Music genres. Genres of musical works Types and genres of musical works

Music genres. Genres of musical works Types and genres of musical works
Music genres. Genres of musical works Types and genres of musical works
03.11.2019

ADAGIO - 1) Slow pace; 2) the name of the work or part of the cyclic composition at the adagio pace; 3) Slow solo or duet dance in classic ballet.
ACCOMPANIMENT - musical accompaniment of soloist, ensemble, orchestra or choir.
CHORD - a combination of several (at least 3) sounds of different heights perceived as sound unity; Sounds in the chord are located in terms.
ACCENT - stronger, shock extraction of any single sound compared to others.
ALLEGRO - 1) the pace corresponding to the very rapid step; 2) The name of the play or part of the seen cycle at the pace of Allegro.
ALLEGRETTO - 1) pace, slower than Allegro, but faster than moderato; 2) The name of the play or part of the work at the pace of Allegretto.
Alteration - Increased and decrease in the stage of the lade soundout without changing its name. Alteration Signs - Diez, Bemole, Dubl Diez, Double Flat; Her cancel sign - Becar.
ANDANTE - 1) moderate pace corresponding to a calm step; 2) The name of the product and part of the seen cycle at the rate of Andante.
ANDANTINO - 1) pace, more busy than Andante; 2) The name of the product or part of the seen cycle at the rate of the Andantino.
ENSEMBLE - A group of performers serving as a single artistic team.
ARRANGEMENT - processing of a musical work for execution on another tool or other tools, votes.
Arpeggio - The execution of sounds consistently, usually starting from the bottom tone.
BASS - 1) the lowest male voice; 2) Low Register Musical Instruments (tube, double bass); 3) Lower sound chord.
Belkanto - Vocal style, arising in Italy in the XVII century, distinguished by the beauty and ease of sound, the perfection of cantilane, the virtuosity of the colorautura.
Variations - a musical work, in which the topic is set out several times with changes in invoice, tonality, melodies, etc.
VIRTUOSO - Contractor, perfectly owning a voice or art of the game on a musical instrument.
Vocaliz - musical work for singing without words to a vowel sound; Usually an exercise for the development of vocal technology. Known vocalization for concert performance.
Vocal Music - works for one, several or many votes (with or without instrumental support), for few exceptions associated with the poetic text.
HEIGHT Sound - the sound quality determined by the person is subjective and connected mainly with its frequency.
GAMMA - The submission of all the sounds of Lada, located from the main tone in an ascending or descending order, has the volume of octave, can be continued in neighboring octaves.
HARMONY - Expressive music media based on combining tones in consonance, in touch with consonance in their consistent movement. Built according to the laws of Lada in polyphony music. Elements of harmony - cadence and modulation. The doctrine of harmony is one of the main sections of the theory of music.
VOTE - A set of different in height, strength and timbre of sounds arising from the oscillation of elastic voice ligaments.
RANGE - Sound volume (interval between the lowest and highest sounds) of the singing voice, musical instrument.
DYNAMICS - Differences in the degree of power of sound, volume and their changes.
Conditioning - Management of the Music and Executive Team when learning and public fulfillment of the musical essay. It is carried out by a conductor (dropletaster, choseister) with special gestures and facial expressions.
TREBLE - 1) the form of medieval two-eye singing; 2) High Children's (boy) voice, as well as a party in choir or vocal ensemble.
DISSONANCE - Unlightened, tense simultaneous sound of various tones.
Duration - time occupied by sound or pause.
DOMINANT - One of the tonal functions in Majer and Minor, which has an intense tonique.
Overs Tools - a group of tools whose sound source - air column oscillations in the barrel channel (tube).
GENRE - Historically established division, type of work in the unity of its form and content. Differ in the method of execution (vocal, vocal-instrumental, solo), appointment (applied, etc.), content (lyrical, epic, dramatic), place and conditions of execution (theatrical, concert, chamber, kinometer, etc.).
Singe - introductory part of the choral song or epics.
SOUND - characterized by a certain height and volume.
IMITATION - In multi-voice musical works, an accurate or modified repetition in any voice of the melody, before it sounded in another voice.
IMPROVISATION - Writing music during its execution, without preparation.
Instrumental Music - intended for execution on the tools: solo, ensemble, orchestral.
INSTRUMENTATION - Presentation of music in the form of score for chamber ensemble or orchestra.
INTERVAL - The ratio of two sounds in height. It happens melodic (the sounds are taken alternately) and harmonious (sounds are taken at the same time).
INTRODUCTION - 1) a brief entry into the first part or the final of the cyclic instrumental musical work; 2) the genus of brief overdue to the opera or ballet, entry into a separate opera act; 3) Choir or vocal ensemble, following oversight and opening the operation of the opera.
CADENCE - 1) harmonic or melodic turnover, finalizing the musical construction and informing it a large or smaller completion; 2) Virtuoso solo episode in the instrumental concert.
Chamber Music is instrumental or vocal music for a small composition of the performers.
FORK - A special device that is issued by a certain frequency sound. This sound serves as a benchmark when setting up musical instruments and in singing.
Key - 1) the general name of stringed keypads in the XVII-XVIII centuries; 2) Reducing the word keychaszug - transformation of opera scores, oratoria, etc. For singing with piano, as well as for one piano.
