Fairy tales and their types. Literary tale 7 literary tales
Friends! You are in Wonderland. Here you will find the most interesting works - literary tales. Do you know what a fairy tale is? .. That's right, miracles always happen in a fairy tale, amazing creatures live in it. Literary tales are composed by extraordinary writers. They know how to come up with extraordinary stories and extraordinary heroes. Can you now remember the names of the most famous storytellers?
In this section, you will meet with the works of writers, many of whom you have not yet met. In the tales of Gennady Tsyferov, Donald Bisset, Sergei Kozlov, Natalia Abramtseva, Rudyard Kipling, you will meet funny and funny characters, with unexpected situations and unusual words. All these tales are very different, but they are united by a remarkable property - they teach us to see miracles in the most ordinary things.
To get into Wonderland, you will need your imagination and invention, your humor and kindness. And you will also need paints and pencils to draw a multi-colored Wonderland, into which storytellers-dreamers and dreamers will lead us.
Gennady Tsyferov "About the chicken, the sun and the bear"
When I was little, I knew very little and was surprised at everything, and loved to compose. For example, snow flies. People will say - precipitation. And I'll think: probably, somewhere in the blue meadows, white dandelions have bloomed. Or, maybe, at night on the green roof, cheerful clouds sat down to rest and dangled white legs. And if the cloud is pulled by the leg, it will sigh and fly. Will fly far away somewhere.
Why am I telling you all this? And here's what. Yesterday an amazing thing happened in our chicken coop: a yellow chicken hatched out of a white chicken egg. Yesterday he hatched, and then all day, all week he was surprised by everything. After all, he was small and saw everything for the first time. That's how he was small and saw everything for the first time, and I decided to write a book.
It's good to be small. And even better - to see everything for the first time.
First surprise
What was the chicken surprised at first? Well, of course, the sun. He looked at him and said:
- And what's that? If this is a ball, then where is the thread? And if it is a flower, then where is its leg?
“Stupid,” laughed the chicken mom. - It's the same sun.
- Sweetheart, sweetheart! The chicken sang. - Need to remember.
Then he saw another sun, in a small drop.
“Little sun,” he whispered into his yellow ear, “do you want me to take you to our little house, to the chicken coop?” It's dark and cool there.
But the sun did not want to shine there. Again the sun brought the chicken out into the street and stamped its paw:
- Stupid sun! Where it is light, it shines, and where it is dark, it does not want to shine. Why?
But no one, even the biggest and adults, could explain this to him.
Second surprise
Why was the chicken surprised then? Again the sun.
What is it like? Of course, yellow. This was the first time the chick saw him and decided that it would always be like this.
But one day a mischievous wind unwound a golden ball. On the path where the sun went, from the green hills to the blue river, a multi-colored rainbow stretched.
The chicken looked at the rainbow and smiled: the sun is not yellow at all. It is multi-colored. Like a matryoshka. Open the blue - it's green. Open the green - it's blue. And in blue it is still red, orange ...
So is the sun. If you roll it out, unwind its ball, there will be seven stripes. And if you wind each of these strips separately, there will be seven colored suns. Yellow sun, blue, blue, green - all sorts of suns.
How many days in a week? Also seven. This means that one sun will rise every day. On Monday, for example, it is blue, on Tuesday it is green, on Wednesday it is blue, and on Sunday it is yellow. Sunday is a fun day.
How a chicken first wrote a fairy tale
It’s very simple: he took it and composed it. Once they told him a fairy tale about a house on chicken legs. He thought and came up with another right there: a fairy tale about a house on calf legs. Then about the house on elephant legs. Then about the house on hare legs.
Horns grew on the legs of the calf.
Ears grew on hare legs near the house.
A proboscis pipe hung on elephant legs near the house.
And near the house on chicken legs a red scallop gleamed.
The house on hare legs squealed: "I want to jump!"
The house on calf legs moaned: "I want to butt!"
The elephant-legged house puffed out: “P-f-f! I want to play the pipe! "
And the house on chicken legs sang: “Ku-ka-river! Isn't it time for you to go to bed? "
The lights went out in all the houses. And everyone fell asleep.
About friends
The chicken had few friends. Only one. This is because he was looking for color friends. If yellow, it means a friend. If gray, no. If it is brown - also not. Somehow a chicken walked along the green path, saw a yellow thread and went and walked along it. Walked, walked and saw a yellow caterpillar.
- Hello, yellow, - said the chick, - are you probably my yellow friend?
- Yes, - the caterpillar grumbled, - probably.
- What are you doing here? - asked the chicken with interest.
- Can't you see? I pull out a yellow phone.
- What for?
- Can't you guess? The blue bell that lives in the forest and the blue bell that lives in the meadow decided to call each other today.
- What for? The chicken asked.
- Probably to find out about the weather. After all, in the rain they close.
- Me too, - said the chicken and hid his head. And so he surprised the caterpillar very much.
For a very long time she could not understand who it was - a flower or a bird?
- Probably a flower, - decided the caterpillar and made friends with the chicken. Caterpillars are afraid of birds.
What did the two yellow friends do
What are all the little ones doing? Were playing. We danced. Bubbles were blown out. Plopped into a puddle. And they were also sad. And sometimes they cried.
