What everyday fairy tales of the peoples of the world have you read. What is a household tale? Examples of this genre in folk art and literature

Fairy tales, like any other works of the literary genre, also have their own classification, and not even one. Fairy tales can be divided into several groups, firstly, by content, and secondly, by authorship. In addition, there is also a classification of fairy tales based on nationality, which is transparent and understandable to everyone. For example, "Russian folk tales", "German tales", etc. It is also not so difficult to say what fairy tales are by authorship. Everyone knows that there are folk tales, and there are copyright ones, written by a specific person. We will return to this later, but first let's talk about a more complex classification of fairy tales - by content.

Types of fairy tales by content

• household
• magical
• animal tales

Each of these types is divided into several more, which we will discuss in the respective chapters. And we'll start with everyday fairy tales.

Household tales

As the name suggests, everyday fairy tales include those that describe the life and life of a particular people. However, it should be noted that in this kind of fairy tales, the usual description is rare, and most often it is supplemented by various humorous and satirical descriptions. For example, any qualities of this or that class of society or class are ridiculed. Among everyday fairy tales, the following types of fairy tales are distinguished (we list them with examples):

• social ("Shemyakin court", "Sharing a goose", "Chatty old woman")
• satirical everyday life ("The Man and the Pop", "The Barin and the Carpenter", "The Barin and the Man", "How I Hired a Worker as a Pop")
• magical household (with elements from fairy tales, vivid examples of this: "Frost", "Cinderella")

In general, it should be noted that this classification was deduced by literary critics rather conditionally, since it is far from always possible to say unambiguously to which category a particular fairy tale belongs. Many can be attributed to social and everyday life, and to satirical everyday life, and, for example, in the well-known fairy tale "Morozko", a certain amount of magic is added to these two features, therefore it is everyday, satirical, and magical at the same time. And this is the case with many fairy tales - be sure to take this point into account when classifying.

Fairy tales

A fairy tale can be recognized, first of all, by the environment, which, as a rule, does not correspond much to the reality revealed to us in life. Heroes exist in their own fantasy world. Often such tales begin with the words "In a certain kingdom ...". Fairy tales can also be roughly divided into several types:

• heroic tales (with a victory over various mythical creatures or with adventures in which the hero goes in order to find some magical object). Examples: "Rejuvenating apples", "Vasilisa the Beautiful";
• archaic fairy tales (tell about disadvantaged and lonely people and about those who were kicked out or left the family for some reason and about their adventures). Examples: "Twelve months", "Children with a man-eater";
• fairy tales about people endowed with magical abilities. For example: "Marya-artiste", "Elena the Wise".

Animal Tales

Let's see what animal tales there are:

• tales of common animals (wild and domestic). For example: "The Fox and the Hare", "The Fox and the Crane", "The Wolf and the Seven Kids";
• fairy tales about magical animals. For example: "Goldfish", "The Little Humpbacked Horse", "Emelya" ("By the Pike's Command").

In addition, there are such tales:

• cumulative (in which there is a repeating plot). For example: "Mitten", "Kolobok", "Turnip";
• fables. As an example, we will cite the well-known fables "The Crow and the Fox", "The Monkey and the Glasses". A small note: not all literary scholars classify fables as a fabulous genre, allocating a separate place for it among literary genres, but for the sake of completeness, I decided to include fables here too.

As you probably know, these fables are not folk art, they have authors. Thus, fairy tales can be divided into folk and author's. "The Fox and the Hare" is a Russian folk tale, and "The Little Humpbacked Horse" is the author's, since it was written by PP Ershov. Well, we have considered, perhaps, all the main types of fairy tales, both in content and in author's and nationality.

Some links

This page presents wonderful fairy tales.

And you will find several dozen of the most famous animal tales.

I note that the fairy tales presented on the pages of this site are perhaps the most famous from the section of Russian folk.

Household and satirical Russian fairy tales / Household fairy tales titles

Household and satirical Russian fairy tales are based on the events of the daily life of people. Fairy tales convey a life in which real heroes participate: husband and wife, gentlemen and servants, stupid ladies and ladies, a thief and a soldier and of course a cunning owner. The names in everyday fairy tales speak for themselves: Porridge from an ax, a master and a man, a disputant wife, a seven-year-old daughter, a fool and a birch and others ...

