The lyrical hero is not identical to the biographical personality. The idea of ​​a lyrical hero is cumulative and is formed in the process of familiarization with the inner world that is revealed in lyrical works not through actions, but through experiences, mental states, the manner of speech self-expression.

literary hero - character, protagonist of a literary work.

Hyperbola - a means of artistic representation based on excessive exaggeration; figurative expression, which consists in an exorbitant exaggeration of events, feelings, strength, meaning, size of the depicted phenomenon; outwardly effective form of presentation of the depicted. Can be idealizing and degrading.

gradation - stylistic device, the arrangement of words and expressions, as well as means of artistic representation in increasing or decreasing importance. Types of gradation: increasing (climax) and decreasing (anticlimax).
Increasing gradation:
The bipod is maple,
Omeshiki on the bipod damask,
The bipod is silver,
And the horn on the bipod is red gold.
Bylina about Volga and Mikul
Descending gradation:
Fly! less flies! crumbled to dust.
N.V. Gogol

Grotesque - a bizarre mixture in the image of the real and the fantastic, the beautiful and the ugly, the tragic and the comic - for a more impressive expression of the creative idea.

D

Dactyl - a three-syllable poetic meter, in which the stress falls on the first syllable in the foot. Scheme: -UU| -UU...
Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Steppe azure, pearl chain
You rush, as if, like me, exiles,
From the sweet north to the south.
M.Yu.Lermontov

Decadence - a phenomenon in literature (and art in general) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting the crisis of the transitional stage of social relations in the view of some spokesmen for the moods of social groups whose worldview foundations are being destroyed by the turning points of history.

Artistic detail - detail, emphasizing the semantic authenticity of the work with the authenticity of the real, event-specific - concretizing this or that image.

Dialectisms - words borrowed literary language or by a specific author in his work from local dialects (dialects): “Well, go - and all right, you have to go up the hill, the house is nearby” (F. Abramov).

Dialogue - exchange of remarks, messages, live speech of two or more persons.

Drama - 1. One of three kinds of literature , which defines works intended for stage implementation. It differs from the epic in that it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form; from lyric poetry to that which reproduces the external world in relation to the author. Subdivided intogenres : tragedy, comedy, as well as the actual drama. 2. Drama is also called a dramatic work that does not have clear genre features, combining the techniques of different genres; sometimes such a work is simply called a play.

E

Monogamy - the reception of repetition of similar sounds, words, language constructions at the beginning of adjacent lines or stanzas.

Wait for the snow to come

Wait when it's hot

Wait when others are not expected ...

K.Simonov

AND

Literary genre - a historically developing type of literary works, the main features of which, constantly changing along with the development of the variety of forms and content of literature, are sometimes identified with the concept of "kind"; but more often the term genre defines the type of literature on the basis of content and emotional characteristics: the satirical genre, the detective genre, the genre of historical essay.

Jargon, Also slang - words and expressions borrowed from the language of internal communication of certain social groups of people. The use of jargon in literature makes it possible to more clearly define the social or professional characteristics of the characters and their environment.

Lives of the saints a description of the life of people who are canonized by the church as saints (“The Life of Alexander Nevsky”, “The Life of Alexy the Man of God”, etc.).

Z

Tie - an event that determines the occurrence of a conflict in a literary work. Sometimes it coincides with the beginning of the work.

Zachin - the beginning of the work of Russian folk literary creativity - epics, fairy tales, etc. (“Once upon a time…”, “In a distant kingdom, in a distant state…”).

Sound organization of speech - targeted use of elements of the sound composition of the language: vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed syllables, pauses, intonation, repetitions, etc. It is used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of speech. The sound organization of speech includes: sound repetitions, sound writing, onomatopoeia.

sound recording - the technique of enhancing the visualization of the text by such a sound construction of phrases, poetic lines, which would correspond to the reproduced scene, picture, expressed mood. Alliterations, assonances, and sound repetitions are used in sound writing. Sound recording enhances the image of a certain phenomenon, action, state.

Onomatopoeia - a type of sound recording; the use of sound combinations that can reflect the sound of the described phenomena, similar in sound to those depicted in artistic speech ("thunder rumbles", "horns roar", "cuckoos cuckoo", "echo laughter").

AND

The idea of ​​a work of art the main idea that summarizes the semantic, figurative, emotional content of a work of art.

Imagism - appeared in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 literary movement, which proclaimed the image as an end in itself of the work, and not a means of expressing the essence of the content and reflecting reality. It broke up by itself in 1927. At one time, S. Yesenin joined this trend.

Impressionism - a direction in art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, asserting main task artistic creativity expression of the artist's subjective impressions of the phenomena of reality.

Improvisation - direct creation of the work in the process of execution.

Inversion - violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; permutation of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.
And the maiden's song is barely audible

Valleys in deep silence.

A.S. Pushkin

Interpretation - interpretation, explanation of the idea, theme, figurative system and other components of a work of art in literature and criticism.

Intrigue - system, and sometimes the mystery, complexity, mystery of events, on the unraveling of which the plot of the work is built.

irony - kind of comic, bitter or, conversely, kind mockery, deriding this or that phenomenon, exposing negative traits him and thereby affirming the positive aspects foreseen by the author in the phenomenon.

Historical songs - a genre of folk poetry that reflects the popular idea of ​​​​true historical events in Rus'.

TO

The literary canon symbol, image, plot, born of centuries-old folklore and literary traditions and become normative to a certain extent: light is good, darkness is evil, etc.

Classicism - an artistic direction that developed in European literature of the 17th century, which is based on the recognition of ancient art as the highest model, ideal, and the works of antiquity as an artistic norm. Aesthetics is based on the principle of rationalism and “imitation of nature”. The cult of the mind. Piece of art organized as an artificial, logically constructed whole. Strict plot-compositional organization, schematism. Human characters are outlined in a straight line; positive and bad guys are opposed. Active appeal to public, civic issues. Emphasized objectivity of the story. Strict hierarchy of genres. High: tragedy, epic, ode. Low: comedy, satire, fable. Mixing high and low genres is not allowed. The leading genre is tragedy.

Collision - generating a conflict, underlying the action of a literary work, the contradiction between the characters of the heroes of this work, or between the characters and circumstances, the collisions of which constitute the plot of the work.

Comedy - a dramatic work, by means of satire and humor, ridiculing the vices of society and man.

Composition - arrangement, alternation, correlation and interconnection of parts of a literary work, serving the most complete embodiment of the artist's intention.

Context - the general meaning (theme, idea) of the work, expressed in its entire text or in a sufficiently meaningful passage, the link with which the quotation, and indeed any passage in general, should not lose.

