Department of Education Administration of the Municipal Region named after Lazo Khabarovsk Territory

Municipal budgetary educational institution Secondary school of the village of Bichde Municipal Region named after Lazo Khabarovsk Territory

Umk. Literature. 9 Class 2 (step)

Lesson (second on the topic) of literature in grade 9 according to the story " dog's heart" In the first lesson, the disciples got acquainted with the biography of the writer, the history of the creation of a story and her destiny, analyzed key episodes. The characteristics of the characters were. Received copyright To the problems marked in the story.

Literature:

1. CMD Literature

2. Annex to the Journal "First September". Literature

3. "Dog's heart"

5. "Dictionary of Terms"

Different points of view create conditions for an active discussion, during which students learn to express their thoughts, argument and defend their point of view, draw conclusions. And also listen to another point of view, take it or challenge. The problem of reorganization of the world is the main problem of the second lesson (to consider this problem with different positions At the lesson was invited by the Ieria Potion of the Lord's father Maxim).

Theme lesson: Moral issues Tale M. Bulgakov "Dog Heart"

Objectives lesson:

· Conference of the content of the story "The dog's heart"

· Expansion and deepening representation of students about M. Bulgakov as an artistic word master.

· The ability to allocate the main problems raised by the author in the work.

Tasks lesson:

· Provide students to independent research and creative activity.

· Promote the development of skills to formulate the problem of the work, argue its point of view.

· Encourage the guys to think about morality.

Methodological techniques:

· Creating a problem situation.

· Work with text.

· Talk conversation.

· Analysis of key episodes.

Equipment:

Portrait writer, texts of a story, dictionary of literary terms,

Film on the story "Dog's Heart".

Epigraph:

Morality - there is a responsibility for their

acts. The highest capital of the nation - mathematical qualities People.

The words:

· Moral

· Humanism

· Compassion

· Industion

During the classes:

· Organizing time.

· Hello guys. I am glad to meet. Today there will be a serious conversation on moral issues.

· The word of the teacher.

· The problem of reorganization of the world existed at all times. People dreamed of life without violence and evil, warrior and hatred. But the world was always imperfect. People were mired in sins: they betrayed their neighbor, they killed, came, from envy and pride did not notice other people's suffering, stopped respecting the elders. Can I save humanity from death? What is his salvation?

· What see the salvation of mankind representatives of the Orthodox Church?The word is given to the Father Maxim.

· Question: "The essence of the climb of Jesus Christ on the Fahuk." Is there any vain of his victim?

· Teacher.

So, over 2,000 years since the crucifixion of Christ. Was the society better? And the idea of \u200b\u200breorganizing the world again mastering the minds of individual personalities. In the artistic literature, this idea has found a response. Among the writers there were disagreements: some recognized the revolutionary transformation of society, i.e. By changing the violent way, "drove humanity in happiness" others welcomed the evolutionary path of the development of society, i.e. Through spiritual and moral education.

The story of M. Bulgakov "The dog's heart" is an attempt to show a writer, as a violent intervention in the laws of nature will affect society. Is it possible to create moral society revolutionary way? Maxim Gorky in 1918 in the article " Undime thoughts"Called V. Ulyanova - Lenin a great experimenter over the people, comparing him with a chemist conducted by experiments.

The Hero of Bulgakov does not accidentally be the name Preobrazhensky, it is a plastic surgeon dealing with the conversion of human appearance. And so he is solved for another scientific experiment.

· Creating a problem situation:

The teacher puts the following tasks to the students (the class is divided into microbroup, discussion, work with a dictionary, saying his opinion.)

· 1Group: to identify the purpose of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky.

· 2Group: What is needed for upbringing moral man?

· 3Group: In what conditions was the "homosapience" balls? Whether all the conditions for it were created moral development?

· 4 Group: What is the result of this experiment? Why did he fail?

After the discussion, the speeches of the group the word is provided to the Father Maxim, which gives an answer to problematic issues of the lesson:

· What is the basis moral education?