Teenagers will be interested in everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales ("Good, but bad", "Porridge from an ax", "Inexperienced wife"). They talk about the vicissitudes of family life, show ways to resolve conflict situations, form a position of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity.

Social fairy tales arose, according to researchers, in two stages: domestic - earlier, with the formation of the family and family life during the disintegration of the tribal system, and social - with the emergence of a class society and exacerbation of social contradictions during the period of early feudalism, especially during the disintegration of serfdom. building and in the period of capitalism. The names of everyday fairy tales are reflected, first of all, in the fact that the plots are based on two important social themes: social injustice and social punishment.

What are the tales of everyday life? In the fairy tale "The Master and the Carpenter" the master ordered the servants to beat up the oncoming carpenter because he himself was driving from the village of Adkovoy, and the carpenter was walking from the village of Raikova. The carpenter found out where the master lives, hired to build a house for him (the master did not recognize him), invited him into the forest to choose the necessary logs, and there he dealt with him. The plot of how a man fooled a master is very popular in fairy tales in different forms and variations.

Often children are asked to read the same story over and over again. Often, they remember the details exactly and do not allow parents to deviate from the text a single step. This is a natural feature of the mental development of the baby. Therefore, Russian fairy tales about animals will best convey life experience to young children.

There are two types of fairy tales: author's and folk. The name itself speaks for itself. Authors' tales include works written by one specific person. As a rule, he is the creator and parent, whose name is advertised in the book.

Folk tales are passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth. There is no one specific writer, everyone adds their own. As a result, with each narrator, new actions appear, and then the tale sounds already in a new way.
From century to century, from generation to generation, stories are passed down where ancestors teach and pass on their wisdom, their instructions and tremendous experience.

The common feature of the two types is the deepest meaning between the lines. For a child, a fairy tale is a funny and interesting story, for an adult, a text that carries moral and ethical implications.

Types of fairy tales by content

• magical
• about animals
• household

Fairy tales

Magic is inherent in almost every fairy tale. It is this that overcomes evil, helps the heroes to cope with difficulties. Thanks to such stories, many children from an early age believe in miracles and magic. The author plunges into a fantasy world, where with the help of magical objects or actions, any desire is embodied in reality. The purpose of such stories is to convey to the reader that faith in miracles should always be. Miracles can overtake at the most unexpected moment. It is them that the main character lacks so much to achieve the goal.

Most read fairy tales:

• Princess Frog
• Koschei the Deathless
• Morozko
• Emelya

Animal Tales

In this form, the role of man is replaced by animals, and not only domestic animals, but also forest and wild ones. Fish, birds, insects, all living creatures are involved, each has a special role. Even natural phenomena get, if not the main thing, then the secondary significance. Both the one and the other beast has its own character and principle of behavior. We were taught that a coward hare is afraid of everything and everyone. The fox is cunning and greedy. Everyone is afraid of the bear, but by design, he is one of the intelligent animals. At first glance, the wolf is toothy and predatory. In fairy tales, it is often found where he turns out to be a coward and a compassionate animal. In all actions, these heroes perform similar roles. It is stories about animals that inspire readers as to how they should be presented.

Some of the most popular animal tales include:

• Teremok
• Gingerbread man
• Turnip

In turn, the stories about our smaller brothers are divided into two subgroups: in some, animals play a secondary role - By the pike's command. In others, their importance is equal to that of a human - Dobrynya Nikitich and Serpent Gorynych.

Household tales

Works of this nature show that you should not wait for miracles, you need to do everything yourself. Only hardworking, fair and calculating can achieve everything in life on his own. They show the inherent life of every person. Emphasize negative traits, ridicule and teach the necessary lesson. In these works, the main thing is not a mighty force, but intelligence and morality. In these tales of stingy and greedy people, the wise and noble will always teach a lesson.