Why were they sad
Here's why on Monday. On this day, they deceived their mothers. They told them: "We will go to the meadow." And they themselves went to the river to catch carp.
Of course, if it were a boy, he would have blushed. If a girl - too.
But they were a yellow chicken and a yellow caterpillar. And they turned yellow, yellow, yellow all day. And in the evening they became so yellow that no one could look at them without blue glasses. And whoever looked without blue glasses sighed and cried: “How sad it all is! How sad it all is! They cheated on their mothers! And now they are so, so yellow on such a blue evening! "
Why did they laugh
On Wednesday they decided to play hide and seek. In the morning they decided, at lunchtime they were considered:
- One, two, three, four, five! The one who plays is the one to run!
The chicken ran away and hid under the porch. The caterpillar crawled away and hid under the leaf. Are waiting,
who will find whom. They waited an hour - no one found anyone. Two waited - no one found anyone ...
Finally, in the evening, their mothers found them and scolded:
- Is this hide and seek? Hide and seek is when someone is hiding from someone. Someone is looking for someone. And when everyone is hiding, it's not hide and seek! This is something else.
At this time, thunder rumbled. And they all hid.
Gennady Tsyferov "How the frogs drank tea"
The tomato turned red on one side. Now - like a small traffic light: where the sun rises, the side is red; where the moon is green.
A furry fog sleeps in the meadows. He smokes a pipe. Smoke under the bushes.
In the evening, by the blue-blue river, green frogs drank tea from white and white water lilies.
The birch asked the pine where it was reaching.
- To the sky.
- I want to put a cloud-sail on top.
- For what?
- To fly over the blue river, over the white hill.
- For what?
- See where the sun sets, where it, yellow, lives.
A donkey came out on a starry night for a walk. I saw a month in the sky. I was surprised: "And where is the other half?" I went to look. He looked into the bushes, fumbled under the burdocks. Found her in a small puddle in the garden. He looked and touched him with his leg - alive.
It was raining, without making out the roads, through the meadows, through the fields, through the flowering gardens. He walked, walked, stumbled, stretched out his long legs, fell ... and drowned in the last puddle. Only the bubbles went up: bul-bul.
Spring is already, and the nights are cold. The frost is cold. The pussy willow showed her finger buds and put on fur mittens.
The boy drew the sun. And all around the rays - golden eyelashes. Showed to dad:
- Good?
“Okay,” Dad said and drew a stem.
—- Uh! - the boy was surprised. - Yes, it's a sunflower! ..
Victor Khmelnitsky "Spider"
The spider was hanging on a spider web. Suddenly it broke off, and the spider began to fall.
"Wow! .." - thought the spider.
Falling to the ground, he immediately got up, rubbed his bruised side and ran to the tree.
Having climbed onto a branch, the spider now released two cobwebs at once - and began to swing on a swing.
Viktor Khmelnitsky "Galchonok and the Stars"
“When you fall asleep, hide your head under the wing,” his mother taught the black-black daw.
- My neck hurts, - answered the naughty little daw ...
And then one frosty night, when huge stars sparkled in the sky, and snow was silvery on the ground, the little daw woke up by accident.
I woke up and decided that everything around me was a dream.
And the cold wind didn't seem so cold. Deep snow is soft and welcoming.
The huge stars appeared to the little daw even brighter, and the black sky - blue.
- Hello! - screamed a daw in the whole blue light.
- Hello, - the stars responded.
- Hello, - the round Moon smiled. - Why are you not sleeping?
- Ka-ak ?! - shouted a daw. “Isn't this a dream?
- Of course, a dream, - the stars blinked. - Dream! Dream! They were bored and wanted to play. In addition, the little daw's eyes sparkled like real stars.
- And Luna asks why I am awake?
- She was joking!
- Ur-r-ra! - shouted a daw. - So-o-he !!!
But then the whole forest woke up from his cry. And his mother gave him such a thrashing that since then the little daw, like all birds, falling asleep, hides his head under his wing - so that, even when he wakes up at night, he does not see the deceiving stars!
Viktor Khmelnitsky "The Fruit of the Imagination"
“It’s very interesting,” the frog began, “to come up with something like that! .. And then see it.
- A figment of the imagination, - supported the grasshopper, jumping up.
All the color of the field and the forest has gathered in the clearing. There were blue cornflowers, scarlet poppies, white butterflies, ladybugs red with a white dot, and so on and so forth ...
Grasshopper decided to invent an elephant.
Big, big elephant!
"I probably have the biggest figment of the imagination!" He thought, not without secret pride.
But the grasshopper was vainly secretly proud. White daisy came up with a cloud. And a cloud is very often larger than an elephant.
Chamomile came up with a cloud as white as herself.
"If you really think of something, - decided the frog, - it's so very pleasant ..."
And the frog came up with rain and puddles.
Ladybug invented the sun. At first glance, this is very simple. But only - on the first ... And if on the second or on the third? Surely your eyes will hurt!
- Well, who invented what? - asked the frog.
- I came up with a big, big elephant! The grasshopper announced louder than usual.
“And I’m a white and white cloud,” said the daisy. - And I saw a white-white cloud in the blue transparent sky.
