M. Gorky "At the bottom": description, heroes, plays analysis
Drama "On the bottom" is a plumbing work in the creative biography of Gorky. The description of the heroes will be presented in this article.
The work was written at a turning point for the country. In Russia, in the 90s of the XIX century, the serious masses of the impoverished, the broken peasants were broken down after each crawling went in search of earnings from the villages. Plants and factories were closed. There were thousands of people without livelihoods. This led to the fact that a large number of "Bosiakov" appeared, sowed to the bottom of life.
Who lived at home?
Adventurous owners of slums, using the fact that people found themselves in a hopeless position, found how to benefit from flicker basements. They turned them at night, in which there were beggars, unemployed, thieves, tramps and other representatives of the bottom. This work was written in 1902. The heroes of the play "On the bottom" - just such people.
Maxim Gorky throughout the creative way was interested in personality, man, the secrets of his feelings and thoughts, dreams and hopes, weakness and power - this is all reflected in the work. The heroes of the play "On the bottom" - people who lived at the beginning of the 20th century, when the old world collapsed, and a new life arose. However, they differ from the rest with the fact that they are rejected by society. These are people "bottom", outcasts. Unsuitably and terribly the place in which Vaska Sadel, Bubnov, actor, satin and others live. According to the description of Gorky, it is a basement that looks like a cave. The ceiling of it is stone arches with a crumbling plaster, wrapped. Why did the inhabitants of the at the bottom of the life turned out to be at the bottom of the life that they led them here?
The heroes of the play "On the bottom": Table
| hero | as it turned out to be on the "bottom" | characteristic of the hero | dreams |
| Bubnov | Holded in the past of the beautiful workshop. However, it was possible to leave circumstances. The wife of Bubnova agreed with the master. | It believes that a person is unable to change fate. Therefore, the tambourines are only floating in the flow. It shows often skepticism, cruelty, lack of positive qualities. | It is difficult to determine, given the negative attitude towards the whole world of this hero. |
| Nastya. | Life made this heroine becomes a prostitute. And this is a social bottom. | Romantic and dreamy feature living with love novels. | Dreaming for a long time about clean and big love, continuing to engage in his profession. |
| Baron | Was in the past a real baron, but lost wealth. | The inhabitants of the inhabitants do not perceive the inhabitants, continuing to live past. | Wants to return his former position, again becoming a wealthy person. |
| Aleshka | A cheerful and forever drunk shoemaker, who did not try to rise from the bottom, where the frivolity led him. | How he says, does not want anything. About myself reports that he is "good" and "cheerful." | Everyone is always pleased, it is difficult to say about his needs. Dreams most likely about the "warm wind" and "eternal sun". |
| Vaska Speel | This is a heredic thief who was sitting twice in prison. | Loom-speaking, in love with a man. | Dreams to go to Siberia with Natalia and become a respectable citizen, starting a new life. |
| Actor | Saved to the bottom because of drunkenness. | Quotes often | Dreams find a job, recover from alcoholism and get out of the night. |
| Luke | This is a mysterious wanderer. Not much knows about him. | He teaches sympathy, kindness, consoles the heroes, directs them. | Dreaming to help everyone in need. |
| Satin | Killed a man, as a result of which he fell for 5 years in prison. | It believes that a person needs not consolation, but respect. | Dreams to convey to people their philosophy. |
What ruined the lives of these people?
Alcohol addiction ruined the actor. According to his own admission, he used to have a good memory. Now the actor believes that everything is over for him. Vaska Sidel is a representative of the "Thievesky Dynasty". This hero did not have anything else, how to continue his father's case. He says that even when he was small, he was already called his thief. The former scripture of the Bubnov workshop left because of the treason of his wife, as well as from fear of his wife's lover. He broke up, after which he went to serve in one "state chamber", which was embarrassed. One of the most colorful figures in the work is satin. He was in the past was a telegraphist, and in prison was for the murder of a man who insulted his sister.
Who blame the inhabitants of the night?
Almost all the characters of the play "On the bottom" tend to blame in the present situation not, and life circumstances. Perhaps if they were different, nothing would have changed significantly, and all the same, the attendants would have suffered the same fate. The phrase that Bubnov said, confirms it. He admitted that actually drank the workshop.
Apparently, the cause of the fall of all these people is the absence of a moral rod, which is a person's personality. You can give the words of the actor as an example: "Why did I die? I did not have ..."
Was there a chance to live another life?
