Types and genres of folk art culture. Genres of musical folklore: what they are and what they are

Types and genres of amateur folk art. Their characteristics. Specific features.

The life of a modern person is multifaceted and varied in its manifestations. How a person rests largely determines his well-being, health and, ultimately, his performance. The high rhythm of life, the flow of impressions and various information have a direct impact on the nature of rest, the way of using free time, on the tastes and needs of people, their aesthetic needs. That is why amateur art takes an essential place among the important elements of leisure. There is always a place for this kind of occupation in schools, secondary and higher educational institutions, in enterprises, in Palaces and Houses of Culture, in village clubs etc.

The need for communication, self-expression, the desire to participate in public life, the desire to join art, encourages many people of different ages to participate in amateur performances. Amateur creativity is diverse, everyone can choose the kind that he likes. Some are close to mobile and energetic classes in a dance group, others - a calm and unhurried creation of objects of decorative and applied art.

The main task of amateur performance is to develop social activity and creative potential of the individual, organization various forms leisure and recreation, creating conditions for full self-realization in the field of leisure.

Team amateur performances- a creative association of lovers of one of the types of art, working on a voluntary basis at clubs or other cultural institutions. Collective amateur performance has a number of features. This is the presence of a single goal, leaders, self-government bodies, as well as a combination of public and personal aspirations and interests of members of an amateur team.

Essential signs of amateur creativity: voluntary participation in an amateur team, initiative and activity of amateur participants, spiritual motivation of participants in amateur teams, the functioning of amateur performances in the field of free time. Specific signs of amateur creativity: organization, lack of special preparation for activity among amateur participants, a lower level of activity than professional collectives, gratuitousness, etc.

It can be seen that amateur performances repeat the types and genres that exist in professional art. This feature allows you to creatively borrow the methods of work and the educational process, and to a certain extent, the repertoire of professional performers and collectives. The stages in the approach of amateur art to professional art can be different.

If professional art can be called work, then amateur performance is gratuitous. People are attracted not by the material benefit from engaging in this or that type of creativity, but by participation itself, the pleasure received from creative process.

Amateur activities on own initiative... It contributes to the formation of an independently creative personality. Creativity is not conceivable without amateur performance. It allows you to know yourself, develop your abilities. An amateur art group is a voluntary association of amateurs (music, choreography, theater, etc.) based on a community of interests and joint creative activity, contributing to the development of the talent of its participants.

Participation in collectives of amateur performances, implementation in their free time from work, study. She is an active form of social activity.

Amateur art activities are recognized to contribute to:

Expansion of the horizons of the participants, the formation of moral qualities and aesthetic taste.

Contribute further development mass artistic creation, wide involvement of new participants in it.

Culture serves the population.

Promote reasonable, full-fledged leisure, organization of their recreation.

Today, amateur and technical creativity has a varied content and covers all types and genres:

Vocal performances (choral, solo singing).

Amateur music (orchestras, ensembles, etc.).

Theatrical amateur performances (folk theaters).

Choreographic amateur performances.

Fine art (painting, applied arts).

Amateur cinema.

Amateur photography.

The highest form of manifestation of amateur performances is the title of "people's collective" and "exemplary".

Folk music genres are several main types musical works that were created unknown authors and subsequently preserved by the people through oral transmission from one generation to another.

To understand this topic, you first need to find out what the concepts of "genre" and "folklore" mean. Folklore (translated from English as "folk wisdom") includes not only musical creativity, but also other manifestations of culture. These are fairy tales and legends, conspiracies and spells, proverbs and sayings, dances, fortune-telling and omens, various rituals (festive and religious), as well as games, counting rhymes and even anecdotes.

Genre is a historically formed types of works with some peculiarities of form and content, with peculiarities of performance and a certain life purpose. Symphony, ballet, opera, romance, song are all examples of musical genres.

Genres of musical folklore

Their number is extremely high. Therefore, they are divided into vocal (songs), instrumental (tunes) and, of course, vocal and instrumental. In addition, most musical genres can be divided into three categories of content - epic (story), lyrics (emphasis on feelings), and drama (action).

Special attention should be paid to the genres of Russian song folklore. Each new type dance or song is a specific genre. For example, a round dance, an epic, a trepak, a freckle, a lullaby, a ditty, a carol, etc.

