For thousands of years cultural Development Humanity has created countless literary works, among which some major types can be distinguished, similar to the method and form of reflecting a person's ideas about the world around. These are three kinds of (or species) of literature: Epos, drama, lyrics.

What is the difference between every kind of literature?

Epos like a birth of literature

Epos.(EPOS - Greek, story, story) - this is an image of events, phenomena, processes, external with respect to the author. Epic works reflect the objective course of life, human existence in general. Using various artistic means, the authors of the epic works express their understanding of the historical, socio-political, moral, psychological and many other problems that live human society In general, every representative in particular. Epic works have significant visual capabilities, thereby help reader to know the world, comprehend the deep problems of human existence.

Drama as a birth of literature

Drama (Drama - Greek., Action, Action) is a genus of literature, the main feature of which is the scenario of works. Pieces, i.e. dramatic worksare created specifically for the theater, for setting on stage, which, of course, does not exclude their existence in the form of independent artistic textsdesigned to read. Like the Epos, the drama reproduces the relationship between people, their actions arising between them conflicts. But unlike the epic, which has a narrative nature, the drama has a dialogic form.

Connected with it features of dramatic works :

2) The text of the play consists of conversations of heroes: their monologues (one hero's speech), dialogues (conversation two characters), pollogs (simultaneous exchange of replicas of several participants of the action). That's why speech characteristic It turns out one of the most important means to create a memorable character of the hero;

3) The action of the play, as a rule, develops quite dynamically, intensively, as a rule, it is given 2-3 hours of stage time.

Lyrics like family literature

Lyrics (Lyra - Greek., musical instrumentwhose accompaniment was performed by poetic works, songs) is characterized by a special type of construction artistic image - This is an experience-experience in which the individual emotional-spiritual experience of the author is embodied. Lyrics can be called the most mysterious family of literature, because it is addressed to the inner world of man, his subjective sensations, ideas, ideas. In other words, the lyric work is primarily an individual self-expression of the author. The question arises: why readers, i.e. Other people turn to such works? The thing is that a lyric, speaking of his name and about himself, an amazing way embodies universal human emotions, ideas, hopes, and the more significant personality of the author, the more importantly, its individual experience for the reader.

Each family of literature also has its own system of genres.

Genre (Genre - Franz. Rod, view) - a historically established type of literary works, which has similar typological devices. The names of the genres help the reader to navigate in the boundless sea of \u200b\u200bliterature: someone loves detectives, the other prefers fantasy, and the third is a fan of memoirs.

How to determine What genre is a specific work? Most often, the authors themselves help us in this, calling their creation by Roman, the story, poem, etc. However, some copyright definitions seem to us unexpected: Recall that A.P. Chekhov emphasized that " The Cherry Orchard"- This is a comedy, and not the drama at all, and A.I. Solzhenitsyn considered the "one day of Ivan Denisovich" by the story, not the story. Russian literature Some literary critics call the meeting of genre paradoxes: Roman in the verses "Eugene Onegin", the poem in prose " Dead Souls", Satyric chronicle" History of one city ". A lot of disputes were relative to the "war and the world" L.N. Tolstoy. The writer himself said only about what his book is not: "What is" War and Peace "? This is not a novel, even less poem, even less - the historical chronicle. "War and Peace" is what the author wanted and could express in the form in which it expressed. " And only in the 20th century, literary crowns agreed to call the brilliant creation of L.N. Tolstoy romance-epic.

Each literary genre has a number of sustainable signs, whose knowledge allows us to attribute a specific work in a particular group. Genres are developing, modified, die and born, for example, literally before our eyes arose new genre Blog (Web Loq English Magazine) - personal internet diary.

However, for several centuries, there are sustainable (they are also called canonical) genres

Literary literary literature - see Table 1).

Table 1.

Genres of literary works

Epic genres of literature

Epic genres primarily differ in volume, they are divided into small ones ( essay, Story, Novel, Tale, Parable ), medium ( tale ), large ( roman, Roman-epic ).

Feature article - A small sketch of nature, the genre at the same time descriptive and narrative. Many essays are created on a documentary, life-based, often they are combined into the cycles: classic sample - « Sentimental journey in France and Italy "(1768) english writer Lorenz Stern, in Russian literature - this is a "travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (1790) A. Radishcheva, "Fregat Pallada" (1858) I. Goncharov "ITALY (1922) B. Zaitseva, etc.

Story - a small narrative genre in which one episode is usually depicted, an incident, human character or an important case from the life of the hero, which influenced it further fate ("After Bala" L. Tolstoy). Stories are created as on documentary, often autobiographical basis (Matrinin Dvor A. Solzhenitsyn) and thanks to pure fiction ("Mr. from San Francisco" I. Bunin).

The intonation and content of the stories are very different - from comic, curious (Early stories A.P. Chekhov ") to deeply tragic (" Kolyma stories"V. Shalamov). Stories, like essays, are often combined into the cycles ("Hunter's Notes" I. Turgenev).

Novella (Novella Ial. News) is largely akin to the story and is considered to be a variety, but is distinguished by the special dynamism of the narrative, sharp and often unexpected turns in the development of events. Often, the story in the novel starts from the final, built according to the law of inversion, i.e. reverse order when the disconnection precedes basic events ("terrible revenge" N. Gogol). This feature of the construction of the novel will be later borrowed by a detective genre.