Creating images of the heroes of the play "On the bottom", the author provided each of them the opportunity to live another life. That is, they had a choice. However, each first test ended in the collapse of life. Baron, for example, could adjust its business with the help of theft of government funds, but investing money in profitable affairs.
Satin to teach the offender could be in a different way. As for the Vaska ash, really there would be few places on earth, where no one would know anything about him and his past? The same can be said about many inhabitants of the night. They have no future, but in the past they had a chance to come here. However, the heroes of the play "On the bottom" did not take advantage of them.
What do heroes be comforted?
They can now only live by unrealistic hopes and illusions. Baron, Bubnov and the actor live dreams about real love the prostitute Nastya. At the same time, the characteristic of the heroes of the play "At the bottom" is complemented by the fact that these people rejected by society, humiliated, lead endless disputes about moral and spiritual problems. Although it would be more logical to argue about as they live the injignment. The author's characteristics of the heroes of the play "On the bottom" suggests that they are occupied by issues such as freedom, truth, equality, labor, love, happiness, law, talent, honesty, pride, compassion, conscience, pity, patience, death, peace and much more. It also worries their even more important problem. They argue about what a person is why it is born, what is the true meaning of being. Philosophers of the night can be called Luka, Satina, Bubnova.
With the exception of the Bubnov, all the heroes of the work "Sleepy" lifestyle reject. They hope for a good turn of the fortune, which from the bottom will take them on the surface. A tick, for example, suggests that it works from the small years (this hero is the-slicer), so it will be selected from here. "Here, wait if my wife dies ..." he says. Actor, this chronic drunkard, hopes to find a luxurious hospital in which health, power, talent, memory and applause of the audience will be murdered to him. Anna, an unhappy sufferer, dreams of bliss and peace in which she will finally be rewarded for flour and patience. Vaska Sadel, this desperate hero, kills Kostyleva, the owner of the night, because he considers the last embodiment of evil. His dream is to go to Siberia, where he will begin with a new life with his beloved girl.
The role of Luke in the work
Supports these illusions of Luke, a wanderer. He owns the skill of the comforter and preacher. Maxim Gorky This Hero depicts as a doctor who considers incurable sick of all people and see their vocation to soften their pain and hide it from them. However, at every step, life refutes the position of this hero. Anna, whom he promises in heaven the Divine Razing, suddenly wants "a little more ... to live." Believing first to the cure from alcoholism, the actor drives bills at the end of the play. Vaska ash determines the true value of all these consolations of Luke. He claims that the "fairy tales says" is nice, because so little in the light of good.
Opinion Satina
Sincere pity for the inhabitants of the night, Low, however, cannot change anything, help people survive another life. In his monologue, Satin rejects such an attitude, because he considers it a humiliating, involving the insolvency and the mission of those who are sent to whom this pity. The main characters of the play "At the bottom" Satin and Luca express opposite opinions. Satin suggests that it is necessary to respect a person and not to humiliate his pity. In these words, the author's position is likely to be expressed: "Man! .. It sounds ... proud!"
Further fate of heroes
What will be in the future with all these people, will be able to change the characters of the play "at the bottom of Gorky? It is not difficult to submit their further fate. For example, tick. He is trying to get out of the "bottom" at the beginning of the work. He thinks when his wife dies, everything will change magical way for the better. However, after the death of the spouse, the tick remains without tools and the money and sings gloomily together with others: "I don't lose weight." In fact, it will not run away, like other inhabitants of the night.
What is the salvation?
Are there any way to save from the "bottom", and what are they? A decisive way, possibly changes from this difficult situation in Satin's speech when he talks about the truth. He believes that the appointment of a strong person is to eradicate evil, and not consulting suffering, like Luke. This is one of the most firm convictions of Maxim Gorky. "From the bottom" people can climb, only learning themselves to respect, gaining self-esteem. Then they will be able to wear a proud title of man. It still needs to be earned, according to Gorky.
Stopping his faith in creative forces, abilities and mind of a free man, Maxim Gorky argued the ideas of humanism. The author understood that in the lips of Satin, the spokesman of the Bosya, the words about the free and proud person sound artificially. However, they had to sound in the play, expressing the ideals of the writer himself. This it was some kind of saying, except satin.
Gorky in the work denied the main principles of idealism. These are the ideas of humility, all-sucking, non-resistance. He gave to understand what convictions are the future. It proves the fate of the heroes of the play "at the bottom." Very in a person is imbued with all the work.
