Creativity of foreign writers for children. Famous children's writers and their works

Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, trends in the history of world children's literature began to expand stylistic and genre possibilities. Any one literary trend can no longer designate an era.

A children's book often becomes a creative laboratory in which forms, techniques are developed, and bold linguistic, logical and psychological experiments are staged. National children's literatures are actively being formed, the peculiarity of traditions is especially noticeable in children's literatures in England, France, German-speaking, Scandinavian and West Slavic countries. Thus, the originality of English children's literature is manifested in the rich tradition of literary play based on the properties of language and folklore.

All national literatures are characterized by a wide distribution of moralizing works, among them there are achievements (for example, the novel by the Englishwoman F. Burnet "Little Lord Fontleroy"). However, in modern children's reading in Russia, works by foreign authors are more relevant, in which a “different” view of the world is important.

Edward Lear(1812-1888) "glorified himself with nonsense", as he wrote in the poem "How sweet it is to know Mr. Lear ...". The future humorist poet was born in a large family, did not receive a formal education, he was in dire need of all his life, but he traveled endlessly: Greece, Malta, India, Albania, Italy, France, Switzerland ... He was an eternal wanderer - while with a bunch of chronic diseases, which is why doctors prescribed him "absolute peace."

Lear dedicated poetry to the children and grandchildren of the Earl of Derby (he did not have his own). Lear's collections "The Book of the Absurd" (1846), "Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets" (1871), "Laughable Lyrics" (1877), "Even More Nonsense Songs" (1882) gained great popularity and withstood many editions even during life of the poet. After his death, they were reprinted annually for many years. An excellent draftsman, Lear himself illustrated his books. Albums of his sketches, made during his travels, are known all over the world.

Edward Lear is one of the forerunners of the direction of the absurd in modern English literature. He introduced the genre into literature Limerick. Here are two examples of this genre:

One young lady from Chile's Mother walked one hundred and two miles in a day, Siganuv indiscriminately Through one hundred and three fences, To the surprise of that lady from Chile. * * *

An elderly lady from Hull Bought a fan for the chickens And, so that they would not sweat on hot days, Waving a fan over them.

(Translated by M. Freidkin)

Limerick - small form folk art, long known in England. It originally appeared in Ireland; the place of its origin is the town of Limeriki, where similar poems were sung during the festivities. At the same time, their form was formed, implying a mandatory indication at the beginning and at the end of the limerick of the area in which the action takes place, and a description of some oddity inherent in the inhabitant of this area.

Lewis Carroll- the pseudonym of the famous English storyteller. His real name is Charles Latuage Dodgson (1832-1898). He is known as a scientist who made a number of major discoveries in mathematics.

The fourth of July 1862 is memorable for the history of English literature by the fact that on this day Carroll and his friend went with the three daughters of the rector of Oxford University on a boat trip along the Thames. One of the girls - ten-year-old Alice - became the prototype of the main character of Carroll's fairy tales. Communication with a charming, intelligent and well-mannered girl inspired Carroll to many fantastic inventions, which were first woven into one book - "Alice in Wonderland" (1865), and then to another - "Alice in the Wonderland" (1872).

The work of Lewis Carroll is spoken of as an "intellectual vacation" that a respectable scientist allowed himself, and his "Alice ..." is called "the most inexhaustible fairy tale in the world." The labyrinths of the Wonderland and the Looking Glass are endless, as is the author's consciousness, developed by intellectual labor and imagination. One should not look for allegories in his tales, direct connections with folk tales and moral and didactic implications. The author wrote his funny books for the amusement of his little friend and himself. Carroll, like the "king of nonsense" Edward Lear, was independent of the rules of Victorian literature, requiring educational goals, respectable heroes and logical plots.

Contrary to the general law according to which "adult" books sometimes become "children's", Carroll's fairy tales, written for children, are read with interest by adults and have an impact on "big" literature and even science. "Alice ..." is scrupulously studied not only by literary scholars, linguists and historians, but also by mathematicians, physicists, and chess players. Carroll became a "writer for writers", and his comic works became the reference book of many literary men. The combination of fantasy with honest "mathematical" logic gave rise to a completely new type literature.

In children's literature, Carroll's tales have been a powerful catalyst. The paradox, playing with logical concepts and phraseological combinations have become an indispensable part of the latest children's poetry and prose.

Carroll's fairy tales attracted Russian writers in the 20th century. One of the first attempts to translate "Alice ..." was made by the poet of the Silver Age P. Solovieva-Allegro - for the magazine "Path" (1909). It was she who found the style of translation of especially difficult passages of the Carroll tale, now generally accepted, by means of a parody of Russian lyric poetry (for example, "Evening soup, evening soup, when I was both small and stupid ..."). The fairy tale "Anya in Wonderland", translated by V. Nabokov, has been largely adapted and Russified. The new translation of the English poems was carried out by S. Marshak. Following him, Carroll's poems were translated by D. Orlovskaya, O. Sedakova. The classic translation of books about Alice was made by N. Demurova; its translation is intended for adults and adolescents. B. Zakhoder and L. Yakhnin addressed their translations to young children.

In the little Russian versions of "Alice ..." the emphasis is made, in particular, on the paradoxes of the English and Russian languages. Zakhoder, following Nabokov, created a playful stylization of textbook lines in Russian lyrics. For example, the four opening lines of the famous poem by A. K. Tolstoy “My bells, / Steppe flowers! / What are you looking at me, / Dark blue? .. "turned into a quatrain in Zakhoder:

My crocodiles, River flowers! Why are you looking at me, Just like family?

From time to time in the course of the story, Zakhoder gives his explanations - however, in the spirit of Carroll.

The situation when the ideal hero suddenly finds himself in an environment full of unfamiliar rules, conventions and conflicts was well developed in the Russian classics of the 19th century (remember, for example, Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot). Maybe that's why "Alice ..." easily took root in Russia.

The peculiarity of Wonderland or Through the Looking Glass is that all the rules, conventions and conflicts change there on the go, and Alice is not able to understand this "order". As a reasonable girl, she tries to solve the problem in a logical way every time. For example: how to get out of the sea of ​​tears? Swimming in this sea through the looking glass, Alice reflects: “It will be stupid if I drown in my own tears! In that case, she thought, you can leave on railroad". The absurdity of the saving conclusion is dictated by the logic of her experience: “Alice was only once in her life on the seaside, and therefore it seemed to her that everything was the same there: in the sea there were bathing cabins, on the shore - kids with wooden shoulder blades were building sand castles; then - boarding houses, and behind them - a railway station " (translated by N. Demurova). If you can get to the sea by train, why can't you return the same way?

Politeness (the highest virtue of English girls in the Victorian era) now and then fails Alice, and curiosity has incredible consequences. Almost none of her conclusions pass the test of the cruel logic of the strange heroes she met. Mouse, White Rabbit, Blue Caterpillar, Queen, Humpty Dumpty, Cheshire Cat, March Hare, Hatter, Quasi Turtle and other characters - each strictly asks the girl about the slightest slip of the tongue, language inaccuracy. They make the girl understand the literal meaning of each phrase. You can, for example, "waste time", "kill time", or you can make friends with him, and then after nine o'clock in the morning, when you need to go to classes, there is immediately half past one - lunch. However, with such logical conclusions, all the heroes of Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are madmen and eccentrics; with their behavior and speeches, they create an anti-world of nonsense and non-being, in which Alice wanders. She sometimes tries to call crazy heroes to order, but her very attempts only exacerbate the absurdities in this upside-down world.

The protagonist of Carroll's tale is English. Wordplay lies at the heart of his creative method. The heroes - revived metaphors, alogisms, phraseological turns, proverbs and sayings - surround Alice, bother her, ask strange questions, answer her out of place - in accordance with the logic of the language itself. Carroll's madmen and eccentrics are in direct relationship with the characters of English folklore, dating back to the folk culture of the booth, carnival, and puppet show.

The dynamics and topicality of the action is given mainly by the dialogues. Carroll almost does not describe characters, landscapes, setting. This whole illogical world and the images of its heroes are created in dialogues similar to a duel. The winner is the one who knows how to circle the opponent-interlocutor. Here is Alice's dialogue with the Cheshire Cat:

Tell me, who lives around here? she asked.

In this side, - the Cat waved his right paw in the air, - a certain Hat lives. Uniform Hat! And in this direction, - and he waved his left paw in the air, - the Crazy Hare lives. Crazy in March. Visit whoever you want. Both are crazy.