· What law should a person live?

· Is it possible to racify the perfect society and a moral person?

The outcome of the lesson. The word of the teacher.

We did not accidentally talk about morality today. You are on the threshold adult lifeYou repeatedly have to make decisions yourself, without whose tips, make a choice. From what life principles You will be guided by your fate depends, the fate of your loved ones, the fate of the country.

The story of Bulgakov, written at the beginning of the last century, is relevant and in our days and serves as a prevention of future generations. Bulgakov warns us: "The dog's heart in the Union with the human mind is the main threat of our time." The author of the story believes that the new society must adhere to humanistic principles In the relationship of people who are based on respect for their culture, work, knowledge. Morality is lagging behind, does not correspond to the new system, therefore the problem of preserving, reviving spirituality, morality remains unresolved.

It will take a long time before the "balls" disappear from our life. But so I want to believe that this time will come.

Lesson marks:

Reflection: Which of the problems set by M. Bulgakov in the story seemed to you especially relevant in our time? What affected you?

Homework: Write an essay on the topic (by choice)

1. "What feelings cause balls-man?"

2. "What kind of people personifies the hero of the story of the swordder?"

3. "Moral society is a utopia or reality?"

Appendix to lesson

Expected responses microgrupp(Short comment on tasks)

· The purpose of the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky?

The professor thinks to improve the human breed, create a new person, transplanting the dog part of the human brain.

· What is needed for moral education of a person?

Love, attention, respect, kindness and care for junior and old men are needed, humane attitude to peace, honesty and sincerity in relationships, mutual understanding and mutual assistance, the ability to compare, hear and forgive ..

· Were conditions for moral education of Sharicikov have been created?

Preobrazhensky, being an intelligent man, believes due to art and good. He surrounds Sharicikov care and attention, trying to inspire the rules of behavior in society, to teach to the culture of behavior. And he, and the border can not understand why ignorance and rudeness with the arrival new power They became widespread, and try to eradicate the detrimental donor habits in their brainchild.

· What is the result of the experiment?

The experiment failed! Balls, he also polygraph polygraphic inherited the worst qualities of its donors: aggressiveness, uneducation, confusion, rudeness and rudeness. The life of the inhabitants of the apartment turned into a daytime hell: Brank, cigarette cigarettes on the floor, stench. The confidence of Sharicikov, in its rightness and impunity, find support in the face of Schwonder, Chairman of the Household, Ideal Mentor Sharikov. The balls quickly learned the main rule of the owners of life: the rake was a bad, Delhi did everything equally, destroy; From the stray dog, he turned into a sanitary engine for cleaning the city from himself like, without recognizing kinship. He was never able to neither Preobrazhensky, nor Bornetal, nor the zinchok to instill such concepts as conscience, morality, shame, respect for a woman. Meanness, hatred, malice - conso portrait of a new person. The good intentions of Preobrazhensky turned the tragedy, almost worth the creator of life. He has time to fix his mistake, returning Sharicikov to the previous one.

· Why did the experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky failed?

Because it is impossible to create an ideal society forcible. "It is impossible to drive humanity in happiness." Where evil, violence, there can be no speech about moral personality, about moral society. "

M. Bulgakov Lame "Dog's Heart" warned about those destructive transformations that follow after the 1917 revolution. The result of it is a totalitarian regime that existed in our country not one decade; The rooted and widespread ball, manifested in rudeness and indifference officials in relation to their people. And today we are experiencing the results of a failed experiment on the transformation into a happy nation. The balls penetrated all spheres of life: the judges condemn themselves in any other people, doctors refuse to help the patients, the old men turn out to be silent and custody of loved ones, mother refuse their children, officials, deaf to the needs of the people, care only about their welfare.

Problems I. artistic peculiarity Tale "Dog's Heart"

The theme of the disharmony, brought to the absurdity due to the intervention of a person in the eternal laws of nature, with brilliant craftsmanship and talent revealed to Bulgakov in the story "The dog's heart".