The word "novel" has another meaning that future lawyers need to know. IN Ancient Rome The phrase "Novellae Leges" (new laws), called the laws introduced after the official codification of the right (after the release of the Codese of Feodosia II in 438). Novels of Justinian and his successors, who came out after the second edition of the Code of Justinian, amounted to later part of the Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis). In modern era, Novella called the law introduced for consideration by Parliament (in other words, the draft law).

Story - The most ancient of the small epic genres, one of the main in the oral work of any people. This is a small work of a magical, adventurous or domestic nature, where fiction is clearly emphasized. Another important feature of the folklore fairy tale is its edification character: "The fairy tale is a lie, yes there is a hint, good young lesson." Folk fairy tales It is customary to divide the Magic ("Tale of the Tsarevne Frog"), domestic ("porridge from the ax") and fairy tales about animals (Zayushkina History).

With the development of written literature there are literary fairy tales in which traditional motives and the symbolic possibilities of the folk fairy tale are used. The classic of the genre of the literary fairy tale rightfully consider the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875), his wonderful "mermaid", "Princess on the pea", " The Snow Queen"," Resistant tin soldier"," Shadow "," Thumbelina "are loved by many generations of readers as a very young and quite mature age. And this is not by chance, because Andersen's fairy tales are not only unusual, and sometimes the strange adventures of the heroes, they contain deep philosophical and moral meaning imprisoned in excellent symbolic images.

From the European literary fairy tales of the 20th century, the classics became "Little Prince" (1942) french writer An-Tuana de Saint-Exupery. And the famous "Chronicles of Narnia" (1950 - 1956) of the English writer CL. Lewis and the "Lord of the Rings" (1954-1955) also Englishman J. R. Tolkina was written in a fantasy genre that can be called modern transformation of an ancient folklore fairy tale.

In Russian literature unsurpassed, of course, the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin: "O dead princess and seven heroes "," About fisherman and fish "," About Tsar Saltan ... "," About the Golden Cockerel "," On the Pop and an employee of his Bald ". The substantive storyteller was P. Ershov - the author of the "Skate Gorbunk". E. Schwartz in the 20th century creates the shape of the play-fairy tale, one of them "bear" (another name "ordinary miracle") is well known to many thanks to the wonderful film of the director M. Zakharov.

Parable - Also very ancient folklore genreBut, unlike a fairy tale, parables contained written monuments: Talmud, Bible, Koran, Monument of Syrian literature "Education Akhahar". Parable is a work of an instructive, symbolic nature, is distinguished by the elevation, seriousness of the content. Ancient parables, as a rule, are small in volume, there is no detailed story about events or psychological features character of the hero.

Purpose of parables - edification or, as they said, learning wisdom. IN european culture The most famous are parables from the Gospels: about prodigal Son., Oh richer and Lazar, about the wrong judge, about the insane richer and others. Christ often spoke of allegorically with students, and if they did not understand the meaning of parables, explained it.

Many writers appealed to the genre of parables, not always, of course, putting a high religious sense into it, rather trying to express some moralistic edification in allegorical form, as, for example, L. Tolstoy in his late creativity. Puli. V. Rasputin - Farewell to the Materia "You can also be called a deployed parable in which the writer with anxiety and sorrow speaks of the destruction of the" ecology of conscience "of man. The story "Old Man and the Sea" E. Hemingway Many critics also classify the tradition of literary parables. The well-known modern Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho in his novels and reports also uses the parable shape (Roman "Alchemik").

Tale - The average literary genre, widely represented in world literature. The story shows several important episodes from the Hero's life, as a rule, one story line and a small amount of acting persons. The stories are characteristic big psychological saturationThe author focuses on experiences and changing the mood of heroes. Often the main theme The love of the main character becomes the story, for example, "White Nights" of F. Dostoevsky, "Asya" I. Turgenev, Mitina Love I. Bunin. The stories can also be combined into cycles, especially written in autobiographical material: "Childhood", "Defense", Youth L. Tolstoy, "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities" A. Gorky. Intection and themes of the ABS are characterized by a huge variety: tragic, addressed to acute social and moral issues ("All flows" V. Grossman, "House on the Embankment" Y. Trifonova), romantic, heroic ("Taras Bulba" N. Gogol), philosophical, parable ("Kotlovan" A. Platonova), Naughty, comic ("Three In the boat, not counting the dogs "English writer Jerome K. Jerome).

Novel (Gotap Franz. Originally, in later Middle Ages, Any work written in the Romanesque language, as opposed to was written in Latin) - a major epic work, in which the story focuses on the fate of a separate person. Roman is the most complex epic genre, which is distinguished by the incredible number of topics and plots: love, historical, detective, psychological, fantastic, historical, autobiographical, social, philosophical, satirical, etc. It combines all these forms and types of novel its central idea is the idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality, individuality of a person.

Roman is called Eposom private lifeBecause it depicts the diverse ties of the world and humans, society and personality. Surrounding man Reality is presented in the novel in different contexts: historical, political, social, cultural, national, etc. The author of the novel is interested in how the environment affects the character of a person, as it is formed, how his life develops, whether he managed to find his purpose and realize himself.

The occurrence of the genre is many refer to antiquity, it is "Daphnis and Chloe" Long, "Golden Donkey" Apulela, romance Tristan and Isolde.

