What is constant epithets briefly. Dictionary dictionary of literary terms What is a permanent epithet, which means and how correctly writes

one of the paths of folk poetry: the word-definition, steadily combined with one or another defined word and denoting in the subject of some kind of characteristic, always presenting a generic sign (the pillars of the pillars, the girl is red, well done, the sea is blue, the field is clean, the clouds are black) . Such P. E. (See epithet) were a means of typification. Moreover, the word used with P. E., acquires a new quality, meaning, differing in meaning from each of the words apart. The combination of Krasno Girl means "a beautiful girl, nothing special from others is not different: neither more beautiful, neither smarter than others." If the ancient teacher, the singer had to characterize the special properties of his characters, he was looking for an individualization epithet. Prince Vladimir, who wondered to marry, wants to find a bride worthy of his princely title, and creates an image of the perfect, from his point of view, girls: however that the girl was a lot of statist, it would be status and the mind of Scross-on, her white face, as it were White snow ... The role of P. e. The folklore is huge. They are one of the main means artistic expressiveness epic and songs, legends and legends. Some P. E. Widely used in all kinds of folklore: good well done, the field is clean, the sea is blue, the woods are dark, the meadows are green. Others are predominantly in certain genres of folk poetry, while performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, P. er in fairy tales are widely used. Fantastic character: Golden Palace, Crystal Bridge, underground kingdom, Firebird, carpet-aircraft. In the epons of P. e. serve as an important means in creating the images of the hero, the description of their armor and fixing the battles: mighty Bogatyr, kind horse, kalena arrow, boulen cock. In contrast to the epic genres of folklore, where P. E. Mainly a descriptive-visual role, in folk lyrics, the function P. E. Predestly expressive, emotional-valued. For example, in traditional lyrical songs there are often such emotional-estimated e.: Native Mother, native father, kind of friend, soul-maiden, poor head, tears fuel. Specified P. e. Chastushki: Merry Tagalyanka, expensive fun, cute drilling, desperate head. P. E. occurs in epic poetry of different nations. So, for the "Iliad" of Homer is characterized by P. Eh: Techegano Zeus, Rosovo-Steten Eos, Sredid Fetis. Lit.: epithet in Russian folk art. - M., 1980; Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981; See also lit. To the article epithet. L.E. That min

What " permanent epithet"? How to spell this word. Concept and interpretation.

permanent epithet One of the paths of folk poetry: the word-definition, steadily combined with one or another defined word and denoting in the subject of some kind of characteristic, always presenting a generic sign (the pillars of the pillars, the girl is red, well done, the sea is blue, the field is clean, the clouds are black) . Such P. E. (See epithet) were a means of typification. Moreover, the word used with P. E., acquires a new quality, meaning, differing in meaning from each of the words apart. The combination of Krasno Girl means "a beautiful girl, nothing special from others is not different: neither more beautiful, neither smarter than others." If the ancient teacher, the singer had to characterize the special properties of his characters, he was looking for an individualization epithet. Prince Vladimir, who wondered to marry, wants to find a bride worthy of his princely title, and creates an image of the perfect, from his point of view, girls: however that the girl was a lot of statist, it would be status and the mind of Scross-on, her white face, as it were White snow ... The role of P. e. The folklore is huge. They are one of the main means of artistic expressiveness of epic and songs, tales and legends. Some P. E. Widely used in all kinds of folklore: good well done, the field is clean, the sea is blue, the woods are dark, the meadows are green. Others are predominantly in certain genres of folk poetry, while performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, P. er in fairy tales are widely used. Fantastic character: Golden Palace, Crystal Bridge, Underground Kingdom, Firebird, Carpet-Airplane. In the epons of P. e. Serve an important tool in creating the images of heroes, the description of their armor and the situation of battles: mighty boat, kind horse, Kalena Strela, Bulat's cloth. In contrast to the epic genres of folklore, where P. E. Mainly a descriptive-visual role, in folk lyrics, the function P. E. Predestly expressive, emotional-valued. For example, in traditional lyrical songs there are often such emotional-estimated e.: Native Mother, native father, kind of friend, soul-maiden, poor head, tears fuel. Specified P. e. Chastushki: Merry Tagalyanka, expensive fun, cute drilling, desperate head. P. E. It is found in epic poetry of different peoples. So, for the "Iliad" of Homer is characterized by P. Eh: Techegano Zeus, Rosovo-Steten Eos, Sredid Fetis. Lit.: epithet in Russian folk art. - M., 1980; Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981; See also lit. To the article epithet. L.E. Tummin