The story "The dog's heart", written in 1925, saw the light only in 1987 in the magazine "Banner". The basis of the story was a risky experiment. The choice of such a plot of Bulgakov is not accidental. Everything that happened then and what was called the construction of socialism, was perceived by the author of the "dog heart" precisely as an experiment - a huge scale and more than dangerous.

Skeptical Bulgakov also belonged to attempts to create a new perfect society revolutionary, that is, non-exclusive violence, methods, to raising the same violent methods of the new, free man. For the author, it was unacceptable interference in the natural course of things whose consequences could be deposited to all, including for the "experimenters". About this "dog heart" and warns the reader.

One of the main characters, a professor Preobrazhensky becomes an expressive of copyright thoughts. This is a major physiologist. It appears as an embodiment of education and high culture. According to convictions, this is a supporter of old pre-revolutionary orders. All his sympathies on the side of the former homeowners, breeders, manufacturers, in which he says was order and he lived comfortably and good.

Bulgakov does not analyze political Views Preobrazhensky. But the scientist expresses very certain thoughts of breakdown, about the inability of the proletarians to cope with it. In his opinion, first of all, you need people to teach elementary culture in everyday life and in production, only then the case will work, the devil will disappear, there will be order. People will become others. But this philosophy of Preobrazhensky suffers collapse. He can not raise in the ball reasonable man: "I was angry for these two weeks more than in the last fourteen years ..."

"Dog heart" - deep philosophical workIf you think seriously in its content. Professor Philipp Philippovich imagined himself akin to God, he converts the earthly creature one to another, from cute and affectionate Psa. Created a "bite monster" without any idea of \u200b\u200bhonor, conscience, appreciation.

Eternal problem the best minds In Russia - the relationship between the intelligentsia and the people. What is the role of the intelligentsia, which is how to participate in the fate of the people - the author of the story in the distant 20th years to think about it.

In the story - fiction elements are combined with the household background. Professor Preobrazhensky - Democrat on origin and beliefs, a typical Moscow intellectual. He hoses the tradition of students of Moscow University: to serve as science, helping a person and not harm him, to cherish the life of any person - good and bad. His assistant Dr. Bormental reveals to his teacher, admires his talent, skill, human qualities. But it does not exist in him, that Holy Service is the ideas of humanism, what we see from Preobrazhensky.

Bormental is capable of angry, indignant, even apply force if it is necessary for the use of the case. And these two people do an invisible experiment in world science - transplant stray PSU Man's pituitary gland.

The result was C. scientific Vision is unexpected and phenomenal, but in domestic, everyday plan, he led to the most deplorable results. The creature formed in this way has the appearance of his human donor - Klima Chugulkin - a restaurant balalaretic, drunkard and a rowdy killed in a fight. This hybrid is rude, undeveloped, self-dressing and brazen. He whatever wants to get out of people, become no worse than others. But he cannot understand that for this it is necessary to do a long spiritual development, labor is required to develop intelligence, horizons, mastering knowledge. Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov (so now called the creature) puts the lacquered boots and a poisonous color tie, and the rest of his suit is dirty, untidable, tasteless.

What is the reason for the failure of Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental? And it's not just in genetic engineering. Preobrazhensky is confident that purely animal instincts affecting behavior former PSA Sharicov, you can negose: "Cats are temporary ... This is a matter of discipline and two or three weeks. Trust me. Another month, and he stops throwing them. "

The question is not in physiology, but that the balls are the type of a certain environment. The dog becomes a man, but his actions determine the genes received from the drunkard and Hama Klima Chugulkin: "... he is no longer a dog, namely human heart. And the most lousy of all that exist in nature! "

The contrast between the intellectual start, embodied in the intelligent people, the physiologists of Preobrazhensky and Bormental, and the dark instincts of "Gomunkula" Sharicikov (with a low, beveled forehead) is so decaying that it creates not only a comic, grotesque effect, but also stains in tragic tones.