In the work of the classics of world literature, Roman presented with numerous masterpieces:

Table 2. Examples of the classic novel of foreign and Russian writers (XIX, XX century)

Famous novels Russian writers XIX. in .:

In the 20th century, Russian writers develop and bring the traditions of their great predecessors and create no less wonderful novels:

Of course, none of such enumerations can claim completeness and comprehensive objectivity, especially this applies to modern prose. In this case, the most famous works that glorify both the literature of the country and the name of the writer are named.

Roman-epic.. In antiquity there were forms heroic eposa: Folklore saga, runes, epics, songs. This is Indian "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata", the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, the French "Song of Roland", the German "Song of Nibelunga" and others. In these works, idealized, often hyperbulsed form, the exploits of the hero were extended. Later epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Homer, Shakh-Science of Firdusi, while maintaining the mythological nature of the early epic, however, had a pronounced connection with real history, and the topic of weave human fate And the life of the people becomes in them one of the main. The experience of the ancients will be in demand in XIX-XX centuriesWhen the writers try to comprehend the dramatic relationship of the era and an individual personality, to tell about how morality is subject to, and sometimes the human psyche at the time of the greatest historical shocks. Recall the lines of F. Tyutchev: "Blessed, who visited this world in his moments of fatal." The romantic formula of the poet in reality meant the destruction of all the usual forms of life, tragic losses and non-closed dreams.

The complex form of Roman-epic allows writers to artistically explore these problems in their entirety and contradictions.

When we talk about the genre of Roman-epic, of course, immediately remember "War and Peace" L. Tolstoy. Other examples can be called: " Silent Don.»M. Sholokhov," Life and Fate "V. Grossman," Saga about Forsyites "of the English writer Golsuorussi; Book of American writer Margaret Mitchell " gone With the Wind»Also with a great base can be found to this genre.

The very name of the genre indicates synthesis, the connection in it of two mains began: romance and epic, i.e. associated with the subject of the life of a separate person and the theme of the history of the people. In other words, in Roman-epic, it is told about the fate of heroes (as a rule, the characters themselves and their fate are fictional, invented by the author) on the background and in close connection with epochal historical events. So, in "War and the World" - these are the fate of individual families (Rostov, Bolkonsky), Favorite Heroes (Prince Andrei, Pierre Beszhova, Natasha and Princess Mary) in a turning point for Russia and all of Europe historic period early XIX. century, the Patriotic War of 1812. In the book Sholokhov - the events of the First World War, two revolutions and the bloody civil war are tragically invade the life of the Cossack farmer, the family of Melekhov, the fate of the main characters: Grigory, Aksigni, Natalia. V. Grossman talks about Great Patriotic War And its main event is the Stalingrad battle, about the tragedy of the Holocaust. In "life and fate" also intertwined historical and family topic: The author traces the story of Shaposhnikov, trying to understand why the fate of the members of this family was so differently. Golzouorsi describes the life of the kind of foresites throughout the legendary Victorian era in England. Margaret Mitchell - a central event in the history of the United States, Civil War between the north and south, the many families and the fate of the most famous heroine of American literature - Scarlett o` Hara.

Dramatic genres of literature

Tragedy (Triadia Greek. Goat Song) is a dramatic genre that originated in ancient Greece. Appearance antique theater And the tragedies are associated with the worship of the cult of god fertility and wines of Dionysus. He was dedicated a number of holidays, during which ritual magic games were played with rich, satiirs that the ancient Greeks were represented in the form of two-legged goat creatures. It is assumed that it is such an appearance of satirs that performed hymns into the glory of Dionysus, gave such a strange name in translating the name of this serious genre. Theatrical action in ancient Greece was attached to magical religious importance, and the theaters built in the form of large open-air arena are always located in the very center of cities and were one of the main public places. The audience spent sometimes spent the whole day: ate, drank, loudly expressed their approval or the censure of the represented spectacle. The heyday of the ancient Greek tragedy is associated with the names of the three great tragics: this is Eschil (525-456 BC) - the author of the tragedy "Chained Prometheus", "Orestea", etc.; Sofokl (496-406 BC) - the author of "Tsar Edipa", "Antihas", etc.; And Eurypid (480-406 BC) - the creator of "Medea", "Troy-Nok" and others. Their creations will remain samples of the genre, they will be attempted to imitate, but they will remain unsurpassed. Some of them ("Antigona", "Medea") are put on stage and now.

What are the main tragedy features? The main one is the availability of an unsolved global conflict: antique tragedy This is the confrontation of rock, fate, on the one hand, and a person, his will, free choice - on the other. In tragedies more late epochs This conflict gained moral and philosophical character as the confrontation of good and evil, loyalty and betrayal, love and hatred. It is absolute in nature, the heroes embodying the opposing forces are not ready for reconciliation, compromise, and therefore in the final of the tragedy there are often many deaths. So built tragedy of the great english playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616), remember the most famous: "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth", "Julius Caesar" and others.

In tragedies french drama XVII century Cornel ("Horace", "Polyevk") and Racina ("Andromach", "British") this conflict received a different interpretation - as a conflict of debt and feelings, rational and emotional in the souls of the main characters, i.e. I found the psychological interpretation.