- There is a cloud! - exclaimed the daisy. - Just the way I came up with!
Everyone looked up and began to envy the daisy.
But the closer the cloud swam, the more it resembled a big, big elephant.
- Here it is, my elephant! I invented it! - the grasshopper was delighted.
And when it suddenly started to rain over the clearing from the elephant cloud and puddles appeared, the frog smiled. Someone really has a smile from ear to ear!
And of course, of course, then the sun came out. So, it's time to triumph and ... the ladybug.
Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog's Violin"
The hedgehog has long wanted to learn to play the violin.
“Well,” he said, “the birds are singing, the dragonflies are ringing, but I can only hiss?
And he cut pine planks, dried them and began to make a violin. The violin came out light, melodious, with a cheerful bow.
Having finished the work, the Hedgehog sat down on a stump, pressed the violin to his muzzle and pulled the bow down from above.
"Pi-i-i ..." - the violin squealed. And the Hedgehog smiled.
"Pee-pee-pee! .." - flew out from under the bow, and the Hedgehog began to invent a melody.
“We need to come up with such a thing,” he thought, “so that the pine tree rustles, cones fall and the wind blows. Then, so that the wind died down, and one bump swayed for a long, long time, and then, finally, it flopped - bang! And here mosquitoes should beep and evening will come. "
He sat down more comfortably on the stump, pressed the violin tighter and waved his bow.
"Uuuu! .." - the violin hummed.
“No,” thought the Hedgehog, “so, perhaps, the bee is buzzing ... Then let it be noon. Let the bees buzz, the sun shines brightly and ants run along the paths. "
And he, smiling, began to play: “Oooh! Oooh! .. "
"It turns out!" - the Hedgehog was delighted. And he played "Noon" all day until the evening.
“Ooh! Oo-oo-oo! .. "- rushed through the forest.
And thirty Ants, two Grasshopper and one Mosquito gathered to look at the Hedgehog.
- You are a little fake, - said the Mosquito politely when the Hedgehog was tired. - The fourth "y" should be taken a little thinner. Like this...
And he squealed: "Pi-i-i!.,"
- No, - said the Hedgehog. - You play "Evening", and I - "Noon". Can't you hear?
The mosquito stepped back a step with its slender leg, tilted its head to one side and raised its shoulders.
“Yes, yes,” he said, listening. - Noon! At this time, I really like to sleep in the grass.
- And we, - said the Grasshoppers, - at noon we work in the forge. Just half an hour later, a Dragonfly will fly up to us and ask us to forge a new wing! ..
- And we have, - said the Ants, - lunch at noon.
And one Ant came forward and said:
- Please play a little more: I really like to dine!
The hedgehog pressed the violin and started it with a bow.
- Very tasty! - said the Ant. - I will come every evening to listen to your "Noon".
Dew has fallen.
The hedgehog, like a real musician, bowed to the Ants, Grasshoppers and Komar from a hemp and took the violin into the house so that it would not get damp.
Instead of strings, the violin was stretched with grass, and, falling asleep, the Hedgehog thought how tomorrow he would pull fresh strings and still achieve that the violin would rustle with pine, breathe in the wind and stomp with falling cones ...
Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog-tree"
All the New Year's Eve a blizzard raged in the fields. There was so much snow in the forest that neither the Hedgehog, nor the Donkey, nor the Bear Cub could leave the house all week.
Before the New Year, the blizzard subsided, and the friends gathered at the Hedgehog's house.
- That's what, - said the Bear, - we don't have a tree.
- No, - agreed the Donkey.
“I don’t see we have it,” said the Hedgehog. He liked to express himself intricately, especially on the days before the holidays.
- We must go and look, - offered Bear.
- Where will we find her now? .. - Donkey was surprised. - It's dark in the forest ...
- And what snowdrifts! .. - Hedgehog sighed.
- Still, we have to go for the tree, - said the Bear.
And all three left the house.
The blizzard had subsided, but the clouds had not yet dispersed, and not a single star was visible in the sky.
- And the moon is gone! - said the Donkey. - What tree is there?
- And to the touch? - said the Bear. And crawled through the snowdrifts.
But he didn’t find anything by touch either. Only big trees came across, but they still would not fit into the Hedgehog's house, and the small ones were covered with snow.
Returning to the Hedgehog, the Donkey and the Teddy bear became sad.
- Well, what a New Year it is! .. - Bear cub sighed.
“If it were some kind of autumn holiday, the tree might not be necessary,” thought Donkey. "And in winter you can't do without a tree."
The hedgehog, meanwhile, boiled the samovar and poured tea into saucers. He put a barrel of honey for the Bear, and a plate of burdocks for the Donkey.
The Hedgehog did not think about the tree, but he was saddened that for half a month his clock had broken, and the Woodpecker watchmaker promised, but did not come.
- How do we know when it will be twelve o'clock? - he asked the Bear.
- We will feel! - said the Donkey.
- This is how we feel? - the Bear cub was surprised.
“It's very simple,” said the Donkey. - At twelve o'clock we will be sleepy for exactly three hours!
- Right! - the Hedgehog was delighted.
“Don't worry about the tree. In the corner we will put a stool, and I will stand on it, and you will hang toys on me.