Artistic conflict. a figurative reflection in a work of art of the actions of the forces of the struggle of interests, passions, ideas, characters, political aspirations, both personal and social. The conflict adds to the poignancy of the story.

Climax - in a literary work, a scene, event, episode where the conflict reaches its highest tension and a decisive clash occurs between the characters and the aspirations of the characters, after which the transition to the denouement begins in the plot.

L

Legend - narratives that initially told about the lives of the saints, then - religious and didactic, and sometimes even fantastic biographies historical, and even fairy-tale heroes, whose deeds express the national character.

keynote - an expressive detail, a specific artistic image, repeatedly repeated, mentioned, passing through a separate work or the entire work of the writer.

Chronicles - handwritten Russian historical narratives telling about events in the life of the country by year; each story began with the word: "Summer ... (year ...)", hence the name - chronicle.

Lyrics - one of the main types of literature, reflecting life by depicting individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings, experiences are not described, but expressed. In the center of artistic attention is the image-experience. The characteristic features of the lyrics are the poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size, a clear reflection of the experiences of the lyrical hero. The most subjective kind of literature.

Lyrical digression - deviation from the descriptions of events, characters in an epic or lyrical-epic work, where the author (or the lyrical hero on behalf of whom the narration is being conducted) expresses his thoughts and feelings about the described, his attitude towards him, referring directly to the reader.

Litota - 1. The technique of underestimating a phenomenon or its details is a reverse hyperbole (the fabulous “boy with a finger” or “a little man ... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail” N. Nekrasov). 2. Acceptance of the characteristics of this or that phenomenon not by a direct definition, but by the negation of the opposite definition:

The key to nature is not lost,

Proud labor is not in vain ...

V. Shalamov

M

Memoirs - the author's memories of real events in which he took part or was a witness.

Metaphor - figurative meaning of a word based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; a hidden comparison built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words "as", "as if", "as if" are absent, but implied.
Bee for tribute in the field
Flies from the wax cell.
A.S. Pushkin
Metaphor increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness. A type of metaphor is personification.
Types of metaphor:
1. lexical metaphor, or erased, in which the direct meaning is completely destroyed; "it's raining", "time is running", "clock hand", "door handle";
2. a simple metaphor - built on the convergence of objects or on one of some common features they have: "hail of bullets", "talk of waves", "dawn of life", "leg of the table", "dawn glows";
3. realized metaphor - a literal understanding of the meanings of the words that make up the metaphor, emphasizing the direct meanings of the words: "Yes, you don't have a face - you only have a shirt and trousers" (S. Sokolov).
4. extended metaphor - the spread of a metaphorical image to several phrases or to the entire work (for example, A.S. Pushkin's poem "The Cart of Life" or "He could not sleep for a long time: the remaining husk of words clogged and tormented the brain, stabbed in the temples, it's impossible was to get rid of it "(V. Nabokov)
Metaphor is usually expressed by a noun, a verb, and then other parts of speech.

Metonymy - convergence, comparison of concepts by adjacency, when a phenomenon or object is denoted with the help of other words and concepts: "a steel speaker is dozing in a holster" - a revolver; "led the swords to the plentiful" - led the soldiers into battle; "Sychok sang" - the violinist played his instrument.

Myths - works of folk fantasy, personifying reality in the form of gods, demons, spirits. They were born in ancient times, preceding the religious and even more scientific understanding and explanation of the world.

Modernism - the designation of many trends, trends in art, which determine the desire of artists to reflect modernity with new means, improving, modernizing - in their view - traditional means in accordance with historical progress.

Monologue - the speech of one of the literary heroes, addressed either to himself, or to others, or to the public, isolated from the replicas of other heroes, having an independent meaning.

motive - 1. The smallest element of the plot; the simplest, indivisible element of the narrative (the phenomenon is stable and endlessly repeating). Various plots are formed from numerous motives (for example, the motive of the road, the motive of searching for the missing bride, etc.). This meaning of the term is more often used in relation to works of oral folk art.

2. "Stable semantic unit" (B.N. Putilov); "a semantically saturated component of a work, related to the theme, idea, but not identical to them" (VE Khalizev); a semantic (meaningful) element essential for understanding the author's concept (for example, the motive of death in "The Tale of the Dead Princess ..." by A.S. Pushkin, the motive of cold in "light breathing" - " Easy breath" I.A. Bunin, the motif of the full moon in "The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov).

H

Naturalism - a trend in the literature of the last third of the 19th century, which asserted the extremely accurate and objective reproduction of reality, sometimes leading to the suppression of the author's individuality.

Neologisms - newly formed words or expressions.

Novella - small prose work comparable to the story. The short story has more eventfulness, a clearer plot, a clearer plot twist leading to a denouement.

ABOUT

artistic image - 1. The main way of perceiving and reflecting reality in artistic creativity, a form of knowledge of life specific to art and the expression of this knowledge; the purpose and result of the search, and then identifying, highlighting, emphasizing by artistic techniques those features of a particular phenomenon that most fully reveal its aesthetic, moral, socially significant essence. 2. The term “image” sometimes refers to one or another trope in a work (the image of freedom is the “star of captivating happiness” in A.S. Pushkin), as well as one or another literary hero (the image of the wives of the Decembrists E. Trubetskaya and M. Volkonskaya in N. Nekrasova).

Oh yeah - a poem of an enthusiastic nature (solemn, glorifying) in honor of some
either persons or events.

Oxymoron, or oxymoron - a figure based on a combination of words opposite in meaning with the aim of an unusual, impressive expression of a new concept, idea: hot snow, mean knight, luxuriant nature wilting.

personification - the image of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
What are you howling about, night wind,
What are you complaining about so much?
F.I. Tyutchev

Onegin stanza - a stanza created by A.S. Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin": 14 lines (but not a sonnet) of iambic tetrameter with rhyme ababvvggdeejzh (3 quatrains alternately - with cross, pair and embracing rhyme and the final couplet: designation of the theme, its development, culmination , ending).

Feature article - a literary work based on facts, documents, observations of the author.

P

Paradox - in literature - the reception of a statement that clearly contradicts generally accepted concepts, either to expose those that, in the author's opinion, are false, or to express one's disagreement with the so-called "common sense", due to inertia, dogmatism, ignorance.

