Classicism in Italy. Italy Baroque and Classic Epoch
La Rock Opera House (Teatro Alla Scala). 1776-1778 Architect J. Piermarini.
Italy was a country that retained the ancient monuments of architecture and arts, which influence the principles of the formation of works in different areas of culture. The development of classicism in Italy, as in other European countries, was promoted by the worldview of the emerging bourgeoisie, whose representatives denied the excess luxury Baroque and Rococo and sought to make the principles of antique classics in the art. Archaeological excavations in Pompei have expanded knowledge about the architecture of the Roman Empire. The results of studies of classical culture were described in scientific works. From the Italian authors are most famous for Giovanni Pirasei, who created the etchings on the themes of antiquity, which came out from the 1740s. Classicism in Italy was formed not only under the influence of antiquity, but also under the influence of Renaissance and works of Andrea Palladio. The most famous architect and conductor of classicism in Italy was J. Piermarini (Giuseppe Piermarini.1734-1808), one of the projects of which - La Rock Opera House (Teatro Alla Scala) in Milan, Church of Santa Maria Del Priorato ) In Rome, built Pirase.
Church of Santa Maria Del Priorato (Santa Maria del Priorato) in Rome. Architect J. Piermarini. 1766
In Milan, the Bonaparte Forum was designed (from 1801), Arena was built for 30 thousand spectators (from 1806 g, Architect L. Kanonika), Architect of the world (Arca Della Pace.1806-1838, Architect L. Canyola), Porta Nuova (Porta Nuova.1810g., Architect Tsanaja). In Turin, created with elements of classicism Street and Vittorio Veneto (Vittorio Veneto). Architect F. Bonsignor (1760-1843) built the church of Gran Madre Dio Dio (Chiesa Della Gran Madre dio. 1818-1831), reminiscent of the Roman Pantheon. In Naples, the transition from Baroque to Italian classicism demonstrates Luigi Vanvitelli. 1700 - 1773. But the lower part of the building is performed in the ionic style, and the upper part is in Corinthian style. The elements of the order system architect also created in the Royal Castle in Capric. The center of the building is an octahedral, pilasters decorate the flaggel and courtyard. In 1817-1846 In Naples, Architect P. Bianci (Pietro Bianci. 1787-1849gg). The Church of Santi Francesco e-Paolo with Rotonda (Basilica Dei Santi Giovanni E Paolo.1817 - 1846), with half-Russian colonnay, opened toward the Royal Palace.
Santi Francesco E Paolo with Rothonda (Basilica Dei Santi Giovanni E Paolo) .1817 - 1846 Architect P. Bianca. Naples.
In 1816, Classicism in Italy enriched himself reconstructed after the fire of San Carlo Theater (Teatro di San Carlo 1737 g) with a five-point facade and portico - Giovanni Antonio Medrano (Giovanni Antonio Medrano.1703-1760) and Angelo Carasell (Angelo Carasale. ? -1742)
Theater San Carlo (Teatro Di San Carlo). 1737 Giovanni Project Antonio Medrano and Angelo Carasell.
In Italy an interesting monument of foreign classicism was the work of architect K. Amati (Carlo Amati. 1776-1852) - Church of San Carlo Borromeo (San Carlo Borromeo.1836-1847), topped with a drum and dome. Classical motifs appear even in such structures as tanks in Livorno (Livorno) architect P. PoChantte (Pasquale Pochantte). Del Popolo Square (Piazza del Popolo. 1811-1822) architect J. Valadier (Giuseppe Valadier. 1762-1839) is a vivid example of foreign classicism, which has become one of the examples for urban planning. In Florence, the architect is adjusted (Giuseppe Poggi. 1811 - 1901) in 1865 created Michelangelo Square (Piazzale Michelangelo), which was opened in the city.
Del Popolo Square (Piazza del Popolo). 1811-1822 Architect J. Valadier, Rome.
