Ivan Turgenev: biography, life path and creativity. Stories and stories
She tells a deaf, coffin, not a solid voice). To me, to me, snakes hell! To me, black mission!
Makes the case unheard of! The case is dark and bloody, from which God's angels disgusted their face!
You yourself are guilty, Prokop Petrovich! I walked to you with love, with hope and prayer! You rejected me! You took your hand from Marina. You could and did not want to extract it from the abyss of shame and crime!
How he was good in his anger! How noble! How I felt I could love! But he does not know pity! They will not regret it. Murder and death - triumph! All the wonderful dying! Good is evil, and evil is good!
I will show you if you can take revenge for the resentment! You had a friend; You loved him gently; You will sell your friend, you fall from his knife! Do you love your rus, love her insanely? Rus will call you a traitor, and later chronicles will curse your name! Is it not true, I can revenge?
I hear it! He's coming! To me, snake hell! To me, black mission!
Included Simeon.
Simeon. Marina!
Marina. It's you. Thank you for coming! Do not be afraid! I called you not behind the bloody revenge! Yesterday's insults are forgotten! I wanted to see again, last another who loved me ...
Simeon. Oh my God! Are we parting?
Marina. Forever and ever! I'm going to the far path, Simeon!
Simeon. I do not want to understand you, but I'm scared!
Marina. Could you think that I agree to be toy Lyapunov? What desperation and tears I want to increase his celebration? Could you think that I enhance my wedding head on an effort of criminals? I have poison, Simeon!
Simeon. You will not die!
Marina. You loved me! I will fulfill the last will of my! When at the towers of the Kremlin, the victorious Russian "Hurray" will be heard and the proud leader will be brought into the royal chambers - I will not be! My son in Kolomna! Save him, Sokre him! Do not give me a little enemy to sleep innocent blood baby!
Simeon. You will not die!
Marina. Child! Will you save me? Believe me, everything is over: I conquer his fate. Zarutsky leaves me! He sold my defense too expensive to me: he demanded this hand! I rushed to Lyapunov: Lyapunov rejected me! You see, kind friend, I have to die!
Simeon. Oh my goodness!
Marina. Where to run? From whom to wait for salvation? Lyapunov swore to destroy me, and you know if he can keep his oaths!
Simeon. I'm going to kill him!
Marina. About Simeon! He is your friend ...
Simeon. I hate him!
Marina. He is the Savior, Hope of Your Rus ...
Simeon. What rushing me is that I am friendship, that I am all the world in comparison with your gaze! I live to you! I breathe! Let everything die, everything collapses me around me, if only you, my queen, smiled in your slave! (Falls on the knee.)
Marina(takes his hand). Oh my goodness! This life is so beautiful! Be so beloved - and die!
Simeon. I will save you! I will scold my heart from his chest with this knife. I save you, do you hear?
Marina. Volynsky! From the coffin, you call me to life! He forget what you do! Do not forget, for what you do!
Simeon. I will restructure my word!
Marina. Not too late, you can go back! Fate my hard! Mount to someone who wants to divide it!
Simeon. I decided!
Marina. Remember that I demand full, blind obedience! Remember that who loves Marina, there is neither a friend, nor dedicated nor faith! He must be mine, all my! He should live my life, think wing thinking, love with my heart!
Simeon. For you, I will kill my native father.
Marina. Good. (Solemnly.) From now on, you are my slave, blind performer of my will!
Simeon. Queen, command!
Marina. Listen! I do not want Moscow to be taken on this night!
Simeon. I can change!
Marina. Here is a letter: put a print of Lyapunov. Take it with your attack. You lead an advanced squad. Poles will make a breakdown; Plee the one who tells you my name. Tomorrow you will be free; Tomorrow you give this letter to Boyram.
Simeon. This letter…
Marina. You see, it written Lyapunov; He declares Grysvsky, which is transmitted to the Poles; He forgot only the print applied! You fuck! You pale! Give me a letter! I rupt him!
Simeon. Leave! Lyapunov has sentenced their century.
Marina(Relying on Simeon's shoulder and almost hugging it). I will expect you. Come tomorrow; Tell me: You are free; To be afraid of more than anyone ... And you will get a decent award. (Kisses him and runs away.)
Simeon. Oh, I live it until the morning! ..
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich |
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Pseudonyms: |
In; ---; I.S.T.; IT; L.; Mistakes, Jeremiah; T.; T ...; T. L.; T ...... in; *** |
Date of Birth: |
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Place of Birth: |
City of Eagle, Russian Empire |
Date of death: |
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Place of death: |
Buval, Third French Republic |
Citizenship: |
Russian empire |
Occupation: |
Prose, poet, playwright, translator |
Years of creativity: |
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Direction: |
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Story, Tale, Roman, Elegy, Drama |
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Product language: |
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"Evening", 1838 |
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Biography
Origin and early years
After graduation
Flowering creativity
Dramaturgy
1850s
Last years
Death and funeral
Personal life
"Turgenev Girls"
Hunting hunting
Value and evaluation of creativity
Turgenev on stage
Foreign critics
Bibliography
Stories and stories
Turgenev in graphics
Shielding
In St. Petersburg
Toponymy
Public institutions
Monuments
Other objects
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (October 28, 1818, Eagle, Russian Empire - August 22, 1883, Buval, France) - Russian Writer-Realist, Poet, Publicist, Dramaturgome, Translator; Member of the Correspondent Drift Academy of Sciences on the category of Russian language and literature (1860), Honorary Dr. Oxford University (1879). One of the classics of Russian literature, who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the XIX century.
The artistic system created by him had an impact on the poetics not only the Russian, but also the Western European novel of the second half of the XIX century. Ivan Turgenev first in Russian literature began to study the identity of the "new person" - the sixties, its moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him in Russian, the term "nihist" began to be widely used. He was a promoter of Russian literature and drama in the West.
The study of works by I. S. Turgenev is a mandatory part of Russian school programs. The most famous works are the cycle of the stories "Notes of the Hunter", the story "Muuma", the story "Asya", the novels "Noble nest", "fathers and children".
Biography
Origin and early years
Family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from the ancient kind of Tula Turgen's Tula nobles. In a memorable book, the mother of the future writer recorded: " 1818 on October 28, on Monday, the son of Ivan was born, the height of 12 vershs, in Orel, in his house, at 12 am. Baptized on the 4th day of November, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov with sister Fed, Nikolaevoy thermal».
Father Ivan Sergey Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834) served at the time in the cavalry regiment. The benchless lifestyle of Krasavtsa-Kavaleargard upset his finances, and for amendments to his position he joined in 1816 to marry on the calculation with the elderly, unattractive, but very wealthy barbarus of Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850). In 1821, the head of the Colonel of the Kirassirian Regiment was resigned. Ivan was the second son in the family. The mother of the future writer, Varvara Petrovna, came from a rich nobility family. Her marriage with Sergey Nikolayevich was not happy. Father died in 1834, leaving three sons - Nicholas, Ivan and early died of Sergey's epilepsy. Mother was a powerful and despotic woman. She herself early lost his father, suffered from the cruel attitude of his mother (which grandson later depicted in the image of the old woman in the sketch "Death"), and from the violent, whining stepfather, who often beat her. Because of the permanent beatings and humiliation, she later escaped to his uncle, after whose death was the owner of a magnificent estate and 5000 souls.
Varvara Petrovna was a difficult woman. Freight habits got along with the readiness and education, it combined care for the education of children with family despotism. Subjected to maternal beatings and Ivan, despite the fact that he was considered her favorite son. Literacy of the boy was trained frequently replaced by French and German governors. In the family of Varvara Petrovna, everyone said each other exclusively in French, even prayers in the house were pronounced in French. She traveled a lot and was an enlightened woman, read a lot, but also mainly in French. But the native language and literature were not alien to her: she herself had an excellent figurative Russian speech, and Sergey Nikolayevich demanded that during his father's opponents, they wrote to him in Russian. The Turgenene family supported links with V. A. Zhukovsky and M. N. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna followed the novelties of the literature, was well aware of the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov and N. V. Gogol, who in letters to the son willingly quoted.
The love of Russian literature, young Turgenev, also added one of the fortress chambers (which later became the prototype of Punic in the story "Punin and Baburin"). Until nine years, Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary Mother's estate Spassky-Lutovinovo 10 km from Mtsensk Orlovskaya province. In 1827, Turgeneva to give children education, settled in Moscow, buying a house on a self-shot. The future writer studied at first in the Vaydenhammer guesthouse, then became a boarding player at the director of the Lazarevian Institute I. F. Krause.
Education. The beginning of literary activities
In 1833, at the age of 15, Turgenev entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. At the same time, A. I. Herzen and V. G. Belinsky were trained here. A year later, after the older brother of Ivana entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Ivan Turgenev moved to St. Petersburg University to the Faculty of Philosophy. At the university, he became a friend of T. N. Granovsky, the future famous scientist-historian of the Western school.
Initially, Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834, being a third-course student, he wrote a five-colored Yamba a dramatic poem "wall". A young author showed these feather samples to his teacher, professor of Russian literature. A. Pletnev. During one of the lectures, Pretnev rather strictly disassembled this poem, without revealing its authorship, but at the same time also acknowledged that in the wrister "there is something". These words prompted the young poet to writing a number of poems, two of whom the Plentnev in 1838 published in the magazine "Contemporary", whose editor he was. They were published by signature "... ..." Debut poems were "Evening" and "To Venus Medica".
The first publication of Turgenev appeared in 1836 - in the "journal of the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment", he published a detailed review of "On Traveling to Holy Places" by A. N. Muravyov. By 1837, they were already written about a hundred small poems and several poems (the unfinished "story of the old man", "Calm at the Sea", "Fyshmagoria on the Lunar Night", "Sleep").
After graduation
In 1836, Turgenev graduated from university with a valid student. Dreaming about scientific activities, next year he endured the final exam and received a degree of candidate. In 1838 he went to Germany, where he settled in Berlin and seriously took up his studies. Berlin University attended lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home was engaged in grammar of the ancient Greek and Latin. Knowing ancient languages \u200b\u200ballowed him to freely read the ancient classics. During his studies, he became friends with the Russian writer and the thinker N. V. Stankevich, who had a noticeable influence on him. Turgenev attended the lectures of Hegelians, became interested in German idealism with his teaching about world development, about the "absolute spirit" and about the high vocation of the philosopher and poet. In general, all the way of Western European life produced a strong impression on Turgenev. The young student came to the conclusion that only the assimilation of the main principles of universal culture can bring Russia from that darkness in which it is immersed. In this sense, he became a convinced "Western".
In 1830-1850, an extensive range of literary dating writer was formed. Back in 1837, mimoled meetings occurred with A. S. Pushkin. At the same time, Turgenev met V. A. Zhukovsky, A. V. Nikitenko, A. V. Koltsov, a little later - with M. Yu. Lermontov. With Lermontov, Turgenev had only a few meetings who did not lead to a close acquaintance, but the work of Lermontov had a certain influence on him. He tried to assimilate the rhythm and the stylist, the stylistics and the syntactic features of Lermontov's poetry. Thus, the poem "old landowner" (1841) in some places close to the "testament" Lermontov, in the "ballad" (1841) the impact of the "song about the merchant Kalashnikov" is felt. But the most sensible connection with the work of Lermontov in the poem "Confession" (1845), whose accusatory pathos brings him closer with the Lermontov poem "Duma".
In May 1839, the old house in Spassky burned down, and Turgenev returned to their homeland, but already in 1840 he again left abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and Austria. Under the impression of a meeting with a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later wrote the story "Wound Waters". In 1841, Ivan returned to Lutovinovo.
In early 1842, he filed at Moscow University as a request for admission to the exam for a master of philosophy, but at that time there was no regular professor of philosophy at the university, and his request was rejected. Without setting around in Moscow, Turgenev satisfactorily endured the Master's degree exam in St. Petersburg University and wrote the dissertation for the verbal faculty. But by this time, the thrust for scientific activity has cooled, and more and more began to attract literary creativity. Refusing to protect the dissertation, he served until 1844 in the rank of college secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.
In 1843, Turgenev wrote Parasha's poem. Not very hoping for a positive feedback, he still got an instance of V. G. Belinsky. Belinsky highly appreciated "Parash", after two months posing a review in "domestic notes". Since that time, their acquaintance began, which in the future turned into a strong friendship; Turgenev was even a shaft in Belinsky's son, Vladimir. The poem came out in the spring of 1843 by a separate book under the initials "T. L. " (Turgenev-Lutovinov). In the 1840s, in addition to Plenev and Belinsky, Turgenev met with A. A. Fetom.