Little to anyone modern peoplenot related to the world of art, sign such a literary term, as permanent epithets, examples of such expressions rarely meet in spoken Speech of people.

However, such special epithets exist, and this gives us the opportunity to talk about them. Consider issues of these expressions, their existence and scientific study.

Determination of a phenomenon

To begin with, we will give the definition of this literary phenomenon. If we ask the question of what epithets, definition and examples are this term, we learn that the epithet is one of the means of creating imagery artistic text. Therefore, it is called a shaped comparison.

Permanent epithet is sustainable and manifests itself in traditional imagery.

Therefore, this group finds its bright embodiment primarily in folklore texts. of various nationsliving on earth.

Scientific understanding of the problem

It has been proven that constant epithets are most characteristic of the oral folk creativity. The main difference from other types of epithets is a steady nature.

This tradition is continued in literary creativity, closely connected with folk material, which, for example, is the experience artistic literature People. Initially in the culture was not large diversity colors. Understanding the world and man from the people was built on two colors - white and black. Continuous epithets "White" and "black" used by prose places reflected the symbolic component of the national worldview. In mythological representation traditional peoples white color Refers to the deities of the Upper World, and black - to the deities of the lower world. According to mythology, in the upper world live good creatures, and in Lower - evil. Therefore, each of them needs different color.

From here, constant epithets are born, the examples of which we will give below.

Thus, white means good, divine, and therefore protecting. In the literature, images with epithet "Black" are most often associated with the dynamics - event or descriptive. Similar value The epithet "black" is observed in Russian classics. "Black faces" - archetype of grief, grief. "Light face" - the image of joy.

Permanent epithet: examples, species, definition, use in literature

Epitts have different species content. However, in relation to each other, they are in an antonymic connection, as adjectives "white" and "black".

Consider other values \u200b\u200bof the "white" epithet, which are not related to the view of the pagan pantheon. In the story of E. Ipine "At the exhaust focus" is given the image of the White Tsar: "I vividly introduced myself a white king. He has white-golden as the sun in front of the winter bad, the crown hat on his head. White, probably, from gray hair, hair. White beard. White fur coat seemingly from a white deer skins. White mittens from White Camus. White Unputs-Kisos, too, from the White Camus. White king in all white. That's it and white. And white color is the color of life. "

How do they show permanent epithets in this text, the examples of which we just saw in the text?

In this case, the white color is the embodiment of life, natural energy, life-giving strength. It is in this sense that the red is opposed to the red in the story of E. ipine "God's Message", in which this is speech About Lipetsk who fought on the side of the White. He does not recognize his guilt and says: "No, people will remain. But not red, but just people will stay with faith, people with God ... "

Epithets with negative and positive semantic meaning

Permanent epithets, examples of which we see in this work, often include color characteristics as the most archetypal way to know the world.

The red color for the works of the folklore of the peoples of the North (for example, Khanty) cannot bear the life, the beginning of any positive movement, it is always - the beginning of the end. In this context, the question is understandable, which in the story of E. Aypine "Russian Lebel" asks Joseph Sardakov: "If on my earth, in my house, it comes red with a rifle, with a machine gun, with a gun, what should I do?"

As you can see, the epithet "red" carries a negative shade, and it is used in relation to unkind, evil people.

On the contrary, in the works of Russian folklore "Red" is a constant epithet with a positive semantic value.

Results of studying epithets with constant meaning

What conclusion can be done, studying such a phenomenon as constant epithet, examples of which are easy to find in the works of oral folk creativity?