COLORATURA - Fast, technically difficult, virtuoso passes in singing.
COMPOSITION - 1) Building a work; 2) the name of the work; 3) writing music; 4) training subject in music educational institutions.
CONSONANCE - Fusion, coordinated simultaneous sound of various tones, one of the most important elements of harmony.
CONTRALTO - Low female voice.
Culmination - The moment of the highest voltage in the musical construction, the section of the musical work, the whole work.
LAD - the most important aesthetic category of music: the system of sound links, combined by the central sound (consonance), the relationship of sounds.
Leitmotif - Music turnover, repeated in the work as a characteristic or conditional characteristic character, subject, phenomena, ideas, emotions.
LIBRETTO - Literary text, which is taken as the basis for creating any musical work.
MELODY - one-headed expressed musical thought, the main element of music; A number of sounds organized by the lade-intonational and rhythmically forming a certain structure.
METER - the order of alternation of strong and weak fractions, the rhythm organization system.
METRONOME - A tool that helps determine the correct pace of execution.
Mezzo-soprano - Female voice, medium between soprano and counterfeit.
POLYPHONY - Music warehouse based on the simultaneous combination of several votes.
MODERATO - Moderate pace, medium between Andantino and Allegretto.
MODULATION - Transition to new tonality.
Musical Form - 1) A complex of expressive means embodying a certain ideological and artistic content in the musical work.
Note letter- System of graphic signs to record music, as well as its own entry. In a modern notebook, the 5-line notes, notes (signs indicating sounds), the key (determines the height of the notes), etc.
Ochtons - Calm (partial tones), sound above or weaker than the main tone, pumped with it. The presence and strength of each of them determine the voice of the sound.
ORCHESTRATION - Arrangement of musical work for the orchestra.
Ornamentics - Ways to decorate vocal and instrumental melodies. Small melodic ornaments are called Melmers.
Austinato - multiple repetition of a melodic rhythmic figure.
SCORE - a notice record of a multi-voice musical work, in which one above the other is given in a certain order of the party of all votes.
THE CONSIGNMENT - An integral part of a multi-voiced work, intended for execution by one voice or on a specific musical instrument, as well as a group of homogeneous votes and tools.
PASSAGE - Subscribe sounds in a rapid motion, often difficult to execute.
PAUSE - Break in the sound of one, several or all votes in the musical work; A sign in a music letter denoting this break.
PIZZICATO - Receiving sound recovery on the bottom tools (plug), gives a ripple sound, more quiet than when the Bed game.
PLECTRUM (Mediator) - a device for sound recovery on strings, mainly plumbing, musical instruments.
Podonic - In the folk song, the voice accompanying the main, sounding with him at the same time.
PRELUDE - A small play, as well as the introductory part of the musical work.
Software Music - musical works that the composer provided the verbal program specifying the perception.
Reprise - Repetition of the motive of the musical work, as well as a new repetition sign.
RHYTHM - alternation of various duration and strength of sounds.
Simphonism - Disclosure of the artistic plan with the help of consistent I am purposeful musical development, including confrontation and transformation of the thematic elements.
Symphony Music - musical works designed to perform a symphony orchestra (large, monumental works, small plays).
SCHERZO - 1) in the XV1-XVII centuries. designation of vocal and instrumental works for joking texts, as well as instrumental plays; 2) part of the suite; 3) part of the Sonate-sim fondic cycle; 4) from the XIX century. Independent instrumental work, close Capricc.
Rumor musical - the ability of a person to perceive certain qualities of musical sounds, feel functional relationships between them.
Solfeggio - Vocal exercises for the development of hearing and notes reading skills.
SOPRANO - 1) the highest singing voice (mainly female or children) with a developed voice register; 2) upper part in the choir; 3) High tool variety register.
String Tools - according to the method of sound extracts are divided into bow, tweak, shock, shock-keyboard, plug-and-key.
TACT - Specific form and unit of musical meter.
SUBJECT - The construction that makes up the basis of the musical work or its sections.
TIMBRE - Sound color, peculiar to a voice or musical instrument.
PACE - The speed of the metric counting units. For accurate measurement serves as a metronome.
Temperature - Alignment of the interval relationships between the steps of the sound system.
TONIC - The main stage of Lada.
TRANSCRIPTION - Arrangement or free, often virtuoso, processing of a musical work.
TRILL - An intellectual sound that is born from the rapid repetition of two adjacent tones.
OVERTURE - Orchestral play, executed in front of the theater representation.
DRUMS Tools are tools with leather membrane or made of material that can sound itself.
UNISON - Simultaneous sound of several musical sounds of the same height.
TEXTURE - Specific sound look of the work.
FALSETTO - One of the registers of a male singing voice.
FERMATA - Stop the tempo, as a rule, at the end of a musical work or between its sections; It is expressed in increasing the duration of sound or pause.
THE FINAL - Final part of the cyclic musical work.
Choral - Religious chants in Latin or native languages.
Chromatism - halftone interval system of two types (ancient Greek and new European).
Strichi - Ways to extract sound on the bottom tools that give sound different character and coloring.
Exposition - 1) the initial section of the semonate form, which outlines the main topics of the work; 2) The first part of the Fugue.
STAGE - type of musical executive art