- What is not a Christmas tree! - shouted the Bear.
And so they did.
They put a stool in the corner, the Hedgehog stood on the stool and fluffed the needles.
“The toys are under the bed,” he said.
The Donkey and the Teddy Bear took out toys and hung a large dried dandelion on the Hedgehog's upper paws, and a small spruce cone for each needle.
- Don't forget the light bulbs! - said the Hedgehog.
And they hung chanterelle mushrooms on his chest, and they lit up cheerfully - they were so red.
- Aren't you tired, Yolka? - asked the Bear, sitting down and sipping tea from a saucer.
The hedgehog stood on a stool and smiled.
- No, - said the Hedgehog. - What time is it now?
The donkey was dozing.
- Five minutes to twelve! - said the Bear. - As the Donkey falls asleep, it will be exactly New Year.
- Then pour me and yourself some cranberry juice, - said the Hedgehog-tree.
- Do you want some cranberry juice? - asked the Teddy bear at the Donkey.
The donkey fell asleep.
"The clock should strike now," he muttered.
The hedgehog carefully took a cup in his right paw
with cranberry juice, and the bottom, stamping, began to beat off the time.
- Bam, bam, bam! He said.
- It's already three, - said the Bear. - Now let me!
He hit the floor three times with his paw and also said:
- Bam, bam, bam! .. Now it's your turn, Donkey!
The donkey banged its hoof three times on the floor, but said nothing.
- Now I am again! - shouted the Hedgehog.
And all with bated breath listened to the last “bam! bam! bam! "
- Hooray! - the Bear cub shouted, and the Donkey fell asleep. Soon the Bear fell asleep too.
Only the Hedgehog stood in the corner on a stool and did not know what to do. And he began to sing songs and sang them until the morning, so as not to fall asleep and not break toys.
Sergey Kozlov "Hedgehog in the Fog"
Thirty gnats ran out into the clearing and played on their squeaky violins. The moon came out from behind the clouds and, smiling, floated across the sky.
"Mmm-uh! .." - the cow sighed across the river. A dog howled, and forty moon hares ran down the path.
A fog rose over the river, and a sad white horse drowned in it up to his chest, and now it seemed that a large white duck was swimming in the fog and, snorting, lowered his head into it.
The hedgehog was sitting on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley flooded with fog.
It was so beautiful that he shuddered from time to time: was he not dreaming of all this? And the mosquitoes did not get tired of playing their violins, the moon hares danced, and the dog howled.
"I'll tell you - they won't believe!" - thought the Hedgehog, and began to look even more attentively in order to remember all the beauty to the last blade of grass.
“So the star has fallen,” he noted, “and the grass leaned to the left, and only one peak remained from the tree, and now it floats next to the horse ... And interestingly,” thought the Hedgehog, “if the horse goes to sleep, it will drown in the fog ? "
And he began to slowly descend from the mountain in order to also get into the fog and see how it was inside.
- Here, - said the Hedgehog. - I can not see anything. And even the paw is not visible. Horse! He called.
But the horse said nothing.
"Where is the horse?" - thought the Hedgehog. And crawled straight. All around was dull, dark and wet, only high above the dusk glowed faintly.
He crawled for a long, long time and suddenly felt that there was no earth under him, and he was flying somewhere. Bulty! ..
"I'm in the river!" - Hedgehog realized, chilling with fear. And he began to beat with his paws in all directions.
When he surfaced, it was still dark, and the Hedgehog did not even know where the shore was.
"Let the river carry me by itself!" He decided. He took a deep breath as he could, and he was carried downstream.
The river rustled with reeds, seethed on the rifts, and the Hedgehog felt that he was completely wet and would soon drown.
Suddenly, someone touched his hind paw.
“Sorry,” someone said silently, who are you and how did you get here?
- I am the Hedgehog, - the Hedgehog also silently answered. - I fell into the river.
“Then sit on my back,” someone said silently. “I’ll take you ashore.
The hedgehog sat on someone's narrow slippery back and a minute later was on the shore.
- Thanks! He said aloud.
- It's my pleasure! - someone silently uttered, whom the Hedgehog had not even seen, and disappeared in the waves.
“This is the story ... - thought the Hedgehog, dusting himself off. - Who will believe ?! And hobbled in the fog.
Sergey Kozlov "How to catch a cloud"
When the time came for the birds to fly south and the grass had long faded and the trees had flown around, the Hedgehog said to the Bear:
- Winter is coming soon. Let's go get some fish for you. You love fish!
And they took their fishing rods and went to the river.
It was so quiet on the river, so calm, that all the trees bowed their sad heads towards it, and in the middle the clouds drifted slowly. The clouds were gray, shaggy, and the Bear was scared.
“What if we catch a cloud? He thought. "What are we going to do with him then?"
- Hedgehog! - said the Bear. - What will we do if we catch a cloud?
“We won’t catch it,” said the Hedgehog. - Clouds are not caught on dry peas. Now, if they caught on a dandelion ...
- Can you catch a cloud on a dandelion?
- Of course! - said the Hedgehog. - Only clouds are caught on a dandelion!
It began to get dark.