In November 1843, Turgenev created a poem "Morning Misty", laid in different years to music by several composers, including A. F. Gediq and G. L. Katouar. The most famous however, the romance version published originally signed by "Abaz Music"; Its belonging to Her V. V. Abaz, E. A. Abase or Yu. F. Abaz finally not established. After the publication, the poem was perceived as a reflection of the love of Turgenev to Polina Viardo, with which he met at this time.
In 1844, the poem "Pop" was written, which the writer himself characterized soon as fun, devoid of any "deep and significant ideas". Nevertheless, the poem attracted public interest with its anti-chillerization. The poem was trimmed by the Russian censorship, but the whole printed abroad.
In 1846, the story "Breter" and "Three Portraits" came out. In the "Bretera", which has become the second story of Turgenev, the writer tried to imagine the struggle between the Lermontov influence and the desire to discredit disorder. The plot for his third story, "three portraits," was asked from the family chronicle of Lutovinov.
Flowering creativity
Since 1847, Ivan Turgenev has participated in the converted "contemporary", where it became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov. The journal published his first Fakel "Modern notes", began to publish the first chapters of the "Hunter's Notes". In the first issue of the "contemporary" came out the story of "Horing and Kalinich", which opened countless publications of the famous book. The subtitle "From Notes of the Hunter" added editor I. I. Panayev to attract the attention of readers. The success of the story was huge, and it brought
Turgenev to write a number of others for the idea of \u200b\u200bwriting a number of others. According to Turgenev, the "notes of the hunter" were the fulfillment of his annibal oath to fight to the end with the enemy he hated out from childhood. "This enemy had a certain image, wore a known name: this enemy was serfdom." To implement their intention, Turgenev decided to leave Russia. "I could not," wrote Turgenev, "to breathe with one air, to stay next to the fact that I was having a hate you needed to remove from my enemy, then so that from my myself was giving harder to attack him."
In 1847, Turgenev with Belinsky went abroad and in 1848 lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events. Being an eyewitness to the murder of hostages, attacks, the Barricade of the February French Revolution, he made a deep disgust for revolutions at all. A little later, he got close to A. I. Herzen, fell in love with the wife of Ogareva N. A. Tuchkov.
Dramaturgy
The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the time of the most intensive activity of Turgenev in the field of drama and time of reflections on the issues of history and the theory of drama. In 1848, he wrote such plays as "where it is thin, there is a breakdown" and the "fucking", in 1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" and "Bachelor", in 1850 - "Month in the village", in 1851- M - "Provincial". Of these, the "fucking", "bachelor", "provincial" and "month in the village" enjoyed success thanks to excellent productions on the scene. Especially he was the roads of the success of the Bachelor's success, which became possible in many ways thanks to the executive skill of A. E. Martynov, who played in four his plays. Turgenev's own views on the position of the Russian theater and the task of Dramaturgia, Turgenev formulated back in 1846. He believed that the crisis of the theater repertoire, observed at that time, could be overcome by the efforts of writers committed to Gogol dramaturgism. The followers of Gogol-playwright Turgenev counted themselves.
To master the literary techniques of drama, the writer also worked on the translations of Bairon and Shakespeare. At the same time, he did not try to copy the drama of Shakespeare, he only interpreted his images, and all attempts by his contemporaries-playwright use the work of Shakespeare as a sample to follow, borrow his theatrical techniques caused only irritation from Turgenev. In 1847, he wrote: "Shadow Shakespeare is over all dramatic writers, they cannot get rid of memories; Too much, these unfortunate read and lived too little. "
1850s
In 1850, Turgenev returned to Russia, however, with his mother who died in the same year, he never saw. Together with my brother, Nikolai, he divided the major condition of the mother and, if possible, he tried to alleviate the peasants who took him.
In 1850-1852, she lived in Russia, then abroad, he saw N. V. Gogol. After the death of Gogol, Turgenev wrote a necrologist who did not miss Petersburg censorship. The reason for its discontent was the fact that, as the chairman of the St. Petersburg Cancer Committee, M. N. Musin-Pushkin, "about such a writer was criminally refined so enthusiastic." Then Ivan Sergeevich sent an article in Moscow, V. P. Botkin, who printed it in the Moscow Vedomosti. The authorities saw in the text of the rebellion, and the author was cast on the gathering, where he spent a month. On May 18, Turgenev was sent to his native village, and only thanks to the troubles of Count A. K. Tolstoy, two years later, the writer again received the right to live in the capitals.
It is believed that the true cause of the reference was not a cramole obituary of Gogol, but the excessive radicalism of the views of Turgenev, who manifested in sympathies to Belinsky, suspiciously frequent trips abroad, sympathetic stories about the fortress peasants, the laudatory review of Emigrant Herzen about Turgenev. The enthusiastic tone of the article about Gogol only overflowed a bowl of gendarme patience, becoming an external reason for punishment, the meaning of which was thinking about the authorities in advance. Turgenev was afraid that his arrest and the reference would be an obstacle to the light of the first edition of the "Hunter's notes", but his fears were not justified - in August 1852, the book was censored and published.
However, the censor of Lviv, who missed the "Hunter's Notes" to print, was on the personal order of Nicholas I fired from the service with deprivation of pensions. Russian censorship was also banned for the re-edition of the "Hunter's Notes", explaining this step by the fact that Turgenev, on the one hand, opocentized theft peasants, and on the other hand, portrayed "that these peasants are in oppression that the landowners behave indecently and illegal ... Finally, that the peasant to live on freedom is engaged. "
During the link in Spassky Turgenev, I traveled to hunt, read books, wrote a story, played chess, listened to the Beethoven "Coriolan" performed by A. P. Tyutcheva with a sister, who lived at the time in Spassky, and from time to time was driving .
In 1852, still being in the exile in Spasskoy-Lutovinov, he wrote the story "Mumu". Most of the "hunter's notes" was created by a writer in Germany. "Hunter's Notes" in 1854 were issued in Paris to a separate publication, although at the beginning of the Crimean War, this publication was the nature of the anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev was forced to publicly express their protest against the poor-quality French translation of Ernest Charier. After the death of Nikolai I, four of the most significant works of the writer were published one after the other: "Rudin" (1856), "Noborian nest" (1859), "On the eve" (1860) and "fathers and children" (1862). The first two were published in the Nekrasovsky "Contemporary", two others - in the "Russian Bulletin" M. N. Katkova.
Employees of "Contemporary" I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, I. I. Panayev, M. N. Longinov, V. P. Gaevsky, D. V. Grigorovized Sometimes in the circle of "Warlocknikov", organized by A. in . Druzhinin. The humorous improvisation of "Warlocknikov" sometimes went beyond censorship, so they accounted for them abroad. Later, Turgenev took part in the activities of "Societies to the benefit of needing writers and scientists" (literary fund), based on the initiative of the same A. V. Druzhinin. From the end of 1856, the writer collaborated with the Library for reading Library, which was published by A. V. Druzhinin. But his editorial event did not bring the expected success of the publication, and Turgenev, who hoped in 1856 to close journal success, in 1861 called the "library", editable by the time A. F. Pisemsky, "Deaf Broch".
In the autumn of 1855, the circle of friends of Turgenev was replenished with Lv's Tolstoy. In September of the same year, the story of a thick "logging of forests" with the dedication of I. S. Turgenev was published in the "contemporary".
1860-E.
Turgenev accepted the hottest participation in the discussion of the preparing peasant reform, participated in the development of various collective letters, address projects in the name of the state order of Alexander II, protests, and so on. From the first months of the edition of the Herzenovsky "Bell", Turgenev was his active employee. He himself did not write in the "bell", but helped in collecting materials and their preparation for printing. An equally important role of Turgenev consisted of mediation between Herzen and those correspondents from Russia, who for various reasons did not want to be in direct relations with the landscape London emigrant. In addition, Turgenev sent a detailed review letter to Herzen, information from which without signature the author was also published in the "bell". At the same time, Turgenev responded against the sharp tone of Herzen materials and excessive criticism of government solutions: "Do not brave, please, Alexandra Nikolayevich, and then all the reaches in St. Petersburg, - for which his shape from two sides to tick - Edak he, perhaps, will lose the spirit. "
In 1860, the article N. A. Dobrolyubova was published in the "contemporary" "When will the real day comes?" In which the critic appeared very flattering about the new novel "On the eve" and the work of Turgenev in general. Nevertheless, Turgenev did not suit the far-reaching conclusions of Dobrolyubov, made by him for reading the novel. Dobrolyubov set as a connection with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Turgenev work with the events of the approaching revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal of Turgenev could not reconcile in any way. Dobrolyubov wrote: "Then in the literature will come full, sharply and vividly outlined, the image of Russian insarov. And not long to wait for it: the feverish painful impurity is treated for it, with whom we expect his appearance in life. He will come, finally, this day! And, in any case, the eve of the Nearby from the following day: just some night shares them! ... "The writer put Nekrasov Ultimatum: or he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubs. Nekrasov preferred Dobrolyubov. After that, Turgenev left the "contemporary" and stopped communicating with Nekrasov, and later Dobrolyubov became one of the prototypes of the Bazarov image in the novel "Fathers and Children".
Turgenev has been in the circle of Westerners' writers who confessed the principles of "pure art", opposed by the tendency creativity of revolutionaries, the differences: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. The short time to this circle adjoined and lion thick. For some time, Tolstoy lived on the Turgenev apartment. After marriage to Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev gained in a thick relative, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both persecutes were visiting A. A. Feta in the estate of Stepanovo, a serious quarrel happened between them, almost Threaded duel and spoiled relations between writers for many 17 years. For a while, complex relations were in the writer and with the Feta himself, as well as with some other contemporaries - F. M. Dostoevsky, I. A. Goncharov.
In 1862, good relations began to complicate with the former friends of the Youth Turgenev - A. I. Herzenom and M. A. Bakunin. From July 1, 1862 to February 15, 1863, the Herzenovsky "Bell" published the cycle of articles "Ends and Beginning" of eight letters. Without calling the addressee of the letters of Turgenev, Herzen defended his understanding of the historical development of Russia, which, according to his thought, should move along the path of peasant socialism. Herzen opposed the peasant Russia by bourgeois Western Europe, whose revolutionary potential he was already exhausted. Turgenev objected Herzen in private letters, insisting on the community of historical development for different states and peoples.
At the end of 1862, Turgenev was brought to the process of 32 in the case of "persons accused of intercourse with London propagandists." After the prescription of the authorities about the immediate appearance in the Senate, Turgenev decided to write a letter to the sovereign, having raised him to convince him of the loyalty of his beliefs, "quite independent, but conscientious." Interrogate items he asked to send him to Paris. In the end, he was forced to go in 1864 to Russia to the Senate interrogation, where he managed to take all suspicions from himself. The Senate recognized him innocent. The treatment of Turgenev personally to the Emperor Alexander II caused the Herzen's gloa reaction in the "bell". Many later, in the relationship of two writers, V. I. Lenin was used in the relations of two writers. , "The bell" wrote about the gray-haired Magdalene (Magaza), who wrote a sovereign that she did not know sleep, suffering that the sovereign does not know about the repentant of her repentance. " And Turgenev immediately recognized himself. " But Turgenev's oscillations between tsarism and revolutionary democracy showed itself and otherwise.
In 1863, Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing dating with the largest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquaint Russian readers with the best works of modern Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents were Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Teckerei, Charles Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Charles Saint-Boev, Hippolit Ten, Prospere Merim, Ernest Renan, Teof Gauthier, Edmond Gonkur, Emil Zol, Anatole France , Gi de Maupassan, Alfons Dodé, Gustave Flaubert. Since 1874, the famous bachelor "Lunches of the Five" - \u200b\u200bFlaubert, Edmon of the Gonkura, Dodé, Zola and Turgenev, was held in Paris Restaurants Risha or Pelle. The idea belonged to Flauber, but Turgenev was assigned to them the main role. Lunches passed once a month. They raised different topics - about the features of literature, the structure of French, they told the bikes and simply enjoyed tasty food. Losts were held not only from Parisian restaurateurs, but also at home with the writers themselves.
I. S. Turgenev acted as a consultant and editor of foreign translators of Russian writers, wrote the preface and notes to the translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as Russian translations of the works of famous European writers. He translated Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German. So there were translations of the works of Flaubert "Irodada" and "Tale of St. Juliana gracious "for Russian readers and works of Pushkin for French readers. For some time, Turgenev became the most famous and most readable Russian author in Europe, where Critica counted him to the first writers of the century. In 1878, at the International Literary Congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president. On June 18, 1879, he was honored with the ranks of the honorary doctor of Oxford University, despite the fact that the university did not have such a benefit to him.