Parallelism - one of the types of repetition (syntactic, lexical, rhythmic); compositional technique, emphasizing the connection of several elements of a work of art; analogy, the convergence of phenomena by similarity (for example, natural phenomena and human life).
Wind in bad weather
Howls - howls;
wild head
Evil sadness torments.
V.A.Koltsov

Parceling - division of a statement that is single in meaning into several independent, isolated sentences (in writing - with the help of punctuation marks, in speech - intonationally, with the help of pauses):
Well? Can't you see he's crazy?
Say seriously:
Insane! what the hell is he talking about here!
Worshiper! father-in-law! and about Moscow so menacingly!
A.S. Griboyedov

Paphos - the highest point of inspiration, emotional feeling, delight, achieved in a literary work and in its perception by the reader, reflecting significant events in society and the spiritual upsurge of the characters.

Scenery - in literature - the image in a literary work of pictures of nature as a means of figurative expression of the author's intention.

paraphrase - use description instead own name or names; descriptive expression, figure of speech, replacing the word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition, or carry the meaning of allegory.

Pyrrhic - an auxiliary foot of two short or unstressed syllables, replacing the iambic or chorea foot; lack of stress in iambic or chorea: “I am writing to you ...” by A.S. Pushkin, “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov.

Pleonasm - unjustified verbosity, the use of words that are unnecessary to express thoughts. In normative stylistics, Pleonasm is considered as a speech error. In the language of fiction - as a stylistic figure of addition, which serves to enhance the expressive qualities of speech.
"Elisha had no appetite for food"; "some boring man ... lay down ... between the dead and personally died"; "Kozlov continued to lie silently, being killed" (A. Platonov).

Tale - a work of epic prose gravitating towards a consistent presentation of the plot, limited by a minimum of storylines.

Repetition - a figure consisting in the repetition of words, expressions, song or poetic lines in order to draw special attention to them.
Every house is alien to me, every temple is not empty,
And everything is the same and everything is one ...
M. Tsvetaeva

Subtext - the meaning hidden “under” the text, i.e. not expressed directly and openly, but arising from the narrative or dialogue of the text.

Permanent epithet - a colorful definition, inextricably combined with the word being defined and at the same time forming a stable figurative and poetic expression ("blue sea", "white-stone chambers", "beautiful maiden", "clear falcon", "sugar lips").

Poetry - a special organization of artistic speech, which is distinguished by rhythm and rhyme - a poetic form; lyrical form of reflection of reality. Often the term poetry is used in the sense of "works of different genres in verse." It conveys the subjective attitude of the individual to the world. In the foreground - the image-experience. It does not set the task of conveying the development of events and characters.

Poem - a large poetic work with a plot-narrative organization; a story or novel in verse; a multi-part work in which the epic and lyrical beginnings merge together. The poem can be attributed to the lyrical-epic genre of literature, since the narrative of historical events and the events of the life of the characters is revealed in it through the perception and evaluation of the narrator. In a poem we are talking about events of public importance. Most of the poems sing of some human deeds, events and characters.

Tradition - oral storytelling about real people and authentic events, one of the varieties of folk art.

Foreword - an article that precedes a literary work, written either by the author himself or by a critic or literary critic. In the preface, brief information about the writer and some explanations about the history of the creation of the work can be given, an interpretation of the author's intention is proposed.

Prototype - a real person who served the author in kind to create the image of a literary hero.

The play - the general designation of a literary work intended for stage presentation - tragedies, dramas, comedies, etc.

R

Interchange - the final part of the development of a conflict or intrigue, where it is resolved, comes to a logical figurative conclusion of the conflict of the work.

Poet size - consistently expressed form of poetic rhythm (determined by the number of syllables, stresses or stops - depending on the system of versification); line construction diagram. In Russian (syllabic-tonic) versification, five main poetic meters are distinguished: two-syllable (iamb, trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, amphibrach, anapest). In addition, each size can vary in the number of feet (iambic 4-foot; iambic 5-foot, etc.).

Story - a small prose work of a mostly narrative nature, compositionally grouped around a single episode, character.

Realism - an artistic method of figurative reflection of reality in accordance with objective reliability.

Reminiscence - the use in a literary work of expressions from other works, and even folklore, causing the author to some other interpretation; sometimes the borrowed expression is somewhat changed (M. Lermontov - “Luxury city, poor city” (about St. Petersburg) - from F. Glinka “Wonderful city, ancient city” (about Moscow).

Refrain - the repetition of a verse or a series of verses at the end of a stanza (in songs - a chorus).

We are ordered to go into battle:

"Long live freedom!"

Freedom! Whose? Not said.

But not the people.

We are ordered to go into battle -

"Allied for the sake of nations",

And the main thing is not said:

Whose banknotes for?

D. Poor

Rhythm - constant, measured repetition in the text of segments of the same type, including minimal ones, - stressed and unstressed syllables.

Rhyme - sound repetition in two or more verses, mainly at the end. Unlike others sound repetitions rhyme always emphasizes rhythm, the articulation of speech into verses.

A rhetorical question is a question that does not require an answer (either the answer is fundamentally impossible, or it is clear in itself, or the question is addressed to a conditional "interlocutor"). A rhetorical question activates the reader's attention, enhances his emotional reaction.
"Rus! where are you going?"
"Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol
Is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Has the Russian lost the habit of victories?
"To the slanderers of Russia" A.S. Pushkin

Genus - one of the main sections in the systematics of literary works, defining three different forms: epic, lyric, drama.

Novel - epic narrative with elements of dialogue, sometimes including drama or literary digressions, focused on the history of an individual in a public environment.

Romanticism - a literary trend of the late 18th - early 19th century, which opposed itself to classicism as a search for forms of reflection that were more in line with modern reality.

romantic hero - a complex, passionate personality, whose inner world is unusually deep, endless; it is a whole universe full of contradictions.

WITH

Sarcasm - a caustic stinging mockery of someone or something. Widely used in satirical literary works.

Satire - a kind of literature that exposes and ridicules the vices of people and society in specific forms. These forms can be very diverse - paradox and hyperbole, grotesque and parody, etc.

Sentimentalism - literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It arose as a protest against the canons of classicism in art that had turned into a dogma, reflecting the canonization of feudal social relations that had already turned into a brake on social development.

Syllabic versification e - syllabic versification system based on the equality of the number of syllables in each verse with obligatory stress on the penultimate syllable; equivalence. The length of a verse is determined by the number of syllables.
Don't love hard
And love is hard
And the hardest
Loving love is unreachable.
A.D. Kantemir

Syllabo-tonic versification - a syllable-stressed system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in a poetic line. It is based on the equality of the number of syllables in a verse and the orderly change of stressed and unstressed syllables. Depending on the system of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, two-syllable and three-syllable sizes are distinguished.

Symbol - an image that expresses the meaning of a phenomenon in objective form. An object, an animal, a sign become a symbol when they are endowed with an additional, exceptionally important meaning.