Italian classicism has spread throughout the world thanks to the architects worked in Germany, Russia, in France and Spain. Interest in antiquity makes paying attention to modern architects both in Russian and foreign classicism, when reproducing the motives of classics in individual buildings. Using the elements of the decor of the facades, the order system, the composition of the structure of the designers create structures that resemble the works of foreign classicism. An example of such a project can be an illustration at the bottom.
The project of the house-manor, designed for the samples of the buildings of foreign classicism.
Architecture. Giuseppe Piermarini"La Scala" (Ial. Lascala, abbreviated from TeatroalScala) - Opera House in Milan, founded in 1778.
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Sculpture.Creativity Antonio Kanov (1757-1822) -italian sculptor, the most significant representative of classicism and academism in the European sculpture, a sample to imitate academicists of the 19th century. "Three graces" (1), "Elena Lovely" (2), "Amur and Psyche" (3). Works of the Gallery of the Academy in Venice (4-8)
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Academism(FR. Academisme) - direction in European painting of 17-19 centuries. He developed in the Academy of Arts 16 - 19th centuries. and was based on the forms of the classical art of antiquity and revival. Academism contributed to the systematization of art education, the study and consolidation of traditions of classical art, but cultivated the conditional idealized images, the abstract of beauty standards - not expressing the spirit of modernity.
Painting. Creativity Antonio Cantelto (1697- 1768) -italian artist, head of the Venice School of the Genre "Verte", Master of City Landscapes in the style of Academism.
Love - (Ital. Veduta - seen, view of the area), detailed urban landscape, masterly performed. The term arose in Venice, where the views of this city and its environs depicted with topographic accuracy called. The breakdown time is the 18th century. Among the masters, the leaders are especially famous for Antonio Canteltto - he is a classic of this genre, in which, within Academism, the landscape has already sought to reflect reality. The leader becomes the forerunner of the realistic urban landscape .. in the landscapes of the area and channels that served the "city on the water" streets, the truthfulness, poeticity and at the same time documentary accuracy. They feel saturated with sea moisture air of Venice, a special, theatrical atmosphere of the life of the "city of eternal festivals". Ghostly lighting turns cathedrals and buildings in a living scene, as if created on the stage of a huge natural scene. Favorite artist's story -com-commercial venetian ceremony "Holiday chokes of a dog with the sea" (1): The future ruler of the Venetian Republic throws into the waves during the coating of the entire people, the precious rings is a sign of loyalty to the sea - the source of wealth and prosperity of the trading republic. Kanaletto retained in his paintings the image of the life of the 18th century many European cities with their majestic architecture.
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In the 18th century, the perceptual run was not known, but Antonio Cantelto invents its way to convey Venetian species, combining several points of view. Depicting the square of St. Mark Cantelto worked on the part of the landscape separately. Each part has its own conveying prospects and its own horizon line. After drawing them, he joined them masterfully, introducing in the foreground Staffezh in the place of their most unpleasant junction - a lot of antineus canopies and figures of people. At the same time, the average part (also with a normal angle of view) has become the third binding picture.
Came in full decline. The architecture is developing only in Rome, where the construction of cult buildings was particularly strongly shown by the Baroque style. The baroque is characterized by complication of plans, the pomp of the interiors with unexpected spatial and light effects, the abundance of curves, plastic bending lines and surfaces. In architecture, painting, sculpture, painted surfaces of walls are widely used.
In the XVII century completed construction work cathedral of St. Peter (). In the second half of the century, Bernini architect builds a colonnade on the square in front of the cathedral, completing the formation of the composition of St. Peter's Square. Characteristic examples of Baroque ensembles in Rome - Spanish staircase (beginning of the XVIII century), leading to the Santa Trinita Cathedral of Dei Monty, as well as the Palazzo Poly Ensemble with the famous Fountain of Trevi (the second half of the XVIII century).
In addition to Rome, the magnificent works of Baroque were created in Venice (Veneto). At the end of the XVII century. It was erected on the Arrow of the Big Channel - a picturesque eight-marched building with a powerful dome.