Despite the life abroad, all thoughts of Turgenev were still associated with Russia. He wrote a novel "Smoke" (1867), which caused a lot of disputes in Russian society. According to the author, the novel scolded everything: "both red and white, and on top, and from the bottom, and on the side - especially on the side."
In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent employee of the liberal journal "Bulletin of Europe" and ripped communication with M. N. Katkov. The gap did not pass easily - the writer began to pursue in the Russian Bulletin and in the Moscow Vedomosti. The attacks were especially tightened at the end of the 1870s, when the Kinkovskaya newspaper claimed the Karkovskaya newspaper about the ovations that had fallen into the share of Turgenev, the Kudarka writer in front of progressive young people.
1870-E.
The fruit of reflection of the writer of the 1870s was the largest in terms of its novels - "Novy" (1877), which was also criticized. So, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin regarded this novel as a service autocracy.
Turgenev was friends with the Minister of Education A. V. Golovnoy, with Milyutin's brothers (Comrade Minister of the Interior and Military Minister), N. I. Turgenev, was closely familiar with the Minister of Finance M. X. Reuter. In the late 1870s, Turgenev began closer with the leaders of revolutionary emigration from Russia, his acquaintances included P. L. Lavrov, Kropotkin, G. A. Lopatin and many others. Among other revolutionaries, Herman Lopatina, he put the above all, bowing to his mind, courage and moral force.
In April 1878, Lion Tolstoy offered Turgenev to forget all the former misunderstandings between them, to which Turgenev gladly agreed. Friendly relationships and correspondence resumed. Turgenev explained the importance of modern Russian literature, including the creativity of Tolstoy, Western reader. In general, Ivan Turgenev played a big role in the propaganda of Russian literature abroad.
However, Dostoevsky in the "demons" novel depicted Turgenev in the form of a "great writer Karmazinov" - a cryptic, small, who written and practically a talentless writer, who considers himself a genius and disturbing abroad. A similar attitude to Turgenev always needed Dostoevsky was caused, including the proposed position of Turgenev in his noble household and the most at the time of the high literary fees: "Turgenev for his" noble nest "(I finally read. Extremely good) Holts itself (which I have I ask 100 rubles. from the sheet) gave 4000 rubles, that is, 400 rubles from the sheet. My friend! I know very well that I am worse than Turgenev, but not too worse, and finally, I hope to write at all worse. For what I am, with my needs, I take only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2000 shower, 400? "
Turgenev, without hiding its hostility to Dostoevsky, in a letter M. E. Saltykov-Ukrainian generous 1882 (after the death of Dostoevsky) also did not spare his opponent, calling him "Russian Marquis de Garden."
In 1880, the writer took part in Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, arranged by the society of Russian literature fans.
Last years
The last years of the life of Turgenev became the top of glory as in Russia, where the writer again became a universal favorite, and in Europe, where the best criticism of the time (I. Teng, E. Renan, G. Brandes, etc.) ranked his first Writers of the century. His arrivals in Russia in 1878-1881 became real triumphs. The alarmer in 1882 was to lead to a serious exacerbation of its ordinary gouty pains. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of the disease were also discovered, soon in fatal for Turgenev. With temporary relief, he continued to work and a few months before the death, published the first part of the "poems in prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniature, which became a kind of part of his farewell with life, homeland and art. The book opened a poem in the prose of "Village", and completed her "Russian language" - a lyrical anthem, in which the author invested his faith in the great destination of his country:
Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacques put a writer diagnosis - breast toad; Soon the interrochemical neuralgia joined it. The last time Turgenev was in Spassky-Lutovinov in the summer of 1881. Winter sick writer spent in Paris, and for the summer it was transported to Buvalo in the Viardo estate.
By January 1883, pain intensified so much that he could not sleep without morphine. He was made an operation to remove the necris in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, but the operation helped slightly, because in no way alleviated pain in the chest spine. The disease developed, March and April, the writer so suffered that the surrounding began to notice the magnificent turbidity of the reason caused by MORFIA admission. The writer fully realized his closest death and resigned with the consequences of the disease that deprived him of the opportunity to walk or just stand.
Death and funeral
Confrontation between " unimaginably painful ill and unimaginable strong organism"(P. V. Annenkov) ended on August 2 (September 3) of 1883 in Bujavale under Paris. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died from Mixosarcoma (Mudo Sarcoma) (cancer damage to the spinal bones). The doctor S. P. Botkin testified that the true cause of death was clarified only after autopsy, during which his brain was also suspended by physiologists. As it turned out, among those whose brain was weighed, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the biggest brain (2012 grams that almost 600 grams more average weight).
The death of Turgenev became a big shock for his admirers, expressing in a very impressive funeral. The funeral was preceded by mourning celebrations in Paris, which received the participation of more than four hundred people. Among them was at least a hundred Frenchmen: Edmond Abu, Jules Simon, Emil Ozier, Emil Zol, Alfons Dode, Juliette Adan, Artist Alfred Dienedon Composer Jules Masses. For those who were visited with the experienced speech of Ernest Renan. In accordance with the will of the late September 27, his body was brought to St. Petersburg.
Even from the border station Verzhbolovo at the bus stops served as memorial. The solemn meeting of the coffin with the body of the writer took place on the platform of the St. Petersburg Warsaw railway station. Senator A. F. Koniy so recalled the funeral on the Volkovsky cemetery:
Reception of the coffin in St. Petersburg and following him on Volkovo cemetery represented unusual spectacles in their beauty, great nature and complete, voluntary and unanimous compliance with the order. Continuous chain of 176 deputies from literature, from newspapers and magazines, scientists, educational and educational institutions, from zemstvo, Sibiryakov, Poles and Bulgarians took space in a few wools, attracting sympathetic and often touched the attention of the enormous public who borbed the sidewalks - non-deputiations Elegant, magnificent wreaths and horagoes with meaningful inscriptions. So, there was a wreath "Author" Mumu "" from the society of patronage of animals ... Wreath with the inscription "Love is stronger than death" from pedagogical women's courses ... - A. F. Koni, "Turgenev's Funeral", the collected works in eight volumes. T. 6. M., Legal literature, 1968. P. 385-386. |
Not without misunderstandings. The day after the funeral of the Turgenev body in the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky on the street I give in Paris on September 19, the famous population-emigrant P. L. Lavrov in the Paris newspaper "Justice" edited by the future Prime Minister of Socialist George Clemenceau, published a letter in which he reported that I. S. Turgenev, on its own initiative, listed Lavrov annually over three years to 500 francs to facilitate the publication of the revolutionary emigrant newspaper "Forward".
Russian liberals were outraged by this news, calculating it with provocation. Conservative printing in the face of M. N. Katkova, on the contrary, took advantage of the message of Lavrov for the posthumous etching of Turgenev in the "Russian Bulletin" and "Moscow Vedomosti" in order to prevent the distinguished writer in Russia, whose body "without any publicity, with special care" should It was arrived in the capital from Paris for the burial. Following the ashes of Turgenev was very disturbed by the Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. According to the editor of the European Bulletin, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied Turgenev's body, the precautionary measures taken by officials were so inappropriate as if he had accompanied the nightingale-robber, and not the body of a great writer.
Personal life
The first romantic passion for the young Turgenev was in love with the daughter of Prinjean Shakhovskaya - Catherine (1815-1836), young poetess. The estates of their parents in the suburbs bordered, they often exchanged visits. He was 15, she was 19. In letters to the son of Varvara Turgenev called Ekaterina Shakhovskaya "Phatexto" and "villain", since Sergey Nikolayevich himself, Father, Ivan Turgeneva himself, who did a girl with reciprocity, broke the heart of the future writer . The episode is much later, in 1860, it was reflected in the story "First Love", in which the writer endowed some features of Kati Shakhovskaya Heroine to the story Zinaida.
Henri Truway, "Ivan Turgenev"
The story of Turgenev in dinner in Flaubert
"My whole life is permeated by the female start. Neither the book, nor anything else can replace the woman to me ... How to explain it? I believe that only love causes such a flourishing of the whole being, which nothing else can give. And what do you think? Listen, in my youth, I had a mistress - Melnichikh from the surroundings of St. Petersburg. I met her when I went to hunt. She was a pre-car - a blonde with radiant eyes, what we meet quite often. She did not want to take anything from me. And once said: "You have to make me a gift!" - "What do you want?" - "Bring me soap!" I brought her soap. She took him and disappeared. Returned painted and said, stretching my fragrant hands, "Kiss my hands as you kiss their ladies in Petersburg living rooms!" I rushed to her knees ... no moment in my life that could compare with it! "
In 1841, during his return to Lutovinovo, Ivan was faded by the Beloshwear Dunyasha (Avdota Yermolaevna Ivanova). Between the young, the novel, who ended with the pregnancy of the girl. Ivan Sergeevich immediately expressed a desire to marry her. However, his mother arranged a serious scandal about this, after which he went to St. Petersburg. Tourgenev's mother, having learned about the pregnancy of Avdoti, hastily sent it to Moscow to parents, where Pelagia was born on April 26, 1842. Dunyasha got married, daughter remained in an ambiguous position. Turgenev officially recognized the child only in 1857.
Soon after episode with Avdot, Ivanova Turgenev met Tatyana Bakunina (1815-1871), the sister of the future revolutionary-emigrant M. A. Bakunin. Returning to Moscow after his stay in Spassky, he drove to the estate of Bakukhini Proukhino. Winter in 1841-1842 passed in close communion with the circle of brothers and sisters of Bakunini. In the sisters, Mikhail Bakunina, Love, Varvaru and Alexander, in turn, all friends of Turgenev - N. V. Stankevich, V. G. Belinsky and V. P. Botkin were in turn.
Tatiana was older than Ivan for three years. Like all young Bakunins, she was passionate about the German philosophy and their relationship with others perceived through the prism of the idealistic concept of Fichte. She wrote to Turgenev's letters in German, full of extensive reasoning and self-analysis, despite the fact that young people lived in the same house, and from Turgenev, she also expected analyzing the motives of their own actions and response. "The" Philosophical "Roman, according to the observation of A. Byeque, - in the peripetia of which all the youngest generation of Priamukhin nest adopted, continued for several months." Tatiana was in love with real. Ivan Sergeevich did not remain completely indifferent to the love awakened by him. He wrote a few poems (Parasha's poem is also inspired by the Bakuunina) and the story dedicated to this elevation-ideal, mostly literary-episristolar hobby. But he could not answer a serious feeling.
Among other mimolete hobbies of the writer there were two more, who played a certain role in his work. In the 1850s, a speed romance broke out with a fabulous cousin, eighteen years old by Olga Alexandrovna Turgeneva. The inequity was mutual, and the writer was thinking about marriage in 1854, whose perspective was frightened at the same time. Olga served as a prototype of the image of Tatiana in the novel "Smoke". Also indecisive was Turgenev with Maria Nikolaevna Tolstoy. Ivan Sergeevich wrote about the sister of Leo Tolstoy P. V. Annenkov: "His sister is one of the most attractive creatures, which I just managed to meet. Mila, clever, simple - the eye would not answer. At the old age of years (I was struck by the fourth day 36 years old) - I hardly fell in love. " For the sake of Turgenev, twenty-old M. N. Tolstaya has already left her husband, the writer's attention to himself was accepted for genuine love. But Turgenev and this time limited himself to Platonic hobbies, and Maria Nikolaevna served him with the prototype of the windows from the story "Faust".
In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first saw Polina Viardo on the stage of the Opera House, when the Great Singer came to tour in St. Petersburg. Turgenev was 25 years old, Viardo is 22 years old. Then, on the hunt, he met Polyna's husband - director of the Italian Theater in Paris, a famous critic and art historian - Louis Viardo, and on November 1, 1843 he was represented by Polina himself. Among the masses of fans, she did not particularly highlight Turgenev, known more than an avid hunter, not a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev, along with the Viardo family, went to Paris against the will of the mother, still unknown Europe and without money. And this despite the fact that everyone considered him a rich man. But this time his extremely cramped financial situation was explained by him disagreement with his mother, one of the richest women in Russia and the owner of a huge agricultural industrial empire.
For attachment to " damned Gypsy"Mother didn't give him money for three years. During these years, the image of his life was little reminded the stereotype of the life of the "rich Russian" about him. In November 1845, he returns to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about the Viardo tour in Germany, again leaves the country: he goes to Berlin, then in London, Paris, Turnea in France and again in St. Petersburg. Having official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardo family " on the edge of someone else's nest"He said he himself. Polina Viardo brought up the extramarital daughter Turgenev. In the early 1860s, the Viardo family settled in Baden-Baden, and with them and Turgenev ("Villa Tourgueneff"). Thanks to the Viardo family and Ivan Turgenev, their villa has become an interesting musical and artistic center. War of 1870 forced the Viardo family to leave Germany and move to Paris, where he moved and the writer.