Symbolism - literary and artistic direction of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Symbolism sought through symbols in a tangible form to embody the idea of ​​the unity of the world, expressed in accordance with its most diverse parts, allowing colors, sounds, smells to represent one through the other (D. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A. Blok, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont , V. Bryusov).

Synecdoche - an artistic technique of substitution for the sake of expressiveness - one phenomenon, object, object, etc. - correlated with it by other phenomena, objects, objects.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh's hat!

A.S. Pushkin.

Sonnet - a fourteen-line poem composed according to certain rules: the first quatrain (quatrain) represents the exposition of the theme of the poem, the second quatrain develops the provisions outlined in the first, in the subsequent tercet (three-line) the denouement of the theme is outlined, in the final tercet, especially in its final line, the end of the denouement follows expressing the essence of the work.

Comparison - pictorial technique, based on a comparison of a phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another phenomenon or concept (means of comparison), I aim to highlight some feature of the object of comparison that is especially important in artistic terms:
Full of good before the end of the year,
Like Antonov apples, days.
A.T. Tvardovsky

Versification - the principle of rhythmic organization of poetic speech. Versification can be syllabic, tonic, syllabo-tonic.

Poem - a small work created according to the laws of poetic speech; usually a lyric.

Poetic speech - a special organization of artistic speech, which differs from prose in strict rhythmic organization; measured, rhythmically organized speech. A means of conveying expressive emotions.

Foot - a stable (ordered) connection of a stressed syllable with one or two unstressed ones, which are repeated in each verse. The foot can be two-syllable (iamb U-, trochee -U) and three-syllable (dactyl -UU, amphibrach U-U, anapaest UU-).

Stanza - a group of verses repeated in poetic speech, related in meaning, as well as the arrangement of rhymes; a combination of verses, forming a rhythmic and syntactic whole, united by a certain system of rhyming; additional rhythmic element of the verse. Often has a complete content and syntactic construction. The stanza is separated from one another by an increased interval.

Plot - a system of events in a work of art, presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters of the characters and the attitude of the writer to the depicted life phenomena; subsequence. The course of events that constitutes the content of a work of art; dynamic aspect of a work of art.

T

Tautology - repetition of the same words close in meaning and sound.
All mine, said gold,
All my said damask steel.
A.S. Pushkin.

Subject - the range of phenomena and events that form the basis of the work; object of artistic image; what the author is talking about and what he wants to attract the main attention of readers.

Type - literary hero, embodying certain features of a particular time, social phenomenon, social system or social environment (“superfluous people” - Eugene Onegin, Pechorin, etc.).

Tonic versification - a system of versification, which is based on the equality of stressed syllables in poetry. The length of a line is determined by the number of stressed syllables. The number of unstressed syllables is arbitrary.

The girl sang in the church choir

About all the tired in a foreign land,

About all the ships that have gone to sea,

About all those who have forgotten their joy.

A.A. Blok

Tragedy - a kind of drama that arose from the ancient Greek ritual dithyramb in honor of the patron of viticulture and wine, the god Dionysus, who appeared in the form of a goat, then - like a satyr with horns and a beard.

Tragicomedy - a drama that combines the features of both tragedy and comedy, reflecting the relativity of our definitions of the phenomena of reality.

trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to achieve artistic expressiveness of speech. At the heart of any path is a comparison of objects and phenomena.

At

Default - a figure that provides the listener or reader with the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.
But is it me, is it me, the sovereign's favorite...
But death ... but power ... but the disasters of the people ....
A.S. Pushkin

F

Plot - a series of events that form the basis of a literary work. Often the plot means the same thing as the plot, the differences between them are so arbitrary that a number of literary critics consider the plot what others consider the plot, and vice versa.

The final - part of the composition of the work that ends it. Can sometimes coincide with the denouement. Sometimes there is an epilogue as the finale.

Futurism - artistic movement in the art of the first two decades of the 20th century. The Futurist Manifesto published in 1909 in the Parisian magazine Le Figaro is considered to be the birth of futurism. The theorist and leader of the first group of futurists was the Italian F. Marienetti. The main content of futurism was the extremist revolutionary overthrow of the old world, its aesthetics in particular, up to linguistic norms. Russian futurism opened with I. Severyanin's "Prologue of Egofuturism" and the collection "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste", in which V. Mayakovsky took part.

X

Literary character - a set of features of the image of a character, a literary hero, in which individual characteristics serve as a reflection of the typical, conditioned both by the phenomenon that makes up the content of the work, and by the ideological and aesthetic intention of the author who created this hero. Character is one of the main components of a literary work.

Chorey - two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable.
A storm covers the sky with darkness, -U|-U|-U|-U|
Whirlwinds of snow twisting; -U|-U|-U|-
Like a beast, she will howl, -U|-U|-U|-U|
It will cry like a child... -U|-U|-U|-
A.S. Pushkin

C

Quote - verbatim cited in the work of one author, the statement of another author - as a confirmation of his thought by an authoritative, indisputable statement, or even vice versa - as a formulation that requires refutation, criticism.

E

Aesopian language - various ways to allegorically express this or that thought that cannot be expressed directly, for example, due to censorship.

Exposure - the part of the plot immediately preceding the plot, presenting to the reader the initial information about the circumstances in which the conflict of the literary work arose.

Expression - emphasized expressiveness of something. Unusual artistic means are used to achieve expression.

Elegy - a lyrical poem that conveys deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.

Ellipsis - a stylistic figure, the omission of a word, the meaning of which is easy to recover from the context. The meaningful function of the ellipsis is to create the effect of lyrical "reticence", deliberate negligence, emphasized dynamism of speech.
Beast - lair,
Wanderer - the road
Dead - drogs,
To each his own.
M. Tsvetaeva

Epigram - short poem making fun of a person.

Epigraph - an expression prefixed by the author to his work or part of it. The epigraph usually expresses the essence of the creative intent of the author of the work.

Episode - fragment of the plot of a literary work, describing a certain integral moment of the action that constitutes the content of the work.

Epilogue - the conclusion made by the author after the presentation of the narrative and completion of its denouement - to explain the intention with a message about future fate heroes, asserting the consequences of the phenomenon described in the work.

Epistrophe - a repetition of the same word or expression in a long phrase or period, focusing the reader's attention, in poetry - at the beginning and end of stanzas, as if surrounding them.

I won't tell you anything

I won't disturb you...

A. Fet

Epithet - artistic and figurative definition, emphasizing the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in a given context; is used to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.

I sent you a black rose in a glass

Golden as the sky, Ai...