The most famous in Russian literature is romantic tragedy "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin, created on historical material. In one of his best creations, the poet sharply set the problem of the "real misfortune" of the state of the Moscow - chain reaction of impostations and "terrible villains", for which people are ready for power. Another problem is the attitude of the people to the whole occurring in the country. The image of the "silent" people in the final "Boris Godunova", to this day, continues discussions about what he wanted to say to the most Pushkin. On the tragedy, the Opera M. P. Mussorgsky was written, who became a masterpiece of Russian opera classics.

Comedy (Greek. Komos is a cheerful crowd, Oda - Song) - a genre that originated in ancient Greece a little later than the tragedy (V c. BC). The most famous comedian of that time is Aristophane ("Clouds", "Frogs", etc.).

In comedy with the help of satire and humor, i.e. Comic, moral defects are ridiculous: hypocrisy, stupidity, greed, envy, cowardice, complacency. Comedy, as a rule, isolavous, i.e. Frames to social issues, referring to the deficiencies. Distinguish comedies of positions and comedies of characters. In the first, internally important intrigue, the chain of events ("comedy of mistakes" of Shakespeare), in the second - the characters of the heroes, their absurdity, one-sidedness, as in the Comedy "Lady", D. Fonvizin, "Moborism", Tartuf, belonging to Peru Classics Genre, French Comediography of the XVII century Jean Batista Moliere. In Russian drama, a satirical comedy with its acute social criticism was particularly popular with its acute social criticism, such as "Auditor" N. Gogol, "Bagrous Island" M. Bulgakov. Many wonderful comedies created A. Ostrovsky ("Wolves and Sheep", "Forest", "Mad Money", etc.).

The comedy genre consistently enjoys success among the public, perhaps because the celebration of justice claims: in the final, the vice must certainly be punished, and virtue to triumph.

Drama - A relatively "young" genre, which appeared in Germany in the XVIII century as lesedrama (it) - a play for reading. The drama is addressed to the daily life of man and society, everyday weekdays, family relationships. The drama is primarily interested in the inner world of man, this is the most psychological of all dramaturgical genres. At the same time, it is the most literary of stage genres, for example, A. Chekhov's plays are largely perceived as texts for reading, and not as theatrical productions.

Lyrical genres Literature

Division on genres in lyrics has no absolute nature, because The differences between genres in this case are conditional and not so obvious as in the epic and drama. More often, we will distinguish lyrical works on their thematic features: landscape, love, philosophical, friendly, intimate lyrics, etc. However, some genres can be called, which have pronounced individual signs: Elegy, Sonnet, Epigram, Message, Epitaph.

Elegy(Elegos Greek. Postal song) - poem of medium length, as a rule, moral and philosophical, love, confessional content.

The genre arose in antiquity, and his main sign was considered an elegic distortion, i.e. division of poems for two hundreds, for example:

MiG Welded: Finished my work many years, so that incomprehensible sadness secretly disturbing me?

A. Pushkin

In the poetry of the XIX-XX centuries, division on biennium is no longer such a strict requirement, now we are more significant to be semantic signs that are associated with the origin of the genre. Contact Elegy dates back to the shape of ancient burial "ponts", in which, mourning the deceased, simultaneously recalled his extraordinary advantages. Such an origin predetermined the main feature of Elegy - the combination of grief with faith, regret with hope, the benefit of being through sadness. The lyrical hero of Elegy is aware of the imperfection of the world and people, their own sinfulness and weakness, but does not reject life, but takes it in all tragic beauty. Bright example - "Elegy" A.S. Pushkin:

Mad Years Falling Fun

It is hard for me as a vague hangover.

But like wine - sadness of the past days

In my soul, than an older, the stronger.

My way is sad. Promises me work and grief

The coming worried sea.

But I do not want, o'D, dying;

I want to live to think and suffer;

And I know, I will enjoy

Between the sorrows, worries and distill:

Sometimes again harmony I wish,

I will share tears over the fiction

And maybe - on my sunset sad

Liberates love with a smile farewell.

Sonnet (Sonetto Italy. Song) - the so-called "solid" poetic form, having strict rules for constructing. In the sonnet of 14 lines, divided into two quatrains (katro) and two trials (tercet). Only two rhymes are repeated in the katsins, two or three tercets. The methods of rhymes also presented their requirements, which, however, varied.

Motherland Soneta - Italy, this genre is also represented in English and French poetry. The Italian poet of the XIV century Petrarch is considered to be the Coriferation of the genre. He dedicated all his sonnets with his beloved - Donne Laura.

In Russian literature, Sonnets A.S Pushkin remain unsurpassed, beautiful sonnets also created the poets of the Silver Age.

Epigram (Epigramma Greek, inscription) - a short mockery poem, usually addressed to a specific person. The epigrams write many poets, sometimes increasing the number of their ill-wishers and even enemies. The epigram on Count Vorontsov turned around for A.S. Pushkin hatred of this Veelmazby and, ultimately, sent out of Odessa to Mikhailovskoye:

Pop Milord, Semi-merchant,

Semi-sage, semi-ignorant,

Semi-scoundrel, but there is hope,

What will be full finally.

Mocking poems can be devoted not only to a specific person, but also a generalized addressee, as, for example, in the epigram A. Akhmatova:

Could beat Dante Dante

Should Laura's feather love to reclaim?

I taught women to talk ...

But, God, how to silence them!

Also known even cases of peculiar duels of epigram. When the famous Russian lawyer A.F. Konsi were appointed in the Senate, the unfriendlies spread to him the evil epigram:

In the Senate Konia Kaligula led,

It is located, removed and in the velvet, and in the chant.