The last love of the writer became the actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savin. Their meeting occurred in 1879, when young actress was 25 years old, and Turgenev 61 years old. The actress at that time played the role of the vertex in the play of Turgenev "Month in the village". The role was so brightly played that the writer himself was amazed. After that speech, he passed to the actress behind the scenes with a large bouquet of roses and exclaimed: " I really wrote this vetta?!" Ivan Turgenev fell in love with her, he was openly admitted. The rarity of their meetings was replenished by regular correspondence, which lasted four years. Despite the sincere treatment of Turgenev, for Mary he was rather a good friend. She got married for another, but the marriage did not take place. Marriage Savina with Turgenev was also not destined to come true - the writer died in the circle of the Viardo family.
"Turgenev Girls"
The personal life of Turgenev was not quite successful. Having lived 38 years in close communion with the Viardo family, the writer felt deeply lonely. Under these conditions, a Turgenev image of love was formed, but love is not quite characteristic of an electric chlorous creative manner. In his works, almost no happy junction, and the last chord is more often sad. But nevertheless, almost none of the Russian writers paid so much attention to the image of love, no one ideally ideal a woman as Ivan Turgenev.
The characters of female characters of his works of the 1850s - 1880s - images of one-piece, clean, selfless, morally strong heroines in sum formed a literary phenomenon " turgenev girl"- a typical heroine of his works. These are Lisa in the story "Diary of an extra person", Natalia Lasunskaya in Roman "Rudin", Asya in the story of the same name, faith in the story "Faust", Elizabeth Kalitina in the novel "Noborsk Neck", Elena Stakhova in the Roman "On the eve", Marianna Setskaya in Novy novel and others.
L. N. Tolstoy, noting the merits of the writer, said that Turgenev wrote amazing portraits of women, and that Tolstoy and he watched Turgenev women in life later.
A family
Turgenev never acquired her family. The daughter of the writer from the white tramist of Avdoti Yermolaevna Ivanova Pelagia Ivanovna Turgenev, in the marriage of Bruer (1842-1919), with eight years he was brought up in the family of Polina Viardo in France, where Turgenev changed her name from Pelagia to Polynenet, which was more pleasant to his literary hearing - Polyneet Turgenev . In France, Ivan Sergeevich arrived only six years later, when his daughter was fourteen. Polneet almost forgot Russian language and spoke exclusively in French, which was tired of her father. At the same time, he was upset that the girl had a difficult relationship with Viardo itself. The girl did not love his beloved father, and soon it led to the fact that the girl was given to a private board. When Turgenev came to France next time, he took the daughter from the guesthouse, and they settled together, and the governess from England Innis was invited.
At seventeen years, Polynet met a young businessman Gastron Brewer, who produced a pleasant impression on Ivan Turgenev, and he agreed to marry her daughter. As a dowry, father presented a considerable amount of the amount of 150 thousand francs. The girl married Bruer, soon ruined, after which he was hiding with her husband in Switzerland with the assistance of his father. Since Turgenev's heiress was Polina Viardo, the daughter after his death was a predicaid material situation. Died in 1919 at the age of 76 from cancer. Children Polynet - Georges-Albert and Zhanna of descendants did not have. Georges Albert died in 1924. Zhanna Bruer-Turgenev never married; He lived, earning the living by private lessons, as I loosely owned five languages. She even tried himself in poetry, wrote poems in French. He died in 1952 at the age of 80, and the generic branch of Turgenev in Ivan Sergeevich was broken with it.
Hunting hunting
I. S. Turgenev was at one time one of the most famous hunters in Russia. Love for the hunt to the future writer instilled his uncle Nikolay Turgenev, recognized in the district of the sign of horses and hunting dogs, engaged in the upbringing of the boy during his summer vacation in Spassky. Also taught the hunting case of the future writer A. I. Kouvershmidt, whom Turgenev considered his first teacher. Thanks to him, Turgenev already in the youthful years could call himself a rifle hunter. Even Ivan's mother, who previously looked at the hunters as loafers, was imbued with the passion of his son. Over the years, the passion has grown into passion. It happened that he did not produce whole seasons from the hands of a gun, thousands of Luisst occurred in many provinces of the central strip of Russia. Turgenev said that the hunt is generally peculiar to the Russian person, and that Russian people have loved hunt from time immemorial.
In 1837, Turgenev met with the peasant-hunter Afanasiyia Alifanov, who later became his frequent satellite on the hunt. The writer bought him for a thousand rubles; He settled in the forest, five versts from Spassky. Athanasius was an excellent narrator, and Turgenev often came to him sit over a cup of tea and listen to hunting stories. The story "On Solovya" (1854) is recorded by the writer from Alifanov. It was Athanasius that became a prototype of Yermola from "Notes of the Hunter". He was known for his talent of the hunter also in the Wisdom of the writer's friends - A. A. Feta, I. P. Borisov. When in 1872, Athanasius died, Turgenev was very regretted about the old Hunting Comradist and asked for his manager to provide the possible assistance to his daughter Anne.
In 1839, the writer's mother, describing the tragic consequences of a fire that occurred in Spassky, will not forget to inform: " your rifle is kid, and the dog crazy" The happening of the fire accelerated the arrival of Ivan Turgenev to Spasskaya. In the summer of 1839, he first hunted on the hunting of Telegin Swamps (on the border of Bolkhovsky and Orlovsky counties), visited the Lebedyan Fair, which was reflected in the story "Lebedyan" (1847). Varvara Petrovna specifically acquired five swords of greyhounds, nine bows of hounds and horses with sides.
In the summer of 1843, Ivan Sergeevich lived at the cottage in Pavlovsk and also a lot hunted. This year he met Polyna Viardo. The writer was presented to her with the words: " This is a young Russian landowner. Nice Hunter and Bad Poet" Husband Actress Louis was, like Turgenev, a passionate hunter. Ivan Sergeevich has repeatedly invited to hunt in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. They repeatedly went on the hunt in the Novgorod province and in Finland. And Polina Viardo gave Turgenev beautiful and dear Jagdtash.
In the late 1840s, the writer lived abroad and worked on the "Notes of the Hunter". 1852-1853 The writer spent in Spassky under the supervision of the police. But this link did not oppress it, because in the village I again waited for hunting, and quite successful. And the next year he went to the hunting expedition for 150 wool from Spassky, where together with I. F. Jurassov hunted on the shores of the gums. This expedition served Turgenev material to work on the story "Ride in Polesie" (1857).
In August 1854, Turgenev, together with N. A. Nekrasov, came to the hunt for the estate of the titular adviser I. I. Maslov Oshmin, after which both continued to hunt in Spassky. In the mid-1850s, Turgenev became acquainted with the family of Tolstoy graphs. The elder brother L. N. Tolstoy, Nikolai, also turned out to be an avid hunter and, together with Turgenev, made several hunting trips around Spassky and Nikolsko-Vyazemsky. Sometimes they were accompanied by the husband M. N. Tolstoy - Valerian Petrovich; Some features of his character were reflected in the image of Primkovkov in the story "Faust" (1855). In the summer of 1855, Turgenev did not hunt because of the cholera epidemic, but in the following seasons, she tried to catch a missed time. Together with N. N. Tolstim, the writer visited Pirogovo, the estate of S. N. Tolstoy, who preferred to hunt with greyhounds and had excellent horses and dogs. Turgenev also preferred to hunt with a gun and a legative dog and predominantly on the play.
Turgenev contained Crane from seventy hounds and sixty greyhounds. Together with N. N. Tolstoy, A. A. Fetom and A. T. Alifanov, he made a number of hunting expeditions under the Central Russian provinces. In 1860-1870, Turgenev preferably lived abroad. He tried and abroad to recreate rituals and the atmosphere of Russian hunting, but of all this, only distant similarity was obtained even when he, together with Louis Viardo, managed to rent quite decent hunting grounds. In the spring of 1880, visiting Spasskoy, Turgenev specially drove into a clear polar to persuade L. N. Tolstoy to take part in Pushkin celebrations. Tolstoy abandoned the invitation, since he considered solemn lunches and liberal toasts in front of the starving Russian peasantry inappropriate. Nevertheless, Turgenev carried out his long-standing dream - hunted along with Lv Tolstoy. Around Turgenev even developed a whole hunting circle - N. A. Nekrasov, A. A. Fet, A. N. Ostrovsky, N. N. and L. N. Tolstoy, Artist P. P. Sokolov (illustrator "Hunter's notes") . In addition, he had to hunt together with the German writer Karl Muller, as well as with representatives of the reigning houses of Russia and Germany - the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich and Prince Hessian.
Ivan Turgenev proceeded with a gun over the shoulders Oryol, Tula, Tambov, Kursk, Kaluga province. He was well acquainted with the best hunting grounds of England, France, Germany. They were written three specialized work dedicated to the hunt: "On the notes of the rifle hunter of the Orenburg province S. T. Aksakova", "Notes of the Ruzhny Hunter of the Orenburg province" and "Fifty flaws of a rifle hunter or fifty flaws of a legative dog."
Character characteristics and writing life
Turgenev's biographers noted the unique features of his writer's life. From youth, he combined the mind, education, artistic talent with passivity, a tendency to self-analysis, indecisiveness. All together is bizarrely combined with the habits of a barchonka, former long time depending on the powerful, despotic mother. Turgenev recalled that in Berlin University during the study of Hegel he could quit his studies when it was necessary to train his dog or to hide her on rats. T. N. Granovsky, who came to his apartment, found a philosopher's student for the game with a fortress servant (Porphiri Kudryashov) in card soldiers. The childhood was smoothed over the years, but the inner generation and the immaturity of the views were made more than a long time about themselves. About their literary earnings, which spoke about his false and frivolous attitude towards literature and by the title of the writer at the time.
The episode of 1838 in Germany is evidenced about the foolishness of the writer in Germany, when a fire happened during the ship on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Turgenev asked for his life asked for one of the sailors to save him and promised him remuneration from his rich mother, if it would be possible to fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man exclaimedly exclaimed: " Die so young!", Swelling women and children in rescue boats. Fortunately, the shore was near. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his little power. Rumors about his cowardice penetrated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev himself in the "Fire to Sea" novel.
Researchers note another line of the character of Turgenev, who brings him and surrounding a lot of hassle - its optional, "All-Russian negligence" or "Oblomovshchyna", as E. A. Solovyov writes. Ivan Sergeevich could invite guests to him and soon forget about it, having passed somewhere in his affairs; He could promise N. A. Nekrasov's story for the next issue of the "contemporary" or even take an advance of A. A. Kraevsky and not to give a promise manuscript timely. From such annoying little things, Ivan Sergeevich subsequently warned the young generation. The victim of this option once became the Polish-Russian revolutionary Arthur Bennie, on which the slander accusation in Russia was erected that he was an agent III department. This accusation could be dispelled only by A. I. Herzen, to which Benny wrote a letter and asked to transfer it to the focus of London I. S. Turgenev. Turgenev forgot about the letter, which was not sent from him over two months. During this time, rumors about the betrayal of Benny reached catastrophic sizes. A letter that fell to Herzen with a lot of delay, nothing could have changed in the reputation of Benny.
The opposite side of these flaws was spiritual softness, a latitude of nature, known generosity, innovation, but his soft-hearted had its limits. When, during the last arrival in Spassky, he saw that the mother who did not know how to please his beloved son, built a building of all fortresses along the alley to welcome Barchuk " loud and joyful", Ivan was angry with her mother, immediately turned around and left back to St. Petersburg. They did not see each other more, and his decisions could not make even laptop. Ludwig Pic among the properties of the character of Turgenev highlighted its modesty. Abroad, where his work was not yet well known, Turgenev never sucked in front of the fact that he was already considered a famous writer in Russia. Becoming an independent master of maternity inheritance, Turgenev did not show any caringness about his breads and harvests. Unlike Leo Tolstoy, he did not have any master alkali in himself.
He himself calls himself " disabled from Russian landowners" In managing its estate, the writer did not delve, charging him or his uncle, or the poet N. S. Tyutchev, and even at all random people. Turgenev was very wealthy, he had no less than 20 thousand rubles of income per year from the ground, but at the same time he always needed money, spending them very unrearly. They made themselves to know the habits of a wide Russian Barin. Turgenev's literary fees were also very significant. He was one of the highest paid writers of Russia. Each edition of the "Hunter's Notes" delivered 2,500 rubles of pure income. The right to publish its essays cost 20-25 thousand rubles.