A.A. Blok

An epithet can be expressed by an adjective, an adverb, a participle, a numeral. Often the epithet is metaphorical. Metaphorical epithets distinguish the properties of an object in a special way: they transfer one of the meanings of a word to another word on the basis that these words have a common feature: sable eyebrows, a warm heart, cheerful wind, i.e. a metaphorical epithet uses the figurative meaning of a word.

Epiphora - a figure opposite to anaphora, the repetition of the same elements at the end of adjacent segments of speech (words, lines, stanzas, phrases):
Baby,
We are all a little horse,
Each of us is a horse in his own way.
V.V.Mayakovsky

Epos - 1. One of the three types of literature, the defining feature of which is the description of certain events, phenomena, characters. 2. This term is often called heroic tales, epics, tales in folk art.

Essay - a literary work of small volume, usually prose, of free composition, conveying individual impressions, judgments, thoughts of the author about a particular problem, topic, about a particular event or phenomenon. It differs from the essay in that in the essay the facts are only an occasion for the author's reflections.

YU

Humor - a kind of comic, in which vices are not ridiculed mercilessly, as in satire, but benevolently emphasize the shortcomings and weaknesses of a person or phenomenon, reminding us that they are often only a continuation or reverse of our virtues.

I

Yamb - two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable.
The abyss has opened, the stars are full of U-|U-|U-|U-|
The stars have no number, the abyss of the bottom. U-|U-|U-|U-|

Theory of Literature. Reading as creativity [textbook] Krementsov Leonid Pavlovich

5. General literary concepts and terms

ADEQUATE - equal, identical.

ALLUSION - the use of a word (combination, phrase, quote, etc.) as a hint that activates the reader's attention and allows you to see the connection of the depicted with some known fact of literary, everyday or socio-political life.

ALMANAC is a non-periodic collection of works selected according to thematic, genre, territorial, etc. features: "Northern Flowers", "Physiology of St. Petersburg", "Day of Poetry", "Tarus Pages", "Prometheus", "Metropol", etc.

"ALTER EGO" - the second "I"; reflection in the literary hero of a part of the author's consciousness.

ANACREONTICA POETRY - poems that glorify the joy of life. Anacreon is an ancient Greek lyricist who wrote love poems, drinking songs, etc. Translations into Russian by G. Derzhavin, K. Batyushkov, A. Delvig, A. Pushkin, and others.

ABSTRACT (lat. "annotatio" - note) - a brief note explaining the content of the book. The abstract is given, as a rule, on the back of the title page of the book, after the bibliographic description of the work.

ANONYMOUS (Greek "anonymos" - nameless) - the author of a published literary work, who did not give his name and did not use a pseudonym. The first edition of Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow was published in 1790 without indicating the author's name on the title page of the book.

ANTI-UTOPIA is a genre of epic work, most often a novel, creating a picture of the life of a society deceived by utopian illusions. - J. Orwell "1984", Evg. Zamyatin "We", O. Huxley "Oh wondrous, new world”, V. Voinovich “Moscow 2042”, etc.

ANTHOLOGY - 1. A collection of selected works by one author or a group of poets of a certain direction and content. - Petersburg in Russian poetry (XVIII - early XX century): Poetic anthology. - L., 1988; Rainbow: Children's anthology / Comp. Sasha Black. - Berlin, 1922 and others; 2. In the XIX century. anthological verses were called poems written in the spirit of ancient lyric poetry: A. Pushkin "Tsarskoye Selo statue", A. Fet "Diana", etc.

Apocrypha (Greek "anokryhos" - secret) - 1. A work with biblical story, the content of which does not quite coincide with the text of the holy books. For example, “Lemonar, that is, Meadow Dukhovny” by A. Remizov and others. 2. An essay attributed with a low degree of certainty to any author. In ancient Russian literature, for example, "Tales of Tsar Constantine", "Tales of Books" and some others were supposed to have been written by Ivan Peresvetov.

ASSOCIATION (literary) is a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a literary work, one representation (image), by similarity or contrast, conjures up another.

ATRIBUTION (lat. "attributio" - attribution) - a textological problem: the establishment of the author of the work as a whole or its parts.

APHORISM - a laconic saying expressing a capacious generalized thought: “I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve” (A. S. Griboyedov).

BALLAD - a lyrical-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the 19th century the ballad was developed in the works of V. Zhukovsky ("Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Song of the Prophetic Oleg"), A. Tolstoy ("Vasily Shibanov"). In the XX century. the ballad was revived in the works of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Yevtushenko and others.

FABLE - epic work allegorical and moralizing character. The narrative in the fable is colored with irony and in the conclusion contains the so-called morality - an instructive conclusion. The fable traces its history back to the legendary ancient Greek poet Aesop (VI-V centuries BC). The greatest masters of the fable were the Frenchman La Fontaine (XVII century), the German Lessing (XVIII century) and our I. Krylov (XVIII-XIX centuries). In the XX century. the fable was presented in the works of D. Bedny, S. Mikhalkov, F. Krivin and others.

BIBLIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary criticism that provides a purposeful systematic description of books and articles under various headings. Reference bibliographic manuals on fiction prepared by N. Rubakin, I. Vladislavlev, K. Muratova, N. Matsuev and others are widely known. about publications of literary texts, and about scientific and critical literature on each of the authors included in this manual. There are other types of bibliographic publications. Such, for example, are the five-volume bibliographic dictionary Russian Writers 1800–1917, The Lexicon of Russian Literature of the 20th Century, compiled by V. Kazak, or Russian Writers of the 20th Century. and etc.

Operational information about novelties is provided by a special monthly bulletin "Literary Studies", published by the Institute of Scientific Information RAI. New items in fiction, scientific and critical literature are also systematically reported by the newspaper Knizhnoye Obozreniye, the journals Voprosy Literature, Russkaya Literature, Literary Review, New Literary Review, and others.

BUFF (Italian “buffo” - buffoon) is a comic, mainly circus genre.

WREATH OF SONNETS - a poem of 15 sonnets, forming a kind of chain: each of the 14 sonnets begins with the last line of the previous one. The fifteenth sonnet consists of these fourteen repeated lines and is called the "key" or "pipeline." A wreath of sonnets is presented in the works of V. Bryusov (“The Lamp of Thought”), M. Voloshin (“Sogopa astralis”), Vyach. Ivanov ("A wreath of sonnets"). It also occurs in modern poetry.

VAUDEVILLE is a type of sitcom. A light entertaining play of domestic content, built on an entertaining, most often, love affair with music, songs, and dances. Vaudeville is represented in the works of D. Lensky, N. Nekrasov, V. Sologub, A. Chekhov, V. Kataev and others.