An important role is played here and Schwonder. He tries to influence, bring up Sharicikov. This is not the dog, not the person in a conversation with Preobrazhensky literally repeats the words and phrases of the Schwonder not only about the rights, but also about their superiority over the bourgeois: "We did not live in universities, I did not live in apartments from 15 rooms with baths ... »Naturally, an attempt to raise a new person in yesterday's ball is a satirical lung of the writer against the Svondera.

The balls with the help of the Schwonder is prescribed in the Preobrazhensky apartment, demands the "sixteen arms" of the living space, even trying to bring his wife to the house. He believes that it enhances its ideological level: reads a book recommended by the Swededer - Engels correspondence with Kautsky. From the point of view of Preobrazhensky - all this bluff, empty sweat, which in no way contribute to the mental and spiritual development Sharicikova. But from the point of view of the Swedder and the like - the balls is quite suitable for the society, which they with such pathos and use are created. Sharicikov even took a job in state InstitutionMade it with a small boss. For him, becoming the boss - it means to transform outwardly, to get power over people. So it happens. He is now dressed in a leather jacket and boots, rides a state car, manages the fate of the poor sex of the secretary.

Comic image of the Schwonder, who decided to raise the Sharia in the "Marxist spirit": the process of alternating the ballovikov is drawn in sharp satirical and humorous colors. In a plot, it is built in contrast - the smart and gentle dog becomes a rude, uncompatible Ham, in which the inherited properties of Klima Cegulkina are explicitly manifested. The vulgar speech of this character is merged with his actions. They become gradually increasingly outrageous and intolerable. It scares the lady on the stairs, then he, as a crazy throws behind the cats, disappears, then disappears on the Kabaks and Tractors.

As a result - a humorous scene with a criminal police, who came to the epilogue of the Name of Schwonder's denunciation of Sharia; Professor explains a lot. He places PSA as proof of his innocence and explains: "That is, he spoke ... It does not mean to be a person ..."

Thanks to the polygraph of Polygraphfovich Sharikov, the whole life of the professor of Preobrazhensky rose down on his head. The balls, imagining themselves, contributes to the size and quiet life of Professor discomfort. Having acquired the human appearance, the balls even have no idea about the rules of behavior in society. He copies his "mentor and teacher" of Schwonder.

Here, Bulgakov gives the will of his satire, mocking over the stupidity and ridicuing the limitedness of the new government. "In the bedroom to eat," he spoke a slightly invented voice, "in the observation read, to dress in the reception, operate in the servants' room, and in the dining room inspect?! It is very possible that Isadora Duncan does it. Maybe she lies in the office, and rabbits cut into the bathroom. May be. But I'm not aidedora Duncan !!! He suddenly crushed him, and his fibrity became yellow. - I will dine in the dining room, and operate in the operating room! - said Professor. "

Professor Preobrazhensky still does not leave thoughts to make a man from Sharicikov. He hopes to evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and will not, if the person himself does not seek him. In fact, the whole life of the professor turns into a solid nightmare. There is no rest in the house or order. Onceless, obscene break and balalalache tramping are heard all day; The balls are home drunk, sticks to women, breaks and crashing everything around. He became a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the tenants of the whole house.

And what are able to set the balls, if you give them a complete will? It is terrible to imagine a picture of the life that they are able to create around themselves.

Minor, worthless people, the will of the case received power, begin to mock serious people, spoil them life.

So gradually from the Satira object, Professor Preobrazhensky becomes an accusable to the reigning chaos. He says that the devastation is because instead of work people sing. If he starts singing instead of operations, he will also begin in the apartment of the destroy. Professor is confident that if people are engaged in their affairs, no destroyed will be. The main ruin in the heads of people, I am sure Filipp Philippovich.