Value and evaluation of creativity
Extra people in the image of Turgenev
Despite the fact that the tradition of the image of "extra people" arose to Turgenev (Chatsky A. S. Griboyedov, Yevgeny Onegin. S. Pushkin, Pechorin M. Yu. Lermontova, Beltsov A. I. Herzen, Adual Jr. in "Ordinary History" I. A. Goncharov), Turgenev has a priority in determining this type of literary characters. The name "extra person" was entrenched after the exit in 1850 by the Turgenev Tale "Diary of an extra person". "Extra people" differed, as a rule, general features of intellectual superiority over the surrounding and simultaneous passivity, mental discharging, skepticism in relation to the realities of the external world, the discrepancy between the word and the case. Turgenev created a whole gallery of such images: Chulcaturin ("Diary of an extra person", 1850), Rudin ("Rudin", 1856), Lauretsky ("Noborsk nest", 1859), Nevozhanov ("Nov'", 1877). The problem of "excess person" is also devoted to the story and stories of Turgenev "Asya", "Jacob Pasynkov", "Correspondence" and others.
The main character of the "Diary of a Human" was marked by the desire to analyze all his emotions, fix the slightest shades of the state of his own soul. Like the Shakespeare Gamlet, the hero notes the unnaturalness and tension of their reflection, no will: " I disassemble myself to the last string, compared myself with others, remembered the slightest views, smiles, words of people ... whole days were held in this painful, fruitless work" The soul of self-analysis delivers an unnatural pleasure hero: " Only after the expulsion of my house of the root, I painfully learned how much pleasure a person can learn from contemplating his own misfortune" The failure of apathetic and reflective characters was even more filmed by the images of solid and strong Turgenev heroines.
The result of the thoughts of Turgenev about the heroes of Rudinsky and Chulcaturin type was the article "Hamlet and Don Quixote" (1859) the least "hamelet" of all Turgenev "unnecessary people" is the hero of the "noble nest" Lavretsky. "Russian Hamlet" is named in the novel "Novy" one of his main characters Alexey Dmitrievich Nezhdanov.
Simultaneously with the Turgenev phenomenon of the "excess person" continued to develop I. A. Goncharov in the novel "Oblomov" (1859), N. A. Nekrasov - Agarin (Sasha, 1856), A. F. Pisemsky and many others. But, unlike the character of Goncharov, Turgenev's heroes have undergone greater typing. According to the Soviet literary critic A. Lavretsky (I. M. Frenkel), "If we have from all sources to study the 40s. One "Rudin" or one "noble nest" remained, then it was still possible to establish the nature of the epoch in its specific features. By "Oblomov" we are not able to do this. "
Later, the tradition of the image of Turgenev "extra people" ironically beat A. P. Chekhov. A character of his story "Duel" Laevsky is a reduced and parody of the Turgenev unlander. He tells his friend to Korene: " I am a loser, an extra person" The background of Koren agrees with the fact that Laevsky is " skolok with Ruden" At the same time, he responds about the claim of Laevsky to be an "external person" in the mockery tone: " Understand so, they say that he is not to blame for the fact that the government packs are not printed on weeks and that he himself drinks and saves others, and Onegin, Pechorin and Turgenev, who invented the loser and unnecessary person is to blame" Later criticism brought the nature of the Rudin with the character of Turgenev himself.
Turgenev on stage
By the mid-1850s, Turgenev was disappointed in his vocation of the playwright. Criticism declared his plays un chance. The author as if agreed with the opinion of criticism and stopped writing for the Russian scene, but in 1868-1869 he wrote for Polina Viardo four French ledging libretto, designed to perform in Baden-Baden theater. L. P. Grossman noted the validity of many persecution of critics at the address of Turgenev's Pieces for the lack of movement and the predominance of the conversational element. Nevertheless, he pointed to the paradoxical survivability of the Turgenev productions on the scene. The plays of Ivan Sergeevich over a hundred and sixty years are not going from the repertoire of the European and Russian theaters. They played glorified Russian performers: P. A. Kratygin, V. V. Samoilov, V. V. Samoilova (Samoilova 2nd), A. E. Martynov, V. I. Lokini, M. P. Sadovsky, with . V. V. Shumsky, V. N. Davydov, K. A. Varlamov, M. G. Savina, G. N. Fedotova, V. F. Commissionerzhevskaya, K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Kachalov, M. N . Ermolova and others.
Turgenev-dramaturg was widely recognized in Europe. His plays have been successful on the scenes of the Paris Theater of Antoine, Venssenkoburgteater, Munich Chamber Theater, Berlin, Königsberg and other German theaters. Turgenev's drama was in favorite repertoire of outstanding Italian tragics: Ermtehe Novelli, Tommaso Salvini, Ernesto Rossi, Ermet Tsakconi, Austrian, German and French actors of Adolf von Sonnental, Andre Antoine, Charlotte Voltaire and Francisa Ellrerech.
Of all his plays, the greatest success fell to the "month in the village". The debut of the performance took place in 1872. At the beginning of the 20th century, K. S. Stanislavsky and I. M. Moskvin were put in the MHTT Pieces. The artist-decorator of the production and the author of the sketches of the costumes of the operating persons was the artist-myrianisssman M. V. Dobuzhinsky. This play does not come down from the scene of Russian theaters to the present. During the life of the author, the theaters began to draw his novels with various success: "noble nest", "Steppe King Lire", "Wounds". Modern theaters continue this tradition.
XIX century. Turgenev in the estimates of contemporaries
Contemporaries gave the work of Turgenev a very high rating. Criticizing his works were critics V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, A. V. Druzhinin, P. V. Annenkov, Apollo Grigoriev, V. P. Botkin, N. N. Fears, in. P. Burenin, K. S. Aksakov, I. S. Aksakov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, K. N. Leontiev, A. S. Suvorin, P. L. Lavrov, S. S. Dudyshkin, p. N. Tkachev, N. I. Solovyov, M. A. Antonovich, M. N. Longinov, M. F. De-Pula, N. V. Shelgunov, N. G. Chernyshevsky and many others.
So, V. G. Belinsky noted the writer an extraordinary skill of the image of Russian nature. According to N. V. Gogol, in the Russian literature of that time, the most talent for Turgenev. N. A. Dobrolyubov wrote that it was worth Turgenev touched into his story any question or a new side of social relations, as these problems climbed into the consciousness of an educated society, appearing before the eyes of everyone. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin stated that the literary activity of Turgenev had an equal activity of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov for society. According to the Russian literary criticism of the late XIX century of the XX century S. A. Hungarian, the writer managed to write so realistic that it was difficult to catch the line between literary fiction and real life. His novels not only read out - his heroes imitated in life. In each of its major works there is a acting person, in whose merchants are invested by a subtle and frantic wit of the writer himself.
Turgenev was well known in modern Western Europe. His works were translated into German in the 1850s, and in 1870-1880 he became the most beloved and readable Russian writer in Germany, and German critics were evaluated as one of the most significant modern modern erectors. The first translators of Turgenev were Augusto Vidert, August Boltz and Paul Fuchs. The translator of many works of Turgenev into German The German writer F. Bodenstedt in the introduction to the "Russian fragments" (1861) argued that the works of Turgenev are equal to the works of the best modern energists of England, Germany and France. Chancellor of the German Empire Hojenloe (1894-1900), who called Ivan Turgenev, the best candidate for the post of Prime Minister of Russia, responded to the writer so: " Today I spoke with the smartest Russian person».
Turgenev "Hunter's Notes" was popular in France. Gi de Maupassan called the writer " great man"And" ingenious novelist", And Georges Sandpisala Turgenev:" Teacher! We must all go through your school" His creativity and in English literary circles knew - in England, "Hunter's Notes", "Nobility Nest", "On the Day" and "New" were translated into England. Western reader conquered moral purity in the image of love, the image of a Russian woman (Elena Stakhova); I am hit the figure of the Militant Democrat Bazarov. The writer managed to show the European Society with genuine Russia, he introduced foreign readers with a Russian peasant, with Russian allocating and revolutionary, with the Russian intelligentsia and revealed the image of a Russian woman. Foreign readers due to the work of Turgenev digested the great traditions of the Russian realistic school.
Lion Tolstoy gave the following characteristic to the writer in a letter A. N. Dypin (January 1884): "Turgenev is a wonderful person (not very deep, very weak, but good, good man), who always says that he thinks and Feels.
Turgenev in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
According to the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, the "notes of the hunter", in addition to ordinary readership, played a certain historical role. The book made a strong impression even on the heir to the throne of Alexander II, which several years spent a number of reforms on the abolition of serfdom in Russia. Under the impression of the "notes" was also many representatives of the ruling classes. The book broke the social protest, swaying the fortress right, but the serfdom itself was directly affected by the "hunter's notes" restrained and carefully. The content of the book was not figuratively, it urged readers that it was impossible to deprive the most elementary human rights. But, except for protest, stories have and artistic value, carrying soft and poetic flavor. According to the literary critic S. A. Wengerov, landscape painting "Notes of the Hunter" became one of the best in the Russian literature of that time. All the best qualities of Tolden Talent received a bright expression in essays. " Great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language"The last of his" poems in prose "(1878-1882) was devoted (1878-1882), received the most noble and elegant expression in the" notes ".
In Rudin's novel, the author managed to successfully portray the generation of the 1840s. To some extent, Rudin himself is the image of the famous Agitator Hegelian M. A. Bakunin, about which Belinsky responded as a man " with a blush on cheeks and without blood in the heart. Rudin appeared in the epoch when society dreamed of "business." The author's version of the novel was not missed by censorship because of the episode of the death of Rudin on the June barricades, so it was clearly criticized very unilaterally. According to the author, Rudin was rich in a gifted person with noble intentions, but at the same time he was completely lost before reality; He knew how to passionately appeal and captivate others, but at the same time was completely deprived of passion and temperament. The hero of the novel became the name of the nine for those people who do not agree with the case. The writer did not particularly germed his favorite heroes, even if the best representatives of the Russian nobility class of the middle of the XIX century. He often emphasized passivity and lethargy in their characters, as well as the features of moral helplessness. This was manifested by the realism of the writer who portrayed the life of such what it is.
But if Turgenev performed in Rudine only against the idle-chatting people who chatting the forties, then in the "noble nest" his criticism was arguing against the whole generation; He preferred with young forces without the slightest bitterness. In the face of the heroine of this novel of a simple Russian girl, Lisa shows the collective image of many women of the time when the meaning of the woman's all life was reduced to love, failed in which, a woman was deprived of any purpose of existence. Turgenev foresaw the birth of a new type of Russian woman, who was placed in the center of the next novel. The Russian society of that time lived on the eve of the indigenous social and state change. And the heroine of Roman Turgenev "On the eve" Elena became the personification of the epoch of the reforms of an indefinite desire for something good and new, without a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthis new and good. The novel was not randorly named "On the eve" - \u200b\u200bin Nakhubin, it ends his elegge issue: " When will our time come? When do we have people people?"To which his interlocutor expresses hope for the best:" Give a term, - answered Uvanovich, - will" On the pages of the "contemporary", the novel received an enthusiastic assessment in the work of Dobrolyubov "When a real day is coming."
In the next novel, "fathers and children" most fully reached an expression, one of the most characteristic features of Russian literature of that time is the close relationship of literature with the real current flows of public sentiment. Turgenev managed better than other writers to catch the moment of the unanimity of public consciousness, burned in the second half of the 1850s, the old Nikolaev era with her lifeless reactionary closure, and the turning point of the era: the subsequent diversity of innovators who have selected from their own medium of moderate representatives of the older generation with their uncertain hope The best future is "fathers", and thirsty of indigenous changes in the public-generation public building - "children". The magazine "Russian Word" in the face of D. I. Pisarev even recognized the hero of the novel, a radically configured Bazarov, his ideal. At the same time, if you look at the image of the Bazarz from a historical point of view, as the type that reflects the mood of the sixties of the XIX century, then it is rather disclosed not completely, since the socio-political radicalism is quite strong at the time, in the novel almost It was affected.
During the stay abroad, in Paris, the writer became close to many emigrants and with foreign youth. He again had a desire to write on the evil of the day - about the revolutionary "walking in the people," as a result of which his bigger novel "Novy" appeared. But, despite the efforts, Turgenev failed to catch the most characteristic features of the Russian revolutionary movement. His mistake was the fact that he made the center of the novel of one of the typical people typical of its works, which could be characteristic of the generation of the 1840s, but not the 1870s. The novel did not receive a high marks from critics. Of the later works of the writer, the "song of triumphant love" and "poems in prose" took the most attention.