VOLYAPYUK (Volapyuk) - 1. An artificial language that was tried to be used as an international one; 2. Gibberish, meaningless set of words, abracadabra.

DEMIURG - creator, creator.

DETERMINISM is a materialistic philosophical concept about objective patterns and cause-and-effect relationships of all phenomena of nature and society.

DRAMA - 1. A kind of art that has a synthetic character (a combination of lyrical and epic principles) and belongs equally to literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Drama itself is a type of literary work depicting acutely conflicting relations between a person and society. - A. Chekhov "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya", M. Gorky "At the Bottom", "Children of the Sun", etc.

DUMA - 1. Ukrainian folk song or a poem on a historical theme; 2. Genre of lyrics; poems of a meditative nature, devoted to philosophical and social problems. - See “Thoughts” by K. Ryleev, A. Koltsov, M. Lermontov.

SPIRITUAL POETRY - poetic works of various types and genres containing religious motifs: Yu. Kublanovskiy, S. Averintsev, 3. Mirkina, etc.

GENRE - a type of literary work, the features of which, although historically developed, are in the process of constant change. The concept of genre is used at three levels: generic - the genre of epic, lyric or drama; specific - the genre of the novel, elegy, comedy; genre proper - a historical novel, a philosophical elegy, a comedy of manners, etc.

idyll - a kind of lyrical or lyrical poetry. In an idyll, as a rule, a peaceful serene life people in the bosom of beautiful nature. - Antique idylls, as well as Russian idylls of the 18th - early 19th centuries. A. Sumarokov, V. Zhukovsky, N. Gnedich and others.

HIERARCHY - the arrangement of elements or parts of the whole according to the sign from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.

INVECTIVE - An angry denunciation.

HYPOSTASIS (Greek “hipostasis” – face, essence) – 1. The name of each person of the Holy Trinity: One God appears in three hypostases – God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit; 2. Two or more sides of one phenomenon or object.

HISTORIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary criticism that studies the history of its development.

HISTORY OF LITERATURE - a section of literary criticism that studies the features of the development of the literary process and determines the place literary direction, writer, literary work in this process.

TRAFFIC - a copy, an exact translation from one language into another.

CANONICAL TEXT (corresponds to the Greek "kapop" - rule) - is established in the process of textual verification of publishing and manuscript versions of the work and meets the last "author's will".

CANZONA - a kind of lyrics, mainly love. The heyday of the canzona is the Middle Ages (the work of the troubadours). Rarely found in Russian poetry (V. Bryusov "To the Lady").

CATARSIS is the purification of the soul of the viewer or reader, experienced by him in the process of empathy with literary characters. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the goal of tragedy, ennobling the viewer and reader.

COMEDY is one of the types of literary creativity belonging to the dramatic genus. Action and characters In comedy, the goal is to ridicule the ugly in life. Comedy originated in ancient literature and is actively developing up to our time. Comedies of positions and comedies of characters differ. From here genre diversity comedies: social, psychological, everyday, satirical.

COMMENTS - notes, interpretation; explanatory notes to the text of a work of art. Comments may be of a biographical, historical-literary, textual, etc. nature.

CONTAMINATION (lat. "contaminatio" - mixing) - 1. The formation of a word or expression by combining parts of words or expressions that are associated associatively; 2. Combining texts from different editions of one work.

CONTEXT (lat. "contextus" - connection, connection) - 1. A semantic passage of a text in which the word acquires the meaning necessary for the author. Taken out of context, it may have a different meaning; 2. The amount of information necessary to understand the meaning of the work in the historical and aesthetic circumstances of its appearance and functioning.

CONJUNCTURE (lat. "conjungere" - to connect, connect) - a set of conditions that affect the development of the situation and are considered in their relationship.

LITERARY CRITICISM is a type of fiction, the art of analyzing both individual works of art and the entire work of the Writer in order to interpret and evaluate them in connection with modern problems of life and literature. It is carried out in the process of co-creation.

LYRICS is a kind of literature that recreates the subjective experiences of the author and character, their relationship to the depicted. The speech form of lyrics is usually an internal monologue, mainly in verse. The types of lyrics are sonnet, ode, elegy, song, epigram, etc., genres - civil, love, landscape, philosophical, etc.

LYRICAL-EPIC TYPES - a ballad, a poem, a novel in verse combine the features of the image of reality inherent in the epic and lyrics, and represent their organic, qualitatively new unity:

LITERARY STUDIES - a cycle of scientific disciplines that study the essence, specifics, functions of fiction, features of literary works; regularities of the literary process, etc.

MADRIGAL - a kind of lyrics; a small poem of complimentary content, usually addressed to a woman. Being a kind of salon, album poetry, the madrigal has not been widely used lately.

MEDITATIVE LYRICS is a genre containing philosophical reflections on the main problems of being:

We can't predict

How our word will respond

And sympathy is given to us,

How grace is given to us.

F. Tyutchev

MELODRAMA - a genre of drama, devoted mainly to love themes and characterized by intense intrigue, sentimentality, and instructive intonation.

MEMOIRS (Memoirs) - autobiographical works about persons and events in which the author was a participant or witness. - “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum, written by himself”, “People, Years, Life” by I. Ehrenburg, “Epilogue” by V. Kaverin, etc.

METHOD (Greek "meta" - through; "hodos" - the path; literally "the path through the material") - 1. A way of knowing, researching, depicting life; 2. Reception, principle.

METHODOLOGY OF LITERATURE - studies a set of methods and techniques for the most appropriate teaching of literature at school, gymnasium, lyceum, university, etc.

METHODOLOGY - a set of research methods and techniques.

MYTH (Greek "mithos" - word, legend) - legends about the structure of the world, natural phenomena, about gods and heroes. Such are the myths Ancient Greece. Myths can be reinterpreted in a peculiar way in literary creativity, performing various functions at different stages of the literary process.

NOVELLA (Italian “novella” - news) is a prose (less often poetic) epic genre with a sharp plot, concise narration and an unexpected ending. - Novels by Maupassant, O. Henry, A. Chekhov, L. Andreev, I. Bunin, V. Shukshin, Yu. Kazakov and others.

ODA - a kind of lyrics; a work of a solemn, pathetic nature, containing praise to a person or event. The subject of the image of the ode is the sublime in human life. In Russian literature, the ode appeared in XVIII V. (In: Trediakovsky, M. Lomonosov, V. Maikov, G. Derzhavin and others), in the 19th century. the ode acquires a civil character (A. Pushkin "Liberty").

ESSAY - a type of epic work, belonging mainly to journalism. The essay is distinguished by the reliability of the depiction of real life facts and mainly touches on topical social problems. – Essays G. Uspensky, V. Ovechkin, Yu. Chernichenko and others.