City Turin (Piedmont), founded by the Romans, in the XVI century. He became the residence of the Duke of Savoy, who suffered the capital of Duchy from France. Here in the XVII-XVIII centuries. A whole range of baroque palaces, locks and suburban residency, demonstrating the power of the Savoy dynasty. In Turin in 1829, the future king of the United Italy Viktor Emmanuel II was born, and in 1861 the Italian kingdom was proclaimed here.
As a result of the earthquake of 1693, eight cities were destroyed (including skating) in the southeast of Sicily Island. Restored at the same time in the style of Late Baroque, they became a unique complex of architecture and urban development. For example, in Catania there is a magnificent Disc Cathedral and St. Agatha Cathedral, and the Elephant Fountain is a symbol of the city.
In the middle of the XVIII century. The Neapolitan king decided to create a residence, not inferior in shine and luxury (). Not far from Naples, in (campaign) was built a huge palace complex with a park, inscribed in the natural landscape around him. The park has a regular layout, here you can see fountains, numerous flower beds and even a waterfall framed by sculptures. Palace and park complex in Caserta created in classicism style. Like the Architecture of Renaissance, classicism returns to Orders antiquity systems. Classicism is a style of symmetrical, strict and slender forms with a clear and simple composition, often accompanied by the glitter and lifesty of interiors.
The chronologically latest monument of the culture of Italy is the factory village (Lombardy), built at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Such villages, comfortable and rationally thoughtful, enlightened industrialists were built for their workers not only in Europe, but also in North America.
Classicism presented the world architecture of such cities like London, Paris, Venice and St. Petersburg. Classicism in architecture dominated more than three hundred years, in the period from 16 to 19 centuries, and he loved for his harmony, simplicity, severity, and at the same time grace. Turning to the forms of ancient architecture, the classicism in architecture is characterized by clear volumetric forms, symmetrical-axial compositions, monumentality direct and spacious system of cities planning.
Narget of classicism in architecture, Italy
Classicism in the architecture originated on the outcome of the Renaissance, in the 16th century, and the father of this architectural style it is customary to consider the Great Italian, Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. As the writer Peter Wail said about Palladio in his book "Genius Places":
"In order not to go into architectural details, the most easier to cause a large theater or a district house of culture in the imagination - they are such thanks to Palladio. And if you draw up a list of people whose efforts are at least the world of the Allenical-Christian tradition from California to Sakhalin - looks like it looks, and not otherwise, Palladio would take first place. "
The city where Andrea Palladio lived and worked, is Italian Vicenza, located in the north-east of Italy near Venice. Now Vicenza is widely known in the world as the city of Palladio, which has created many beautiful villas. In the second half of life, the architect moved to Venice, where he designed and built wonderful churches, Palazzo and other public buildings. Andrea Palladio was awarded the title of the "Venice Venice" title.
Cathedral San Georgeo Manjore, Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotonda, Andrea Palladio
Loggia Del Captaino, Andrea Palladio
Olympico Theater, Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Skamoti
The follower of Andrea Palladio was his talented student Vincenzo Skamoti, who after the death of the teacher completed work on the Olympic theater.
The works and ideas of Palladio in the field of architecture were loved by his contemporaries and found a continuation of the works and other architects of the 16-17th century. The most powerful impetus in its development architecture of classicism received from England, Italy, France and Russia.
Further development of classicism
Classicism in England
Classicism literally covered in England, becoming the royal architectural style. The whole of the Pleiad of the talented architects of England of those times studied and continued the ideas of Palladio: Inigo Jones, Christopher Ren., Count Burlington, William Kent.
English Architect Inigo Jones, fan of the works of Andrea Palladio, in the 17th century suffered the architectural heritage of Palladio to England. It is believed that Jones was one of the architects, putting the beginning of the English architectural school.
Queens House in Greenwich, Inigo Jones
House of Banquets, Inigo Jones
England was rich in classicism contemptory architects - along with Jones, such masters like Christopher Ren, Lord Berlington and William Kent brought a huge contribution to England's architecture.
Sir Christopher Ren, Architect and Professor of Mathematics in Oxford, rebuilt the center of London after the Great Fire in 1666, created the National English Classicism "Renov Classicism".
royal Hospital in Chelsea, Christopher Ren
Richard Boyle, Architect Burlington, Patron and Patron of Architects, Poets and Composers. The graph architect studied and collected by Andrea Palladio's manuscript.