The main genre of Russian folk music is song. There are a lot of songs and they are all varied. Therefore, there is a huge number of genre varieties of Russian songs. The easiest way to memorize them is by the event that they accompanied. So, Russian songs are:

1. calendar-related (meeting spring, spell, summer and early spring Trinity round dances, haymaking songs, carols, Maslenitsa songs);
2. related to events in people's lives (birth or death, baptismal songs, children's round dances, lullabies, wedding songs, spiritual verses);
3. lyric (songs about love, cants and urban suffering;
4. festive and everyday (songs of soldiers and students, burlak, peasant songs, comic songs and farce, ditties).

To get acquainted with examples of old Russian folk music, you can listen to the cants "Oh, the wondrous island of Valaam", "The storm spreads the sea", "Peace to the Protector" and other works.

Instructions

Initially, folk art was not subdivided into types. In folk festivals and rituals, poetry, music and singing, dance, theatrical and decorative, merged together. Splitting into certain types and genres happened gradually.

Poetic creativity arose almost simultaneously with the process of the formation of human speech. It was originally oral. Following the written language, literature appeared, which at an early stage was closely associated with the traditions of oral folk art. V oldest period there were legends and myths, labor and ritual songs, conspiracies. Later, fairy tales appeared and, then - extra-ritual lyric poetry, romance, ditties and other small lyric genres.

folk music It also existed mainly in a non-written form and was transmitted thanks to talented folk performers. The main genres of folk music are songs, epics (which were also sung in a chant), dance melodies, instrumental pieces and tunes. Music sounded throughout a person's life: during calendar holidays, field work, family and household celebrations and ceremonies.

The folk theater existed in close connection with oral folk art. Its origins should be sought in ancient times, primarily in the ritual games that accompanied the holidays of hunters and farmers. In addition, elements of theatricalization were present in calendar and family and household holidays and rituals. Later, on their basis, the folk theater began to develop, the main types of which can be distinguished as the theater of a living actor and puppet theater. Although the folk theater was not professional, all countries of the world had their own specialists in the field of theatrical affairs, for example, Russian buffoons.

One of the most ancient types of folk art is folk dance. The appearance of round dances was associated with calendar rituals. Gradually, moving away from ritual actions, the round dances were filled with new everyday content. Today the most widespread form of folk choreography is folk stage dance performed by professional and amateur choreographic groups.

People's wooden architecture and arts and crafts include residential buildings, clothing, household items and toys. The most common artistic and technological processes in folk art include: artistic processing of clay, carving and painting on wood, spinning, weaving, embroidery, lace-making, artistic varnishes, etc. Today they continue their development in the works of folk crafts.

Principles of genre classification

Creativity is a productive human activity aimed at creating cultural material and spiritual values. Forms and genres are determined by the product of this activity. By technology, creativity is divided into forms: Oral creativity, musical, arts and crafts.

Folklore

Transmitted by story, oral speech (word of mouth) first began to be recorded in Europe in the 18th century. The term "folklore" was coined by archaeologist William Thoms in 1846.

Folklore is folk art, most often oral, it is the artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting its life, views and ideals. In 1815 Makarov published fairy tales in which Baba Yaga was the hero. Oral folk art is divided into large and small genres.

Big genres

Fairy tale(distinguish heroic, satirical, anedoctic, fables, legendary, etc.)

Folk tale- this is epic genre oral folk art, prosaic oral story about fictional characters, events in folklore different nations.

A literary tale is an epic genre focused on fictional works, belongs to a specific author, which did not exist before publication in oral folk form.

Animal tales - "The Wolf and the Seven Kids" and others; Fairy tales go into mythology, a person animates natural phenomena, ascribes magical properties, fairy tales are of the same type in their structure, they consist of elements of a composition, a plot in which a story about all the reasons that gave rise to the prohibition and violation of the prohibition by any actions. The very plot where the hero discovers some kind of loss or shortage, the development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing, the climax, where the hero fights and always wins. The denouement where the hero overcomes everything and wins Characters fairy tales(pest, donor, helper, princess or her father, hero, sender, false hero) - "Princess Frog"; short stories - "The Night Before Christmas"; anecdotal tale; fables - built on absurdity. Realistic or everyday fairy tales are real characters with a real everyday plot. All fairy tales are similar to each other, the heroes are usually the prince or the youngest of 3 sons, the villain, the pop, the landowner, the gentlemen, the rich, the plots are usually optimistic because the main character defeats the opponent. Views everyday fairy tales

Social topics

Fairy tales exposing people. vices (the tale of a seasoned soldier, grumpy woman)

Heroic epic- necessarily glorified heroic events, there must be a main character, most often carries collective image... Songs, legends, narrative legends are works about own life heroes.