They sat on a narrow birch bridge and looked into the water. The bear cub looked at the hedgehog's float, and the hedgehog looked at the bear cub's float. It was quiet, quiet, and the floats reflected motionless in the water ...
- Why doesn't she bite? - asked the Bear.
- She listens to our conversations. - said the Hedgehog. - Pisces are very curious by the fall! ..
- Then let's be silent.
And they sat in silence for an hour.
Suddenly, the Bear's float danced and dived deeply.
- It bites! - shouted the Hedgehog.
- Ouch! - exclaimed the Bear. - Pulls!
- Hold, hold! - said the Hedgehog.
“Something very heavy,” whispered the Bear. “Last year, an old cloud drowned here. Maybe this is it?
- Hold, hold! - repeated the Hedgehog.
But then the bear's fishing rod bent in an arc, then straightened with a whistle - and a huge red moon soared high into the sky.
And the moon swayed and floated quietly over the river.
And then the Hedgehog's float disappeared.
- Pull! - whispered the Bear.
The hedgehog swung his fishing rod - and high into the sky, above the moon, a small star flew up.
- So ... - whispered the Hedgehog, taking out two new peas. - Now if only there is enough bait! ..
And they, forgetting about the fish, all night caught the stars and threw them all over the sky.
And before dawn, when the peas ran out, the Bear hung from the walkway and pulled two orange maple leaves out of the water.
- Better not than catching with a maple leaf! - he said.
And he was already beginning to doze off, when suddenly someone firmly grabbed the hook.
- Help! .. - the Bear cub whispered to the Hedgehog.
And they, tired, sleepy, together barely pulled the sun out of the water.
It shook itself off, walked along the narrow walkway and rolled into the field.
Everything was quiet, good, and the last leaves, like small boats, were slowly sailing along the river ...
Sergey Kozlov "Beauty"
When everyone huddled in their burrows and began to wait for winter, a warm wind suddenly flew in. He embraced the whole forest with his wide wings, and everything came to life - sang, chirped, rang.
The spiders got out to bask in the sun, the dozing frogs woke up. The hare sat down on a tree stump in the middle of the clearing and raised its ears. And the Hedgehog and the Bear Cub simply did not know what to do.
- Let's go for a swim in the river, - said the Bear.
- The water is icy.
- Let's go get some gold leaves!
- The leaves have flown around.
- Let's go get you some fungi!
- What mushrooms? - said the Hedgehog. - Where?
- Then ... Then ... Let's lie down - we'll lie in the sun!
- The earth is cold.
- The water is icy, the ground is cold, there are no mushrooms, the leaves have flown around, but why is it warm?
- That's it! - said the Hedgehog.
- That's it! - Bear cub mimicked. - And what to do then?
- Let's go saw some wood for you!
- No, - said the Bear. It is good to cut firewood in winter. Whack-whack! - and gold filings in the snow! The sky is blue, sun, frost. Whack-whack! - OK!
- Let's go to! Let's drink!
- What you! And in winter? Bam! - and steam from the mouth. Bam! You stab, sing, and smoke yourself. It is such a joy to chop wood on a sonorous sunny day!
“Then I don’t know,” said the Hedgehog. - Think yourself.
- Let's go get some twigs, - said the Bear. - Bare branches. And some have one leaf. You know how beautiful it is!
- And what to do with them?
- We'll put it in the house. Just a little, you know? - said the Bear. - If there are many, there will be just bushes, but if a little ...
And they went, broke the beautiful branches and with branches in their paws went to the house of the Bear.
- Hey! Why do you need brooms? - shouted the Hare.
- These are not brooms, - said the Hedgehog. - This is beauty! Can't you see?
- The beauty! There is so much of her, of this beauty! - said the Hare. - Beauty is when there is little. And here - how many!
- It's here, - said the Bear. - And we will have beauty at home in winter.
- And you will drag these brooms home?
- Well, yes, - said the Hedgehog. - And you, too, type, Hare.
- Why did I move? - the Hare was surprised. - I live in the forest and bare branches ...
- Yes, you understand, - said the Bear, - take two or three branches and put them in a jug at home.
- Better rowan, - said the Hare.
- Rowan - by itself. And the branches are very beautiful!
- Where will you put them? - the Hare asked the Hedgehog.
- To the window, - said the Hedgehog. “They will be standing right in front of the winter sky.
- And you? - the Hare asked the Bear.
- And I'm at the window. Whoever comes will be delighted.
- Well, - said the Hare. - So, the rights of the Crow. She said in the morning: "If warmth comes to the forest in the fall, many are mischievous." Are you crazy, huh?
The Hedgehog and the Bear cub looked at each other, then at the Hare, and then the Bear cub said:
- You stupid, Hare. And your Crow is stupid. Is it really crazy to make beauty for everyone from three branches?
Fairy tales are a very important genre in literature. It is with him that young children begin to familiarize themselves with the world of prose and poetry. But what do they mean, what is the history and specificity of the author's tales? Consider all this below, as well as a list of Russian literary tales with their authors and features.
Definition
A fairy tale is a genre in literature, usually based on folklore. It can be both prosaic and poetic. However, this is mainly folklore prose, and each nation has its own fairy tales. The main difference for them is usually the presence of mythical creatures and / or fantasy, fantastic, magical elements.