Burlington House, Burlington Graf Architect
English Architect and Gardener William Kent, collaborated with Burlington Count, for which gardens and furniture designed. In gardening created the principle of harmony of form, landscape and nature.
palace complex in Golchem
Classicism in the architecture of France
In France, classicism was a dominant style since the Great French Revolution, when the architecture arises a desire for conciseness.
It is believed that the beginning of classicism in France laid the construction of the church of Saint Genevieve in Paris , the designed byFranzian architect-self-trocery german Suffro in 1756, later received the name of the Pantheon.
Saint Genevieve Temple in Paris (Pantheon), Jacques Germain Suffro
Classicism made serious changes in the planning system of the city, the magnificent, spacious avenues and the square came to replace the winding medieval streets, at the intersection of which architectural monuments were located. At the end of the 18th century, a single urban planning concept appeared in Paris. An example of a new town planning concept of classicism was the street of Rivoli in Paris.
Rivoli street in Paris
Architects of the Imperial Palace, bright representatives of architectural classicism in France - Charles Percen and Pierre Fontan. Together they created a number of majestic architectural monuments - a triumphal arch on the square of the Carrieve in honor of Napoleon's victory in the battle of Austerlitz. They own the construction of one of the wings of the Louvre, Pavilion Marshand. Charles Perso participated in the restoration of the club palace, created the interiors of Malmone, the Castle of Saint-Clas and the Palace Fontainebleau.
Triumphal Arch in honor of Napoleon's victory in battle near Aiberian, Charles Percen and Pierre Fontan
Wing of Louvre, Pavilion Marshand, Charles Percen and Pierre Fontan
Classicism in Russia
In 1780, at the invitation of Catherine II to St. Petersburg, Dzhacomo Quarti arrived as the "architect of Her Majesty". Giacomo himself was from Bergamo, Italy, he studied architecture and painting, his teacher was the largest German painter of the era of classicism Anton Rafael Mengs.
The authorship of the Quartenga owns several dozen of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg and its surroundings, including the English Palace in Peterhof, Pavilion in the Tsarskoye Selo, the building of the Hermitage Theater, Academy of Sciences, Assignment Bank, Summer Palace of the Bezborodko, Connogvardeysky Manege, Ekaterininsky Institute of Noble Maiden and a lot others.
Alexandrovsky Palace, Jacomo Kurengy
The most famous projects of Dzhacom Roaspengy are the buildings of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg and the Alexander Palace in the royal village.
Smolny Institute, Giacomo Kurengy
The admirer of the traditions of the Palladian and new Italian architectural school, the quarters designed amazingly elegant, noble and harmonious buildings. With its beauty, the city of St. Petersburg is largely obliged to Talent Gakomo Quarti.
Russia of the 18th and 9th centuries was rich in talented architectors who were working in the style of classicism along with Giacomo Kurengy. In Moscow, the famous masters of architecture were Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Cossacks, and Ivan Starov in St. Petersburg.
The artist and architect, teacher, Vasily Bazhenov Graduate of the Academy of Arts and the student of the French professor of the architecture of Charles Devaya, created projects of the Tsaritsinsky palace and park ensemble and the Grand Kremlin Palace, and the remaining unrealized, since the architect fell into the disfavor of Catherine II. Completed objects M. Kazakov.
Plan of architectural ensemble Tsaritsino, Vasily Bazhenov
The Russian architect Matvey Cossacks during the reign of Catherine Great worked in the center of Moscow in Palladian style. Its creativity belongs to such architectural ensembles, like the Senate Palace in the Kremlin, Petrovsky Travel Palace, the Big Tsaritsinsky Palace.
Petrovsky Travel Palace, Matvey Cossacks
Tsaritsinsky Palace, Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Cossacks
Academician St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Starov is the author of such architectural structures as the Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Sofia Cathedral near the Tsarist village, the Pelly Palace, the Tavrichesky Palace and other beautiful buildings.