But I will say, we have the same arbitrariness:

In the newspapers I read that the horses are in the Senate.

To which A.F. Horses, distinguished by an extraordinary literary talent, answered:

(Epitafia Greek, gravestone) - Farewell poem with a dead person intended for gravestone monument. Initially, this word was used in the literal sense, but in the future it was mostly figuratively. For example, I. Bunin has a lyrical miniature in the prose "Epitaph", dedicated to the farewell from a dear for a writer, but forever leaving the past Russian manor. Gradually, epitaph is transformed into a dedication poem, a farewell poem ("Wreath of the Dead" A. Akhmatova). Perhaps the most famous poem of this content in Russian poetry is "death of the poet" M. Lermontov. Another example is "epitaph" M. Lermontov, dedicated to the memory of Dmitry Venerevitinova, the poet and the philosopher, who deceased at the age of twenty-two years.

The concept of genre. Principles of genre classification

Literary genres (Fr. Genre - genus, species) are the types of works in the process of developing artistic literature. Obviously, the problem of the genre in the most general form It can be formulated as a problem classification of works, identifying common - genre - signs. The main difficulties of classification are associated with historical change in literature, with the evolution of genres.

Number and nature genre signs (the volume of the genre) is a variable in the history of literature, which is reflected in the manifold of the genre theories by replacing each other, as well as dominant in the writer and reading practice of reports about Janya. So, for the tragedy in the realistic drama of the XIX-XX centuries. Many signs of the classic tragedy are not required. In the era of the realism of the tragedy, any dramatic work that reveals the tragic conflict and expressing the corresponding pathos is considered. Thus, we can talk about the decrease in the genre volume of the tragedy from classicism to realism.

Most genres arose still in ancient times. Evolving to lit. Process, they nevertheless retain some stable content and formal features, allowing to talk about genre tradition. The genre designations themselves are often part of the text of the work, in his name ("Eugene Onegin. Roman in verses"), are signs of lit. traditions; They cause a certain genre expectation in the reader.

When studying the genres, their most stable and transient signs should be distinguished. As part of the theoretical and literary course, the focus is on the characteristics of the most stable genre signs. However, it is important to remember that lith. The process genre always appears an element of the genre system, the principles of which depend on the specific historical features of artistic thinking. Thus, in ancient literature, the development of copyright identity was slow, determining the sustainability of traditions and the general pace of national life. Therefore, genre systems of ancient literature, differing complexity and branching, are characterized by greater stability compared to the literature of the new time.

Genuine liberation from the cruel genre regulations was only possible with the development of realism, it was associated with overcoming subjective one-sidedness in the very work. A realistic literature that correlates the development of characters with circumstances in their historical concreteness, follow the tradition of genres could be carried out much more, which led in general to a decrease in their volumes. In all European literature XIX century. There is a sharp restructuring of the genre system. Genres began to be perceived as aesthetically equal and open to creative search for works. Such an approach to genres is characterized and our time.

The basic principles of the genre classification of literary works. Genre features having the most stable, historically repeatable character, are based on the literary classification of works. As a literary term, traditional genre designations are mainly used - bass, ballad, poem, etc. - -stigino-emerged in the literature and influenced in the process of genre evolution of a wide range of associations.

The most important genre sign of works is its belonging to one or another literary race: epic, dramatic, lyrical, lyri-epic genres are distinguished. Internships, sustainable formal, composite-stylistic structures that are appropriate to be called generic forms are distinguished. They are differentiated depending on the organization of speech in the work - poems or prosaic, from the volume of text. In addition, the basis for the allocation of generic forms in the epic may be the principles of plotting, in the poetic lyrics - solid stained forms (sonnet, rondo, triolet), in a drama or other attitude to the theater (drama for reading, for puppet Theater) etc.

Epic genres. Due to the latitude and multifaceted images of characters in epic works, compared with the drama and lyrics, their genre issues are particularly clearly and brightly. It is revealed in various generic forms. So, the national historical in their own problems can be a song, a fairy tale, and a story.

In the classification of generic forms, differences in the volume of works of works are important. Along with a small (story) and medium (tale), prosaic forms allocate a large epic shapewhich is often called novels. The volume of the text of the work in the epic is determined by the completeness of the recreation of characters and relationships, and from here the magnitude of the plot. Unlike the story, the story is not peculiar to the expanded system of characters, there is no complex evolution of characters and detailed individualization.

Heroic folk song.

Tale, stories (novels, essays)

Satirical, household fairy tales, fables

Dramatic genres. With the briefness of the time characteristic of them, the unity and concentration of conflict arising from here, create a favorable soil for expression on certain varieties of pathos in the actions and experiences of characters. Therefore, the division of the drama on the genres is associated with Paphos of the play. But Paphos follows from the conflict.

Additional informative division criteria in drama are features of genre issues.

1) The tragedy of the conflict between personal aspirations and super-percent "laws" of life occurs in the minds of the main character (heroes) and the entire plot of the play is created for the development and resolution of this conflict. The hero of the tragedy is in a state of conflict not only with other characters, he fights first of all with himself. The tragedy ends the usual death of the hero, although, as Belinsky wrote, "the essence of the tragic is not in bloody junction."