Why would I go to the abnormal? - Alice stammered. - I have them ... I better not go to them ...

You see, this still cannot be avoided, - said the Cat, - because we are all crazy here. I'm crazy. You're crazy.

Why do you know that I'm crazy? - asked Alice.

Because you're here, the Cat said simply. - Otherwise you would not have got here.

(Translation by B. Zakhoder)

Carroll created the world of the game of "nonsense" - nonsense, nonsense, nonsense. The game consists in the confrontation of two tendencies - ordering and disordering of reality, which are equally inherent in man. Alice embodies the tendency of ordering through her behavior and reasoning, while the inhabitants of Through the Looking Glass embody the opposite tendency. Sometimes Alice wins - and then the interlocutors immediately turn the conversation to another topic, starting a new round of the game. More often than not, Alice loses. But her "win" is that she progresses on her fantastic journey, step by step, from one trap to another. At the same time, Alice does not seem to be getting smarter and does not gain real experience, but the reader, thanks to her victories and defeats, hones his intellect.

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) spent his childhood in India, where his English father served as an official, and forever fell in love with this country, its nature, its people and culture. He was born in the year when Carroll's Alice in Wonderland was published; I got acquainted with this book very early and knew it almost by heart. Like Carroll, Kipling loved to dispel the false ideas and concepts that had been ingrained into everyday consciousness.

Kipling's work is one of the most striking phenomena of the neo-romantic trend in English literature... His works show the harsh life and exoticism of the colonies. In his poetry and prose, the writer asserted the ideal of strength and wisdom. An example of such an ideal for him were people who grew up outside the corrupting influence of civilization, and wild animals. He dispelled the widespread myth about the magical, luxurious East and created his own fairy tale - about the East, harsh, cruel towards the weak; he told the Europeans about the powerful nature, which requires the exertion of all physical and spiritual forces from every being.

For eighteen years, Kipling wrote fairy tales, short stories, ballads for his children and nephews. Two of his cycles gained worldwide fame: the two-volume Jungle Book (1894-1895) and the collection Just So (1902). Kipling's works invite little readers to reflection and self-education. Until now, English boys memorize his poem "If ..." - the commandment of courage.

In the title The Jungle Books reflected the desire of the author to create a genre close to the most ancient monuments of literature. The philosophical idea of ​​the two "Jungle Books" is reduced to the assertion that the life of wildlife and humans is subject to a common law - the struggle for life. The Great Law of the jungle defines Good and Evil, Love and Hate, Faith and Unbelief. Nature itself, and not man, is the creator of moral commandments (which is why there is not even a hint of Christian morality in Kipling's works). The main words in the jungle: "You and I are of the same blood ...".

The only truth that exists for a writer is living life, not constrained by the conventions and lies of civilization. In the eyes of the writer, nature already has the advantage that it is immortal, while even the most beautiful human creations sooner or later turn to dust (monkeys frolic and snakes crawl on the ruins of a once luxurious city). Only fire and weapons can make Mowgli the strongest in the jungle.

The writer knew real cases when children were raised in a pack of wolves or monkeys: these children could no longer become real people. And yet he creates a literary myth about Mowgli - the adopted son of wolves, who lives by the laws of the jungle and remains a man at the same time. Having matured and matured, Mowgli leaves the jungle, because he, a man armed with animal wisdom and fire, has no equal, and in the jungle the ethics of hunting presupposes an honest struggle of worthy opponents.

The two-volume Jungle Book is a cycle of short stories interspersed with poetic insertions. Not all short stories tell about Mowgli, some of them have independent plots, for example, a short story-fairy tale "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi".

Kipling settled his many heroes in the wilds of Central India. The author's fiction is based on many reliable scientific facts, the study of which the writer devoted a lot of time. The realism of depicting nature is consistent with its romantic idealization.

Another "children's" book by the writer, which has become widely known, is a collection of fairy tales, which he named "Just" (You can also translate "Just Tales", "Simple Stories"). Kipling was fascinated by the folk art of India, and his tales organically combine the literary skill of the "white" writer and the powerful expressiveness of Indian folklore. In these tales there is something from ancient legends - from those legends in which adults also believed at the dawn of mankind. The main characters are animals, with their own characters, quirks, weaknesses and virtues; they are not like people, but like themselves - not yet tamed, not painted by class and type.

"In the very first years, a long time ago, the whole earth was brand new, just made." (hereandfurther translationTO.Chukovsky). In the primordial world, animals, like people, take their first steps, on which their future life will always depend. The rules of conduct are just being established; good and evil, reason and stupidity only determine their poles, and animals and people already live in the world. Every living creature is forced to find its own place in the world that has not yet been arranged, to look for its own way of life and its own ethics. For example, Horse, Dog, Cat, Woman and Man have different ideas about good. Man's wisdom is to "come to terms" with the beasts forever and ever.

In the course of the narration, the author repeatedly turns to the child (“Once upon a time, my priceless whale lived in the sea, which ate fish”), so that the intricately braided thread of the plot was not lost. In action, there is always a lot of the unexpected - something that is unraveled only in the finale. Heroes demonstrate miracles of resourcefulness and ingenuity, getting out of difficult situations. It is as if the little reader is asked to think about what else could be done to avoid bad consequences. Because of his curiosity, the baby elephant was forever left with a long nose. The Rhino's skin was in folds - due to the fact that he ate a man's pie. For a small oversight or guilt - an irreparable big consequence. However, it does not spoil life in the future, if you do not lose heart.

Each animal and person exists in the singular in fairy tales (after all, they are not yet representatives of the species), therefore their behavior is explained by the characteristics of the personality of each. And the hierarchy of animals and people is built according to their intelligence and intelligence.

The storyteller tells the story of ancient times with humor. No, no, yes, and details of modernity appear on its primeval land. Thus, the head of a primitive family makes a remark to his daughter: “How many times have I told you that you cannot speak in a common language! "Horror" is a bad word ... "The plots themselves are witty and instructive.

To imagine the world differently than you know it - this alone requires the reader to have a vivid imagination and freedom of thought. Camel without a hump, Rhinoceros with a smooth skin, buttoned with three buttons, Baby elephant with a short nose, Leopard without spots on the skin, Turtle in a shell with laces. Unknown geography and uncountable history for years: “In those days, my priceless, when everyone lived happily, the Leopard lived in one place, which was called the High Steppe. It was not the Lower Steppe, not the Bushy and not the Clay Steppe, but the naked, sultry, sunny High Steppe ... "In the system of these indefinite coordinates, against the background of the bare landscape, peculiar heroes stand out especially prominently, contrastingly. Everything in this world can still be altered, corrections can be made to what was created by the Creator. Kipling's fairy-tale land is like a child's play with its lively mobility.

Kipling was a talented draftsman, and he himself drew the best illustrations for his own fairy tales.

Rudyard Kipling's work was especially popular in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. He was appreciated by I. Bunin, M. Gorky, A. Lunacharsky and others. A. Kuprin wrote about him: “The magical fascination of the plot, the extraordinary believability of the story, amazing observation, wit, brilliance of dialogue, scenes of proud and simple heroism, subtle style or, or rather, dozens of precise styles, exotic themes, an abyss of knowledge and experience and much more constitute Kipling's artistic data, which he rules with unheard-of power over the mind and imagination of the reader. "

In the early 1920s, R.Kipling's tales and poems were translated by K. Chukovsky and S. Marshak. These translations make up most of his works published in our country for children.

Alan Alexander Milne (1882-1956) was a mathematician by training and a writer by vocation. His works for adults are now forgotten, but fairy tales and poems for children continue to live on.

Once Milne gave his wife a poem, which was then reprinted more than once: this was his first step towards children's literature (he also dedicated his famous "Winnie the Pooh" to his wife). Their son Christopher Robin, born in 1920, will become the protagonist and first reader of stories about himself and his toy friends.

In 1924, a collection of children's poems "When we were very young" appeared in print, and three years later another collection was published under the title "Now we are already 6" (1927). Milne dedicated many poems to a bear cub named after Winnie the bear at the London Zoo (even a monument has been erected to her) and a swan named Pooh.

Winnie the Pooh is two separate books: "Winnie the Pooh" (1926) and "House in the Bear's Corner" (1929; another translation of the title - "House on the Pooh Edge").

The teddy bear appeared in the Milnov house in the first year of the boy's life. Then a donkey and a piglet settled there. To expand the company, dad invented Owl, Rabbit and bought Tigger and Kanga with baby Ru. Cochford Farm, acquired by the family in 1925, and the surrounding forest became the habitat of the heroes of future books.