The purpose of the lesson: to create a problem situation and encourage students to express their own point of view on Luke and his life position.
Methodical techniques: discussion, analytical conversation.
Equipment lesson: Portrait and photos of A.M. Gorky different years.
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During the classes.
- Analytical conversation.
Let us turn to the contribution of the drama and see how the conflict develops here.
How do the inhabitants of the night take their position before the appearance of Luke?
(In the exposition, we see people, in essence, who humble with their humiliating position. The nightnits are sluggish, are familiar to themselves, and the actor says Satina: "Once you will be completely killed ... to death ..." "And you are a boy," Satin snaps out. "Why ? "- An actor is surprised." Because - you can not kill twice. "These words satin show his attitude to that existence that they all lead in the night. This is not life, they are all dead. It seems everything is clear. But an interesting replica is. Actor: "I do not understand ... Why is it impossible?". Maybe it was the actor who was not once on stage, deeper than others understand the horror of the situation. After all, he will end the life of suicide at the end of the play.)
- What is the meaning of the use of the past time in heroes self-character?
(People feel "former": "Satin. I was an educated person" (the paradox is that the past time is impossible in this case). "Bubnov. I am a shot." Bubnov pronounces philosophical centance: "Outside Do not paint yourself, everything will erase ... all erased, yes! ").
Who among the characters is opposed to the rest?
(Only one tick did not accept more with his fate. He separates himself from the rest of the nights: "What are they people? Rvan, Golden Rota ... People! I am a working person ... I look at them ashamed ... I have been working with small years ... you think I do not break out of here? I will get out ... Sadman's skin, and get out ... Here, wait ... The wife will die ... "The dream of another life is connected with a tick with liberation that will bring him the death of his wife. He does not feel the monstristence of his statement. Yes, and the dream will be imaginary. )
What scene is the stronger conflict?
(Book conflict is the appearance of Luke. He immediately declares his views on life: "I don't care! I and Zhulikov respect, in my opinion, not a single flea is not bad: all black, everyone is jumping ... so that." And Another: "An old man - where warm, there is a homeland ..." Luke turns out to be in the center of the attention of guests: "What an entertaining old old man has led Natasha ..." - and all the development of the plot is concentrated on it.)
How does the onions act on the bednings?
(Luke quickly finds an approach to the spent room: "I will see for you, brothers, - Your life - oh! ...". He regrets Aleshka: "Oh, the guy, you confused ..." He does not answer rudeness, skillfully Using unpleasant questions, ready to fit the floor instead of the nightnamons. Luke becomes needed by Anna, it regrets her: "Is it possible to throw a person with a person?" Luke skillfully flashes Medvedev, calling him "Untera", and he immediately caught this fishing rod.)
What do we know about Luke?
(About himself onions practically nothing reports, we will only learn: "Mills are a lot, because of soft ...".)
What does Luke say to each of the inhabitants of the night?
(In each of them, Luke sees a man, opens the bright parties, the essence of the person, and it produces a coup in the life of heroes. It turns out that the prostitute Nastya dreams of beautiful and light love; Spoken actor gets hope for a cure from alcoholism; the thief of the ashes wonders In Siberia and start there a new life with Natalia, to become a strong owner. Anna Luka gives consolation: "Nothing will not need anything else, and it is not necessary to be afraid - there is nothing! Silence, peace - lying on myself!" Luka opens a good and instill in every man. faith in the best.)
Does the nightnings of Luke blocked?
(Online may have different opinions. Luke is unselfishly trying to help people, faith in them in themselves, awaken the best sides of life. He sincerely wants good, shows real ways to achieve a new, better life. After all, there really exist for alcoholics, really Siberia - Golden side, not just the place of references and cautious. As for the afterlife, which he manites Anna, the question is more complicated; this is a question of faith and religious beliefs. What is he lied? When Luke convinces Nastya that he believes in her feelings, in Her love: "If you believe, you had real love ... So she was! Was!" - He only helps her to find strength in herself for life, for real, and not fictional love.)
How do the inhabitants of the night treat Luke?
(Own-harms at first are incredulously belong to his words: "Why are you all lying?" Luke does not deny this, he answers the question to the question: "And ... what do you really need it ... Think! She, truth, maybe , Obuch for you ... ". Even on a direct question about God Luke answers evasively:" If you believe - there is; you do not believe - no ... what you believe, then there is ... ".)
What groups can you split the heroes of the play?