Legends - oral prosaic stories about the facts of the distant past passed from mouth to mouth based on real facts (historical, genealogical) "The Tale of Time Years"
Epics are a narrative, song genre, folklore about the exploits of the heroes of the distant past with a focus on authenticity. The epic is perceived as an ancient tradition, serious and poetic. Buslaev collected epics from the north and south of Russia,

Heroes: "Dzhangar" (Kalmyk), Ural-Batyr Akbuzat - (Bashkir), the legend of mama's slaughter(Battle of Kulikovo in 1380) Life of A. Nevsky (O Lake Chud)

Legends- these are not real historical facts, but fiction that presents the story as in real events, they very often mix Christian and pagan concepts

Bylichki Oral short stories about the collisions of a person with evil spirits (house spirits, devils), they often talk about what happened to the narrator or people he knew well. Peculiarity this genre in an archaic reflection of the worldview of the people that connects with life experience ethical and aesthetic standards

Small genres

Songs, ditties, riddles, proverbs, tongue twisters, sayings, signs

A proverb is a short parable, a judgment, a sentence, a proverb expressed by the offended and perfected by the people were not composed, but were the result of circumstances such as a cry or an exclamation that involuntarily broke from the soul. According to the definition of P.L. Permyakov. proverbs are cliché sentences that are constituent and some constant utterances. And therefore, not changeable and not supplemented in speech, i.e. closed.

AA. Potebnya divided proverbs into figurative (plot) “The world is not without kind people"," Evil cries for joy, good for sorrow "and unaware (sayings of moral content)" Trust in God, but do not make a mistake yourself "

A proverb is a devious expression, a figurative speech, a simple allegory without a parable, without judgment. A proverb can only replace direct speech, sometimes it does not name things, but conventionally it very vividly hints outside the speech context “Gold glitters in the mud”. The main feature of sayings is that all texts figuratively evaluate individual circumstances and these circumstances do not bear any regularity.

The proverb is very close to the verdict and refers to the place that the inhabitants scold, tease or celebrate with this word. It can be composed of a short word.

Tongue twister - they are composed for exercise in a quick and clear pronunciation, sounds that make it difficult to speak quickly collide in it. It serves for the development of speech, eliminates speech defects (folk speech therapy)

Jokes, gibberish, idle talk, as a rule, they are used to say to the topic or not to the topic, this used to be famous for the coachmen.

Riddles are different sayings, proverbs and parables, the main task which test the ingenuity of the interlocutor. Riddles were used in ancient times, at the origins of the riddle lies a metaphor, one can distinguish the classification of riddles

Direct with the help of direct and indirect traits or not make an idea of ​​an object or phenomenon

(Does not bark, does not bite, but does not let it into the house)

Trompe l'oeil riddles imply one solution, but behind a play on words or other deceptive trick lies a completely different one.

Mathematical riddles - with the help of calculations, but often means using logical and figurative thinking, mathematics turns into folk speech.

Riddles on creative thinking- they are usually solved if you include the decision plane factors that may be implied due to ambiguous interpretations of the words that are used in the riddle.

A sign is a statement in which the connection between two phenomena of the natural world, or events in environment and human life(superstitious, observation, joking)

Anecdote - short story about a fictional event with a zealous social and political content with a joking or satirical definition. The term appeared in the 19th century.

Tales are satirical tales that borrowed a lot from humor, especially from anecdotes - they are concise, concentrated dynamic, pointed composition, parody.

Chastooshkas are a genre of lyrical non-ritual poetry, a humorous song miniature. Rosset G. - oral genre folklore on a topical theme with the utmost compactness and fragmentation, this quatrain with a pronounced rhythm arose in the middle of the 19th century at the intersection of two cultures of city and village through the fusion of folklore and tradition.