Music genres and directions Great many. If you begin to list the genres of music - the list will be simply infinite, because at the borders of different styles from year to year there are dozens of new musical flows. This is due to the development of musical technologies, new developments in the sphere of sound recovery, sound-producing, but first of all - with the need of people in the unique sound, with the thirst for new emotions and sensations. Be that as it may, there are four broad musical directions, which somehow thoroughly spawned all the other styles. There are also no clear boundaries between them, and yet the production of the musical product, the content of songs and the arrangements structure differ significantly. So what are the genres of vocal music, at least the main?

Pop

Pop music is not only a direction, but also a whole mass culture. The song is the only form that is acceptable for the pop genre.

The key points in the creation of the POP-composition is the presence of the most simple and memorable melody, the construction of the principle of the dwarf chorus, and in the sound to the fore the rhythm and human voice is made. The goal with which pop music is created is purely entertaining. The artist in the style of pop can not do without show ballet, staged numbers and, of course, expensive video clips.

Pop music is a commercial product, so it is constantly changing in sound depending on the style at the peak of popularity. For example, when jazz was jazz in the USA, the performers like Frank Sinatra became popular. And in France, Chance has always been to honor, so Mirey Mathieu, Patricia Kaas is a kind of French pop icons. When a wave of popularity of rock music was observed, pop performers were widely used in their compositions guitar reefs (Michael Jackson), then there was an era of mixing Pop and Disco (Madonna, ABBA), Pop and Hip-hop (Beastie Boys), etc.

Modern world stars (Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyonce, Lady Gaga) picked up the wave of rhythm and blues and develop it in their work.

Rock

Palm Championship in rock music is given to the electric guitar, and the expressive solo guitarist becomes the highlight of the song. The rhythm section is weighted, and the musical drawing is often complicated. Not only powerful vocals, but also possession of splitting techniques, screding, grorule and all sorts of roars are welcome.

Rock is the scope of experiments, expressing their own thoughts, sometimes revolutionary judgments. Text problems are wide enough: the social, political and religious structure of society, personal problems and experiences. It is difficult to imagine the rock performer without its own group, since the speeches are carried out only live.

The most common rock genres of music are a list and examples:

  • rock and Roll (Elvis Presley, The Beatles);
  • instrumental rock (Joe Satriani, Frank Zapap);
  • hard Rock (LED Zeppelin, Deep Purple);
  • glam Rock (Aerosmith, Queen);
  • pANK-ROCK (SEX PISTOLS, GREEN DAY);
  • metal (Iron Maiden, Korn, Deftones);
  • (Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, 3 DOORS DOWN), etc.

Jazz.

Describing the modern genres of music, the list would have to start with jazz, because he had a huge impact on the development and other areas, including POP and Rock. Jazz - Music, which was based on African motifs brought to the United States from West Africa with black slaves. In the century of its existence, the direction was substantially transformed, but it is consistently, this is a passion for improvisation, free rhythm and widespread use of jazz legends: Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, etc.