The fate of the house in Obukhov Lane relates to the fate of Russia. "Delivered the house," says Professor Preobrazhensky after an instill in his house I by a resident. The same might say Bulgakov (and spoke) about Russia after the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Lucky looking, uncompatible and practically unfamiliar with the culture of a man and a woman, a woman who does not like a woman, the reader first may seem funny. But it is they who are the aliens of the kingdom of darkness, bringing discomfort to being not only professors; It was they who, headed by the Swamp "raise" in the ball Sharikov and recommend him to the public service.

The confrontation of the Preobrazhensky and the Schwonder can be viewed not only as a relationship between the intellectual and the new government. The main thing is to face culture and anticulture, spirituality and antidhoves, and the fight between them (for now) the fight is not solved in favor of the first, in the struggle of light and darkness there is no life-affirming finale.

There is nothing ridiculous and in the image of the new-produced man Sharicikov (except, maybe a shade of this funny in the pompous and self-expressing internal monologues of the ball), for only one who is also marked above the deformity is spiritual and bodily. This is a repulsive-non-care image, but the balls by itself the carrier of evil is not. Only being a field of that very battle of darkness and light for his soul, he, in the end, becomes the High Schwonder's ideas - Bolsheviks - Satan.

So the good of the intentions of Preobrazhensky turn the tragedy. It comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results. In the story of "Dog's Heart", the professor corrects his mistake - the balls turn into PSA again. He is pleased with his destiny and himself. Schwonder and his company Professor explains: "Science still does not know how to pay animals in people. So I tried, but only unsuccessfully, as you can see. Talked and started contacting the primitive state. Atavism!"

But in life such experiments are irreversible. And Bulgakov managed to warn about it at the very beginning of those destructive transformations that began in our country in 1917.

It is worth noting that Satyra and humor Bulgakov achieve in this story high degree skill. Enough to remember the brilliantly written scene with a rejuvenated old man boasting love adventures, or the scene with the "passionate lady" is not the first youth, which, to keep the lover, is ready for everything. These scenes are drawn through the perception of PSA. "Well, you", "he thoughtfully thought, putting his head on his paws and treated from shame."

Thus, we see that the combination of comic and tragic in the works of Bulgakov, remaining in the jet of Russian literary satire, has an important feature for their understanding: mixing the funny and sad in the event (not even for too experienced and attentive reader) shows the deepest tragedy, Comprehected in terms of internal.

In a wide and diverse flow of literature of the twentieth years, Bulgakov broke rapidly and took a prominent place in it. He created a number classic works In many genres. Mikhail Afanasyevich became one of the founders of the new satire. He defended universal ideals, melted flames, which, unfortunately, not burning so far ...

The problems of the "dog heart" allows you to fully explore the essence of the creativity of the famous soviet writer Mikhail Bulgakov. The story was written in 1925. Why it is considered one of the key works of the domestic literature of the beginning of the 20th century, let's try to figure together.

Bold story

The problems of the "dog heart" were penetrated by all who came across this work. Its initial name was "Dog's heart. Monstrous story." But then the author decided that the second part only takes away the title.

Friends and familiar Bulgakov, who gathered on Nikita Saturday, became the first listeners. The story produced big impression. All of her lively discussed, noting her audacity. The problematics of the story "The Dog's Heart" became one of the most discussed topics for the coming months among the metropolitan society. As a result, rumors have reached law enforcement agencies. In the house of Bulgakov he was being searched, the manuscript was confiscated. She never published in his life, being published only during the years of restructuring.

And it can be understood. After all, reflected the main problems of Soviet society, which manifested almost immediately after the victory of the October Revolution. After all, in fact, Bulgakov compared power with a dog, which turns into a selfish and nasty man.

Analyzing the problems of the "dog heart", it can be studied which was the cultural and historical situation in Russia after the story reflects all the troubles that I had to face soviet people In the first half of the 20s.

In the center of the narration - a scientific experiment, which he holds the human pituitary transplanses the dog. The results exceed all expectations. For a few days, the dog turns into a person.