A) moral phrase - in the tragedies of Eschil and Sophokla characters act as carriers of certain moral and civil norms, reflect the collisions of old and new, more humane, norms of morality.

B) national-historical ("Persians" Eschila, "Boris Godunov" Pushkin)

2) Drama is a diverse on topics that differs the big breadth of the vital conflict depicted. Paphos of drama give rise to clashes of characters with such forces of life that oppose them from the outside. However, the conflict in the drama can also be very serious and acute and can lead to suffering, and sometimes to the death of the hero.

A) National Historical Conflict ("Voivode" Ostrovsky, "Enemies" Gorky)

B) socially domestic (nomanic) ("Venetian merchant" Shakespeare, Vassas Zhelennova Gorky).

3) Comedy -Pez, executed by humorous or satirical pathos. Such a pathos is generated by comic contradictions of recreated characters. The comic of characters is revealed using plot conflicts, often based on chance. At the same time, the characters themselves themselves do not change due to the course of events. There is no character development in the comedy. An image of internal insolvency, absurdity, inferiority of comic characters, their satirical or humorous denials is the main ideological orientation of the comedy.

Lyrical genres. The originality of lyrics is that in it put forward the inner world of the lyrical hero, his experiences. This is clearly visible not only in works, in which there are no visual images of the outside world, but also in a descriptive, narrative lyrics, here the experience is transmitted through the emotional expression of speech, the nature of the trails, etc. Therefore, the basis of the meaningful genre division in the lyrics is the character itself. experiences. But the experience in lyrics may be of typology objects in another respect. As in the epic and drama, the differences in genre issues of the national-historical, moral, nomanic, which are manifested here through the typing of the very experience of the lyrical hero can be traced in the lyrics.

The genres of literary lyrics were formed on the basis of a folk lyrical song, in its various varieties.

1) Odi-width, expressing enthusiastic feelings, which excites some significant subject in the poet. In Oda, the poet is primarily attached to the feelings of collective - patriotic, civilian. Genre Problems There may be a national-historical or moralist.

2) Satira-Fikhnotie, expressing indignation, indignation of the poet by the negative parties to the life of society. Satira moralovasculating in genre issues, the poet in it, as it were, the rugers of the advanced part of society, concerned about the negative state.

3) Elegy-Fishing, performed sadness, dissatisfaction with life. Sadness can be caused by some kind of cause ("Sorrow Elegia" of Ovid). But an elegy is possible in which the recreated experience does not have a specific motivation ("I experienced my desire ..." Pushkin).

4) Epigram, Epitaph, Madrigal - Small Forms Lirik. In the history of the literature, a wide (ancient Greek) and narrow (later) values \u200b\u200bof epigram are known. Ancient Greek epigram (literally "inscription") leads its origin from the inscriptions on the objects of the cult. The appearance of epigram was epitaph - inscription on the tombstone. The content, the emotional tone of the ancient Greek epigrams were different. The originality of the thought and laconism of its expression - this is what has always been appreciated in the epigram. The second, narrow value of the epigram, entrenched behind it from the 1st century N.E.- A short humorous or satirical poem, most often ridicuing a certain person. Antipode of epigram (universal word value) is Madrigan - a short half-breed poem of a complimar character (usually facing a lady).

Laro-epic genres. The combination of lyrical meditation and epic narration is often found in the works of different genres (for example, in a romantic poem). But there are genres, the nature of which is always lyrol-epic.

1) Baszya - Mravo-Watering genres enforcing a brief allegoric story and arising from it to the teaching ("Morality"). Even if the teaching is not "formulated" in the text of the Basni, it is meant; The relationship of teaching with the story of Basni and makes it a lyrol-epic base.

2) Ballad - a small poetic plot product, in which the narration itself is permeated with lyricism. Unlike the fable, where the lyrical ("morality" can be distinguished) and the epic (plot) of parts, the ballad represents the unspoken fusion of lyrical and epic start. Genre problems in the ballad may be national-historical and novel.

Literary childbirth and literary genres are the most powerful means to ensure the unity and continuity of the literary process. They concern the characteristic features of the negligence, the plot, the author's position and the relationship of the storyteller with the reader.

The founder of Russian literature is considered V. G. Belinsky, but even in the antiquity of Aristotle, a serious contribution to the concept of a literary kind was made, which later scientifically substantiated Belinsky.

So, the birth of literature is called numerous aggregates artistic works (texts), which differ in the type of speech carrier attitude to artistic whole. Highlight 3 kinds:

• Epos;
• Lyrics;
• Drama.

The Epos as a birth of literature is to tell us as much as possible about the subject, phenomenon or event, about the circumstances associated with them, the conditions of existence. The author as if removed from what is happening and acts as a storyteller narrator. The main thing in the text is the narration itself.

The lyrics have a goal to tell not so much about the events as the impressions and feelings that the author experienced and experience. The main thing will be the image inner world And the soul of man. The impression and experiences are the main events of lyrics. This kind of literature dominates poetry.

Drama is trying to portray the subject in action and show it on theatrical scene, submit to the described surrounded by other phenomena. The author's text here is visible only in remarks - brief explanations to the actions and replicas of heroes. Sometimes the author's position reflects the special hero of the resonor.

Each literature includes several genres.

Literary genres

The genre is a group of works combined by historically characteristic common signs of form and content. The genres include novel, poem, novel, epigram and many others.