Electronic

The XXI century - the era of electronics, and the electronic direction in music today takes one of the leading positions. Here the rates are not made on live tools, but on electronic synthesizers and computer emulators of sound.

Here are the most popular and demanded electronic genres of music, the list of which will give you a general idea:

  • house (David Guetta, Benny Benassi);
  • techno (Adam Beyer, Juan ATKINS);
  • dubstep (Skrillex, Skream);
  • trans (Paul Van Dyk, Armin Van Buuren), etc.

Musicians are not interested in sticking style frames, so the ratio of performers and styles is always quite conditional. Music genres, a list of which is not exhausted by the above directions, recently have a tendency to lose their characteristic features: the performers mix musical genres, there is always a place for amazing discoveries and unique findings in music, and the listener is interested in meeting the next musical innovations every time.

Immediately warn you to answer in one article on the question of which there are music genres, it is very difficult. Throughout the history of music, such a number of genres has accumulated that they are not measured by arches: choral, romance, cantata, waltz, symphony, ballet, opera, prelude, etc.

Not one dozen years of the music "break a spear", trying to classify musical genres (according to the nature of the content, according to functions, for example). But before you dwell on typology, we clarify the concept of genre itself.

What is a musical genre?

Genre - a kind of model with which concrete music correlates. He has certain conditions of execution, the purpose, form and nature of the content. So, the lullaby goal is to calm the baby, so it is typical of "swaying" intonation and characteristic rhythm; B - all expressive music instruments are adapted to a clear step.

What are the music genres: classification

The simplest classification of genres is according to the method of execution. These are two large groups:

  • instrumental (March, Waltz, Etude, Sonata, Fugue, Symphony)
  • vocal genres (Aria, Song, Romance, Cantata, Opera, Musical).

Another typology of genres is associated with the implementation of the execution. She belongs to A. Savor - a scientist who claims that music genres are:

  • ritual and cult (Psalms, Mass, Requiem) - for them are characterized by generalized images, the domination of the choral start and the same moods in most students;
  • mass-domestic (varieties of songs, march and dance: Polka, Waltz, Right, Ballad, Anthem) - are distinguished by a simple form and familiar intonations;
  • concert genres (Oratoria, Sonata, Quartet, Symphony) - Characterized by execution in the concert hall, lyrical tone as the author's self-setting;
  • theater genres (Musical, Opera, Ballet) - require action, plot and scenery.

In addition, the genre itself can be divided into other genres. So, Opera-Seria ("serious" opera) and opera-buffa (comic) are also genres. At the same time, there are several more varieties, which also form new genres (lyrical opera, epic opera, operetta, etc.)

Names genre

What are the names of the genres of music and how they appear, you can write a whole book. Names can tell about the history of the genre: so, the name "Krykeshka" the dance is obliged to the fact that the dancing is located cross (from the Belarusian "Kryzh" - Cross). Nocturne ("Night" - translated from French) was performed at night outdoors. Some names originate from the titles of instruments (fanfare, muset), others from songs (Marsellise, Kamarinskaya).

Often, music gets the name of the genre when it is transferred to another Wednesday: for example, a folk dance in ballet. But it happens on the contrary: the composer takes the topic "Seasons" and writes a work, and then this topic becomes a genre with a certain form (4 seasons as 4 parts) and the characteristics of the content.

Instead of imprisonment

Talking about what kind of music genres, it is impossible not to mention a frequently found error. This is a confusion in concepts, when such as classic, rock, jazz, hip-hop are called genres. It is important to remember that the genre is a scheme based on which works are created, and the style indicates rather on the features of the musical language of creation.

The training manual is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges in order to use in the lessons "Games on musical instruments." The manual includes theoretical material that is acquainted with students with basic music genres. The application contains a musical material that can be used for listening and execution by students in the lessons.

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Music genres

Translated from French wordgenre means type, genus, manner. This word is called the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, shape and purpose. To better understand what genre is, turn to painting. You know well that if a man is depicted in the picture, this picture is called a portrait. If nature is depicted on the canvas - this is a landscape. Image of fruit, game is called still life. Portrait, Landscape and Still Life - Genres in Painting. In the literature, this story, novel, story, essay.