XIX-XX century
At the end of the XIX - early XX century, critics and literary criticism of S. A. Vengerov, Yu. I. Ayhenwald, D. S. Merezhkovsky, were treated to creativity I. S. Turgenev. N. Ossyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. I. Neotalov, Yu. N. Govorukh-Pattern, V. V. Rozanov, A. E. Georgian, E. A. Solovyov-Andreevich, L. A. Tikhomirov, V. E. Cheychin-Veprinsky, A. F. Koni, A. Gornfeld, F. D. Batyushkov, V. V. Stasov, G. V. Plekhanov, K. D. Balmont, P. P. Pertsov, M. O. Gershenzon, P. A. Kropotkin, R. V. Ivanov-Obsens and others.
According to the literary critic and theatrical critic, Yu. I. Ayhenwald, who gave his assessment to the writer at the beginning of the century, Turgenev was not a deep writer, wrote superficially and in the lungs. According to the criticism, the writer was easy to relate to life. Knowing all the passions, the possibilities and depths of the human consciousness, the writer, however, did not have genuine seriousness: " Tourist of life, he visits everything, he looks everywhere, never stops for a long time and at the end of his road complains that the path is over, which is nowhere to go. Rich, meaningful, diverse, it has no, however, pathos and genuine seriousness. Its softness is its weakness. He showed reality, but first took her tragic core from her" According to Ayhenwald, Turgenev is easy to read, it is easy to live with it, but he does not want to worry himself and does not want to worry his readers. Also, the critic reproached the writer for monotony to the use of art techniques. But at the same time, he called Turgenev " patriot of Russian nature"For his glorified landscapes of native land.
The author of the article on I. S. Turgenev in the sixtime "history of Russian literature of the XIX century" edited by Professor D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky (1911), A. E. Georgian, explains the claims of critics to Turgenev as follows. In his opinion, in the work of Turgenev, they were mostly looking for answers to live questions of modernity, setting new public tasks. " This element of its novels and leaders is one, in fact, and took into account seriously and carefully leading criticism of the 50s - 60s; He was considered to be mandatory in Turgenev creativity" Without receiving answers to your questions in new works, the criticism was unhappy and made the author reprimand " for non-fulfillment of their public duties" As a result, the author was announced by writing and expanding his talent. Such an approach to the work of Turgenev Georgian calls one-sided and erroneous. Turgenev was not a writer-prophet, a citizen writer, although he connected all his big works with important and burning topics of his stormy era, but most of all he was an artist-poet, and his interest in public life had, rather, attentive analysis .
The critic E. A. Solovyov is joined by this conclusion. He also draws attention to the mission of the Turgenev translator of Russian literature for European readers. Thanks to him, almost all the best works of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy were translated into foreign languages. " No one, notice, was not better than Turgenev adapted to this high and difficult task. He was not only Russian at the very essence of his dating, and the European, World Writer"," Writes E. A. Solovyov. Staying in the image of the love image of Turgenev Girls, he does the following observation: " Turgenev heroines fall in love immediately and love only once, and this is already for life. They, obviously, from the tribe of poor Azdrov, for whom love and death were equivalent to love and death, love and death - his inseparable artistic associations" In the nature of Turgenev, critic finds a lot of the fact that the writer depicted in his hero Rudine: " Undoubted knighthood and not particularly high vanity, idealism and tendency to melancholy, huge mind and broken will».
Representative of the decadent criticism in Russia Dmitry Merezhkovsky referred to the work of Turgenev ambiguously. He did not appreciate the novels of Turgenev, preferring to them "small prose", especially the so-called "mysterious stories and the story" of the writer. According to Merezhkovsky, Ivan Turgenev - the first imprisionist artist, the forerunner of the late symbolists: " The value of Turgenev-artist for the future literature in creating an impressionistic style, which is an artistic education that is not related to the work of this writer as a whole».
Also contradictory referred to Turgenev and A. P. Chekhov. In 1902, in a letter to O. L. Knipper-Chekhov, he wrote: " I read Turgenev. After this writer will remain one eighth or one tenth of what he wrote. Everything else in 25-35 years will go to the archive" However, next year he informed her: " Never pulled so much to Turgenev as now».
The poet symbolist and critic Maximilian Voloshin wrote that Turgenev thanks to his artistic refinement, which he studied from French writers, occupies a special place in Russian literature. But unlike the French literature with her dislike and fresh sensuality, the feeling of live and in loved flesh, Turgenev is shy and dreamily idealized by a woman. In a modern voloshina literature, he saw the connection of the prose Ivan Bunin with the landscape sketches of Turgenev.
Subsequently, the theme of the Superiority of the Bunin over Turgenev in a landscape prose will be repeatedly lifted by literary critics. L. N. Tolstoy, according to the memoirs of Pianist A. B. Goldenveyuizer, said about the description of nature in the story of Bunin: "There is a rain," and so it is written that Turgenev would not write so, and there is nothing to say about me. " And Turgenev, and Bunin united what both were poet writers, writers-hunters, noble writers and the authors of the "noble" age. Nevertheless, the singer of the "sad poetry of the ruining nozzles" Bunin, according to the literary criticism of Fyodor Stepun, "as an artist is much more sensitive Turgenev." "The nature of Bunin with all the realistic accuracy of his letter is still completely different than the two greatest realists - in Tolstoy and Turgenev. The nature of Bunin is called, musical, mental and, perhaps, even mystically, the nature of Tolstoy and Turgenev. " Nature in the image of Turgenev is more static than that of Bunin, "says F. A. Stepun, - despite the fact that Turgenev has more purely external paintings and artwork.
In Soviet Union
Russian language
From the "poems in prose"
In the days of doubt, in the days of doubtful thinking about the fate of my homeland, - you are alone support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Do not be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home? But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given the Great People!
June, 1882.
In the Soviet Union, the creativity of Turgenev paid attention not only to critics and literary criticism, but also leaders and leaders of the Soviet state: V. I. Lenin, M. I. Kalinin, A. V. Lunacharsky. Scientific literary studies in many ways depended on the ideological attitudes of the "party" literary studies. Among those who have contributed to Turgenevia, N. Pospelov, N. L. Brodsky, B. L. Modzalevsky, V. E. Evgeniev-Maksimov, M. B. Khrapchenko, g. A. Biala, S. M. Petrov, A. I. Batyuto, G. B. Kurlyandskaya, N. I. Prutkov, Yu. V. Mann, Prim, F. Ya., A. B. Muratov, in. I. Kuleshov, V. M. Markovich, V. G. Friedlyand, K. I. Chukovsky, B. V. Tomashevsky, B. M. Eikenbaum, c. B. Shklovsky, Yu. G. Oksman A. S. Bushmin, M. P. Alekseev and so on.
Turgenev repeatedly quoted V. I. Lenin, who especially highly appreciated him " great and mighty"Language. M. I. Kalinin said that the work of Turgenev had not only artistic, but also a socio-political importance, which gave an artistic brilliance of his works, and that the writer showed a person in a serf peasant, who is as well as all people, worthy to have human rights . A. V. Lunacharsky in his lecture, dedicated to the work of Ivan Turgenev, called him one of the creators of Russian literature. According to A. M. Gorky, Turgenev Russian literature left "excellent legacy."
According to the "Big Soviet Encyclopedia", the artistic system created by the writer influenced the poetics not only the Russian, but also the Western European novel of the second half of the XIX century. She largely served as the basis for the "intellectual" novel L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoevsky, in which the fates of central heroes depend on the solution of an important philosophical issue with universal relationship. Literary principles laid by the writer were developed in the work of many Soviet writers - A. N. Tolstoy, K. G. Powest and others. His plays became an integral part of the repertoire of Soviet theaters. Many Turgenev works were fused. Soviet literature paid great attention to the creative heritage of Turgenev - there were many works devoted to the life and creativity of the writer, studying his role in the Russian and world literary process. Scientific research of his texts were conducted, commented essay meetings were published. Turgenev museums in the city of Orel and the former estate of his mother Spassky-Lutovinov were opened.
According to the academic "history of Russian literature," Turgenev became the first in Russian literature, who managed in his work through the paintings of the daily rustic life and various images of simple peasants to express the idea that the reserved people are the root, a living soul of the nation. And the literary critic Professor V. M. Markovich said that Turgenev was one of the first to portray the inconsistency of a folk nature without embellishment, and he first showed the same people worthy of admiration, admiration and love.
Soviet literary wonder Pospelov G. N. wrote that Turgenev's literary style can be called, despite its emotional-romantic elevation, realistic. Turgenev saw the social weakness of advanced people from the nobility and was looking for a different force that could lead the Russian liberation movement; Such force he later saw in Russian Democrats 1860-1870.
Foreign critics
From writers and literary critic emigrants, V. V. Nabokov, B. K. Zaitsev, D. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky appealed to the work of Turgenev. Many foreign writers and critics also left their feedback on the works of Turgenev: Friedrich Bodenstedt, Emil Oman, Ernest Renan, Melchior Vogue, Saint-Boeiv, Gustave Flaubert, Gi de Maupassan, Edmond Honkur, Emil Zol, Henry James, John Golsuorsi, Georges Sand , Virginia Wolfe, Anatole France, James Joyce, William Rolvston, Alphonse Dodé, Theodore Storm, Hippolit Ten, Georg Brandes, Thomas Carlel and so on.
English Prose and the laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature John Golsuorsi considered Turgenev's novels the greatest example of the art of prose and noted that Turgenev helped " bring the proportion of the novel to perfection" For him, Turgenev was " the most sophisticated poet who ever wrote novels", And the Turgenev tradition had imported importance to Golzoryussi.
Another British writer, literary critic and representative of the modernist literature of the first half of the 20th century Virginia Wolfe noted that the books of Turgenev not only touch their poetchiness, but as if they belong to today, they did not lose the perfection of the form. She wrote that Ivan Turgenev was characteristic of rare quality: a sense of symmetry, equilibrium, which give a generalized and harmonious picture of the world. At the same time, it stipulated that this symmetry triumph is not at all because he is such a magnificent narrator. On the contrary, Wolf believed that some of his things were told rather badly, since they encounter loops and retreats, confusing non-communal information about the great-grandfathers and great-grandparents (as in the "noble nest"). But she pointed out that Turgenev books are not a sequence of episodes, but a sequence of emotions emanating from the central character, and are not associated with items, but feelings, and when you read the book - you feel aesthetic satisfaction. Another well-known representative of modernism, Russian and American writer and literary critic V. V. Nabokov in their "lectures on Russian literature" responded about Turgenev not as a great writer, but called him " mile" Nabokov noted that Turgenev is good landscapes, charming "Turgenev Girls", he came approvingly about the musicality of Turgenev prose. And the novel "Fathers and the Children" called one of the most brilliant works of the XIX century. But pointed to the flaws of the writer, saying that he " furnaces in disgusting wellness" According to Nabokov, Turgenev was often too straightforward and did not trust reader intuition, herself seeking points over "I" himself. Another modernist, Irish writer James Joyce, especially allocated from the whole work of the Russian writer "Notes of the Hunter", which, in his opinion, " deeper penetrate into life than his novels" Joyce believed that exactly of them Turgenev developed as a large international writer.
According to the researcher D. Peterson, the American reader in the work of Turgenev struck " tag manner ... distant both from the Anglo-Saxon morality and from French frivolism" According to Criticism, the model of realism, created by Turgenev, had a great influence on the formation of realistic principles in the work of American writers of the end of the XIX - the beginning of the twentieth century.
XXI Century
In Russia, a lot is paid to the study and memory of Turgenev's creativity and in the XXI century. Every five years of statelitmuses I. S. Turgenev in the city of Orel together with the Oryol State University and the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences conduct major scientific conferences that have the status of international. Within the framework of the Turgenev Autumn project, Turgenev readers are held annually in the museum, in which researchers of the writer's creativity from Russia and from abroad are participating. Turgenev anniversaries and other cities of Russia are celebrated. In addition, his memory is honored and abroad. Thus, in the Museum of Ivan Turgenev in Buvalo, who opened on the day of the 100th anniversary of the death of the writer on September 3, 1983, the so-called musical salons are held annually, on which the music of composers of the time of Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardo sounds.