This work has become the Bulgakov response to the events occurring in the country. The scientific experiment that he depicted is a bright and accurate picture proletarian revolution and its consequences.

In the story, the author puts a lot in front of the reader important issues. How does the revolution relate to evolution, what is the nature of the new power and the future of the intelligentsia? But Bulgakov is not limited to the general political themes. He also worries the problem of old and new morality and morality. It is important for him to find out which one is humane.

Opposition to the layers of society

Problems of the story of the "Dog's Heart" Bulgakov largely consists in oppositioning various layers of society, the abyss between which in those days was felt particularly acute. The intelligentsia personifies the professor, the science of Philip Philippovich is shone. The representative of the "new" man born by the revolution is the housetop Schwonder, and later the balls, the impact on which the speeches of his new friend and the propaganda communist literature.

Assistant Preobrazhensky, Dr. Bormental, calls that the Creator, but the author himself clearly adheres another opinion. He is not ready to admire the professor.

Laws of Evolution

The main complaint is that Preobrazhensky encroacted the basic laws of evolution, tried on the role of God. He creates a man with his own hands, conducting, in fact, a monstrous experiment. Here Bulgakov makes reference to its original header.

It is worth noting that it was how the experiment of Bulgakov perceived everything that happened then in the country. Moreover, the experiment is a grand scale and at the same time dangerous. The main thing is what the author refuses Preobrazhensky, is in the moral right of the Creator. After all, when you putting good homeless dogs with human haggles, Preobrazhensky made the embodiment of all of that terrible, which was in humans. Has a professor on this right? This issue can be characterized by the problem of "dog heart" Bulgakov.

Signing to fiction

Many genres are intertwined in the story of Bulgakov. But the most obvious are references to fiction. It is they who constitute a key artistic feature of the work. As a result, realism is communicated to the complete absurdity.

One of the main abstracts of the author is the impossibility of a public reorganization of society. Especially so cardinal. History shows that he was in many ways right. Errors made by the Bolsheviks today make up the basis of history textbooks on the period.

A man who became a man personifies the average character of that era. The main thing in his life is class hatred for enemies. That is, proletaries on the Spirit do not tolerate bourgeois. Over time, this hatred applies to the rich, and then on educated people and ordinary intellectuals. It turns out that the basis of the new world is to all old. Obviously, the world based on hatred did not have a future.

Slaves in power

Bulgakov tries to convey his position - slaves were in power. That's about this "dog heart." The problematics are that they have received the right to manage before at least minimal education and an idea of \u200b\u200bculture. In such people, the darkest instincts are wanted, as in the ball. Humanity turns out to be in front of them powerless.

Among the artistic features of this work it is necessary to note numerous associations and references to the domestic and foreign Classic. The key to the work can be obtained if you analyze the exposure of the story.

The elements that we meet in the string of the "dog heart" (blizzard, winter stop, stray dog), send us to the poem of the twelve block.

An important role is played by such an insignificant detail as a collar. Block in the collar hides his nose bourgeois, and Bulgakova has exactly on the collar, a homeless dog determines the status of Preobrazhensky, realizing that in front of him - benefactor, and not a hungry proletarian.

In general, it can be concluded that the "dog heart" - outstanding work Bulgakova, which plays a key role in his work and in all domestic literature. First of all by ideological design. But high marks are worthy and his artistic features, and the problem that rises to the story.

MA Bulgakov is one of the most striking and talented writers of the mid-20th century. The topics of his works remain relevant and retain deep meaning, thanks to its versatility and originality. One of the most famous works Is the story "The dog's heart."

The work was written in 1925, but only 1987 were able to publish it. The ban on publication was directly related to the content of the work and almost direct criticism of the realities of the Soviet reality of the 20s.