Russian readers are well aware of B. Zakhoder's translation entitled "Winnie the Pooh and all, all, all." This translation was specially made for children: the infantilism of the characters was enhanced, some details were added (for example, sawdust in the head of a bear cub), reductions and changes were made (so, instead of the Owl, an Owl appeared), and also written their own versions of songs. Thanks to the translation of Zakhoder, as well as the cartoon by F. Khitruk, Winnie the Pooh firmly entered the speech consciousness of children and adults, became a part of the national culture of childhood. A new translation of "Winnie the Pooh" by T. Mikhailova and V. Rudnev was published in 1994. However, further we will talk about the translation of Zakhoder, "legalized" in children's literature.

A. A. Milne constructed his work as fairy tales told by a father to his son - a technique used by R. Kipling. At first, the tales are interrupted by "real" digressions. So, in "reality" Christopher Robin descends the stairs and drags teddy bear, and he "bangs" his head down the steps: this boom prevents the bear from concentrating properly. In Dad's tale, the boy falls from a pump-action gun into Winnie the Pooh, who is hanging under a balloon, and after the second shot, Pooh finally falls, counting the tree branches as his head and trying to think on the way. Papa's subtle remark remains incomprehensible to his son: a kind and loving boy is worried about whether the shot (fictional!) Hurt Winnie the Pooh, but a minute later, dad again hears a bear banging his head, climbing the stairs after Christopher Robin ...

The writer settled the boy and his bear together with other toy heroes in the fairy-tale Forest. It has its own topography: Downy Edge, Deep Forest, Six Pine Trees, Dull Place, Enchanted Place, where either 63 or 64 trees grow. The forest crosses the river and flows into External world; she is a symbol of time hidden from the understanding of the little reader, life path, the core of the universe. The bridge from which the heroes throw sticks into the water symbolizes childhood.

The forest is a psychological space for children's play and fantasy. Everything that happens there is a myth born of the imagination of Milne the Elder, the child's consciousness and ... the logic of toy heroes: the fact is that as the narrative progresses, the heroes leave the author's subordination and begin to live their own lives.

Time in this Forest is also psychological and mythological: it moves only within individual stories, without changing anything in general. “A long time ago - it seems, last Friday ...” - this is how one of the stories begins. The heroes know the days of the week, the hours are determined by the sun. It's cyclical closed time early childhood.

The heroes do not grow up, although the age of each is determined - according to the chronology of their appearance next to the boy. Christopher Robin is six years old, his oldest friend, the bear cub, is five, Piglet thinks that he is “terribly many years old: maybe three years old, maybe even four!” saw Christopher Robin's leg once and doubts it. At the same time, in the last chapters, some evolution of the heroes is outlined, associated with the beginning of Christopher Robin's studies: Winnie the Pooh begins to reason sensibly, Piglet commits a Great Deed and a Noble Deed, and Eeyore decides to visit society more often.

The system of heroes is built on the principle of psychological reflections of the "I" of a boy listening to fairy tales about his own world. The hero of fairy tales, Christopher Robin, is the smartest and bravest (although he does not know everything); he is an object of universal respect and anxious admiration. His best friends are a bear and a pig.

The piglet embodies yesterday's, almost infantile "I" of the boy - his former fears and doubts (the main fear is to be eaten, and the main doubt is whether his loved ones love him?). Winnie the Pooh is the embodiment of the present "I", to which the boy can transfer his inability to think with concentration ("Oh, you silly bear!" - Christopher Robin says affectionately every now and then). In general, the problems of mind and education are the most significant for all heroes.

Owl, Rabbit, Eeyore-Eeyore - these are variants of the adult "I" of the child, they also reflect some real adults. These heroes are ridiculous for their toy "solidity". And for them Christopher Robin is an idol, but in his absence they are trying in every possible way to strengthen their intellectual authority. So, the Owl speaks long words and pretends to be able to write. The rabbit emphasizes his intelligence and good manners, but he is not smart, but simply cunning (Pooh, who envies his "real Brains", in the end correctly remarks: "Probably, that's why he never understands anything!"). Eeyore is smarter than the rest, but his mind is occupied only with the “heartbreaking” spectacle of world imperfections; his adult wisdom lacks a child's faith in happiness.

From time to time, strangers appear in the Forest: real (Kanga with baby Ru, Tigger) or invented by the heroes themselves (Buka, Heffalump, etc.). At first, strangers are perceived painfully, with fear: this is the psychology of early childhood. Their appearance is shrouded in a mystery incomprehensible to toy heroes, known only to Christopher Robin. The phantoms of the child's consciousness are exposed and disappear. The real aliens settle in the Forest forever, forming a separate family (the rest of the heroes live alone): mother Kanga with the baby Ru and the Tiger taken to foster care.

Kanga is the only real adult among all, because she - Mother. Little Roo differs from little Piglet in that he has nothing to fear and nothing to doubt, since his mother and her pocket are always nearby.

The tiger is the embodiment of absolute ignorance: he did not even see his reflection in the mirror before ... The tiger learns along the way, most often from mistakes, giving others a lot of trouble. This hero is needed in the book for the final confirmation of the benefits of Knowledge (it is natural that the Tiger appears in the Forest when Christopher Robin begins his formal education). Unlike Winnie the Pooh, who remembers that he has sawdust in his head, and therefore modestly evaluates his capabilities, Tigger does not doubt himself for a moment. Winnie the Pooh does something only after serious consideration; The tiger does not think at all, preferring to act immediately.

Thus, friends Tigger and Roo are a pair of heroes, the opposite of a pair of Winnie the Pooh and Piglet.

Kanga, with her economic and maternal practicality, is a kind of antithesis to the image of the pope as a storyteller.

All heroes lack a sense of humor; on the contrary, they approach any question with extreme seriousness (this makes them even funnier and more childish). They are kind; it is important for them to feel loved, they expect sympathy and praise. The logic of the heroes (except for Kenga) is childishly egocentric, the actions performed on its basis are absurd. Here Winnie the Pooh makes a number of conclusions: the tree itself cannot buzz, but the bees that make honey are buzzing, and honey exists so that he can eat it ... a series of crushing blows.

Evil exists only in the imagination, it is vague and indefinite: Heffalump, Buki and Byaka ... It is important that it eventually dissipates and turns into another funny misunderstanding. The traditional fairy-tale conflict between good and evil is absent; it is replaced by the contradictions between knowledge and ignorance, good breeding and bad manners. The forest and its inhabitants are fabulous because they exist in conditions big secrets and little riddles.

Mastering the world by a child at play - this is the main motive of all stories, all "Very Smart Conversations", various "Iskpeditions", etc. It is interesting that fairy-tale heroes never play, and yet their life is a big boy's play.

The element of children's play is impossible without children's poetry. Winnie the Pooh composes Noise Makers, Chants, Grumbles, Puffers, Nozzles, Praise Songs and even theorizes: "Drychaki are not things that you find when you want, they are things that find you." His songs are truly childish poems, in contrast to the last poem in the book, composed by Eeyore; Pooh sincerely believes that it is better than his poems, and yet this is an inept imitation of a donkey to adult poets.

Winnie the Pooh is recognized worldwide as one of the best family reading books. The book contains everything that attracts children, but there is also something that makes adult readers worry and reflect. No wonder the author dedicated the tale to his wife and mother Christopher Robin. Once he explained his decision to marry her: "She laughed at my jokes."

Astrid Lindgren (1907 - 2002) is an acknowledged classic of children's literature. The Swedish writer has twice won the H.C. Andersen International Prize. The very first book - "Peppy Longstocking" released in 1945 - brought her world fame... Written like Peppy ... in 1944, Britt-Marie Pours Out Her Soul was evidence that the young writer had a unique gift for seeing the lives of children and adults in her own way.

A girl nicknamed Pippi - Longstocking is known to children all over the world. She, like Carlson, is a child without adults and therefore is free from custody, criticism, and prohibitions. This gives her the opportunity to perform extraordinary miracles, starting with the restoration of justice and ending with heroic deeds. Lindgren opposes the energy, sanity, relaxedness of his heroine to the boring routine of a patriarchal Swedish town. Having portrayed a spiritually strong child, and even a girl, in a philistine setting, the writer approved the new ideal of a child who is able to independently solve any problems.