Bibliography
Novels
- Rudin (1855)
- Noble nest (1858)
- On the eve (1860)
- Fathers and children (1862)
- Smoke (1867)
- Nov (1877)
Stories and stories
- Andrei Kolosov (1844)
- Three portraits (1845)
- Liquid (1846)
- Brener (1847)
- Petushkov (1848)
- Diary of an extra person (1849)
- MUMU (1852)
- Story Dvor (1852)
- Notes of the Hunter (Collection of Story) (1852)
- Jacob Pasynkov (1855)
- Faust (1855)
- Calm (1856)
- Ride in Polesie (1857)
- Asya (1858)
- First love (1860)
- Ghosts (1864)
- Brigadier (1866)
- Unhappy (1868)
- Strange story (1870)
- Steppe King Lear (1870)
- Dog (1870)
- Knock ... knock ... knock! .. (1871)
- Waters (1872)
- Punin and Baburin (1874)
- Clock (1876)
- Son (1877)
- Father Alexey story (1877)
- Song Solemn Love (1881)
- Own Lord Office (1881)
Pieces
- Where is fine, there and breaks (1848)
- Nakhladnik (1848)
- Breakfast at the leader (1849)
- Bachelor (1849)
- Month in the village (1850)
- Provincial (1851)
Turgenev in graphics
In different years, the works of I. S. Turgenev illustrated artists-illustrators and graphs P. M. Boilevsky, N. Dmitry Dmitriev-Orenburg, A. A. Kharlamov, V. V. Pukirev, P. P. Sokolov, V. M . Vasnetsov, D. N. Kardovsky, V. A. Taburin, K. I. Rudakov, V. A. Sveshnikov, P. F. Stroev, N. A. Benua, B. M. Kustodiyev, K. V. Lebedev and others. The Impressant figure of Turgenev is captured in the sculpture of A. N. Belyaeva, M. M. Antocolsky, J. A. Polonskaya, S. A. Lavrentieva, in drawings D. V. Grigorovich, A. A. Bakunina, K. A. Gorbunova, I. N. Kramsky, Adolf Menzel, Polina Viardo, Ludwig Pica, M. M. Antontic, K. Shamro, in Caricatures N. A. Stepanova, A. I. Lebedeva, V. I. Porfiryeva, A. M. Volkov , on engraving Yu. S. Baranovsky, on portraits by E. Lami, A. P. Nikitin, V. G. Pryova, I. E. Repin, Ya. P. Polonsky, V. V. Vereshchagin, V. V. MEE , E. K. Lipgarta, A. A. Kharlamova, V. A. Bobrova. The works of many painters "based on Turgenev" are known: J. P. Polonsky (Spacks of Spassky-Lutovinova), S. Yu. Zhukovsky ("Poetry of the old noble nest", "Night"), V. G. Perov, ("Old people Parents At the grave of the son "). Ivan Sergeyevich himself painted well and was an autophistrator of his own works.
Shielding
For the works of Ivan Turgenev, a lot of movie and telephibians were shot. His works formed the basis of paintings created in different countries of the world. The first shields appeared at the beginning of the 20th century (the era of silent movies). In Italy, the film "Hall" (1913 and 1924) was twice (1913 and 1924). In 1915, the "Noble Nest", "after death" were filmed in the Russian Empire (based on the story of Clara Milich) and the "Song of Cold Love" (with the participation of V. V. Cold and V. A. Polonsky). The tale of "hanging water" was launched 8 times in different countries. According to the novel, the "noble nest" was filmed 4 films; According to the stories from the "Notes of the Hunter" - 4 films; According to the comedy "Month in the village" - 10 televisions; According to the story "Mumu" - 2 artistic films and cartoon; On the play "Nahlebnik" - 5 paintings. The novel "Fathers and the Children" served as the basis for 4 films and television series, the story "First Love" was based on nine art and telephibids.
The image of Turgenev in the cinema used director Vladimir Khotinenko. In the television series "Dostoevsky" 2011, the role of the writer played the actor Vladimir Simonov. In the film "Belinsky" Grigory Kozintseva (1951), the role of Turgenev fulfilled the actor Igor Litovkin, and in the film "Tchaikovsky" director Igor Talakina (1969) of the writer played the actor Bruno Freundlich.
Addresses
In Moscow
Biographers are in more than fifty addresses and commemorative places associated with Turgenev.
- 1824 - the house of the State Counselor A. V. Kopteva on B. Nikitskaya (not preserved);
- 1827 - Urban Manor, Valuev's own - Sadovaya Street, 12/2 (not preserved - rebuilt);
- 1829 - Pension Krause, Armenian Institute - Armenian Lane, 2;
- 1830 - House Stteygel - Gagarinsky Lane, house 15/7;
- 1830 - house generals N. F. Alekseeva - Sivtsev eneseeks (corner of the corner of the alley), house 24/2;
- 1830 - House M. A. Smirnova (not preserved, now - the building of the construction of 1903) is the Upper Kislovka;
- 1830 - House M. N. Bulgakova - in Malm Assumption Lane;
- 1830 - a house on a small armor street (not preserved);
- 1839-1850 - Ostozhenka, 37 (the angle of the 2nd Ushakovsky alley, now - Khilkov Lane). The view is generally accepted that the house where I. S. Turgenev was driving at Moscow, he belonged to his mother, but the researcher of the life and creativity of Turgenev N. M. Chernov indicates that the house was rented at Markacheider N. V. Hoshakovsky;
- 1850s - Brother Nikolai Sergeyevich Turgenev House - Prechistenka, 26 (not preserved)
- The 1860s - the house, where I. S. Turgenev repeatedly visited the apartment of his friend, managing the Moscow specific office, I. I. Maslov - Prechistensky Boulevard, 10;
In St. Petersburg
Memory
The name Turgenev is called:
Toponymy
- Turgenev Streets and Square in many cities of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia.
- Station of the Moscow Metro Metro "Turgenevskaya"
Public institutions
- Orlovsky State Academic Theater.
- Library reading the name of I. S. Turgenev in Moscow.
- School of Russian language and Russian culture named after Turgenev G. (Turin, Italy).
- Russian Public Library named after I. S. Turgenev (Paris, France).
Museums
- Museum I. S. Turgenev (" house Mumu.") - (Moscow, ul. Ostozhenka, 37).
- State Literary Museum named after I. S. Turgenev (Oryol).
- Museum-Reserve "Spassky-Lutovinovo" Evidence I. S. Turgenev (Oryol Region).
- Street and Museum "Dacha Turgenev" in Buvalo, France.
Monuments
In honor of I. S. Turgenev, monuments were established in cities:
- Moscow (in Bobrov Lane).
- St. Petersburg (on Italian Street).
- Eagle:
- Monument in Orel;
- Turgenev bust on the "noble nest".
Other objects
Name Turgenev wears a company train of Russian Railways Moscow - Simferopol - Moscow (No. 029/030) and Moscow - Orel - Moscow (No. 33/34)
Rus he understands ...
V.G. Belinsky
Turgenev lived in literature a big life, was familiar with all Russian writers, except Chekhov, with many European.
Childhood of the future writer
By the birth of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev belonged to the old and rich noble family. The ancestors of Turgenev were mentioned in the annals of the time of Ivan the Terrible. By the beginning of the XIX century, TURGENEYSHIEEV, and the young guiller of the Cavaliangard Regiment Sergey Nikolaevich Turgenev decided to correct his state to marry on one of the richest landlords of the Oryol province - Varvar Petrovna Lutovinova. The bride was 6 years older than the groom, did not differ in beauty, but was very clever, well formed, possessed a subtle taste and strong character. Perhaps these qualities, along with wealth, influenced the decision of a young officer.
The first years after the marriage of Turgenev was held in Orel. Here they had first-mentioned Nikolai, and in two years, November 9 (October 28), 1818, - the second son, Ivan. The childhood of the future writer passed in the manor of the mother - Spassky-Lutovinov near the city of Mtsensk Orlovskaya province.
Ivan was the favorite son of Varvara Petrovna, but it was heavy, jealous, selfish love. Mother demanded from everyone around, especially from the son of Ivan, limitless adoration, refusal for love for her from any other interests. To the end of her life in the meek and gentle heart, Turgenev fought two feelings: the love of mother and the desire to free themselves from her tyranny guardianship. His father, engaged only by him, did not interfere in anything. Having managed Barbara Petrovna, manifestically showing his despotic character. Sneakeless cruelty was strangely combined with love for beauty. She loved her nature very much: the luxurious Lutovin Park had no equal in the district. The estate was a home theater, a rich library.
Education
In an effort to give children the best education, Turgenevs did not spare money or their own efforts. Already in early childhood, the future writer spoke well and wrote in French, in German, in English. Special attention in the family paid knowledge of Russian.
In 1827, parents moved to Moscow to continue the education of children. At first, Ivan Sergeevich studied in private pensions, then under the leadership of the teachers invited to the house prepared for admission to the university. In fifteen years, Turgenev successfully passed the entrance exams at Moscow University, and at the end of the first year he moved to St. Petersburg. By this time, his first literary experiments include: dramatic poems "wall" and several works in the romantic spirit.
Turgenev a lot of time gives the study of philosophy, ancient languages, history, literature - German, French, English, Italian. He is also fond of music, painting, theater. At the end of the St. Petersburg University, Turgenev entered Berlin, rode Italy, getting acquainted with the treasures of art, the Switzerland was walking on foot ... He was an erudite in the highest sense of the word.
At the end of the University of Berlin, Turgenev returned to his homeland and in the spring of 1842 he kept the master exams in St. Petersburg, but everything turned out to be in vain: the authorities were not allowed to restore the Department of Philosophy, closed after the Decembrists' uprising. Dreams of the scholar career collapsed.
Service
In June 1843, Turgenev entered the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The head of Turgenev was in service was Vladimir Ivanovich Dal - a famous writer and the largest expert of Russian. However, official activity did not entitled Turgenev - after a half years, Turgenev is resigned.
First works
In 1843, the first significant work of I.S. was published Turgenev - Parasha's poem. Turgenev called her novel in verses. In the same year there was a meeting of the writer with a talented singer of Polina Viardo, which became his closest friend for life.
Turgenev's mother, dissatisfied with the fact that the son elected an unworthy nobleman, in her opinion, writing activity and became interested in "damned gypsy", as she called Polina Viaro, ceases to send money to him. However, wanting to keep the son who left from under her influence, she achieved the opposite: Turgenev was even more distance from the mother and became a professional writer who lives at the expense of his literary earnings.
Notes Hunter
During 1847-1851. Turgenev wrote a series of essays, who made up the notes of the hunter. Turgenev is the first of the Russian writers - showed the living souls of ordinary Russian peasants. Each story Turgenev is a statement that a man is a man worthy of respect.
By order of Nicholas I, the censor, who missed the individual edition of the "Hunter's notes", was removed from office. Turgenev was placed under the arrest in the police part. Sitting under arrest, he writes the story "Mummy". I am depicting the old lady, the writer gives her the features of his mother, and the story basically lies a real case from her life. According to its anti-refrete orientation, "Muma" is a direct continuation of the "Hunter's Notes".
Turgenev is looking for ways leading to the transformation of the social structure of Russia. The will and mind, righteousness and kindness, open to them in the Russian peasant, already seem to the Writer insufficient for this purpose. Turgenev appeals to people from the educated class. The peasantry is moving on the periphery of his work.
Homework
Preparation of messages on the "hunter's note" (2-3 stories), Rodin novels, the "noble nest", "on the eve", "smoke" (optional).
Literature
Vladimir Korovin. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. // Encyclopedia for "Avanta +" children. Volume 9. Russian literature. Part one. M., 1999.
N.I. Yakushin. I.S. Turgenev in life and work. M.: Russian Word, 1998
LM Lotman. I.S. Turgenev. The history of Russian literature. Tom the third. Leningrad: Science, 1982. P. 120 - 160
Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - the world famous Russian Prosiscript Poet, playwright, critic, memoirist and the XIX century translator recognized by the classic of world literature. Its Peru owns a lot of outstanding works that have become a literary classic, the reading of which is mandatory for school and university learning programs.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev from the city of Eagle, where he was born on November 9, 1818 in the noble family in the childbirth estate of his mother. Sergei Nikolayevich, father - retired Gusar, who served before the birth of a son in the Kirassirian regiment, Varvara Petrovna, a representative of the ancient nobility family. In addition to Ivan in the family there was another eldest son Nikolai, the childhood of little Turgenev was held under a non-primary supervision of numerous chelyads and under the influence of a rather severe and increambable in the influence of their mother. Although the mother was also different and the severity of the Nrava, she walked a woman quite educated and enlightened, it was she who interested her children with science and fiction.
At first, the boys trained at home, after moving the family to the capital, they continued their training from the teachers. Then the new round of the fate of the Turgenev family is a trip and a subsequent life abroad, where Ivan Turgenev lives and is brought up in several prestigious pensions. Upon arrival at home (1833), at a fifteenth age, he enters the Faculty of Literature of the Moscow State University. After the eldest son Nicholas becomes the Guards Cavalist, the family moves to St. Petersburg and the younger Ivan becomes a student of the Faculty of Philosophy of the Local University. In 1834, the first poetic lines impregnated with the spirit of romanticism appear from the pen of Turgenev (fashionable direction at the time). Poetic lyrics for dignity was appreciated by his teacher and mentor Peter Plentnev (near friend A. S. Pushkin).