The name of the story "The dog's heart" can be interpreted in different ways. The first, the most obvious, - the author just chose such a name based on the events described in the work (the hero lives with the heart of the dog). You can also interpret the word "dog" and in figurative sense, that is, "very bad" (for example, "dog life", "Dog work"). Given this value, it can be concluded that the Sharicikova "Dog's" heart. From good i. cute PSA It turned into an evil, mercenary and rude misunderstanding.

The topic of the work is an incredible experiment that ends with the transformation of a dog in a person, as well as the consequences to which it led. Using grotesque, the author introduces the elements of fiction in the usual urban reality. The action begins with the fact that Professor F. F. Preobrazhensky re-enlightened to conduct an experiment on transplanting pituitary gland and the seed glands of the person a stray ps. The operation gives an amazing result - the dog begins to gradually turn into a person. Moreover, over time, it is increasingly reminders of his "donor" - the thief and the drunk of Klima Chugulkin. So the homeless dog the ball becomes a polygraph of polygraphic balls. Professor Preobrazhensky and his assistant Dr. Bormental are trying to instill good manners and raise it, but all their efforts are in vain. Their ward receives documents and requires registration, constantly comes drunk, sticks to the servant; He begins to work in the department for catching stray cats, brings home a woman and writes to the professor to the nose. The balls literally ruins the life of the professor, and also ruins his faith in the possibility of re-education.

The author puts several problems in front of the reader. This is the question of interference in the laws of nature - Professor Preobrazhensky move the most so good intentions, but the result is directly opposed. He is forced to deal with the unforeseen consequences of his experiment. The author also affects the relationship between the intelligentsia and the people in the post-revolutionary time. In ironic tones of Bulgakov, describes stupid bureaucratic wires and bureaucrats. It condemns illiteracy, ignorance and stupidity.

In the work, the reception of contrast is often used - Professor Preobrazhensky and its environment is opposed to aggressive and configured and absount to peacedisclosed through the images of the Schwonder and other members of the jack. Also, the author often uses grotesque and irony, emphasizing the shortcomings and meaninglessness of what is happening.

The final is instructive. Good intentions of Preobrazhensky turn around the tragedy. The only output was the return of the ball to its original position.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in Kiev, in the family of the teacher of the Spiritual Academy Athanasius Ivanovich Bulgakov. He began to compose, according to the testimony of loved ones, early. Mostly it was small stories, satirical poems, dramatic scenes. Gradually, interest in Bulgakov works increases. It becomes obvious that the talent of the artist was at Bulgakov, which is called, from God. Fame to the writer brought the novel " White Guard", Reworked later in the play" Turbine Days ". Big success had a comedy "Zoykin Apartment" and humorous Collection Stories "Dlavoliad" (1925). However, since 1928, the situation of the Bulgakov has been created around the name of Bulgakov, the name of the writer becomes like an out of law. Pieces "Run", "Ivanvasilievich", "Bagroostrov", Roman "Master and Margarita" - far from full list Works who have not seen the light during the author's life. In the same list, there is a story "Dog's Heart". This work, written in 1925, saw the light only in 1987 in the magazine "Banner". The basis of the story was a risky experiment. The choice of such a plot of Bulgakov is not accidental. Everything that happened then and what was called the construction of socialism, was perceived by the author of the "dog heart" as an experiment - a huge scale and more than dangerous. Skeptical Bulgakov also belonged to attempts to create a new perfect society revolutionary, that is, non-exclusive violence, methods, to raising the same violent methods of a new, free person. For the author, it was unacceptable interference in the natural course of things, the consequences of which could be deplorable for all, including for the "experimenters". About this "Dog's heart" and warns the reader.

One of the main characters, a professor Preobrazhensky becomes an expressive of copyright thoughts. This is a major physiologist. It appears as an embodiment of the formation and high culture. According to convictions, this is a supporter of old pre-revolutionary orders. All his sympathies on the side of the former homeowners, breeders, manufacturers, in which he says was order and he lived comfortably and good. Bulgakov does not analyze the political views of Preobrazhensky. But the scientist expresses very certain thoughts of breakdown, about the inability of the proletarians to cope with it. In his opinion, first of all, people need to teach elementary culture in everyday life and in production, only then the case will work, the devastation will disappear, there will be order. People will become others. But this philosophy of Preobrazhensky suffers collapse. He cannot raise a wise man in the ball: "I was angry for these two weeks more than in the last fourteen years ..."