The ordinary life of an ordinary family is the background for the development of events in most of Lindgren's books. The transformation of the ordinary world into an unusual, cheerful, unpredictable - this is the dream of any child, realized by the storyteller.

"Three stories about Carlson, who lives on the roof" (1965 - 1968) - the pinnacle of Astrid Lindgren's creativity.

The writer made important discovery in the field of childhood: it turns out that the child has few of those joys that even the most loving adults can give him; he not only masters the adult world, but recreates it, “improves” it, supplements it with what is necessary for him, the child. Adults, on the other hand, almost never fully understand children, do not delve into the peculiar subtleties of the child's value system. From their point of view, Carlson is a negative character: after all, he continually breaks the rules of good manners, the ethics of camaraderie. The kid has to answer for what his friend has done, and even regret the spoiled toys, eaten jam, etc. However, he willingly forgives Carlson, because he violates the prohibitions suggested by adults, but incomprehensible to the child. You can't break toys, you can't fight, you can't eat sweets alone ... These and other adult truths are complete nonsense for Carlson and the Kid. "A man in the prime of his life" radiates health, self-confidence, energy precisely because he recognizes only his own laws, moreover, and easily cancels them. The kid, of course, is forced to reckon with many conventions and prohibitions invented by adults, and only playing with Karlson becomes himself, i.e. free. From time to time he recalls parental prohibitions, but nevertheless admires Carlson's antics.

Carlson's portrait emphasizes the fullness and the propeller with the button; both are the subject of pride of the hero. The child associates fullness with kindness (the Kid's mother has a full hand), and the ability to fly with the help of a simple and trouble-free device is the embodiment of a child's dream of complete freedom.

Carlson has a healthy egoism, while parents who preach caring for others are essentially hidden egoists.

They prefer to give the Kid a toy puppy, not a real one: it is more convenient for them. They are concerned only with the outer aspects of the Kid's life; their love is not enough for the Kid to be really happy. He needs a real friend who gets rid of loneliness and misunderstanding. The inner value system of the Kid is much closer to the structure of Carlson's life than to the values ​​of adults.

Adults are also happy to read Lindgren's books, because the writer breaks down many stereotypes in the idea of ​​ideal children. It shows a real child who is much more complex, contradictory and mysterious than is commonly thought.

In the fairy tale "Pippi Longstocking" the heroine - "superstrong", "supergirl" - raises a live horse. This fantastic image was spied on by the writer at the playing child. Raising his toy horse and carrying it from the terrace to the garden, the child imagines that he is carrying a real live horse, which means that he is so strong!

Peru Lindgren also owns other books for children, including those of primary and secondary school age: "The famous detective Kalle Blumkvist" (1946), "Mio, my Mio" (1954), "Rasmus the tramp" (1956), "Emil from Lönneberg "(1963)," We are on the island of Saltrok "(1964)," The Brothers Lionheart "(1973)," Roni, the robber's daughter "(1981). In 1981, Lindgren also released a new big fairy tale - her own variation on the plot of Romeo and Juliet.

Marcel Aimé(1902-1967) - youngest child in a large family of a blacksmith from Joigny, a distant French province. When he was two years old, his mother died, and the child was raised by his maternal grandfather, a tile master. However, it fell to the child to be left an orphan a second time. For some time he had to live in a boarding school. He wanted to become an engineer, but due to illness he had to stop studying. Then there was service in the army, in the part of defeated Germany occupied by the French. At first, life in Paris, where Aimé rushed with the intention of becoming a professional writer, did not develop either. I had to visit a bricklayer, a salesman, an extra in the cinema, and a small newspaper reporter. In 1925, his first novel, noticed by critics, was published.

And in 1933 - already the first success: Aimé became a laureate of one of the largest literary awards in the country - the Goncourt Prize for the novel "Green Mare", a work that brought the author not only national but also world fame. From that time on, he began to make a living only with his pen. In addition to stories and novellas, he writes plays and screenplays, as well as children's fairy tales. He first put them together in one book in 1939 and called it "Tales of a cat in the village" (in Russian translation - "Tales of the cat-purr").

The adventures of the heroines of these fairy tales - Dolphins and Marinette - are as incredible and unexpected as they are incredibly funny. And often the humorous coloring is enhanced in them thanks to the elements of the miraculous, magical. For this, the writer uses folklore motives, in particular the legends heard in childhood from the grandmother. Thanks to entertaining plots and humor, as well as the beautiful transparent style, Aimé's fairy tales, moralistic in their orientation, are perceived primarily as magnificent highly artistic works. Built on irony and humor, they are devoid of the heroic or lyrical motives of traditional fairy tales. Fantastic in them is only the atmosphere in which the action takes place, the heroes live - children and animals. And then there is a completely ordinary, without magical incidents, the world of adults. Moreover, both worlds live separately, even as if opposed to each other. This helps the writer choose happy endings for his fairy tales; after all, the fabulous is clearly separated from reality, where a happy outcome of a situation is often simply unrealistic.

Researchers invariably note the absence in Eme's tales of any misanthropy, sometimes characteristic of his "adult" works. Perhaps, only in relation to the parents of his heroines-girls the writer allows himself some condemnation. But he portrays them rather stupid than evil, and softens his "judgment" with gentle humor.

The success of Aimé's fairy tales among children, first French, then the whole world, was largely facilitated by the fact that their kind and naive heroines, with all their features of living, real characters, surprisingly organically fit into the fabulous atmosphere of the wonderful, unusual, enter into simple and "Life" relationships. Either these girls console the wolf, suffering from the fact that no one loves him, then they listen with interest to the reasoning of the "black shepherd," who persuades them to do what they themselves really want to do - to skip school. The characters of these works - children and animals - form, as it were, a kind of community, an alliance based on relationships that the author considered ideal.

Antoine Marie Roger de Saint-Exupery(1900-1944) is known all over the world today. And the first thing they remember when this name sounds: he wrote "The Little Prince" (1943), was a pilot in love with his profession, poetically told about it in his works and died in the fight against the fascist invaders. He was also an inventor, a designer who received several copyright patents.

The writer Saint-Exupery understood the work of a pilot as a high ministry aimed at uniting people who should be helped in this by the beauty of the world of the Universe discovered for them by the pilot. “The breath of the planet” - who can better tell about this if not a man himself amazed by the greatness created by nature, seen from a height of flight! And he wrote about this in his first published story "Pilot" and in his very first book "Southern Postal" (1929).

The writer came from an aristocratic but impoverished family. There was a count's title, even a small estate near Lyon, where they lived, but their father had to serve as an insurance inspector. In his works, Saint-Exupery often refers to childhood. His own early impressions permeate the fabric of the book "Military Pilot", written like " The little Prince"And" Letters to the Hostage ", during the Second World War in exile, in the USA. There he ended up after the occupation of France by the Nazis and the order to disband the regiment in which he fought against the Nazis.

Deeply experiencing the absurdity and cruelty of war, Saint-Exupery reflected on the significance of childhood experiences in human life: “Childhood, this vast land where everyone comes from! Where do I come from? I come from my childhood, as if from some country " (translated by N. Gal). And it was as if the Little Prince came to him from this country, when he, a military pilot, was sitting with his plane during an accident alone in the North African desert.

One must not forget one's own childhood, one must constantly hear it in oneself, then the actions of an adult will make more sense. This is the idea behind The Little Prince, a fairy tale told to children, but for the edification of adults as well. It is to them that the parable beginning of the work is addressed. All the symbolism of the narrative serves the author's desire to show how wrong people live, who do not understand that their existence on Earth must be consistent with the life of the Universe, recognized as a part of it. And then a lot will turn out to be just “vanity of vanities”, unnecessary, unnecessary, offending human dignity and nullifying his high calling - to protect and decorate the planet, and not to destroy it senselessly and cruelly. This idea seems to be relevant today, and it, we recall, was expressed during the most brutal war in the history of mankind.

The hero of Saint-Exupery, the Little Prince, who lives on a tiny planet - an asteroid, speaks about the need to love your land. His life is simple and wise: admire the sunset, grow flowers, raise a lamb and take good care of everything that nature has given you. The writer thus hopes to teach the children the necessary moral lesson. They are destined for an entertaining plot, and the sincerity of intonations, and the tenderness of words, and graceful drawings by the author himself. He shows them how wrongly overly practical adults build their lives: they are very fond of numbers. “When you tell them:“ I saw beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roof "" - they can not imagine this house. They have to say: "I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs" "- and then they exclaim:" What's the beautiful!"".