After the end of the University of St. Petersburg in 1837, Turgenev leaves to continue his study abroad, there he visits lectures and seminars in Berlin University, in parallel traveling in Europe. Returning to Moscow and successfully handed over the master exams, Turgenev hopes to become a professor of Moscow University, however, due to the abolition of the Department of Philosophy in all universities in Russia, this will not be destined to come true. At that time, Turgenev is increasingly fond of literature, its several poems in the newspaper "Public Notes" are published, Spring of 1843 - the time of his first small book, where the poem "Parasha" was printed.
In 1843, at the insistence, he becomes an official in the "special office" under the Ministry of the Interior and serves there for two years, then retired. The powerful and ambitious mother, dissatisfied, the fact that the Son did not meet her hopes as in the career and in a personal plan (I did not find a decent party, and even had an illegitimate daughter Pelagiai from communication with the whitestone), refuses its content and Turgenev has to live injign And put in debts.
Acquaintance with the famous critic Belinsky turned the work of Turgenev in the direction of realism, and he begins to write poetic and ironic-moral phostective poems, critical articles and stories.
In 1847, Turgenev brings a story "Korean and Kalinic" to the "contemporary" magazine, which Nekrasov prints with the subtitle "from the hunter's notes", so begins the real literary activity of Turgenev. In 1847, due to love for the singer Polina Viardo (he met with her in 1843 in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour) for a long time leaves from Russia and lives first in Germany, then in France. During life abroad, several dramatic plays were written: "Nahlebnik", "Bachelor", "Month in the village", "Provincial".
In 1850, the writer returns to Moscow, works as criticized in the magazine "Contemporannik", in 1852 he publishes the book of his essays called "Hunter's Notes". Then the impressed by the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, writes and publishes a necrologist, officially forbidden to the royal cesury. Then the arrest should be arrested for one month, the expulsion to the generic estate without the right to leave the limits of the Oryol province, banting the departure abroad (until 1856). During the reference, the story "Mumu", "Strength Yard", "Diary of an extra person", "Jacob Pasynkov", "Correspondence", Roman "Rudin" (1855).
After the end of the ban on leaving the border, Turgenev leaves from the country and lives two years in Europe. In 1858, he returns to his homeland and publishes his story "Asya", hot disputes and disputes are immediately flared around among the critics. Then the novel "Nobility Nest" (1859), 1860 - "On the eve". After that, the Turgenev gap with such radically tuned writers as Nekrasov and Dobrolyubs, a quarrel with Lvy Tolstoy and even the challenge of the last on a duel, which eventually ended with the world. February 1862 - Print the novel "Fathers and Children", in which the author showed the tragedy of the growing conflict of generations in the conditions of gaining momentum of the social crisis.
From 1863 to 1883, Turgenev lives first with the Viardo family in Baden-Baden, then in Paris, without ceasing to be interested in the events in Russia and speaking a peculiar mediator between Western European and Russian writers. During the lifetime, the "Hunter's Notes" was supplemented abroad, they were written to the story "Watches", "Punin and Baburin", the largest in volume from all his Novy novels.
Together with Viktor Hugo, Turgenev elected the co-chairman of the first International Congress of Writers, held in Paris in 1878, in 1879, the writer is elected by the Honorary Dr. of the oldest University of England - Oxford. On the slope of the years, Turgenevsky does not cease to engage in literary activities, and a few months before his death, the "poems in prose", prosaic fragments and miniatures distinguished by a high degree of lyricity.
Turgenev dies in August 1883 from severe illness in French Buhowal (suburb of Paris). In accordance with the last will of the deceased, recorded in his testament, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg Cemetery Volkovo.
And Van Turgenev was one of the most significant Russian writers of the XIX century. The artistic system created by him changed the poetics of the novel both in Russia and abroad. His works were praised and rigidly criticized, and Turgenev was looking for a way all their lives in them, which would lead Russia to well-being and prosperity.
"Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome"
The family of Ivan Turgenev came from the ancient kind of Tula nobles. His father, Sergey Turgenev, served in the cavalry regiment and led a very wasteful lifestyle. For amendment of the financial situation, he was forced to marry elderly (according to the standards of that time), but a very wealthy landowner Varvar Lutovinova. Marriage has become both unhappy for them, their relationships did not develop. Their second son, Ivan, was born two years after the wedding, in 1818, in Orel. Mother recorded in her diary: "... On Monday, the son of Ivan was born, the height of 12 tops [approximately 53 centimeters]. In total children in the Turgenev family were three: Nikolai, Ivan and Sergey.
Until nine, Turgenev lived in the estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo in the Oryol region. His mother had a difficult and controversial character: her sincere and heart care for children was combined with a harsh despotism, Varvara Turgenev often beat his sons. However, she invited the best French and German governors to children, spoke with sons solely in French, but at the same time remained a fan of Russian literature and read Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol.
In 1827, Turgenev was moved to Moscow so that children could get better education. Three years later, Sergey Turgenev left the family.
When Ivan Turgenev was 15 years old, he entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. At the same time, the future writer first fell in love with Princess Catherine Shakhovskaya. Shakhovskaya exchanged letters with him, but he answered the reciprocity of the Father Turgenev and thereby broke his heart. Later, this story has become the basis of the story of Turgenev "First Love".
A year later, Sergey Turgenev passed away, and Barbara with children moved to St. Petersburg, where Turgenev entered the University of St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Philosophy. Then he seriously became interested in lyrics and wrote the first work - the dramatic poem "Wallo". Turgenev responded about her like this: "A completely ridiculous work, in which the slave imitation of Bayronovsky Manfred was expressed with maddenness.. In total, during the years of study, Turgenev wrote about hundreds of poems and several poems. Some of his poems published the magazine "Contemporary".
After studying, 20-year-old Turgenev went to Europe to continue their education. He studied antique classics, Roman and Greek literature, traveled in France, Holland, Italy. European way of life struck Turgenev: he came to the conclusion that Russia should get rid of non-ultimate, laziness, ignorance, following Western countries.
Unknown artist. Ivan Turgenev at the age of 12. 1830. State Literary Museum
Eugene Louisa Lami. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1844. State Literary Museum
Kirill Gorbunkkov. Ivan Turgenev in youth. 1838. State Literary Museum
In the 1840s, Turgenev returned to his homeland, he received a Master of Greek and Latin Philology in St. Petersburg University, even wrote the dissertation - but she did not protect it. Interest in scientific activity crowded the desire to write. It was at that time that Turgenev met Nikolai Gogolam, Sergey Aksakov, Alexei Khomyakov, Fedor Dostoevsky, Afanasius Fetom and many other writers.
"The poet of Turgenev returned from Paris the other day. What a man! Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome, rich, smart, formed, 25 years old, - I do not know what nature refused to him? "
Fedor Dostoevsky, from a letter to brother
When Turgenev returned to Spasskoy-Lutovinovo, he had a novel with the peasant of Avdotia Ivanova, who ended with the pregnancy of the girl. Turgenev wanted to marry, but his mother with a scandal sent Avdota to Moscow, where she gave birth to Pelague's daughter. Parents of Avdoti Ivanova hastily issued her married, and Pelagey Turgenev recognized only in a few years.
In 1843, under the initials of T. L. (Turgenez-Lutovinov), the poem of Turgenev "Parasha" was published. Her highly appreciated Vissarion Belinsky, and from this point on their acquaintance turned into a strong friendship - Turgenev even became a criticism's contestant.
"This person is unusually smart ... It is gratifying to meet a person, the original and characteristic opinion of which, hurrying with yours, extracts sparks."
Vissarion Belinsky
In the same year, Turgenev met Polina Viardo. The truth nature of their relationship is still arguing researchers of the creativity of Turgenev. They met in St. Petersburg, when the singer came to the city with tour. Turgenev often traveled with Polina and her husband, art historian Louis Viardo, in Europe, stayed in their Parisian house. In the family, Viardo was brought up his extramarital daughter Pelagia.
Belletist and dramaturg.
In the late 1840s, Turgenev wrote a lot for theater. His plays "Hebler", "Bachelor", "Month in the village" and "provincial" were very popular among the public and warmly taken critics.
In 1847, the story of Turgenev "Horing and Kalinich" came out in the magazine "Contemporary", created under the impression of the Hunting Travel of the Writer. A little later, stories from the collection "Hunter's Notes" were also published. The collection itself was published in 1852. Turgenev called him with his "Annibal Owl" - the promise to fight to the end with the enemy he hated since childhood - with serf right.
"Hunter's notes" are marked by such a power of talent, which has a beneficial effect on me; Understanding nature often seems to you as a revelation. "
Fedor Tyutchev
It was one of the first works, openly talking about the troubles and the dangers of serfdom. The censor that made the "Hunter's notes" to the press, on the personal order of Nicholas I fired from the service with deprivation of a pension, and the collection itself was banned from reissued. Czensors explained that Turgenev, although poeticized the fortress, criminally exaggerated their suffering from landlords.
In 1856, the first large novel of the writer was released in the print - "Rudin", written in just seven weeks. The name of the Hero of the Roman became nominative for people who do not agree with the case. Three years later, Turgenev published the novel "Kozhalyansky nest", which turned out to be incredibly popular in Russia: each educated person considered his duty to read it.
"Knowledge of Russian life, and with moreant knowledge is not a book, but an experienced, made out of reality, purified and meaningful power of talent and reflections, it turns out in all works of Turgenev ..."
Dmitry Pisarev
From 1860 to 1861, excerpts of the novel "Fathers and Children" were published in the Russian Bulletin. The novel was written in the "Evil of the Day" and explored the public sentiment of that time - basically the views of nihilistic youth. Russian philosopher and publicist Nikolai Prachi wrote about him: "In the" fathers and children ", he showed effectably than in all other cases that poetry, remaining poetry ... can actively serve society ..."
The novel was perfectly accepted by critics, however, without having received the support of liberals. At this time, Turgenev's relationship with many friends were complicated. For example, with Alexander Herzen: Turgenev collaborated with his newspaper "Bell". Herzen saw the future of Russia in the peasant socialism, believing that the bourgeois Europe was outlived, and Turgenev defended the idea of \u200b\u200bstrengthening cultural relations between Russia and the West.
Acute criticism collapsed on Turgenev after the exit of his novel "Smoke". It was a novel pamphlet, which equally acutely ridiculed and conservative Russian aristocracy, and revolutionary liberals. According to the author, everything was scolded: "And red, both white, and from above, and from the bottom, and from the side - especially on the side."
From "smoke" to "poems in prose"
Alexey Nikitin. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1859. State Literary Museum
Osip Braz. Portrait of Maria Savina. 1900. State Literary Museum
Timofey Neff. Portrait of Polina Viardo. 1842. State Literary Museum
After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, promoted Russian literature abroad. Turgenev communicated and rewritten with Charles Dickens, Georges Sand, Viktor Hugo, Prosper Merim, Gi de Maupassan, Gustave Flauber.
In the second half of the 1870s, Turgenev published his largest novel "Nov'", in which sharply satirically and critically depicted members of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s.
"Both novels [" Smoke "and" Novy "] only revealed him all the increasing alienation from Russia, the first one's impossible bitterness, the second - insufficient awareness and the lack of any feeling of reality in the image of the mighty movement of the seventies."
Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky
This novel, like "smoke", was not accepted by the colleagues of Turgenev. For example, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that Novost was a self-adjusting service. At the same time, the popularity of early ages and Romanov Turgenev has not decreased.
The last years of the writer's life was his triumph both in Russia and abroad. Then the cycle of lyrical miniature "poem in prose" appeared. The book opened a poem in the prose "Village", and completed her "Russian language" - the famous anthem about faith in the great destination of his country: "In the days of doubt, in the days of painful thinking about the fate of my homeland, you are one support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! .. Don't be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home . But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given to the Great People! " This collection was a goodbye to Turgenev with life and art.
At the same time, Turgenev met his last love - an actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savin. She was 25 years old when she played the role of the windows in the play of Turgenev "Month in the village". Seeing her on stage, Turgenev was amazed and openly admitted to the girl in feelings. Maria considered Turgenev rather than another and mentor, and their marriage did not take place.
In recent years, Turgenev has heard hard. Paris doctors have diagnosed with breasting toad and intercostal neuralgia. Turgenev passed away on September 3, 1883 in Buzhval under Paris, where the magnificent farewell passed. Buried the writer in St. Petersburg on the Volkovsky cemetery. The death of the writer became a shock for his fans - and the procession of people who came to say goodbye to Turgenev, stretched a few kilometers.