PAMFLET - a genre of journalism, a revealing polemical work of socio-political content: M. Gorky "City of the Yellow Devil", "Beautiful France", etc.

PARODY - a comic reproduction of the features of the content and form of the work or the work of the artist as a whole. Parody can be an independent work or part of a major work - "Gargantua and Pantagruel" by F. Rabelais, "History of a City" by M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, "New Moscow Philosophy" by V. Pietsukh, etc. The goals of parody are different. It can act as a form of criticism, ridicule of some stylistic or thematic predilections of the author, inconsistency between content and form - burlesque, travesty - use the comic effect that arises from moving the hero of some famous literary work to other spatio-temporal coordinates. Such is the parody of E. Khazin:

Our Eugene gets on the tram.

Oh poor dear man!

I did not know such movements

His unenlightened age.

The fate of Eugene kept,

He only crushed his leg,

And only once, pushing in the stomach,

They told him: "Idiot!"

He, remembering the ancient orders,

I decided to end the dispute with a duel,

I reached into my pocket ... But someone stole

It has long been his gloves.

In the absence of such

Onegin was silent and fell silent.

High examples of various parodies can be found in the book Parnassus on End (M., 1990).

PAPHOS (Greek "pathos" - feeling, passion) - the emotional coloring of a literary work, its spiritual content, purposefulness. Types of pathos: heroic, tragic, romantic, etc.

CHARACTER (lat. "persona" - personality) - a character in a work of art.

PERSONIFICATION - the attribution of thoughts, feelings of a character or author to another person.

SONG - 1. Type of lyrical kind; a short poem, usually with a quatrain stanza and refrain; 2. A special kind of creativity created by the efforts of a poet, composer, singer. Type of song - author's song: V. Vysotsky, A. Galich, Yu. Vizbor, etc.

Plagiarism is literary theft.

STORY - a type of epic work in which the narrative principle prevails. The story reveals the life of the protagonist within a few episodes. The author of the story values ​​the authenticity of what is described and inspires the reader with the idea of ​​its reality. (A. Pushkin "Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin", I. Turgenev "Spring Waters", A. Chekhov "The Steppe", etc.).

SUBTEXT - the inner, not verbally expressed meaning of the text. The subtext is hidden and can be restored by the reader, taking into account the specific historical situation. Most often present in psychological genres.

MESSAGE - a kind of lyrics; a poem in the form of a letter or an appeal to some person or group of people: A. Pushkin “In the depths of Siberian ores”, F. Tyutchev “K.B. (“I met you ...”)”, S. Yesenin “Letter to mother”, etc.

POETRY -1. Art of the word; 2. Fiction in poetic form.

A POEM is a kind of lyrical-epic work, “grasping life in the highest moments” (V. G. Belinsky) with a laconic plot. The genres of the poem are heroic and satirical, romantic and realistic, etc. In the XX century. in Russian literature, poems of an unusual, non-traditional form appear - A. Akhmatova "A Poem without a Hero".

POETICS - 1. The general name of aesthetic treatises devoted to the study of the specifics of literary creativity ("Poetics" by Aristotle, "Poetic Art" by Boileau, etc.) and serving as an instruction for beginning writers; 2. The system of artistic means or techniques (artistic method, genres, plot, composition, verse, language, etc.) used by the writer to create artistic world in a single work or in the work as a whole.

PRETENTION - mannerism, deliberateness; desire to impress.

A PARABLE (one of the meanings) is a genre of a story containing teaching in an allegorical, allegorical form. Parables are possible in verse (parables by A. Sumarokov and others).

PSEUDONYM - a fictitious signature hiding the name of the writer: Sasha Cherny - A. M. Glikberg; Maxim Gorky - A. M. Peshkov, etc.; or a group of writers, such is the collective pseudonym Kozma Prutkov, under which A.K. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers - Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Mikhailovich were hiding.

PUBLICITY (lat. "publicus" - public) - a type of literature; a journalistic work is created at the intersection of fiction and journalism and considers the current problems of society - political, economic, etc. In a journalistic work, the artistic image performs an auxiliary illustrative function and serves to understand the reader main idea author: L. N. Tolstoy “I can’t be silent”, M. Gorky “Untimely thoughts”, etc.

PLAY - common name dramatic works.

STORY - a type of epic; a work of small volume, containing a description of some brief episode from the personal life of the hero (or narrator), which, as a rule, has universal significance. The story is characterized by the presence of one storyline and a small amount actors. A variation is a mood story that conveys a certain state of mind (in this case, events do not play a significant role).

REMINISCENCE - a special kind of association that arises from the reader's personal feelings, forcing him to remember a similar image or picture.

RECIPIENT (lat. "recipientis" - receiving) - a person who perceives art.

GENUS LITERARY - a type of literary works. The division of works by genre is based on the purpose and method of their creation: an objective narration of events (see. epic); a subjective story about the inner world of a person (cf. Lyrics); a way that combines the objective and subjective display of Reality, the dialogical depiction of events (see. Drama).

ROMAN - a type of epic; a work based on a comprehensive analysis of a person's private life throughout its entire length and in numerous connections with the surrounding reality. Mandatory features of the novel are the presence of several parallel storylines and polyphony. The genres of the novel are - social, philosophical, psychological, fantastic, detective, etc.

NOVEL IN POETRY - a lyrical-epic type of literary creativity; a form that combines the epic scale of the depiction of reality with the lyrical self-expression of the author. - A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", B. Pasternak "Spektorsky".

ROMANCE - a short lyrical poem, either set to music, or designed for such an arrangement. Romance has a long history. Its history is rooted in late Middle Ages and Revival. Time of greatest popularity: the end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century. Among the masters of the romance are V. Zhukovsky, A. Pushkin, Evg. Baratynsky and others:

Don't say love will pass

Your friend wants to forget about that;

In her he hopes for eternity,

He sacrifices happiness to her.

Why extinguish my soul

Barely flashed desires?

For a moment, let me without grumbling

Surrender to your tenderness.

Why suffer? What's in my love

Inherited from the cruel skies

Without bitter tears, without deep wounds,

Without tiring melancholy?

Love's days are short,

But I do not see her cold;

I will die with her, like a sad sound

A suddenly broken string.

A. Delvig

SAGA - 1. View of the Old Irish and Old Norse epic; 2. Narrative epic - "The Forsyte Saga" by D. Galsworthy.

SATIRE - 1. A peculiar way of depicting reality, with the goal of discovering, punishing and ridiculing the vices, shortcomings, flaws of society and the individual. This goal is achieved, as a rule, by exaggeration, grotesque, caricature, absurdity. Genres of satire - fable, comedy, satirical novel, epigram, pamphlet, etc.; 2. Genre of lyrics; a work containing a denunciation of some person or vice. - K. Ryleev "To the temporary worker."