Musical creativity – songwriting can be divided into Historical song(Cossack); War song (soldier's, recruiting, Cossack's); Love-lyric (songs about loneliness Kalina, round dance - Birch, purity, virginity - Trinity); Family song lyric song; Cruel romance(late 19th - early 20th century.) The village often leaves for the city, the hardening of the soul occurs.

Folk dance

Folk instruments are divided into four types; Winds (flute, pipe, bagpipes, horns, etc.); Plucked (harp, balalaika, domra, lyre, lute: Keyboards (organ, harpsichord, clavecord); Percussion (spoons, tambourine, ratchets)

According to the economic and cultural type, the Steppe - skin, horsehair, bladder Horns and veins of an animal; Forest - wood (balalaika, spoons, gusli, dombra) Clay - whistles

Decorative and applied arts (folk architecture, folk costume, folk utensils, toys, ritual dolls

Variety of materials of manufacture (Bone, wood, metal)

Epochs, people, their cultures are unique. Each of them has its own character, its own unique features.
The remoteness of ancient civilizations in time does not allow us to accurately recreate their appearance. But folk culture helps us to feel the breath of the life of our ancestors, folk traditions expressed in material and spiritual monuments.
“… Ancient civilizations are not extinct worlds, the light from them is still coming to us. Their achievements are part of modern culture.
We turn to them not only for the aesthetic enjoyment of the masterpieces of literature and art. The lessons of the past are called upon to serve the noble goals of our time - mutual understanding and mutual enrichment of peoples and awareness of themselves as heirs of the common wealth accumulated by previous generations ".
(L.N.Bogolyubov)
5.1 Definition of folk art

Folk art - folk art, folklore, artistic creative activity of the people; poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, fine and decorative-applied arts created by the people and existing among the masses.
In collective artistic creation, the people reflect their labor activity, social and everyday life, knowledge of life and nature, culture and beliefs.
In folk art, which has developed in the course of social labor practice, the views, ideals and aspirations of the people, their poetic fantasy, are embodied, richest world thoughts, feelings, experiences, dreams of justice and happiness. Having absorbed the centuries-old experience of the people, folk art is distinguished by the depth of the artistic assimilation of reality, the truthfulness of the images, the power of creative generalization.
The richest images, themes, motives, forms of folk art arise in the complex unity of individual (although, as a rule, anonymous) creativity and collective artistic consciousness.
For centuries, people have been selecting, improving and enriching the solutions found by individual craftsmen. The collective nature of folk art, which constitutes its permanent basis and undying tradition, manifests itself in the course of the entire process of formation of works or their types. This process, which includes improvisation, its consolidation by tradition, subsequent improvement, enrichment and sometimes renewal of the tradition, turns out to be extremely lengthy in time.
For all genres of folk art, it is characteristic that the creators of a work are at the same time its performers, and the performance, in turn, can be the creation of options that enrich the tradition.
Also important is the closest contact of performers with people who perceive art, who themselves can act as participants in the creative process.
It should also be noted the long-lasting indivisibility, the highly artistic unity of various genres. In folk ritual actions, poetry, music, dance, theater merged, decorative arts; in the people's dwelling, architecture, carving, painting, ceramics, embroidery created an inseparable whole; folk poetry is closely related to music and its rhythm, musicality and character is associated with poetry, labor movements, dances. The works and skills of folk culture are passed down from generation to generation.

5.2 Folk art (folklore)
Folklore - oral folk art, including:

· fairy tales,

· Proverbs and sayings,

· lullabies

· riddles,

· nursery rhymes, etc.