Traveling from asteroid to asteroid, the little prince (and with him the little reader) learns more and more about what to avoid. Love for power - it is personified in the king, who requires unquestioning obedience. Vanity and immoderate ambition - a lonely inhabitant of another planet, as if in response to applause, takes off his hat and bows. A drunkard, a business man, a geographer who is withdrawn in his science - all these characters lead the Little Prince to the conclusion: “Indeed, adults are very strange people". And the lamplighter is closest to him - when he lights his lantern, it is as if another star or flower is being born, "this is really useful, because it is beautiful." The departure of the hero of the fairy tale from Earth is also significant: he returns to his planet, because he is responsible for everything that he left there.

On July 31, 1944, the military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry did not return to the base, disappeared three weeks before the liberation of his native France, for which he fought. He said: “I love life” - and he left this feeling to us forever in his works.

Otfried Preusler(born in 1923) - German writer, grew up in Bohemia. The main universities of life for him were the years spent in a Soviet prisoner of war camp, where he ended up at the age of 21. “At the heart of my education are subjects such as elementary philosophy, practical human studies and the Russian language in the context Slavic philology", - he said in an interview. Not surprisingly, Preisler is fluent in Russian and also Czech.

The writer's work reflects his views on modern pedagogy. In the same interview, he emphasized: “And what distinguishes today's children are the consequences of the influences of the surrounding world: highly technical everyday life, the value of a consumer society striving for success at any cost, i.e. factors unfavorable for childhood ”. In his opinion, it is they who together take away childhood from children, shorten it. As a result, children do not linger in childhood, "too early to interact with the heartless world of adults, immerse themselves in human relationships for which they are not yet ripe ... therefore, the goal of modern pedagogy is to return children to childhood ...".

Nazi ideology, which permeated all the pores of German society during the period of Hitler's regime, could not but subjugate German children's publishing. Young readers were plentifully stuffed with cruel medieval legends that supported the idea of ​​a superman, and corny pseudo-stories that expressed philistine morality.

Preusler followed the path of the de-heroization of German children's literature. Fairy tales for toddlers "Little Baba Yaga", "Little Water One", "Little Ghost" form a trilogy, which was released between 1956 and 1966. Then came the tales of the dwarf - "Herb Big Hat" and "Dwarf Herb and the Goblin." There is nothing majestic about goodies, and the arrogance and sense of superiority in bad guys are simply ridiculed. The main characters are usually very small (Little Baba Yaga, Little Water, Little Ghost). Although they know how to conjure, they are far from omnipotent and even sometimes oppressed and dependent. Their purpose of existence is commensurate with their growth. The gnomes are stocking up on provisions for the winter, Little Baba Yaga wants to finally get to the Walpurgis Night festival, Little Waterman is exploring his native pond, and Little Ghost would like to turn from black to white again. The example of each of the heroes proves that it is not at all necessary to be like everyone else, and the "white crows" are right. So, Little Baba Yaga, contrary to the witch's rules, does good.

The narrative in fairy tales follows the change of days, each of which is marked by some event that goes slightly beyond the boundaries of ordinary, even existence. So, the dwarf Herbe puts off work on a weekday and goes for a walk. If the behavior of magical heroes violates generally accepted canons, it is only for the sake of completeness and joy of life. In all other respects, they observe etiquette, the rules of friendship and good neighborhood.

More important to Proisler are fantastic creatures that inhabit that part of the world that is interesting only to children. All heroes are born of a popular fantasy: they literary brothers and sisters of the characters of German mythology. The storyteller sees them in a familiar environment, understands the originality of their characters and habits associated with the way of life of a gnome or a goblin, a witch or a water one. At the same time, the actual fantastic beginning does not play a big role. Dwarf Herbe needs witchcraft to construct a dwarven hat. Little Baba Yaga wants to know by heart all the magic tricks in order to use them for good deeds. But there is nothing mysterious in Preusler's fantasy: Little Baba Yaga buys a new broom in a village small shop.

The dwarf Herbe is notable for its economy. Even for a walk, he prepares carefully, not forgetting a single detail. His friend the devil Zvottel, on the other hand, is careless and does not know home comfort at all. Little Baba Yaga, as befits schoolgirls, is restless and at the same time diligent. She does what she sees fit, incurring the resentment of her aunt and older witch. Little Vodyanoy, like any boy, is curious and finds himself in different situations. The Little Ghost is always a little sad and lonely.

The works are replete with descriptions that can interest the little reader no less than plot actions. The subject is depicted through color, shape, smell, it even changes before our eyes, like a gnome's hat, which in the spring is “soft green, like the tips of spruce paws, in the summer it is dark, like the leaves of a lingonberry, in the fall it is variegated gold, like fallen leaves, and in winter it turns white and white, like the first snow. "

The fairy-tale world of Preusler is childishly cozy, full of natural freshness. Evil is easily defeated, and it exists somewhere in big world. The main value fabulous kids - a friendship that can not be overshadowed by misunderstandings.

A fairy tale novel is distinguished by a more serious tone of narration and the severity of the conflict. "Krabat"(1971), based on the medieval tradition of the Lusatian Serbs. This is a tale about a terrible mill, where Melnik teaches witchcraft to his apprentices, about the victory over him of his fourteen-year-old student Crab-ta, about the main force opposing evil - love.

Outcomes

Russian and European children's literature was formed and developed in a similar way - under the influence of folklore, philosophical, pedagogical, artistic ideas of different eras.

World children's literature is richly represented in Russia thanks to the unique school of translators, as well as the established traditions of transcriptions for children.

Reading foreign children's literature introduces the child-reader into the space of world culture.

Art made for children is a diverse and extensive part of modern culture... Literature has been present in our life since childhood, it is with its help that the concept of good and evil is laid, a worldview and ideals are formed. Even in preschool and primary school age, young readers can already appreciate the dynamics of poetry or beautiful fairy tales, and at an older age, they begin to read thoughtfully, so books need to be selected appropriate. Let's talk about Russians and foreign children's writers and their works.

Children's writers of the 19-20 century and the development of children's literature

For the first time, books especially for children in Russia began to be written in the 17th century, in the 18th century the formation of children's literature began: at that time such people as M. Lomonosov, N. Karamzin, A. Sumarokov and others lived and worked. The 19th century is the flourishing of children's literature, " silver Age”, And we still read many books of the writers of that time.

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)

The author of "Alice in Wonderland", "Alice Through the Looking Glass", "Snark Hunt" was born in a small village in Cheshire (hence the name of his character - Cheshire Cat). The real name of the writer is Charles Dodgson, he grew up in big family: Charles had 3 brothers and 7 sisters. He went to college, became a professor of mathematics, and even received the rank of deacon. He really wanted to become an artist, painted a lot, loved to photograph. As a boy, he composed stories, funny stories, adored the theater. If his friends had not persuaded Charles to rewrite his story on paper, "Alice in Wonderland" might not have seen the light of day, but still in 1865 the book was published. Carroll's books are so original and juicy tongue that it is difficult to find a suitable translation for some words: there are more than 10 versions of the translation of his works into Russian, and the readers themselves can choose which one to give preference to.

Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002)

Astrid Eriksson (married Lindgren) grew up as a farmer and spent her childhood playing games, adventures and working on the farm. As soon as Astrid learned to read and write, she began to write various stories and the first poems.

The story "Peppy Long stocking»Astrid composed for her daughter when she was sick. Later, the novels "Mio, my Mio", "Roni, the robber's daughter", a trilogy about the detective Callie Blumkvist, a beloved triology, which tells about the cheerful and restless Carlson, were published.

Astrid's works are staged in many children's theaters around the world, and her books are adored by people of all ages. In 2002 it was approved literary prize in honor of Astrid Lindgren - she is awarded for her contribution to the development of literature for children.

Selma Lagerlef (1858-1940)

This is a Swedish writer, the first woman to receive Nobel prize on literature. Selma reluctantly recalled her childhood: at the age of 3, the girl was paralyzed, she did not get out of bed, and the only consolation for her were the tales and stories told by her grandmother. At the age of 9 after treatment, the ability to move in Selma returned, she began to dream of a career as a writer. She studied hard, earned her Ph.D. and became a member of the Swedish Academy.

In 1906, her book about the journey of little Niels on the back of Martin's goose was published, then the writer released the collection "Trolls and People", which included fantastic legends, fairy tales and short stories, she also wrote many novels for adults.