These include:

• Ax porridge
• The tale of the priest and his worker Balda
• Magic pipe

Whatever fairy tales are, children of all ages love them very much. After all, they are the lesson in everyday life. They learn from the mistakes of the characters and imitate the main characters. A fairy tale is especially important for young children. She subconsciously teaches lessons in different situations. Shows that protecting your own opinion is important. Also, relations with different nationalities and races should not be an obstacle in communication. Proper address to adults and the elderly. No wonder they say that they learn from fairy tales.

Someone distinguishes 4 types of fairy tales, someone 3 types. Grade 5, Grade 2.

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All children, and what is there to hide, adults, love fairy tales. Remember how we, with bated breath, listened to magical stories about our favorite heroes who taught us kindness, courage, love ?! They made us believe in miracles. And now we are happy to tell fairy tales, heard or read once, to our children. And they will tell them to their children - and this chain will never be interrupted.

What are these everyday stories and who is the hero in them?

Fairy tales are different - magical, about animals and everyday. This article will focus on the latter. The reader may wonder: what are these fairy tales? So, everyday ones are those in which there are no miraculous transformations, mythical characters. The heroes of such stories are ordinary people: a cunning gentleman, a simple man, a savvy soldier, a selfish deacon, a greedy neighbor and others. These tales describe the everyday life and everyday life of ordinary people. The plot in such stories is unpretentious. They ridicule greed and stupidity, condemn indifference and cruelty, praise kindness and resourcefulness. Typically, these stories have a lot of humor, twists and turns, and didactic moments. The list of everyday fairy tales invented by the people is very long. But not only rich in such entertaining stories. Many Russian writers worked in this genre: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Belinsky, Pushkin and others.

Household tales: a list of the most popular

• "Seven-year-old daughter".
• "Master-blacksmith".
• "The wife is a disputant".
• "The gentleman and the man".
• "Pot".
• "The Master and the Dog".
• "Hare".
• "Good pop".
• "Porridge from an ax".
• "Ivan the Fool".
• "If you don't like it, don't listen."
• "Soldier's Overcoat".
• "Fedul and Melania".
• "Three rolls and one steering wheel."
• "Nagovornaya voditsa".
• "The funeral of the goat".
• "What in the world does not happen."
• "About need".
• "Good and bad."
• "Lutonyushka".

Here is just a small list of everyday fairy tales. In fact, there are many more of them.

The plot of the tale "Porridge from an ax"

In the "List of everyday fairy tales" rating, the first place can rightfully be given to this particular story. It not only shows the ingenuity of a gallant soldier, but also makes fun of the greed and narrow-mindedness of a stingy woman. The soldier has always held an honorable role. The warriors were very fond of in Russia, and therefore in such stories they always emerged victorious thanks to an inquiring mind, skillful hands and a kind heart. In this story, the reader makes fun of the old woman's greed: she has a lot of food, but she felt sorry for a piece of bread, and she pretends to be poor and unhappy. The soldier quickly saw through the deception and decided to teach the stingy woman a lesson. He offered to cook porridge with an ax. The old woman's curiosity got the better of it - and she agreed. The soldier deftly lured out the groats, salt and oil. The stupid old woman did not understand that it was impossible to cook porridge from an ax.

Not only children love everyday fairy tales, adults also read them with pleasure, looking forward to the denouement, how can the hero cope with the difficult task. And we always rejoice when we learn that evil has been punished and justice has triumphed. Make a list of everyday fairy tales for your kid, and as you read each one, discuss with him the plot, the good and evil deeds of the characters. Analyzing various situations, it will be easier for the child later to distinguish between good and evil in life. Ask what everyday tales he knows, and offer to tell you one of them.

Krestnikova Marina
Russian folk tales of everyday life, their role in the development of preschool children

RUSSIAN FOLK FAIRY TALES

Children's letter

INTRODUCTION

Folk tale enters a child's life very early and remains with him throughout childhood, and therefore it is difficult to overestimate its influence on developing personality... The popularity of this genre among children due to its characteristic features.

At first, fairy tale invites you to travel to a fictional peace: this is how they perceive everything that happens in fairy tale and storyteller, and a listener. This means that in a fairy tale everything is possible that is impossible in reality - wonderful events, magical transformations, unexpected reincarnations. That's why fairy tale responds to a child's penchant for fantasy and belief in miracles.