Word "folklore" literally translated from English means folk wisdom.
Folklore is poetry created by the people and prevalent among the masses., in which he reflects his labor activity, social and everyday life, knowledge of life, nature, cults and beliefs.
The folklore embodies the views, ideals and aspirations of the people, their poetic fantasy, the richest world of thoughts, feelings, experiences, protest against exploitation and oppression, dreams of justice and happiness. This is an oral, verbal artistic creation that arose in the process of the formation of human speech.
M. Gorky said: “... The beginning of the art of words is in folklore ”.
In a pre-class society, folklore is closely related to other types of human activity, reflecting the rudiments of his knowledge and religious and mythological ideas.
In the process of development of society, different kinds and forms of oral verbal creativity... Some genres and types of folklore have lived a long life. Their originality can be traced only on the basis of indirect evidence: in the texts of a later time that have preserved archaic features content and poetic structure, and on ethnographic information about peoples at pre-class levels historical development.
Authentic texts of folk poetry are known only from the 18th century and later. Very few records survived in the 17th century. The question of the origin of many works of folk poetry is much more complicated than literary works. Not only the name and biography of the author - the creator of this or that text, are unknown, but the social environment in which the fairy tale, epic, song, time and place of their addition took shape are also unknown. About ideological concept the author can only be judged by the surviving text, moreover, often written down many years later.
That is why acquaintance with folklore works introduces children to artistic heritage their national culture.
Work of folk poetry affects the imagination, evokes a spiritual response, awakens a sense of involvement in what is happening. The situation described is created in the child's imagination. through the artistic word.
We live in an interesting and difficult time, when we begin to look at many things differently, we rediscover and reevaluate many things - first of all, this refers to our past, which, it turns out, we know very superficially.
What worried, what pleased and worried the Russian people, what did they do, how they worked, what they dreamed of, told and sang, what did they pass on to their children and grandchildren? To answer these questions today means to restore the connection of time, to return the lost values.
Folklore will help to turn to the origins, because its content is the life of the people, human experience sifted through the sieve of centuries spiritual world Russian person, his thoughts, feelings, experiences.
In ancient times it was said that for absolute happiness a person needs a glorious Fatherland. One cannot but agree with this: perhaps the most rewarding path is the revival of forgotten national values.
Fortunately, childhood is the time when a genuine, sincere immersion in the origins of national culture is possible. Not an ostentatious "souvenir", but everyday appeal to her dictates non-traditional approaches to the upbringing process.
Culture and experience (especially folk) are passed by word of mouth and effectively - from generation to generation.
Is folk art being ousted in today's "adult" life, which exists mainly on the stage and in museums, from the life of a child, does it become for him, actively assimilating modern information means of communication, uninteresting, archaic and unattractive? Of course not.
Folklore, as a historically specific form of folk culture, does not remain unchanged, but develops together with the people, absorbing everything valuable that existed before, and reflecting new social change... That's why folklore is always original and modern.

The peculiarity of folklore is its pronounced regional affiliation and historical concreteness. In the course of history, some genres have undergone significant changes, disappeared, new ones appeared.
Despite the bright national coloring of folklore works of different peoples of Russia, many motives, images and even plots in them are similar.
Children's folklore is a special part of folk culture that plays crucial role in the life of every nation. Artworks children's folklore are important in the formation and development of the personality of each newly born person, in his mastery of the cultural riches of previous generations. They are necessary for a child to express in an artistic form his special vision of the world, generated by age-related mental characteristics. These features, the child's interaction with the world around him, with peers and adults, change as the child develops from birth to adolescence. So so rich, original area of ​​folk art associated with the world of childhood.
Hard to overestimate the importance of folklore in the upbringing of preschoolers.
Folk art fulfills an educational and educational function; promotes the development of memory: in the works of oral folklore, there are many repetitions, this helps to better remember, and then reproduce their content.
Folklore affects the health of the child's body as a whole, for example, the nursery rhymes "Soroka-crow", "Kui, smash, hammer, flick the chebotok", bring joy and help children independently massage their hands and feet, as well as affect biologically active points located on the hands and feet.
A number of nursery rhymes can be used to develop fine motor skills of the hands and fingers (for example, "Finger-boy").
Folk works, especially small forms, affect the development of children's speech:

· enriching the dictionary,

· developing the articulation apparatus,

· phonemic hearing,

· giving samples for drawing up descriptive stories and etc.

Some of them can be staged; at the same time, transfer content only by movements, if the children do not yet have an active speech (for example, "Two teteri", "Pussy").

Thanks to rhythm, musicality, emotional and motor saturation, as well as the creativity of music directors, some nursery rhymes have turned into word games, game exercises that help to work on the coordination of movement with the word.
Folk songs, round dances, singing games are also widely used, since they allow children to be included in independent musical, speech and play activities.
5.3 Lullabies
Many songs created by the people:

· pestushki and nursery rhymes,

· lullabies,

· chants,

· jokes,

· fables.