John Ronald Ruel Tolkien (1892-1973)

This English writer cannot be called exclusively for children, since adults are also enthusiastic about reading his books. Author of The Lord of the Rings Trilogy, The Hobbit: A Journey There and Back, Creator wonderful world Middle-earth, which makes incredible films, was born in Africa. When he was three years old, his mother, widowed early, transported two children to England. The boy was fond of painting, foreign languages ​​were easy for him, he even got carried away with the study of "dead" languages: Anglo-Saxon, Gothic and others. During the war, Tolkien, who went there as a volunteer, picks up typhus: it is in his delirium that he invents the "elvish language" that has become business card many of his heroes. His works are immortal, they are very popular in our time.

Clive Lewis (1898-1963)

Irish and english writer, theologian and scientist. Clive Lewis and John Tolkien were friends, it was Lewis who was one of the first to hear about the world of Middle-earth, and Tolkien about the beautiful Narnia. Clive was born in Ireland but most lived in England. He released his first works under the pseudonym Clive Hamilton. In 1950-1955, his "Chronicles of Narnia" was first published, which tells about the adventure of two brothers and two sisters in a mysterious and magic land... Clive Lewis traveled a lot, wrote poetry, loved to discuss various topics and was a well-rounded person. His works are loved by adults and children to this day.

Russian children's writers

Kornei Ivanovich Chukovsky (1882-1969)

Real name - Nikolai Korneichukov is known for children's fairy tales and stories in poetry and prose. He was born in St. Petersburg, lived for a long time in Nikolaev, Odessa, from childhood he firmly decided to become a writer, but, having arrived in St. Petersburg, faced with the refusals of the editorial staff of magazines. He became a member of a literary circle, a critic, wrote poetry and short stories. He was even arrested for his courageous statements. During the war, Chukovsky was a war correspondent, editor of almanacs and magazines. He spoke foreign languages ​​and translated works of foreign authors. Most famous works Chukovsky - this is "Cockroach", "Fly Tsokotukha", "Barmaley", "Aibolit", "Miracle tree", "Moidodyr" and others.

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887-1964)

Playwright, poet, translator, literary critic, a talented author. It was in his translation that many first read Shakespeare's sonnets, poems by Burns, fairy tales different nations the world. Samuel's talent began to manifest itself in early childhood: the boy wrote poetry, had the ability to foreign languages. The poetic books of Marshak, who moved from Voronezh to Petrograd, immediately enjoyed great success, and their feature is the variety of genres: poems, ballads, sonnets, riddles, songs, sayings - he could do everything. He has received many awards and his poems have been translated into dozens of languages. The most famous works are "Twelve Months", "Baggage", "The Tale of a Stupid Mouse", "That's How Absent-minded", "Mustachioed Striped" and others.

Agniya Lvovna Barto (1906-1981)

Agnia Barto was an exemplary student, already at school she began to write poetry and epigrams for the first time. Now many children are brought up on her poems, her light, rhythmic poems have been translated into many languages ​​of the world. Agnia was active all her life literary figure, jury member of the Andersen Competition. In 1976 she received the H.H. Andersen Prize. The most famous poems are "Goby", "Bullfinch", "We are with Tamara", "Lyubochka", "Bear", "Man", "I am growing" and others.

Sergei Vladimirovich Mikhalkov (1913-2009)

He can be considered a classic of Russian children's literature: a writer, chairman of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR, a talented poet, writer, fabulist, playwright. It is he who is the author of two hymns: the USSR and Russian Federation... He devoted a lot of time to social activities, although at first he did not have a dream of becoming a writer: in his youth he was both a laborer and a member of a geological expedition. We all remember such works as "Uncle Styopa - a policeman", "What do you have", "Song of friends", "Three little pigs", "Under New Year" other.

Contemporary children's writers

Grigory Bentsionovich Oster

A children's writer, in whose works adults can also learn a lot. He was born in Odessa, served in the navy, his life is still very active: he is a leading, talented author, screenwriter of cartoons. "Monkeys", "A Kitten Named Woof", "38 Parrots", "Gotcha Who Bite" - all these cartoons were filmed according to his script, and "Bad Advice" is a book that has gained immense popularity. By the way, an anthology of children's literature has been published in Canada: the books of most writers have a circulation of 300-400 thousand, and Auster's Bad Advice has sold 12 million copies!

Eduard Nikolaevich Uspensky

From childhood, Eduard Uspensky was a ringleader, participated in KVN, organized skits, then he first tried his hand at being a writer, later started write plays for children's radio programs, children's theaters, dreamed of creating his own magazine for children. The cartoon "Gena the Crocodile and His Friends" brought fame to the writer, since then the eared symbol - Cheburashka, has settled in almost every home. We also still love the book and cartoon "Three from Prostokvashino", "Koloboks are conducting the investigation", "Plasticine crow", "Baba Yaga against!" other.

J.K. Rowling

Speaking about modern children's writers, it is simply impossible not to recall the author of the series of books about Harry Potter, the wizard boy and his friends. It is the best-selling book series in history and has grossed huge box office films. Rowling has gone from obscurity and poverty to worldwide fame. At first, none of the editors agreed to accept and publish a book about a wizard, believing that such a genre would be of no interest to readers. Only the small publisher Bloomsbury agreed - and it was right. Now Rowling continues to write, is engaged in charity and social activities, she is a realized author and a happy mother and wife.

One of the most famous children's writers, Astrid Lindgren, was born on November 14, 1907. Her tales were read by several generations of children, and today we decided to present the best, in our opinion, children's works by foreign authors.

Astrid Lindrgen was born in Sweden, in a small town in the family of a farmer. The family of the writer had a special relationship: the parents were very attached to their children, and Astrid believes that this was what prompted her to create. Her father collected fairy tales, jokes, folklore, which later formed the basis of Lindgren's fairy tales. Astrid began to write when she learned to write. From the age of sixteen, the writer worked as a journalist, but she became pregnant without being married and left for Stockholm. At the age of 19, Lindgren gave birth to a son, but could not raise a boy, because there was not enough money even for food. She gave the child to a foster family from Denmark. A few years later, Astrid got married and took the boy to her. Soon her daughter was born, and Lindgren decided that she was more suited to the role of a housewife. She occasionally worked part-time, but still preferred to write books for children. Astrid's most famous works are Pippi Longstocking, Mio, my Mio!, The Kid and Carlson Who Lives on the Roof, The Tomboy's Tricks, The Adventures of Emil from Lenneberg. The writer's works have been translated into seventy languages, published in one hundred countries of the world. During her lifetime, Lindgren became a legend and a favorite of millions of children. Today we decided to compile a rating of the best children's books, which also includes works Swedish writer.

"Kid and Carlson". Astrid Lindgren. One of the best foreign fairy tales for kids preschool age... In many countries, this work was filmed cartoons... It is enough to remember soviet cartoon- one of the most beloved by several generations of viewers. This is a kind Swedish tale about a boy who found a real friend, however, this friend always brought the Kid in trouble, but the boy adored him. Carlson was always cheerful and funny, he looked with optimism at the world.

"Cinderella". Charles Perrault. Cinderella is one of the most frequently filmed fairy tales around the world. She teaches children goodness and that one can be happy not only in wealth, but also in poverty. The story of an unhappy girl who was bullied angry stepmother, cannot leave even adults indifferent. The fairy tale teaches that even in spite of the big troubles, there will always be a place for a real miracle in our life, but only one must believe in it, and then a miracle will surely happen.

"Mermaid". Hans Christian Andersen. The saddest tale about how one person can give his life for another if he loves him very much. The little mermaid fell in love an ordinary person, but she could not give it up and turned into sea ​​foam... The inhabitants of Denmark love the heroine of Andersen's fairy tale so much that they even erected a monument in her honor!

"Emil from Lenneberg". Astrid Lindgren. If your child loves very much funny pieces, then the funny stories that happened to the boy Emil will definitely please him. Lindgren wrote six stories about the adventures of Emil - a simple country boy who constantly finds himself in funny situations. Emil lives with his parents, little sister and two workers in a tiny village. He loves carpentry, knows horses and knows how to make money.

"Winnie the Pooh". Alexander Milne. Perhaps there is not a single adult who does not know the yells, noisers and nozzles performed by Milne's most famous character. The funny bear cub, in whose head there is only sawdust, has many friends - Eeyore Donkey, Piglet, Tiger, rabbit and others. Each hero of this work has an interesting and unique character. Comic stories constantly happen to Winnie the Pooh and his friends.