But the greatest value fairy tales- this is an indispensable triumph of goodness and justice in the final. Peace fairy tales are a perfect world, the image of which lives in the soul of not only a child, but also an adult. However, as already noted, the child is inclined to see reality in bright colors, and therefore fairy the view of the world is unusually close to him.

Household tale is just a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description folk life where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, then everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. Hero everyday fairy tales are not a hero, but an ordinary person, such as a soldier, a peasant or a blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and does not have magical talents, but overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, a wedding or life after marriage.

This variety fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Household tales children perceive best in ages 2 to 7, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that to a certain age certain types are suitable fairy tales.

1. Types fairy tales

It should be noted that everyday tales can result as folk art and individual authors. So, for example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a lot fairy tales in everyday life.

Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what is everyday tale:

socially household("Chatty old woman", "Shemyakin court",

satirical household("The Man and the Pop", "The Master and the Man",

magically- household("Frost", "Cinderella").

However, it should be noted that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because the same work can contain different the elements: and satire, and magic, and just everyday life.

What are taught everyday tales?

Household tales were told and are told to children in order to to show them the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is everyday tale if not a lesson and instruction for future generations? She teaches us the very good and the best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not disappear in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland. Household tales usually carry the idea of ​​being hardworking and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed and they are left with nothing. So, in everyday tales with a negative attitude towards masters and priests. They usually appear to be greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that in everyday tales the social inequality of the heroes is clearly visible. Moreover, people of the lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than the richer. The role of a household fairy tale is to expose lies and show precisely the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Fairy tale with all its content asserted: he who works should have wealth. Interestingly, having got rich, the man does not stop work: fairy tale does not represent his hero outside of work.

Mockery in the social everyday tales, how in " The Tale of Ruff Ershovich"," Crow ", was subjected to legal proceedings in medieval Russia and even the tsar himself. Unreasonableness; unfairness of court decisions people explained the stupidity of the judges, bribery, but in fairy tales he seemed to be restoring justice. The poor man leaves the Shemyaka court unpunished ("Shemyakin court", thanks to the wit of his daughter, a man fights off the unjust court of the governor, guessing riddles better than his narrow-minded, but rich brother ("Seven Years", etc.).

In all this the optimism of the people, his belief in the possibility of peace and harmony in society and family, his dreams of a happy future. Tied up for quite a long time people the establishment of justice on earth with the name of the king. It was believed that the king was surrounded by dishonest, vain, stupid boyars and confidants. V fairy tales they make fun of, ridiculed evil and poignantly (for example, in fairy tales „Gorshenya"," Spruce cones ", the king is portrayed as a wise man, punishing fools and rewarding an intelligent man. But in fairy tale "The Tsar and the Tailor"the king is shown already the same as his approximate: despising the common man, stupid and funny.

2. System of images everyday fairy tales

So called everyday fairy tales are fairy tales reflecting folk everyday life and everyday life, real reality, without any miracles, without any magic.

Household tales- these are the most real satirical folk works.

Satire consists in a pronounced mockery of greed, stinginess, stupidity of people, mostly rich.

These qualities are ridiculed by a master, a merchant, a priest, even the tsar himself is not spared.

From childhood, everyone knows the hero everyday fairy tales Ivanushka the fool.

Even in the names of many this name appears in fairy tales: "The tale of Ivan the Fool"," Ivanushka the fool "," Ivan - the peasant's son and the miracle-yudo "," How Ivan the fool guarded the door ".

Usually this hero is despised by everyone, or rather to tell, despised by those who consider him stupid, unreasonable among them, "reasonable". But in fact, this simple-minded fool turns out to be almost the only rational being.

He is not at all stupid, but simply naive, good-natured, disinterested. Here around him people are deceiving each other, cunning, greedy, they want to make wealth by all means, indulge their pride, and Ivanushka lies on his stove, dreams, he is happy with a little - a red shirt and a kind word. And happiness comes to him, and not to those who aspired to wealth, to a high rank. The fool marries some beautiful princess, he himself becomes a handsome man.

V everyday tales disinterestedness prevails over greed, avarice, intelligence and ingenuity - over stupidity, real honor - over arrogance.