Servile - obsequious, obsequious.

SKAZ - a way of narration, focused on the monologue of the character-narrator. It is mostly conducted in the first person. The work can either be built entirely on a tale (“Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” by N. Gogol, some stories by N. Leskov, M. Zoshchenko), or include it as a separate part of it.

STANCES - in Russian poetry of the XVIII-XIX centuries. a short meditative poem. The stanza is usually a quatrain, the size is most often iambic tetrameter (A. Pushkin. Stanzas (“In the hope of glory and goodness ...”); M. Lermontov. Stanzas (“Instantly running through the mind ...”), etc.).

A TAUTOGRAM is a poem in which all words begin with the same sound. The tautogram is sometimes called poetry "with alliteration taken to the extreme" (N. Shulgovsky):

Lazy years are easy to caress

I love purple meadows

I love left-handed jubilation

I catch fragile legends.

Radiant flax lovingly sculpts

Azure caressing forests.

I love crafty lily babble,

Flying incense petals.

V. Smirensky

TANKA is a genre of Japanese poetry; a five line stanza of a meditative nature using blank verse:

Oh don't forget

Like in my garden

You broke a white azalea branch...

A little light

Thin crescent moon.

TEXTOLOGY - a section of literary criticism; scientific discipline that deals with the study artistic text by comparing different versions of the work.

THEORY OF LITERATURE - a branch of literary criticism that studies the types, forms and laws of artistic creation, its social functions. The theory of literature has three main objects of study: the nature of fiction, the literary work, and the literary process. Literary theory defines the methodology and methodology for the analysis of literary works.

LITERARY TYPE - an artistic embodiment of the characteristic stable features of a person at a specific historical stage in the development of society. The literary type is psychologically motivated and conditioned by the socio-historical situation. V. Belinsky called literary type"a familiar stranger", meaning the embodiment of the general in the individual.

TRAGEDY is a type of drama. The tragedy is based on an unresolvable conflict, ending in the death of the hero. the main objective tragedy consists, according to Aristotle, in catharsis, in the purification of the soul of the spectator-reader through compassion for the hero, who is a toy in the hands of Fate. - ancient tragedies Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides; tragedies by W. Shakespeare, P. Corneille, J.-B. Racine, F. Schiller, etc. In Russian literature, tragedy is a rare genre that existed mainly in the 18th century. in the work of M. Kheraskov, A. Sumarokov and others.

UNIQUE - unique, one of a kind, exceptional.

UTOPIA is a genre of fantasy containing a description of an ideal social structure: "City of the Sun" by T. Campanella, "Red Star" by A. Bogdanov, etc.

FARS is a light comedy, a vaudeville of rough content.

FEULETON - journalistic genre; a small work on a current topic, usually of a satirical nature, usually published in newspapers and magazines.

PHILOLOGY (Greek "phileo" - love; "logos" - word) - a set of humanities that study written texts and, based on their analysis, the history and essence of the spiritual culture of society. Philology includes literary criticism and linguistics in their modern and historical aspects.

FANTASY is a genre of non-science fiction that traces its lineage back to various kinds myth-making, legends, fairy tales, utopias. Fantasy, as a rule, is built on antithesis: good and evil, order and chaos, harmony and dissonance; the hero embarks on a journey, fighting for truth and justice. JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954) is recognized as a fantasy classic. Such masters of fantasy as Ursula K. Le Guin, M. Moorcock, R. Zelazny are widely known. In Russian literature, the genre is represented in the works of M. Semenova, N. Perumov.

HOKKU is a genre of Japanese poetry; a lyrical poem of one three lines (17 syllables) without rhyme.

From branch to branch

Quietly run drops ...

Spring rain.

On a bare branch

Raven sits alone.

Autumn evening.

ARTISTIC METHOD - 1. The general principles of working on the text, based on which the writer organizes his creative process. The constituent elements of the artistic method are: the writer's worldview; depicted reality; writer's talent 2. The principle of artistic representation of reality in art. At a specific historical stage, the artistic method appears as a literary trend and can represent the features of three different options: realistic, romantic and modernist.

AESOP LANGUAGE is a way of expressing thoughts through allegories, allusions, omissions. The traditions of the Aesopian language were laid down in the work of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop. In literature, it was most often used during the years of censorship persecution.

ELEGY - a short poem, colored with sad reflections, longing, sorrow:

The storm of the people is still silent,

The Russian mind is still bound.

And oppressed freedom

Conceals impulses of bold thoughts.

Oh, long age-old chains

They will not fall from the ramen of the homeland,

Centuries pass ominously, -

And Russia will not wake up!

N. Languages

EPATAGE is a scandalous trick, a challenge to generally accepted norms.

EPIGON - a follower of any direction, devoid of originality, the ability to think and write independently, in an original way; imitator, rehashing the motives of the master.

EPIGRAM (literally from Greek "inscription") - a small poem of ironic content. E. Baratynsky wrote:

finished flyer,

Epigram - laughter

Egoza epigram,

Rubs, winds among the people,

And envy only a freak,

Together, grab your eyes.

A characteristic feature of the epigram should be brevity, accuracy, wit:

Viktor Shklovsky about Tolstoy

Wrote a solid volume.

It's good that this volume

Not published under Tolstoy.

A. Ivanov

EPISTOLAR FORM OF LITERATURE (Greek "epistola" - letter, message) - is used both in documentary and journalistic and artistic genres (A. Pushkin "The Novel in Letters"; N. Gogol "Selected passages from correspondence with friends"; F Dostoevsky "Poor people", I. Bunin "Unknown friend", V. Kaverin "In front of the mirror", etc.).

EPITALAM - a genre of ancient lyrics; wedding song with wishes for the newlyweds. It is rare in the poetry of modern times - V. Trediakovsky, I. Severyanin.

EPITAPHI - a tombstone inscription, sometimes in verse:

EPIC - a type of epic; a work of great volume, reflecting the central problems of the life of the people, depicting the main strata of society in detail, down to the details of everyday life. The epic describes both the turning points in the life of the nation, and the little things of the daily existence of the characters. - O. Balzac "The Human Comedy", L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", etc.

EPOS - 1. Type of art; a way of depicting reality is an objective display by the artist of the world around him and the people in it. The epic presupposes the presence of a narrative beginning; 2. Type of folk art; a large-scale work containing myths, legends, tales: the ancient Indian epic Ramayana, the Finnish Kalevala, the Indian Song of Hiawatha, etc.