Let's turn to lullabies, which each of us knows: from time immemorial, in the house where the child was born, a shake was hung from the ceiling - a cradle for the baby. The mother, regularly rocking her, sometimes doing some work, sang a lullaby to her child:

Bayu-bayu, bayushok,
There is a cockerel in the garden.
Petya sings loudly
Doesn't let Vanya sleep,
And you, Vanechka, fall asleep,
Come to you deep sleep.
You don't need to sleep,
Just close your eyes.

Melodiousness, a special rhythm teach children the fluent pronunciation of phrases, sentences. Significantly enriched and vocabulary... In the works of folklore, there is an abundance of words-signs of objects, figurative comparisons, many synonyms, antonyms, etc. are used.
First, the child copies the way the adult performs certain movements and intonations with which the song is sung.
Later, words and lyrics appear. Surprisingly fast many lyrics pass into the active vocabulary of children and sound already during games, conversations with peers.

An important role in the development of a child's speech is played by the development of phonemic perception, which is facilitated by lullabies. According to the people, they "Childhood companion».
Lullabies, along with other genres of folk art, contain a powerful force that allows children to develop their speech. preschool age.
Lullabies enrich children's vocabulary by containing wide circle information about the world around us, first of all about those objects that are close to the experience of people and attract with their appearance, for example, "zainka".
The grammatical variety of lullabies encourages mastering grammatical structure of speech.
Teaching children to educate cognate words, you can use these songs, as they create images that children are familiar with, such as the image of a cat. Moreover, it is not easy cat, but "kitty", "cat", "cat", "cat".
Besides positive emotions associated with one or another from the cradle in a familiar way, make this development more successful and durable.
The lullaby, as a form of folk poetry, contains great opportunities in the formation of a special intonational organization of the child's speech.

· slow pace,

· the presence of repetitive phonemes, sound combinations, onomatopoeia.

Lullabies allow you to memorize words and forms of words, phrases, to master the lexical side of speech.
Despite the small volume, the lullaby is fraught with an inexhaustible source educational and educational opportunities.
5.4 Children's folklore.
Nursery rhymes, chants, rhymes
Children's folklore makes it possible for the teacher to introduce him to folk poetry at the early stages of a child's development. Thanks to this, long before acquaintance with fairy tales, epics and other major genres of Russian folklore based on children's folklore kids develop an inner readiness to perceive our origins - Russian folk culture.

What else is related to children's folklore?

· Nursery rhymes, jokes - games of an adult with a child (with his fingers, pens, etc.).

· Calls - appeal to natural phenomena (to the sun, wind, rain, snow, rainbow, trees).

· Readers - short rhymes serving for a fair distribution of roles in games.

Nursery rhymes, chants, rhymes, jokes addressed to children sound like an affectionate talk, expressing care, tenderness, faith in a prosperous future. This is exactly what children like in small forms of folklore.
How many tenderness, tact, rationality are in these seemingly uncomplicated rhymes. They satisfy the child's early need for an artistic word.
In any, even the most small piece- whether it is a nursery rhyme, a joke or a chant - the era, everyday life, the flavor of the national culture are highlighted.
Folklore for children is no exception to general rule Is a very funny, sometimes instructive genre of folk art. V comic form you can praise and scold the child.
Chants and rhymes decorate and enrich the child's speech, expand vocabulary, develop imagination. Indeed, in order to use the simplest counting rhymes and calls, the child must quickly assess the situation, how to apply it to the call (which natural phenomena he needs to refer to), again compare their correspondence and only then pronounce it.
Counting room Is a folklore genre that helps children to lead fair play, and, above all, choose a driver.
In creating this genre, the poet, as it were, enters into a playful relationship with children, but not only with the meaning and purpose of his verse, but also with sound. Thus, the reading room helps to work on sound pronunciation.
The peculiarities of these folklore miniature works are deep humanity, extremely precise moral orientation, lively humor, imagery of language.
Folklore works are interesting for children of different ages, they are quickly memorized by a child.