"The jungle book". Rudyard Kipling. Each book by this popular author introduces children to nature and animals, each of which has a unique character. All of the author's stories are written in an instructive manner. The main characters are only animals, as well as the boy Mowgli, a child raised by a pack of wolves. The Jungle Book has been filmed several times, both in Russia and abroad. Many feature films and cartoons have been shot based on Kipling's works.

"Little Muck". Wilhelm Hauf. This is one of the most unusual fairy tales in the world, which tells about an old man named Little Muck. He was very lonely because of his vertically challenged, children and even adults teased him, so he only appeared on the street once a month. This tale, like some other works of Gough, was successfully filmed in many countries.

Pippi Long Stocking. Astrid Lindgren. Peppy - main character a series of books by the Swedish writer. The tale tells about a mischievous red-haired girl who lives without parents in a large villa, and she is surrounded only by animals - a horse and a monkey. Peppy - daughter famous captain who became the leader of the blacks. This girl is very mobile, strong and agile, she does not depend on anyone and does whatever she wants.

"Alice in Wonderland". Lewis Carroll. One of the most mysterious fairy tales in the world. A very fascinating story about a girl named Alice who unexpectedly found herself in a magical land that resembles parallel world... It is very kind and unusual tale about magic and transformations, as well as about the adventures of Alice, who finds herself in incredible situations.

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For parents

A little about reading foreign children's literature

(used extracts from the book "Children's Literature" edited by E.O. Putilova)

Foreign literature for children is an unusually interesting reading. She introduces the little reader to a different world, a way of life, national characteristics character, nature. For the Russian-speaking reader, it exists in excellent translations and retellings, and we would have lost a lot if these foreign works did not reach us. Children's books of writers different countries open the child a wide panorama of world culture, make him a citizen of the world.

Children's literature, like literature in general, belongs to the field of the art of words. This determines its aesthetic function. It is associated with a special kind of emotions that arise when reading. literary works... Children are capable of experiencing aesthetic pleasure from reading no less than an adult. The child happily plunges into the fantasy world of fairy tales and adventures, empathizes with the heroes, feels the rhythm of poetry, enjoys the sound and verbal play. Children understand humor and jokes well.

English children's literature is one of the richest and most interesting in the world. It may seem strange that in a country that is traditionally perceived by us as the homeland of reserved, polite and reasonable people who adhere to strict rules, a mischievous, illogical literature was born. But, perhaps, it was precisely this English stiffness that gave rise - out of a feeling of protest - to a cheerful and mischievous literature, in which the world is often turned inside out ... the literature of nonsense. The word "nonsense" in translation means "nonsense", "lack of meaning", however, in the very meaninglessness of this nonsense lies definite meaning... After all, nonsense reveals all the inconsistencies of things around us and within us, thereby opening the way to true harmony.

There are books that are better read on time, when the seeds from what they read can fall on the fertile soil of childhood and play important role in the development and formation of the child as a person and as a person. For you, dear parents, we will list some English works to remind you of their existence, and ask you not to deprive yourself and your children of the pleasure of reading or rereading them.

Alan Milne, Winnie the Pooh and All, All, All

Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book (The Story of Mowgli), Fairy Tales ( Interesting stories-myths about animals)

Kenneth Graham, "The Wind in the Willows" (The Exciting Adventures of Three Friends: Mole, Rat and Toad)

James Barry, Peter Pan (The Book of the Boy Who Didn't Want to Grow Up)

Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland ( Funny tale full of funny and witty jokes, word games, phraseological units)

A. Milne "Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all"

Alan Milne graduated from the University of Cambridge with the firm intention of becoming a writer. But we would hardly remember about this writer now, if not for his son Christopher Robin. It was for him that Milne began to compose poetry, he told him funny stories, the heroes of which were little Christopher himself and his favorite toys - Winnie the Pooh bear, Eeyore donkey and others. In the books of Milne, surprisingly truthfully reflected inner world child, his view of things, his problems, discoveries, games, sorrows and joys. Books appeared one after another in a short period of time, coinciding with the childhood years of Christopher Robin: a collection of poems "When we were little", 1924; Winnie the Pooh, 1926; collection of poems "Now we are already six", 1927; "House on the Pooh Edge" (continuation of the story about Winnie the Pooh), 1928.

Milne's poems looked unusual against the background of English children's poetry. At that time, books abounded mainly with fairies, and the attitude to the child was condescending, as to an unformed mentally person, respectively, and the poems were primitive. In Milne's poems, the world is seen through the eyes of a child (most of his poems are written in the first person), who is not at all a primitive creature or "an underdeveloped adult."

For example, in the poem "Loneliness" the hero dreams of a home - an "enchanted place" free from the innumerable prohibitions of adults. This house is his inner world, closed from others, - the world of his dreams and secrets. In the poem "In the Dark" the author shows how precious this world is for a child who is ready to fulfill all the requirements of adults, just to get rid of them and finally "think about what one wants to think about" and "laugh at what one wants to laugh at. ". Jane, in the poem "The Good Little Girl," is annoyed by the constant guardianship of her parents and an annoying question. She is offended that she is suspected of bad behavior everywhere, even at the zoo. It seems to the girl that her parents cannot wait for her to ask her if she behaved well. In the poem "Send with me" the hero tries to involve adults in his life, to show them all the wonderful things that he has seen, but adults dismiss him because they are too busy (the poem was written 80 years ago!).

In fairy tales about Winnie the Pooh, the main character is not fictional, but real baby with a special logic, a special world, a special language. All this is comprehended by the author not in the form of a dry treatise, but in a cheerful literary game. Christopher Robin is already an ideal hero here, since he is an only child, and all other inhabitants of the forest are enlivened by his imagination and embody some of his features. Thus, freed from some of his character traits, Christopher Robin in this tale is the smartest, strongest and most courageous inhabitant of his fictional world. And Winnie the Pooh embodies the creative energy of a child and has a different way of understanding things, different from the logical one. And his poems ("noisemakers", "grumblers", etc.), and his behavior are based mainly on intuition.

In Milne's books, the child, playing roles and doing "doing nothing", acquires its own "I". Some of Pooh's songs are imbued with a sense of how great it is to be Pooh. Feeling oneself one and only is the natural state of the child, which gives him comfort. Therefore, it is so difficult for him to understand another person who is not like him. It is just as difficult for a child to understand how someone can be unhappy when he is happy, it is difficult for him to understand and predict the behavior of another person. So, in the characters of the fairy tale about Winnie the Pooh are shown different types children's characters and different traits. For example, childhood fears are embodied in the book in such mythical creatures as Heffalump, Yagulyar, Byaka and Buka. None of these characters actually exist, and no one like them appears in the forest. However, in the minds of Piglet, they are real, and when Piglet is next to Christopher Robin, he is not afraid of anything, like a child next to his parents.

In his fairy tale, Milne presents an interesting speech portrait of a preschooler, shows how a child handles language, how he masters it, how he masters the world around him. The world that opens up to a child is full of miracles, but the opportunity to tell about these miracles makes him even more wonderful. As Piglet said, what is the use of such amazing things as floods and floods, if you have no one to even talk to about them.

Milne's fairy tale - home literary game, exciting for both adults and children. There is no negative pole in his books. The heroes have their flaws, but none can be called "negative" and evil does not invade the life of the forest. In the world of Winnie the Pooh there are natural disasters, mythical fears appear, but all the dangers are easily overcome thanks to the friendship, optimism, ingenuity, and kindness of the heroes. Milne leaves her characters in the (so necessary for children) toy, home world, which gives children a sense of security.

And speaking of Milne's book, one cannot but mention who taught the English teddy bear Winnie the Pooh to speak Russian. This is a wonderful writer, storyteller and translator, Boris Vladimirovich Zakhoder. It was he who introduced Russian children to the heroes of the famous English fairy tales("Alice in Wonderland", "Mary Poppins", "Peter Pan" and others) and wrote a lot of funny poems, wonderful children's plays, one of which ("Lukomorye") was used to create an opera, and fairy tales. According to his scripts, more than a dozen films have been filmed, including cartoons, the main of which, of course, was the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh.

Myth in children's reading Myth and mythology.
Features of primitive thinking
(animism, anthropomorphism, syncretism,
totemism).
Sumerian legends. Epic of Gilgamesh.
(XVIII-XVII centuries BC)
Myths of Ancient Egypt. (mid IV millennium BC)
Features of the development of ancient mythology.
Scandinavian mythology("Elder Edda",
"Younger Edda").
Biblical myth in children's literature.
The motives of Christian morality in
children's foreign literature (G.K. Andersen,
S. Lagerlef, K. S. Lewis).