But unlike folklore works, fairy tales always have an author. Often there is an obvious struggle between good and evil, bad and good. Usually there is a main character - the "favorite" of the author and, as a consequence, the reader. And there is also an antihero - a mythical villain.
History
As mentioned above, fairy tales originate from folklore. However, not always, since they can also be purely author's. They have appeared long ago in the form of folklore works passed down "from mouth to mouth". In Russia, for a long time, their own folk tales existed and spread.
Some works can be attributed to very old fairy tales. For example, many folk tales of Ancient Russia and church parables of the Middle Ages, in many ways reminiscent of the genre we are considering.
Further in Europe, fairy tales began to appear in the usual understanding for people: the brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Perrault and many others. But on the territory of modern Russia, before (and still), Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was very popular. In the 18th century, in general, many writers liked to take the basis from folklore and thus create new works.
In the 20th century, even more fairy tales appeared. Such great writers as Maxim Gorky, Alexey Tolstoy and others were known as the authors of this genre.
Specificity
Authors' tales are also called literary. As already described above, they are distinguished from folklore by the presence of an author. Of course, even very old folk tales had their own creators, but the authors as such were lost, because for centuries the stories passed orally from one people to another, sometimes even significantly changing, since each person could interpret and retell in different ways, and so for a long time.
Another difference between an author's fairy tale and a folk tale is that it can be in poetry or in prose, while the second is only in prose (initially it was only oral). Also, in folklore, the theme of the confrontation between good and evil is usually touched upon, while in literary works this is not necessary.
Another difference is that folk tales have more superficially described characters, while in literary ones, on the contrary, each character is pronounced and individual. In folklore there is still an inception, a saying and a kind of speech turns. They also tend to be even smaller than the literary ones. This is all due to what was transmitted orally, so much was lost, and the size was shortened, because it was forgotten over the generations. But nevertheless, the tendency to different speech patterns, characteristic only of Russian fairy tales, has been preserved. For example, "once upon a time", the epithet "good fellow", but in Pushkin: "in the distant kingdom, in the thirty-ninth state," etc.
The most surprising thing is that there is no exact definition of the author's fairy tale as such. Yes, it originated from folklore and changed greatly, which helps in defining this term. Fantastic creatures have survived, which change depending on the people. As a rule, fairy tales are small in size. There is always fiction in them. But you can always find some kind of morality, which is the main goal of the tale. This distinguishes it from fantasy, where the emphasis is not on morality, but on the storytelling, which also differs in that it has more adventures, events that take the breath away. Also fantasy works and epics are long in size. And the world described in them usually does not have a folklore basis under it. It is often a fiction of an author who completely created his own reality. In fairy tales, on the contrary, there is fiction, but it is within the real world.
Views
Many researchers divide literary tales into several categories. E. V. Pomerantseva, for example, divides them into 4 genres:
- adventure novelistic;
- household;
- about animals;
- magical.
And here is also the domestic folklorist V. Ya.Propp divides fairy tales into more categories:
- About inanimate nature, animals, plants, objects. Everything is simple here: tales about this are told, respectively, about animals or inanimate nature as the main element. It is interesting here that such works are rarely Russian or European. But such tales are often found among the peoples of Africa and North America.
- Cumulative fairy tales refer to such works where repeated plot repetitions are made until the denouement reaches a climax. This makes them easier for children to perceive. A striking example is the stories about the turnip and the bun.
- Household (novelistic) genre tells about different people by character. For example, a fairy tale about an evil deceiver or about a stupid person.
- Boring fairy tales are created to lull children to sleep. They are very short and simple. (For example, a fairy tale about a white bull).
- Fictions about something that could not be in reality. It is worth noting that all fairy tales have a share of fiction, but fiction is the most: talking animals, humanized bears (they live like people, communicate, etc.). As a rule, all subspecies overlap with each other. Rarely does a piece belong to only one of them.
In Russian fairy tales, heroic, soldier branches are also distinguished.
The most interesting thing is that fairy tales as a genre are studied very seriously. In Europe, A. Aarne wrote the so-called "Index of Fairy Types" in 1910, where there are also divisions into types. Unlike the typology of Propp and Pomerantseva, well-known European tales about fooled devils and anecdotes are added here. Based on the works, Aarne created his own index of fairy tales and S. Thompson in 1928. A little later this typology, but with the introduction of Russian (Slavic) species, was studied by the folklorist N. P. Andreev and many other researchers.
Above, we examined the main subspecies, which relate more to folk art. Authors' tales, as a rule, are much more complicated, and it is not easy to type them into a specific subgenre, but they borrowed a lot from folklore and the types described above as from the basis. Also, from many sources, plot motives are taken as a basis. For example, the popular hatred of the stepdaughter and stepmother in the works.
And now let's move on to the lists of folk and literary tales.
Fairy tales for grade 1
The list is long, since children begin their acquaintance with reading with stories and fairy tales, because they are small and easy to memorize and master. In the first class, it is recommended to read:
- Small folk tales. Often they are about animals: "Cat and Fox", "Gingerbread Man", "Crow and Cancer", "Geese-Swans", as well as "Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka", "Porridge from an Ax", "A Man and a Bear", " Cockerel-golden comb, "Frost", "Bubble, straw and bast shoe", "Teremok", "By the pike's command", etc.
- Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood.
- Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" and other short stories.
Literary tales: grade 2, list
- Folk tales in the processing of A. N. Tolstoy.
- Works by the Brothers Grimm, for example "The Bremen Town Musicians".
- E. L. Schwartz, "The New Adventures of Puss in Boots".
- C. Perrault: "Puss in Boots" and "Little Red Riding Hood".
- The Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.
- And also small works by A.S. Pushkin, D.N.Mamin-Sibiryak, P. Ershov, P. Bazhov, K. D. Ushinsky, etc.
List of literary tales for grade 3
In these classes, fairy tales are also read, but they are longer, and there are also fewer folk tales, and more literary ones. For example, the well-known tale of Lewis Carroll about Alice Through the Looking Glass. And also the larger fairy tales of Mamin-Sibiryak, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Pushkin, Bazhov, Zhukovsky, Tchaikovsky, Perrot, Andersen and many others.
4th grade
List of literary tales:
- V. M. Garshin, "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose";
- Zhukovsky V. A., "The Tale of Tsar Berendey", "There are clear skies and waters";
- E. Schwartz "The Tale of Lost Time".
Grade 5
Literary tales in high school in the reading program are much less common than in grades 1-4, but nevertheless there are such works. For example, the tales of Andersen and Pushkin, which are also found in primary school. The list of grade 5 literary tales does not end there. There are also works by Zhukovsky, Schwartz and many others for children of this age.
Instead of a conclusion
A fairy tale is a very interesting genre that is still being studied by various researchers, and children read according to the school curriculum. Initially, they were only folk, transmitted orally. But then the author's literary tales began to appear, which usually take as a basis folklore plots and characters. Such works are small, they have fiction and a special story. But this is what makes the fairy tale genre special and distinguishes it from others.
Anna Kozlushkina
Fairy tales and their types
"Fairy tales and their types"
Fairy tale- an integral part of childhood. There is hardly a person who, being small, did not listen to many different stories. Having matured, he retells them to his children who understand them in their own way, drawing in their imagination the images of acting characters and experiencing emotions that fairy tale conveys.
What fairy tale? What are fairy tales? We will try to answer these questions further.
According to the scientific definition in the literature, fairy tale -"an epic literary genre, a story about any magical or adventurous event that has a clear structure: beginning, middle and ending. "From any fairy tales the reader has to learn some moral lesson. Depending on the type, fairy tale performs other functions as well. There are many classifications of the genre.
The main types of fairy tales.
What are fairy tales? Each of us will agree that it is worth highlighting in a separate species animal tales... The second kind is magical fairy tales... And finally, there are the so-called household fairy tales... Everything views have their own characteristics, which become clear by comparative analysis. Let's try to understand in more detail each of them.
What are animal tales?
The existence of such stories is quite justified, because animals are creatures that live with us in close proximity. It was this fact that influenced the fact that folk art uses images of animals, and the most varied: both wild and domestic. At the same time, you should pay attention to the fact that animals found in fairy tales, are presented not as typical animals, but as special animals endowed with human features. They live, communicate and behave like real people. Such artistic techniques make it possible to make an image understandable and interesting, while filling it with a certain meaning.
In turn, fairy tales about animals can also be divided into fairy tales involving wild or domestic animals, objects or objects of inanimate nature. Often literary scholars, talking about what genres are fairy tales, classify them into magical, cumulative and satirical. The genre of fable is also included in this classification. Can be divided fairy tales about animals for works for children and adults. Often in fairy tale there is a person who can play a dominant or secondary role.
Usually with fairy tales children learn about animals at the age of three to six years. They are most understandable for young readers, since they meet with constant characters: a cunning fox, a cowardly hare, a gray wolf, a smart cat, and so on. As a rule, the main feature of each animal is its characteristic feature.
What are the constructions animal tales? The answer is very different. Cumulative fairy tales, for example, are selected according to the principle of plot connection, where the same characters meet, just in different circumstances. Often heroes fabulous stories have names in diminutive form (Chanterelle-Sister, Bunny-Runner, Frog-Croak and so on).
The second kind is magic fairy tale.
What are the literary fairy tales of magic? The main characteristic feature of this species is a magical, fantastic world in which the main characters live and act. The laws of this world are different from the usual, everything in it is not as it really is, which attracts young readers and makes this look fairy tales undoubtedly the most beloved among children. The magical setting and plot allows the author to express all his imagination and use as many appropriate artistic techniques as possible in order to create a work especially for a children's audience. It's no secret that children's imagination is limitless, and it is very, very difficult to satisfy it.
In most cases, this view fairy tales has a typical plot, certain characters and a happy ending. What are fairy tales of magic? These can be stories about heroes and fantastic creatures, fairy tales about unusual objects and various tests that are overcome thanks to magic. As a rule, in the finale, the heroes get married and live happily ever after.
Note that the heroes of magic fairy tales embody many positive qualities. Among the main themes of this literary genre are the struggle between good and evil, the struggle for love, truth and other ideals. There must be a negative character who will be defeated in the finale. Structure ordinary fairy tales - inception, the main part and the ending.