In music, too, have its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: songs, dance and march. Wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them with three whales, on which all the music is being held.Song, dance and march They became part of our everyday life and so merged with it that sometimes we do not notice and do not perceive them as art. Which of us was thinking when he listened to the mother's lullaby, walked in a sports building, or danced on a disco, what is the musical work? Of course, no one. But they are always next to us - the song, dance and march.

In the Opera, in Symphony and in Choir Cantate, in the piano sonate and in the string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any area of \u200b\u200bmusical art, the support of "three whales" is waiting for us.

Song

Long before professional music appeared, folk songs truthfully and artistically reflected the typical features of the national nature of the people.The birth of a song has long been associated with the life of people, their work, life.Song Like sobbing or laughter, reflects the state of the human soul, so they are so diverse and numerous. The feature of the song - in the harmonious combination of words andmusic.

Very often, the definition of "People's" add to the word "song". Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because they sing the peoples of all nations and all the continents in their own way. It's hard to confuserussian song With Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro. How the gem passed the song from the mouth to mouth from one generation to another. Each performer brought something to her own, individual. Often, therefore, the same texts sang in different villages with different handles. There are various types of folk songs: labor, gaming, ritual, family-household, dance, dance, lyrical, epic and many others.

Most often, the song is performed accompanied by a musical instrument. Using popular topics, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantata, oratoria, operas and operetta. It organically entered the song into symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance - One of the oldest manifestations of folk art. IN

Rhythmic or smooth movement people sought to convey their feelings

mood and thoughts. So there were ritual dances that became

an indispensable attribute of each holiday. Many nations they have survived

To our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance in art

- ballet. Dance, participating in solemn ceremonies or fun in

free evenings and on holidays. Every people have their own

National Dance Traditions with a characteristic music inherent in it.

French dancekuranta (Courante - "Running", "Current")

Courtful origin, but rather fast, distinguished

complex, intricate figures and music corresponding to them.

A completely different dancesarabanda - Slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning rite. This affected B.

Name (Sacra Banda in Spanish - "Holy Procession").

Zhiga - Vintage dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,

related. These four dance have long been combined by composers

in suite.

Many wonderful dances have long been told in Poland. Most

Famous of them became polonais, Mazurka, Krakowak.

The most ancient of them -polonaise . In the old days he was called the Great or

hiking dance. The current one has happened from French

pOLONAISE (Polish). Polona - the front procession opened

court balls. Except the courtroom existed and peasant

Polonaise, more calm and smooth. The favorite dance was and

mazurka , more precisely, Mazur (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk Mazurka with cheerful, perky, sharply accentuated

Melody is a pair dance, in which there are no in advance of invented figures.

Third dance - Krakowak It differs from the first two sharp size.

All these dances are presented in the work of Chopin, we hear them and in

Opera Glinka "Ivan Susanin".

Dance Polka. belongs to another Slavic people - Czech.

Its name comes from the word Pulka - "Half", because danced

his small chambers. This is a lively, casual dance that

Dance couples in a circle. The most beloved from Czech dances, he sounds in

opera sour cream "sold bride".

Interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance of Lendler. Pair

Circular dance called by Landl from the Austrian region, he is in

the beginning of the XIX century swore from the village of Austria and Germany. His

began to dance on the balas, and gradually it turned into a well-known and

all beloved waltz.

In the "Hungarian Rhapsodies" Sheet, in the "Hungarian Dance" of Brahms

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They are

immediately recognize on rumor, reminding about the Hungarian folk dancechardache.

Its name comes from the word Csarda - "Tavern", "Korchma".

Hungarian Cortime has long served as peculiar clubs, where

the surrounding residents gathered. In them or on the site in front of them and

dancing. Chardash arose to the beginning of the XIX century, and not in the peasant

Environment, and in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

panthetic and mobile, fire dance.

In the south of Italy, the city of Toronto is located. He gave the name

national dancetarantelle.

Very colorful dancing of Spain.Khota - Favorite dance of Spanish

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia - is distinguished by a rapid pace,

a sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the Kastannet click. This is a steam room

dance performed under the guitar or mandolin. Note wanting

cleared Glinka during his trip in Spain. His orchestral

"Aragon Hot" is written in a genuine folk theme.

Another common dance -bolero (in Spanish VOLAR - "Fly")

more moderate, with a rhythm resembling the rhythm of Polionize.

In Russia, a purely instrumental dance music did not receive so

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

fast funny dances, and smooth dance - usually accompanied

singing. Most popular in the XIX century Line dance"Baryna" even

the name of the song "Sudarnya-Baryna" received his name. Among

dance of other peoples are known Ukrainiancossack , fast, perky

moldenlask.