5.5 Fairy tale
In folk art, the tale is probably the greatest miracle.
Reading fairy tales, we ourselves, without noticing it, find ourselves at the mercy of fiction. Fairy tales always tell about something incredible, improbable, but at the same time, fiction carries a certain idea, usually materialized in hyperbolic images: good and evil are constantly fighting.
The tale calls for the fight against evil, against enemies, calls on to defend good, justice. In it - the statement of the moral law of life, the moral principles, norms, aesthetic ideals are very clearly expressed.
A fairy tale helps to believe in the power of good, which does not win by itself, but by overcoming difficulties and fighting evil.
V satirical tale people ridicule idleness, the desire to easily get the blessings of life, greed and other human shortcomings. And vice versa, praises luck, resourcefulness, mutual assistance and friendship.
It turns out that a fairy tale is both truth and fiction at the same time.
"A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it: a good fellow - a lesson."
The tale has a specific linguistic style, which is characterized by: melodiousness, repetitions of various phrases.
The language of fairy tales is very beautiful:

· melodious and poetic,

· contains many metaphors, figurative comparisons,

· apt and instructive proverbs and sayings.

All these features make a fairy tale an indispensable tool. speech development and raising children of different ages.
Journey into the world of fairy tales develops imagination, fantasy of children, encourages them to write.
When we talk about telling and even playing out a fairy tale by children, we only mean folk works that were originally created for and during oral performance, that is "Affected".
Telling a fairy tale is directly related to the tasks of developing the speech of children. Free retelling of a fairy tale does not exclude a good knowledge of typically fairytale phrases by heart, permanent epithets, beginnings, choruses like: "Once upon a time ...", "You never know, how much has passed that time: soon the fairy tale affects itself, not soon things are done ..." etc.
All this contributes to the recreation of the color of the work, fosters stylistic sensitivity in children, tunes the listeners to a certain emotional mood.
Folk tales are divided into the following groups:

· about animals,

· magic,

· household,

· adventure novelistic,

· boring.

Among them only tales about animals and boring ones can be offered to children without a doubt.
The fairy tale should be appropriate for the child's age, be small in volume, interesting in content, dynamic and bright.

Mystery

“The riddle is the key of the verbal image,
a grain of poetry, a metaphor ”.

M.A. Rybnikova
Riddle - a genre of folk art, which, like proverbs and sayings, also refers to small folklore forms.
A riddle is one of the small forms of oral folk art, in which the brightest are given in an extremely concise, figurative form, characteristic signs objects or phenomena.
Solving riddles develops the ability to analyze, generalize, forms the ability to independently draw conclusions, inferences, the ability to clearly highlight the most characteristic, expressive signs of an object or phenomenon, the ability to brightly and concisely convey images of objects, develops a "poetic view of reality" in children.
The value of riddles lies in their imagery, artistry and poetry.
Bright, concrete, colorful artistic images of riddles help the child to take a fresh look at the world, develop a poetic view of reality, the ability to analyze it and, therefore, think logically.
Thanks to such poetic means used in riddles like metaphor, metonymy, personification, hyperbole, magical transformations occur with the simplest objects: an ear of corn becomes a tower, a carrot becomes a maiden with a scythe.
Metaphors and comparisons in riddles are different from metaphors and comparisons in other literary and folklore genres the fact that here they are given in the form of an entertaining game problem, and the attention of the listener or reader is specifically directed to the need for solving, comparing and comparing.
Hence, itself artistic specificity riddles is the step that takes a person up the ladder leading to an understanding of the poetic image, the development artistic thinking and creativity.
Riddles in their content reflect the history of the formation and development of folk cultures. This is their special value. They form the first ideas about the unity of the world and its laws.
Unlike proverbs and sayings, they are aimed at finding the identity or similarity of various objects and phenomena.
Riddles contribute to the development of the child's memory, his figurative and logical thinking, mental reactions. The riddle teaches the child to compare the signs of various objects, find common ground in them, and thereby forms his ability to classify objects, to discard their insignificant signs. In other words, with the help of the riddle, the foundations of theoretical creative thinking are formed.
In educational work with children, you can use other small forms of folklore that have specific developmental and teaching functions:

· Tongue Twisters,

o clean phrases used to develop correct, phonetic clean speech;

o rhymes (element of the game);

o barkers (type of songs)