Household fairy tales.
Such stories tell about the events of ordinary life, highlighting various social problems and human characters. In them, the author ridicules negative human qualities. Such fairy tales are social and satirical, with elements of magical fairy tales and many others... It ridicules the negative qualities of the rich and vain people, while the representatives of the people embody the positive traits. Household fairy tales show that the main thing is not money and strength, but kindness, honesty and intelligence. Literary critics assert - and this is a fact - that they were written at a time when people were experiencing social crises and were trying to change the structure of society. Among the popular artistic techniques, satire, humor, and laughter stand out here.
What types there are fairy tales?
Besides the above classification, fairy tales are also divided into copyright and folk. Already from the names it is clear that the author's - fairy tales which were written by a specific famous writer- storyteller, and folk - those that do not have one author. Folk fairy tales passed by word of mouth from generation to generation, and the original author is unknown to anyone. Let's consider each of the types separately.
Folk fairy tales.
Folk fairy tales are rightfully considered a powerful source of historical facts, information about the life and social structure of a particular people. Each of the peoples in its history has come up with a huge number of instructive stories for adults and children, passing on their experience and wisdom to the next generations.
Folk fairy tales reflect human relations and the change in moral principles, show that the basic values remain unchanged, teach to draw a clear line between good and evil, joy and grief, love and hate, truth and falsehood.
Feature of folk fairy tales is then that the deepest social meaning is hidden in a simple and easily readable text. In addition, they preserve the richness of the vernacular. What folk there are fairy tales? They can be both magical and everyday. Many folk fairy tales tells about animals.
The question often arises as to when the first Russian folk fairy tale... This will surely remain a mystery, and one can only speculate. It is believed that the first "Heroes" fairy tales there were natural phenomena - the sun, the moon, the earth, and so on. Later they began to obey man, and in fairy tales included images of people and animals. There is an assumption that all Russian folk tales have a real foundation. In other words, some event retold in the form of a fairy tale, has changed over the centuries and has come down to us in the form to which we are accustomed.
What are Russian folk fairy tales, figured it out. It's time to talk about fairy tales whose authors are well known to readers.
Usually a work of authorship is a subjective treatment of a folk plot, however, new stories are also encountered quite often. Characteristic features of the author's fairy tales - psychologism, sublime speech, vivid characters, use fairy clichés.
Another feature of this genre is that it can be read at different levels. So, the same story is perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. Baby fairy tales Charles Perrault seems innocent to a child story, while an adult will find serious problems and morals in them. Often, books aimed initially at a young reader are interpreted by adults in their own way, just as fantastic stories for adults are enjoyed by children.
Who are they, the authors fairy tales? Surely everyone has heard of « The Tales of My Mother Goose» Charles Perrault, the tales of the Italian Gozzi, the works of the German writer Wilhelm Hauff, the Brothers Grimm and the Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen. We must not forget about the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin! Their stories are adored by children and adults all over the world. On these fairy tales whole generations are growing. At the same time, all works of authorship are interesting from the point of view of literary criticism, they all fall under a certain classification, have their own artistic characteristics and author's techniques. By the most famous and beloved fairy tales make films and cartoons.
So, we figured out what are fairy tales... Whatever the tale was not - author's, folk, social, everyday, magic or telling about animals - it will definitely teach the reader something. The most interesting thing is that it doesn't matter who reads the story. Both adults and children will definitely learn something useful from it. Fairy tale will make everyone think, convey the wisdom of the people (or author) and will leave a lasting good impression in the minds of readers. The effect is not in the least exaggerated. There are even so-called therapeutic fairy tales who are able to re-educate and wean from a variety of bad habits!
What literary tales have you read and who are their authors?
Answer
P.P. Ershov. "The Little Humpbacked Horse".
V.F. Odoevsky. "Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers", "Moroz Ivanovich".
S.T. Aksakov. "The Scarlet Flower".
L.N. Tolstoy. "The tale of Ivan the Fool and his two brothers: Semyon the Warrior and Taras the Bruchan, and the mute sister Malanya, and the old devil and the three devils."
V.M. Garshin. "Frog traveler".
D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak "Alenushkin's Tales".
M. Gorky. “About Ivanushka the Fool”.
A.I. Tolstoy. "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio."
V.V. Bianchi. "Adventures of Ant".
E.A. Permyak. "How he got married to fire."
The tale of V.A. Zhukovsky's Three Belts. It tells about a poor girl, Lyudmila, who was rewarded by a witch for her kindness and modesty with a magic belt. When the young prince Svyatoslav drew attention to Lyudmila, the envious sisters offered her a rich outfit and took away the magic belt. The old sorceress took pity on the girl and returned her belt. Lyudmila became the wife of Svyatoslav.
The tale is similar to the folk tale in that in it two older sisters envy the younger, happiness and the groom go to the younger - modest and hardworking, as, for example, in the fairy tale "Khavroshechka".
It differs from the folk tale of Zhukovsky in its special language, in which there are many literary words and expressions, and in that the author especially emphasizes the main idea of his tale. Zhukovsky tells us that modesty is more important than vanity, that envy and pride are terrible monsters that poison the soul of a person, and happiness goes to the humble and kind.