However, between the concept of "genre" and "Rod" is intermediate - view. It is a less widespread concept than genus, but more wider than genre. Although sometimes the term "species" is relying with the term "genre". If you distinguish between these concepts, the novel will be considered a view of fiction, and its varieties (novel-anti-astope, adventure novel, fantastic novel) - genres.

Example: Rod - Epic, View - Story, Genre - Holy Story.

Childbirth literature and their genres, table.

Modern literary criticians allocate 4 literature literature - LarEpic (Laroepos). Him refer to the poem. On the one hand, the poem describes the feelings and experiences of the main character, and on the other hand, the story, events, the circumstances in which the hero is described.

The poem has a plot-narrative organization, it describes a lot of experiences of the main character. The main feature is the presence along with a clearly structured plot line of multiple lyrical deviations or the appeal to the inner world of the character.

Laro-epic genres include ballad. It has an unusual, dynamic and extremely tense plot. It is characterized by a poetic form, this is a story in verse. May have historical, heroic or mythical character. The plot is often borrowed from folklore.

The text of the epic work is strictly sowing, pointed on events, heroes and circumstances. It is built on the narration, and not on experience. The event described by the author is separated from it, as a rule, a large interval of time, which allows it to be impartial and objective. Copyright may manifest in lyric retreats. However, they are missing in purely epic works.

Events are described in the past time. The narrative is unhurried, leisurely, measured. The world seems to be completed and fully disabled. Many deployed parts, great circumstance.

Large epic genres

Roman-epic can be called a work that encompasses a long period in history, which describes the set of heroes, with intertwining storylines. It has a large volume. Roman - Self popular genre these days. Most books on the shelves in bookstores belong to the genre of the novel.

The story belongs to either small or to the middle genre, concentrates on the same storyline, on the fate of a particular hero.

Small epic genres

The story personifies small literary genres. This is the so-called intense prose, in which due to small volume there are no detailed descriptions, transfer and abundance of parts. The author is trying to convey to the reader a specific thought, and all the text is directed to the disclosure of this thought.

The following features are characteristic of stories:

• Small volume.
• In the center of the plot, a concrete event.
• Small number of heroes - 1, a maximum of 2-3 central characters.
• It has a certain topic that all text is dedicated.
• It has a goal to respond to a specific question, the rest are secondary and, as a rule, are not disclosed.

In the present days, it is practically not to determine where the story, and where the novel, at least these genres and have a completely different origin. At the dawn of his appearance, Novella was a short dynamic work with an entertaining plot, accompanied by anecdotic situations. It was absent psychologist.

Essay is a genre of documentary literature, based on real facts. However, very often the essay can be called a story and vice versa. There will be no big mistake here.

In the literary fairy tale, a fabulous story is stylized, it often reflects the mood of the whole society, there are any political ideas.

Lyrics subjective. Frames to the inner world of the hero either the author himself. For this kind of literature is characterized by emotional interest, psychologism. The plot is moving into the background. The events and phenomena themselves are important, but the hero's relationship towards them, how they affect it. Often events reflect the state of the inner world of the character. In the lyrics, a very different relation to the time, it seems that it is not, and all events occur solely in the present.

Lyrical genres

The main genres of poems whose list can be continued:

• Oda - a solemn poem having a goal to praise and exalt
• hero (historical person).
• Elegy - a poetic work with sadness as a dominant mood, which is a reflection on the meaning of life against the background of the landscape.
• Satira is an ulcer and accusatory work, to poetic satirical genres include epigram.
• Epitaph is a poem of a small amount written on the death of someone. Often it becomes an inscription on the tombstone.
• Madrigal is a small message to a friend, usually containing the anthem.
• The epithalam is a wedding anthem.
• Message - verse written in the form of a letter that implies openness.
• Sonnet is strict pooh Genrerequiring clear compliance with the form. It consists of 14 lines: 2 quatrains, and 2 trite.

To understand drama, it is important to understand the source and the nature of its conflict. The drama is always aimed at a direct image, dramatic works are written for staged on stage. The only means of disclosure of the character of the hero in the drama is his speech. The hero seems to live in the word, which reflects the entire inner world.

The action in the drama (play) is developing from the present to the future. Although events occur in the present time, they are not completed, directed to the future. Since dramatic works are aimed at putting them on stage, each of them implies entertainment.

Dramatic works

Tragedy, comedy and farce - drama genres.

In the center of the classic tragedy irreconcilable eternal conflictwhich is inevitable. Often, the tragedy ends with the death of the heroes who failed to resolve this conflict, but death is not a decisive genre factor, as it may be present in comedy and in drama.

For comedy is characteristic of humorous or satirical image reality. The conflict is specific and, as a rule, allowing. There is a comedy character and comedy provisions. They differ in the source of the Commission: in the first case, the situations in which the heroes are, and in the second heroes themselves. Often, these 2 types of comedy echo each other.

Modern playwright to genre modifications. Farc is a deliberate comical product, in which attention is focused on comic elements. Waterville - light comedy with simple plot And a clearly traced copyright style.

There is no way to drama as a kind of literature and drama as a literary genre. In the second case, the drama is characteristic acute conflictwhich is less global, irreconcilable and intractable than the tragic conflict. In the center of the work - the relationship of man and society. The drama is realistic and close to life.

Then to:

a) learn mastery in its genre;
b) to know exactly how to offer a manuscript;
c) learn your target audience and offer a book not "In general, everyone", namely, people who may be interested in it.