And this is the deep meaning of such fairy tales.

Of course, the heroes of such fairy tales besides Ivanushka, there are ordinary men, an old man with an old woman, brothers, a worker, a peasant, a soldier.

For example, tales of a servant: "Porridge from an ax", "A soldier's overcoat", "A soldier and the devil", "A soldier's school".

Have there are a lot of fairy tales of the Russian people, collections have been released more than once Russian fairy tales.

Bring the entire list, even only household there is no way.

Many people remember from childhood such fairy tales, for example: "Gorshenya", "Lutonyushka", "Grief", "Salt", "What in the World Does Not Happen", "Good Pop", "Turnip", "Hidden Treasure", "Wise Servant".

In all fairy tales funny joke, an ironic joke is intertwined, interspersed with serious assessments of human affairs.

3. Genre features fairy tales

Children's consciousness, which goes through the first stages of its formation precisely due to the perception of realistic stories much more receptive than an adult. And despite the fact that the very concept fairy tales has existed for several hundred years, babies receive their first knowledge in this life, like many centuries ago, thanks to such stories.

The most common Russian folk tales teach kids to perceive life values ​​correctly, and also teach to believe and love. Fairy tales give an understanding that good is always there, and miracles can happen to us every day and in the real world.

Often in plots everyday fairy tales of different nations there are both good and evil characters. Of course, good always wins, despite all the vicissitudes of the heroes' fates. And this pattern is not accidental. After all, this is the perception development of fabulous plot helps the child to strive for the best, and to do good deeds in real life.

And here are the life tests that fate throws to the characters everyday fairy tales, teach kids humility and patience. But at the same time, it is very important that the title and plot fairy tales were able to convey to the child's consciousness that a happy ending will surely come, you just have to try a little.

Of course, everyday tales far from the genre of fantasy, but there is also magic in them. After all, when the situation in which the characters find themselves turns out to be hopeless, its solution is sure to appear. Such miracles give the baby not only a subconscious feeling of security, but also stimulate his curiosity and independent development.

Household(satirical) fairy tale is closest to everyday life and, not even necessarily, includes miracles. Approval or condemnation is always presented in it openly, clearly expressed grade: what is immoral, what is deserving of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the heroes are just fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning, connected with important aspects of a person's life.

The constant heroes of the satirical fairy tales are"Simple" poor people. However, they invariably prevail over "Difficult"- a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of the magic fairy tales here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of wonderful helpers - only thanks to intelligence, dexterity, resourcefulness, and even fortunate circumstances.

Household satirical tale for centuries absorbed the characteristic features of life the people and his relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

V everyday tales sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Krivda, Grief-Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but the satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes in fairy tale such a specific element of children's folklore as a shape-shifter is introduced. In this case, a shift in real meaning arises, prompting the child to the correct arrangement of objects and phenomena. V fairy tale the shape-shifter grows larger, grows into an episode, and is already part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, exaggeration of phenomena give the baby the opportunity to laugh and think.

CONCLUSION

Fairy tale- one of the most interesting genres of oral creativity. The struggle between good and evil, faith in the triumph of justice, a bright future - all this is reflected in folk tales.

Household tales are short... The plot usually focuses on one episode, action developing rapidly, there are no repetitions of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny and strange. In these fairy tales are widely developed comic, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic character. Also, there are no horrors in them, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on the action and features of the narrative that reveal the images of the heroes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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2. Children's literature. Textbook for pedagogical schools. Ed. EE Zubareva - M .: Education, 1989 -398s.

3. Nikiforov A. I. Fairy tale, her existence and carriers / A... I. Nikiforov - M .: Education, 1930 - 105s.

4. Pasternak N. Fairy tales the child needs like air / Preschool education... - No. 8-2008. -23-35s.

5. Propp V. Ya. Russian fairy tale / V... J. Propp - L .: Lenizdat, 1984 -263p.

6. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots of the magic fairy tales / in... I AM.

7. Propp - L .: Lenizdat, 1986 - 415s.

8. Yudin Yu. Fool, jester, thief and devil (historical roots everyday fairy tale) ... Publ .: Labyrinth-K, 2006-336s