Caucasian dance acquired great popularitylezginka. Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted to

the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of spontaneous power and

passion Lezginka sounds in the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila Glinka, in ballet

"Gayane" Khachaturian.

March. The French word marche means "Walking." In music, the plays written in a clear, energetic rhythm, which is convenient to march. Although marches differ from each other, they are united by one thing: the march is always written in an even-size - for two or four quarters, so that going to do not come down from the legs. But each rule has exceptions. Listen to the song A. Alexandrova to V. Lebedev verses - Kumacha "Sacred War". It is written in a three-rank size, and yet this is a real march, under which soldiers went to the front. Marsh is an important organizing that unites the beginning. It is not by chance that many revolutionary songs are written in the rhythm of the march. These are the famous "Marselyza", "International", "Warshowan". King Marsha called the Soviet composer I.O. Dunaevsky. He wrote many famous marches: "Marsh enthusiasts", "Marsh physical culture systems", "Sport march". There are several types of marches: a construction, counter, concert, funeral.

Tchaikovsky. March of wooden soldiers;
Funeral dolls ("Children's album");
"Wedding March" Mendelssohn;

Machi Opera: M. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila";
J. Verdi "Aida"; Sh. Guno "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata Si-Beleus Major;
L. Beethoven. Final fifth symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell to Slavs";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunaevsky. Marsh movie " Funny boys ".

Determination of the genre in the works of classical music.

Music genres differ in the method of execution. INsymphonic music This is a symphony, concert, suite.

Symphony - Musical work for the orchestra, written in a seen cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Concert - Work for one or (less often) of several soloing tools and orchestra, as well as public execution of musical works.

Seasons The Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi is the first four violin concerts from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concerts, one of the most famous works, also one of the most famous Baroque musical works. It was written in 1723, for the first time published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one time of year and consists of three parts corresponding to every month. Each of the concerts of the composer presented a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It is necessary to add that the paradigm of artistic thinking is not limited to the only meaning or plot, and implies side sense, hints, symbols. The first suggestion illusion is the four ages of a person, from birth to death (the final part contains an unequivocal hint for the last circle of Dantis Hell). The hint of the four regions of Italy, according to the four sides of the Sun in the sky, is just as hidden. This is a sunrise (East, Adriatic, Venice), noon (sleepy, hot south), a lush sunset (Rome, Lati) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the cycle content is much richer that it was clear to anyone to the enlightened listener. At the same time, Vivaldi reaches the heights of the genre and direct pictoriality here, not alien to humor: there are bang dogs in the music, the buzz of flies, the roar of the wounded beast, and so on. All this, coupled with a perfectly beautiful form, and led to the recognition of a cycle as indisputable masterpiece .

Suite - Work for one or two tools from several heterogeneous plays associated with a general intent.

In chamber music The genres distinguish: Trio, Quartet, Sonata, Prelude.

Trio (from Latin Tria - "Three") - a musical ensemble of three performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensemble Of the four musicians, performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a musical work of three or four parts of various rates and character.

Prelude (from Latin - Before and the game) - a short musical product that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music - Romance, Oratoria, Cantata.

Romance - the vocal essay, written on a small poem of lyrical content, predominantly love; Chamber music and poetic work for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratoria - major musical work forchora, soloists and orchestra. In the past, the oratori wrote only to the stories from the Holy Scriptures. It differs from the opera in the absence of stage action, and from cantata - large sizes and extension of the plot.

Cantata (Ial. Cantata, from Latin Santare - sing ) - Vocal and instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical - theatrical genres Opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - The work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and orchestra. This musical genre is merged into a single whole poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

The literary basis of the Opera - Libretto. Often the basis of the libretto becomes any literary or dramatic work. For example, the Opera "Stone Guest" Dargomyzhsky is written on the full text of the "little tragedy" Pushkin. But usually the libretto is processed, as the text must be compressed and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overwhelming - symphonic entry, which in general, introduces a listener with the content of all action.

Music in opera reveals the innermost feelings of heroes, their character,

tells about their thoughts. In dramatic performances, this is transmitted to

monologues of actors. In the opera, the role of the monologue plays Aria (translated from

Italian - "Song"). The ariams are characterized by a wide range. To more

Fully show the hero, the opera introduces several Aria. In opera P. I.