The conclusion is as follows: archetypical constant epithets ("black", "red", "white", etc.) reflect in the works of folklore not at all social affiliation, but actions and intentions towards others. So, constant epithets in the literature, as in folklore, carry high-quality signs that the people empows certain objects and objects, they become generally accepted archetypes.

It is so born by constant epithet, the examples of which we considered in this article.

Epithet is a kind of verbal definition that can update the overall semantic load Words or strengthen one of the characteristic signs for him.
The epithet is characterized by constancy or assault on some archetypes. That is, it can be constantly used along with certain words. So, for example, the sea is always dark, the zero is silk, the Yar is deep, the heart is sincere, the mother is native, and spring is red.
Such a constancy was formed as a result of the evolution of lyrol-epic creativity with his heroic and historical songs. Using constant epithets, author draws inspiration from depths folk wisdom and fully trusted by charm folklore images. Such artistic means Express the national mentality, I meet in the pearls of people's song literature.
For permanent epithets, a generalized value is enshrined, which characterizes the word regardless of the context. So, along with the definition that allocates its main feature, merges into permanent artistic receptionwho travels through the work paths.
Allocate two significant groups of permanent epithets that are tied to a person or natural phenomena. You can often find images beautiful girl With brown eyes, a robust oblique and a subtle state, near which riding a horse with an acute saber, her cute guy - brave warrior. The listed definitions act as permanent epithets that transmit appearance.
The epithets of "girl-orphan", "Boy-loaf" have a social orientation, pointing to the position of the hero in society. Separately stand constant epithets with a tattology: dark dungeon, Moor Stone, a young girl. They have a bright stylistic load and are more pronounced for emotional perception. Epitts that are fixed behind specific nouns, over time abstracts, acquiring a generalized symbolic content. On their basis, some writers create their neologisms with characteristic means of expression and semantics. Others enjoy the already developed people in oral creativity samples that reflect the song charm native language.

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IN school Program The epithet is paid a lot of attention: he is devoted to the whole lessons, starting with the fifth grade and ending with the ninth. Epithet is an important expressiveused not only by writers but also ordinary people In everyday speech. Perhaps they are not so suitable and no represent any artistic valueBut each of us uses them almost daily.

The poets and writers of 18-19 centuries were actively used by this figure, thanks to which there was modern Russian. This is Pushkin, Derzhavin, Baratan and others. Epithet is artistic definition Phenomena or subject to help to imagine this item to feel how the author belongs to it. As we used to still speak - a colorful definition. Word B. portable meaning - This is an epithet. Examples: sad man - Here the word is used in its direct value; sad weather - in portable. Dictionaries give other definitions more deployed.

Deployed definition of epithet

The epithet is a word or as an entire expression, which, thanks to the structure and special functions in the text, can acquire a new semantic shade or even the value, thus highlighting, in the depicted object, unique individual signs and forcing it to evaluate it from a new, unusual point of view.

Epitheet can interact with any of the types of semantic portes - metonimia, metaphor, hyperbole, oxyumor, etc., staining text into a certain tonality. The most sensible expressive function of this figure of speech becomes when it forms a synonymic (sometimes a quasinonimic) series in which each of its member shall apply or complement the epithet. Examples: sad, sad weather; sad, mourning shrink wilts.

Permanent epithet

Such which, combined with the defined word, forms a sustainable figurative-poetic expression. That is, it is such a phrase or phrase, which, we no longer feel the fact that it is epithet. Examples: golden autumn , blue ocean. Especially many permanent epithets we meet in folklore: red Maiden., good well done, pure field.

Grammar shape of epithets, its characteristics and functions

In these questions, the opinions of philologists are diverged. Some are confident that only the definition expressed by the adjective can appear in the role of the epithet. Others are inclined to the fact that the grammatical function of the epithet word can be different, the main thing is determining the position to another word. In other words, the verb, and adverb, and the leadingness under certain circumstances - epithet. Examples: ghostly reigns (I. Brodsky), suffocating, playing in hide and seek, goes off (B. Pasternak). As we see from the definition and explanation, the epithets are really found in everyday speech: Do not we say about the gloomy sky or sad rain? These figures allow you to make our speech for a figurative and pleasant.