Fairy tales of the peoples of the world

The originality of the Austrian folk tale and
Germany.
Myths and tales of Africa.
Folk tale of Brittany and British
islands.
Folk tale of the East. Collection "Thousand and
one night".
Features of the Icelandic folk tale, its
connection with a bylichka.
Swedish folk tale.

Children's literature in Austria, Germany, Switzerland

Ancient German epic:
"Song of Hildebrand". "Song of the Nibelungs".
Literary tale in German literature.
E. Raspe "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen":
authorship problem, protagonist.
Creativity of the Brothers Grimm.
Tales of V. Hauf and E. Hoffmann in children's reading:
problems and poetics.
Animalistic german literary tale:
works of V. Bonzels and F. Salten for children.
A literary tale of the twentieth century (E. Kestner, O. Preusler,
D. Kruss, K. Nöstlinger).

Otfried Preusler
(1923- 2013)

Otfried Preusler

- German children's writer (Luzhsky
Serb)
- 1950-60. "Little water"
"Little Baba Yaga", "Small
ghost "(http://www.fairytales.su/avtorskie/projsler-otfrid)
- "Krabat, or Legends of the old
mills "(1971)
(http://lib.ru/TALES/PROJSLER/krabat.txt)

Rotraut Suzanne Berner (born 1948)

Into Russian
translated:
Series about the Town
A series of stories about
Karlchen

Mira Lobe (1913-1995)

Grandmother on the apple tree.
How was the deal with
Shaggy.
"Come on!" - said the cat.

English children's literature

Fairy tale as a genre. Folk and literary tale. Fairy tale and
fantasy. Fairy tale and fantasy.
English literary children's tale:
B. Potter's creativity,
D.R. Kipling "Just Tales", "The Jungle Book";
the tale of toy animals by A.A. Milna "Winnie-the-Pooh and All-All",
creativity D. Bisset.
L. Carroll's intellectual tale "Alice Through the Looking Glass",
"Alice in Wonderland".
Fairy Tale in English Literature: Creativity
O. Wilde, D.M. Barry, P. Travers for Children.
H. Lofting and his cycle of fairy tales about Dr. Doolittle;
The genre of fantasy in children's and youth reading (C.S. Lewis, D.R.
Tolkien). Creativity of Charles Dickens.
Novels by D. Defoe "Robinson Crusoe" and R. Stevenson "The Island
treasures "in children's reading.
The work of F. Burnett (" Little lord Fauntleroy "
"Mysterious Garden", etc.)

Beatrice Potter (1866-1943)

The Tale of Peter Rabbit
(1902)
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin (1903)
The Tailor of Gloucester - The Tailor of Gloucester (1903)
The Tale of Benjamin Bunny (1904)
The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904)
The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Miggy Tiggy-Winkle (1905)
A Tale of the Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (1905)
The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher (1906)
The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit (1906)
The Story of Miss Moppet
(1906)
The Tale of Tom Kitten
(1907)
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck (1908)
The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pud
ding
(1908)
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909)
Pampusata - The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
(1909)
The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse (1910)
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes (1911)
The Tale of Mr. Tod Tod (1912)
The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913
Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes (1917)
The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (1918)
Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes (1922)
The Tale of Robinson Pig - The Tale of
Little Pig Robinson (1930)

Kenneth Graham (1859-1932)

Scottish writer
"The Wind in the Willows" (fairy tale)
1908
first Russian edition- 1988, translation
I. Tokmakova

Kenneth Graham
"Wind in the Willows" (transl.
Victor Lunin.
Illustrated by Robert Ingpen).
M .: Makhaon, 2012
For middle and senior
school age

Julia Donaldson (born 1948)

Riding on a broomstick (2005) / Room on the Broom
(2001)
The Gruffalo (2005) / The Gruffalo (1999)
The Gruffalo's Child (2006)
(2004)
The Snail and the Whale (2006)
(2003)
I want to see my mom!
Zog
Tulle. Small fish and big
inventor
Timothy Scott
The giant's new outfit
Chelovetkin
Bunny Sochinyaychik
What I heard ladybug

Michael Bond (b.1926-2012)

Books translated into Russian:
Bear named Paddington
The Adventures of Paddington the Bear
Paddington travels
Paddington Bear
Paddington bear in the circus
Paddington Bear Home Alone
Paddington Bear and Christmas
Paddington Bear at the Palace
Paddington bear at the zoo
Paddington Bear. Hocus pocus
All About Paddington Bear
All about Paddington Bear. New
stories

Stephen William Hawking (b. 1942), Lucy Hawking

French children's literature
Song of Roland.
French literary tale:
oriental tale (Antoine Galland),
satirical tale (Antoine Hamilton),
philosophical tale (Voltaire).
Problems and poetics of Charles' fairy tales
Perrault.
Fairy tale by A. de Saint-Exupery "Little
prince "in children's reading.
Creativity of J. Verne for children.
M. Meterlink " Blue bird».

Kitty Crowther (born 1970)

Children's Writers USA

Folklore of the indigenous population of America in
the works of J.C. Harris.
Works by Elinor Porter, Francis
Burnet.
Works by Paul Galliko.
Adventure works for children:
creativity E. Seton-Thompson, D.F. Cooper,
D. London.
Creativity M. Twain. Tom's Adventures
Sawyer ".
F. Baum and his cycle of fairy tales about the land of Oz.

Arnold Lobel
(1933-1987)
"Kite"
"Button"
"Kvak and Toad round
year"
"Kwak and Toad again
together"
(Pictures by the author)
M .: Pink giraffe, 2010

Keith DiCamillo (born 1964)

In Russian (translations by Olga Varshaver)
Rabbit Edward's Amazing Journey.
M .: Makhaon, 2008.
Thanks Winn-Dixie. M .: Makhaon, 2008
The Adventures of Despereaux Mouse. M .: Makhaon,
2008
How the elephant fell from the sky (The elephant of the magician).
M .: Makhaon, 2009
Soaring tiger. M .: Makhaon, 2011
Flora and Odysseus: A Brilliant Adventure.
M .: Makhaon 2014
Pig Mila. Fun Adventures... M .: Makhaon
2011
Mila Pig is a real princess.
Machaon 2011
Pig Mila. New Adventures. M .: Makhaon
2011

Shel Silverstein
"Lafcadio, or lion,
which the
fired back "
(Russian edition 2006)

Scandinavian children's literature

Ancient Scandinavian epic.
Problems and poetics of G.Kh.
Andersen.
The genre of a psychological story for children in
creativity A.-K. Westley.
Tales of Z. Topelius for children.
Features of creativity S. Lagerlef.
Problems and poetics of works
A. Lindgren.
T. Jansson's works in children's reading.

Lenart Helsing (born 1919)

"Crackel
Performance: all
somersault! " (2001)

Sven Nordqvist (born 1946)

Swedish children's writer and
illustrator
Petson and Findus book series
(1980s Russian translation 20022007)
"Where is my sister?"
"Long way"

Children's literature in Italy and Spain
K. Collodi "The Adventures of Pinocchio, or
The story of a puppet ":
problems and poetics.
D. Rodari's works for children:
poems and fairy tales ("Chippolino",
"Jelsomino in the Land of Liars"
"The Adventures of the Blue Arrow", etc.).

Bibliography

The main
1. Budur N.V. Foreign literature for children: Educational
manual for students of secondary and higher educational institutions, 2nd ed., Moscow, 2004.
2. Arzamastseva I.N., Nikolaeva S.A. Children's literature:
Textbook for students of higher and secondary pedagogical
educational institutions. Moscow: Academy, 2005, etc.
Additional
1. Foreign literature for children: Textbook for students
bibl. fac. Institute of Culture / Comp. I.S. Chernyavskaya. - 2nd ed.
revised and ext. M., 1982.
2. Foreign literature for children and youth. In two
parts / Ed. N.K. Meshcheryakova, I.S. Chernyavskoy. - M., 1989.
3. Brandis E. From Aesop to Gianni Rodari: Foreign
literature in children and youth reading. - M., 1965.
4. Ivanova E.A., Nikolaeva S.A. Study of foreign
literature at school. M., 2001.
5. Foreign children's writers in Russia: Bibliographic
dictionary / Under the general. Ed. I.G. Mineralova. M., 2005.
6.Mineralova I.G. Children's literature. M., 2002.

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