Tchaikovsky "Evgeny Onegin" Lensky performs Aria "Where, where you retreave", which shows his mental experiences, excitement,

insecurity in the coming day. Arioso Lensky "I love you, Olga" -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical nature.

Another important component of the opera - ensembles. During simultaneous

Singing a few soloists we not only hear the voice of everyone

Artist, but also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without any opera, is not a single opera, - choir.

An important place in the Opera is occupied by the orchestra. He not only accompanies the whole opera,

but it is a kind of acting person, since music performed

Orchestra, reveals the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

the relationships of heroes, determines the dramatic development of the plot.

An important component of the opera is dance scenes. In opera M.I.

Glinka "Ivan Susanin" the second action is almost completely built on

dance. This is a peculiar characteristic of the arrogant, confident in his

victory of Polish gentry. Therefore, dancing on this ball polonais,

krakowak, the Mazurka, represented by the composer not folk, and

Knight dances.

Operetta (from Italian Operetta, literally small opera) -

Theatrical representation in which individual music numbers

Alternate with dialogues without music. Operettes are written on

Comic plot , musical numbers in them in shortopera, in general

music operetta is light, popular, however, inherits

directly traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italianballo. - Dance) - type of scenicart;

the performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic images. Most often the ballet is based on

a certain plot, dramaturgical intent, libretto, but come

unmuck ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classic and characteristic dance. An important role here

Playing a pantomime, with the help of which the actors transmit the feelings of heroes, their

"Conversation" with each other, the essence of what is happening. In modern ballet

elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires extracts and endurance from any person dealing with them.

Continuing the cycle of articles on the theory of music, we would like to tell you about how the genres in music were formed and developed. After this article, you will never confuse the musical genre with a musical style.

So, first let's look at what the concepts "genre" and "style" differ. Genre - This is the type of work that has developed historically. It implies the form, content and purpose of music. Music genres began their formation at the early phase of the development of music, in a strict primitive community. Then the music accompanied every step of human activity: life, work, speech, and so on. Thus, the main genre principles were formed, which we will look further.

Style It also implies the amount of materials (harmony, melody, rhythm, polyphony), how they were used in a musical work. Usually, the style is based on the trends of a certain era or classified by composers. In other words, style is a set of means of musical expressiveness, which defines the image and idea of \u200b\u200bmusic. It may depend on the individuality of the composer, its worldview and tastes, the approach to music. Also style determines the flows in music, such as jazz, pop, rock, folk styles, and so on.

Now back to the genres of music. There are five basic genre principles, which, as we said, originated in primitive communities:

  • Motority
  • Reclamation
  • Melting
  • Signal
  • Sound image

It was they who became the basis of all subsequent genres that appeared with the development of music.

Pretty soon after the formation of the main genre began, the genre and style began to goss out into a single system. Such genre-style systems were formed depending on the case to which music was created. So the genre-style systems appeared, which were used in certain ancient cults, for ancient rites and in everyday life. The genre was more applied, which formed a certain image, style and composite features of ancient music.

On the walls of the Egyptian pyramids and in the preserved ancient papyrus, rods of ritual and religious anthem were found, which most often told about the ancient Egyptian gods.

It is believed that its highest point of development ancient music received in ancient Greece. It was in ancient Greek music that certain patterns were discovered, on which her system was based.

With how the company has developed, music developed. In medieval culture, new vocal and vocal instrumental genres have already been formed. In this era, such genres were born in Europe as:

  • The organs are the earliest form of multifaceted music in Europe. This genre was used in churches, and I received his flourishing in the Paris school notre-ladies.
  • Opera - musical and dramatic work.
  • Choral is a liturgical Catholic or Protestant singing.
  • Motet is a vocal genre that was used both in the Church and in secular events. Style it depended on the text.
  • Conduct is a medieval song, the text of which was most often spiritual and moralizing. Until now, cannot accurately decipher medieval sheet music notes, as they did not have a certain rhythm.
  • Mass - liturgical service in Catholic churches. To this genre attribute and requiem
  • Madrigal is a small work on lyrical-love topics. This genre originated in Italy
  • Chanson - this genre appeared in France, and originally belonged to choral peasant songs.
  • Pavana - Smooth dance that opened holidays in Italy
  • Galjard - cheerful and rhythmic dance also come from Italy
  • Allemanda - a dance procession that appeared in Germany

IN XVII-XVIII For centuries in North America, rural music - Country has quite actively developed. The Irish and Scottish folk music affected this genre. Texts of such songs often told about love, rural life and cowboy life.