6. Description of your own teaching experience on this topic
Familiarization of children with oral folk art and its everyday use both in regime moments and in play activities develops oral speech the child, his fantasy and imagination, affects spiritual development, teaches certain moral standards.
Children's folklore gives us the opportunity to in the early stages of a child's life, introduce him to folk poetry.
Using small forms of folklore it is possible to solve almost all tasks of the speech development methodology, therefore, along with the basic techniques and means of speech development of preschoolers, I use this richest material of the verbal creativity of the people.
WITH lullabies I start to introduce children back to early age that allows babies memorize words and word forms, phrases, master the lexical and grammatical aspects of speech.
Nursery rhymes, rhymes, chants are the richest material for development sound culture speech. By developing a sense of rhythm and rhyme, we prepare the child for further perception of poetic speech and form his intonational expressiveness.
Riddles enrich children's vocabulary due to the polysemy of words, they help to see the secondary meanings of words, form ideas about their figurative meaning. They help children learn the sound and grammatical structure of Russian speech, forcing them to focus on the linguistic form and analyze it. Solving riddles develops the ability of preschoolers to analyze and generalize.
To solve all the listed problems of speech development of children, I have selected and compiled a card index of games based on children's folklore.
Russian folk, round dance games attracted my attention not only as a huge potential for physical development child, but also as a genre of oral folk art. The folkloric material contained in the games promotes emotionally positive mastering native speech... Children play outdoor games with great pleasure, desire and interest.
I noted that in the process of familiarizing children with mobile and finger games not only speech is formed, but also develops fine motor skills hands and fingers, which prepares the child's hand for writing, makes it possible to improvise, combine word with action... And most importantly, the level of development of children's speech is in direct proportion to the degree of formation of fine movements of the hands and fingers.
Based on folklore works made up a set of hardening gymnastics after a nap for young preschool children, which is used every day to strengthen and maintain the health of children, to maintain interest in physical exercise.
One of effective forms work with children on speech development, I consider a variety of leisure and entertainment. In accordance with this, I developed an entertainment cycle artistic and aesthetic cycle.
Prepared consultations on this topic for parents and teachers, reflecting topical issues the development of the child's speech in the preschool educational institution and the family.
Made table theaters: "Masha and the Bear", "Teremok", "Geese-Swans", "Kolobok" and theaters on the flannelegraph:"Three Bears", "Geese-Swans", "Zayushkina Hut", "Turnip", "Ryaba Chicken".
Made up card index on Russian folk games:"Cucumber-cucumber", "Lark", "Sea figure", "Duck and drake", "Bear in the forest", "Bridge", "In a sparrow", "Geese-geese", "Bees and a swallow", " Silent "," Golden Gate "," Birds "," Chickens-kurchenyatochki "," Cool Mountain "," Snake "," Loaf "," Fly-do not fly "," Duck and the wolf "..
Together with parents in a group assembled children's library of Russian folk tales.
Diagnostics for the section of the program "Childhood" "Developing the speech of children" at the end of the 2006-2007 academic year showed the effectiveness of the work I am introducing to familiarize children with oral folk art.
There is an increase in the number of children with a level above the average by 20%, the level of speech development is consistent with age norms in 78% of children in the group.
In the section "Development of the vocabulary" positive dynamics in the middle of the 2007-2008 academic year was 9.4%, in the section "Development of coherent speech" - by 9.5% compared to the beginning of the academic year. In the section "Grammatical correctness of speech", there are no children with a low level in the middle of the school year.
I am sure that folklore effectively develops a child's oral speech, affects his spiritual, aesthetic and emotional development.
Thus, the introduction of the child to folk culture should start with early childhood... Folklore is unique means for transmission folk wisdom and raising children in initial stage their development. Children's creativity is based on imitation, which serves as an important factor in the development of the child, his speech. Gradually, the kids develop an internal readiness for a deeper perception of the works of Russian folk literature, the vocabulary, the ability to master the native speech is enriched and expanded.
In my future work, I will actively use all types and forms of children's folklore, Russian folk games reading and telling stories.

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The use of small folklore forms for the development of speech of preschoolers

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Date the page was created: 2016-04-26