What is fiction?

Under artistic literature, all works that have a fictional plot and fictional heroes: novels, stories, stories and plays.

Memoirs belong to the unlikely literature, because we are talking About unreasonable events, however, they are written along the canons of fiction - with the plot, heroes, etc.

But poetry, including lyrics, is fiction, even if the author recalls the former love, which actually happened.

Types of fiction for adults

Artistic works are divided into genre literature, mainstream and intellectual prose.

Genre literature

In the genre literature, the first violin plays the plot, while he fits into certain, in advance known framework.

This does not mean that all genre novels must be predictable. The mastery of the writer is precisely that in the given conditions to create a unique world, unforgettable heroes and an interesting way to get from the point "A" (tie) to the item "B" (omission).

As a rule, the genre work ends on a positive note, the author does not deepen into psychology and other high matters and tries to just entertain readers.

Basic scene schemes in genre literature

Detective: The crime is the investigation - the expulsion of the criminal.

Love story: Heroes meet - fall in love - fight for love - connect hearts.

Thriller: Hero lived his own ordinary life - There is a threat - the hero is trying to escape - the hero gets rid of danger.

Adventures: The hero sets the goal and, overcoming many obstacles, is achieved.

When we are talking about fiction, fantasy, historical or modern novel, we are not so much about the plot as about the scenery, therefore, when determining the genre, two or three terms are used, which allow you to answer questions: "What happens in the novel?" And "where is it going?". If we are talking about children's literature, then the corresponding mark is made.

Examples: "Modern love story"," Fantastic fighter "(a fighter is an adventure)," Historical Detective "," Children's Adventure Tale "," Fairy Tale for Junior School Age. "

Genre prose is usually published by the series - either by copyright or common.

Mainstream

In mainstream (from English. mainstream - Main flow) Readers are waiting for the author of unexpected decisions. For this type of books the most important thing - moral development Heroes, philosophy and ideology. Requirements for the mainstream author are much higher than to writers working with genre prose: it should be not only an excellent storyteller, but also a good psychologist and a serious thinker.

Another an important feature Mainstream - such books are written at the junction of genres. For example, it is impossible to unambiguously say that "the wind gone" is only Love novel or only historical drama.

By the way, the drama itself, that is, the story about the tragic experience of heroes, is also a sign of mainstream.

As a rule, novels of this type are produced outside the series. This is due to the fact that serious works are written for a long time and form a series of them is quite problematic. Moreover, the mainstream authors are so different from each other that their books are difficult to group on any sign, except for the "good book."

When specifying the genre in mainstream novels, it is usually done that is not so much on the plot, as for some features Books: Historical drama, novel in letters, fantastic saga, etc.

The emergence of the term

The term "Mainstream" originated due to american writer And criticizing William Dina Howells (1837-1920). Being the editor of one of the most popular and influential literary logs of its time, The Atlantic Monthly.He gave an obvious preference to works written in a realistic key and focusing on moral and philosophical problems.

Thanks to Howells realistic literature He entered the fashion, and for some time it was her mainstream. The term entrenched B. english languageAnd from there switched to Russia.

Intellectual Prose

In the overwhelming majority of cases, the intelligent prose has a gloomy mood and is released outside the series.

The main genres of fiction

Approximate classification

When applying for publishing house, we must specify the genre - so that our manuscript will send the appropriate editor.

Below is an exemplary list of genres, as they are understood in publishing houses and bookstores.

• Avant-garde literature. It is characterized by violation of canons and linguistic and plot experiments. As a rule, the avant-garde comes out very small circulations. Closely intertwined with intellectual prose.
• Action. Oriented mainly on the men's audience. The basis of the plot - fights, chase, salvation of beauties, etc.
• Detective. The main storyline is the disclosure of the crime.
• Historical novel. The time of action is the past. The plot is usually tied to significant historical events.
• Love story. Heroes take love.
• Mystic. The basis of the plot is supernatural events.
• Adventures. Heroes are binding to the adventure and / or go to a risky journey.
• Thriller / Horror. The heroes threatens the deadly danger from which they are trying to get rid of.
• Fiction. The plot is spinning in the hypothetical future or in the parallel world. One of the varieties of fiction is an alternative story.
• Fantasy / fairy tales. The main signs of the genre are fabulous worlds, magic, unprecedented creatures, speaking animals, etc. often based on folklore.

What is non-grateful literature?

Eldly books are classified on topics (for example, gardening, history, etc.) and types (scientific monograph, collection of articles, photo album, etc.).

Below is the classification of non-Fikshn books, as is done in bookstores. When submitting an application to the publisher, specify the topic and type of book - for example, a textbook on writing skill.

Classifications of non-counselible literature

• autobiographies, biographies and memoirs;
• architecture and art;
• astrology and esoteric;
• business and finance;
• armed forces;
• education and education;
• house, garden, garden;
• health;
• history;
• career;
• computers;
• regionalism;
• love and family relationships;
• fashion and beauty;
• music, movies, radio;
• science and technology;
• food and cooking;
• gift editions;
• politics, economics, right;
• travel Guides and Travels;
• religion;
• self-development and psychology;
• agriculture;
• dictionaries and encyclopedias;
• sport;
• philosophy;
• hobby;
• school textbooks;
• linguistics and literature.