What is the reason for the failure of Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental? And it's not just in genetic engineering. Preobrazhensky is confident that purely animal instincts, affecting the behavior of the former PSA Sharikov, can be negotiable: "Cats are temporary ... This is a matter of discipline and two or three weeks. Trust me. Another month, and he will stop throwing them. " The question is not in physiology, but that the balls are the type of a certain environment. The dog becomes a man, but his actions determine the genes received from the drunkard and Hama Klima Chugulkin: "... he is no longer a dog, namely the human heart. And the most lousy of all that exist in nature! " The contrast between the intellectual principle embodied in the intelligent people, the physiologists by Preobrazhensky and Borneta, and the dark instincts of the Gomunkula Sharicikov (with a low, beveled forehead) is so decaying that it creates not only a comic, grotesque effect, but also stains in tragic tones.

An important role is played here and Schwonder. He tries to influence, bring up Sharicikov. This is not the dog, not the person in a conversation with Preobrazhensky literally repeats the words and phrases of the Schwonder not only about the rights, but also about their superiority over the bourgeois: "We did not live in universities, I did not live in apartments from 15 rooms ... "It is natural that an attempt to raise a new person in yesterday's ball is a satirical lungs of the writer against the swords. It is worth noting that Satira and humor Bulgakov in this story achieve the highest degree of skill. It is enough to remember the brilliantly written scene with a rejuvenated old man, bragging his love love, or the scene with a "passionate lady" is not the first youth, which, to keep the lover, is ready for everything. These scenes are drawn through the perception of PSA. "Well, you for a hell," he thoughtfully thought, putting his head on his paws and treated from shame. " Comic and the image of the Schwonder, who decided to raise the Sharia in the "Marxist spirit": the process of humaniflowing the ballovikov is drawn in sharp satirical and humorous colors. In a plot, it is built in contrast - the smart and gentle dog becomes a rude, uncompatible Ham, in which the inherited properties of Klima Cegulkina are explicitly manifested. The vulgar speech of this character is merged with his actions. They become gradually increasingly outrageous and intolerable. It scares the lady on the stairs, then he, as a crazy throws behind the cats, disappears, then disappears on the Kabaks and Tractors. As a result - a humorous scene with a criminal police, who came to the epilogue of the Name of Schwonder's denunciation of Sharia; Professor explains a lot. He places PSA as proof of his innocence and explains: "That is, he spoke ... It does not mean to be a person ..."

An innovation of the story "The dog's heart" is not only in the satirical and humorous skill of Bulgakov, but also in the complex philosophical concept of this work. According to the author of the "dog heart", humanity is powerless in the fight against dark instincts, waking up in people. The tragedy was that in the life of the balls quickly dispersed. And they, in the words of Polygraph Polygraphic, "strangled-strangled" ... So, we understand that Bulgakov in the story "The dog's heart" with a huge impressive force, in his favorite manner Grotesque and humor raised the question of the power of dark instincts in Human life. His satire in the address of the ball, Schwonder, Klimov Castowders reached the highest degree of skill and expressiveness. Sympathy of Bulgakov on the side of Preobrazhensky. But faith in the fact that dark instincts in the lives of people can be negotiable or with the help of science, or with the help of the general efforts of the team, - the faith of this writer is not. It can be said that the story is painted into pessimistic tones.

In a wide and diverse flow of literature of the twentieth years, Bulgakov broke rapidly and took a prominent place in it. He created a number of classic works in many genres. Mikhail Afanasyevich became one of the founders of the new satire. He defended universal ideals, melted flames, which, unfortunately, not burning so far ...