At the end of the XIX century, and at the beginning of the twentieth century in Latin America and Africa quite actively developed folklore. In the African American community, the blues originates, which was originally a "working song", accompanied by work in the field. Blinds and religious chants were also based on blues. Blues lay down the new genre - jazz, which is the result of the mixing of African and European cultures. Jazz got quite widespread and widespread recognition.

Based on jazz and blues, at the end of the 40s, rhythm-n-blues appears (R'n'B), a song-dance genre. It was rather popular in a youth environment. Subsequently, funk and soul appeared within this genre.

It is curious that along with these African American genres in the 20s of the twentieth century, a genre of pop music appeared. The roots of this genre go to folk music, street romances and ballads. Pop music has always been mixed with other genres, forming rather interesting musical styles. In the 70s, a "disco" style appeared within the framework of pop music, which became the most popular dance music at a time, moving to the back plan of rock and roll.

In the 50s, rock, the origins of which are in blues, folke and country are broken into the ranks of the existing genres. He quickly gained mad popularity and scolded on many different styles, mixing with other genres.

Ten years later, a genre of reggae is formed later on Jamaica, which was widespread in the 70s. The basis of reggae is a mentor - genre of People's Music of Jamaica.

In the 1970s, rap appears, which "exported" Yamaici DJs to Bronx. The founder of the rap is considered to be DJ KOOL HERC. Initially, rap read pleasure to spill their emotions. The basis of this genre is the bit, which sets the rhythm to the speaking.

In the second half of the 20th century, electronic music approved itself as a genre. It is strange that she did not receive recognition even at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the first electronic tools appeared. This genre involves creating music using electronic musical instruments, technologies and computer programs.

Genres formed in the twentieth century have many styles. For example:

Jazz:

  • Novorlean jazz
  • Dixieland
  • Swing
  • Western Swing
  • Bop
  • Hard Bope
  • Boogie Woogie
  • Cool or cool jazz
  • Modal or swarm jazz
  • Avant-garde jazz
  • Soul jazz
  • Fri Jazz
  • Boss Nova or Latino Jazz
  • Sympho jazz
  • Progressive
  • Fusion or Jazz Rock
  • Electric jazz
  • Acid Jazz.
  • Crossover.
  • Smooth Jazz.
  • Cabaret
  • Menestrel Show.
  • Music Hall
  • Musical
  • Ragtime
  • Lounge
  • Classic crossover
  • Psychedelic Pop
  • Italo-disco
  • Evroodisian
  • High Energy
  • NU-DISCO.
  • Space Disco.
  • Ye-ye
  • K-Pop
  • Europrop
  • Arab pop music
  • Russian pop music
  • Rigsar
  • Laika
  • Latin American pop music
  • J-Pop.
  • Rock'n'roll
  • Big Bit
  • Rocabilly
  • Saikobilli
  • Neorocabilly
  • Skiffle
  • Do-th
  • Twist
  • Alternative Rock (Indi-Rock / College Rock)
  • Mat-Rock
  • Madcester
  • Grunge
  • Shuegising
  • Brit Pop
  • Noise Rock
  • Noise Pop
  • Post-grunge
  • LO-FI
  • Indie pop
  • Twi-Pop
  • Art Rock (Progressive Rock)
  • Jazz Rock
  • Crate Rock
  • Garage Rock
  • Fricbit
  • Glam Rock
  • Country Rock
  • Mercybit
  • Metal (Hard Rock)
  • Avant-garde metal
  • Alternative metal
  • Black-metal
  • Melodic black metal
  • Symphonic black metal
  • Ter-black metal
  • Viking-metal
  • Gothic Metal
  • Dum-metal
  • Dat metal.
  • Melody-Dat Metal
  • Metal
  • New metal
  • Power Metal
  • Progressive metal.
  • AIDS Metal
  • Stone Rock
  • Tresh metal
  • Folk metal
  • Heavy metal
  • New wave
  • Russian rock music
  • Pub Rock
  • Punk rock
  • Ska Punk
  • Pop punk
  • Crust-punk
  • Hardcore
  • Crossover
  • Riot Folk.
  • Pop Rock
  • POSEPANK
  • Gothic Rock
  • No wave.
  • Price
  • Psychedelic rock
  • Soft Rock
  • Folk Rock
  • Techno-rock

As you can see, set styles. There will be a lot of time to enumerate the full list, so we will not do this. The main thing you now know how modern popular genres appeared and just no longer confuse genre and style.