"Believers" "unbelievers"
Anna believes in God. The tick is no longer believed.
Tatar - in Allah. Bubnov never believed and nothing.
Nastya - in fatal love.
Baron - in his past, possibly invented.
What is the sacral meaning of the name "Luka"?
(At the name "Luka" a dual meaning: this name reminds Evangelist Luka, means "light", and at the same time is associated with the word "dear" (damn).)
(The author's position is expressed in the development of the plot. After leaving Luke, everything happens at all at all, as the heroes convinced and how the heroes were calculated. Vaska Sidel really gets into Siberia, but only for the cautious, for the murder of Kostyleva, and not as a free settler. Actor who has lost Faith in Himself, in its strength, exactly the fate of the hero of the parable of Luke on righteous land. Luke, told the parable of a person who, who, having disappeared into the existence of a righteous land, she believed, believes that the person can not be deprived of dreams, hope, even imaginary. Gorky The same, showing the fate of the actor, assures the reader and the viewer in the fact that it is false hope that can lead a person to suicide.)
Gorky himself wrote about his plan: "The main question that I wanted to put is - what is better, truth or compassion. What you need. Need to bring compassion before using a lie like a bow? This is not a subjective question, but a general philosophical. "
Gorky opposes not the truth and lies, but the truth and compassion. How justified such opposition?
(This faith in the minds of the nightnamons did not have time to consolidate, it turned out to be a fragile and unscanned, with the disappearance of Luke Hope goes out.)
What is the reason for rapid fading faith?
(Maybe the case in the weakness of the heroes themselves, in their inability and reluctance to make at least something for the implementation of new plans. Dissatisfaction with reality, sharply negative attitude towards it are combined with full unpreparedness to make it necessary to change this reality in order to change this reality.)
How Luke explains the failures of the life of the nights?
(Luka explains the failures of the life of the nightnamores by external circumstances, does not blame the heroes themselves in a failed life. Therefore, they stretched to him and so disappointed, having lost the external support with Luke's departure.)
Luke is a living image, precisely because he is controversial and ambiguous.
- Discussion of the issues of D.Z.
The philosophical question, which put the bitter itself: What is better - truth or compassion? The question of the truth is multifaceted. Each person understands the truth in his own way, having in mind some kind of final, the highest truth. Let's see how true and lies in the Drama "at the bottom".
What do you understand the truth heroes of the play?
(This is the word multi-valued. See dictionary.
You can select two levels of "truth".
D.Z.
Prepare for an essay on the work of M. Gorky.
How is the scene of action in the play?
- The place of action is described in the author's remarks.
- In the first action, this "basement, similar to a cave", "heavy, stone arches, wrapped, with a fallen plaster".
- It is important that the writer makes instructions, as the scene illuminates: "From the viewer and from top to bottom", the light comes to the bedrooms from the basement window, as if looking for people among basement
- No one has no one.
- All in front of each other
- Secluded only by Anna
- Everywhere dirt
- Early spring, evening on the wasteland, "clogged with different trash and overgrown bungyan courts"
- Dark Wall "Saraj or Stables", "Gray, covered with plaster residues" walls of the outside, reddish light of the setting sun, black bunches without kidneys
- Significant changes occur
- The partitions of the former side of the ashes of the broken, the tick anvil disappeared
- The action takes place at night, and the light from the outside world is no longer made to the basement - the scene is lit by the lamp, standing in the middle of the table.
- But the last "act" of drama is committed still on the wasteland - the actor gave it there
- The subject of the image in the play becomes the consciousness of people thrown as a result of deep social processes on the "bottom" of life
- Social conflict has several levels in the play:
- Clearly marked social poles: on one - the Kostylev's main attendant and supporting his power Police Medvedev, on the other - essentially dysfunctional at night.
- Thus, the conflict between the authorities and the rights deprived of the rights.
- This conflict does not develop in any way, because Kostylev and Medvedev are not so far from the inhabitants of the night.
- Each of the nightnails survived his social conflict in the past, as a result of which was in a humiliating position.
- There is a traditional love conflict.
- He becomes a facet of social conflict, shows that the antichelological conditions crumpled a man, and even love does not save him, but leads to the tragedy: to death, injury, murder, cautious.
- The nightnits are not directly involved in this conflict, they are only third-party observers.
- Gorky depicts the consciousness of people "bottom".
- The plot unfolds not so much in appearance - in ordinary life, how much in the dialogues of the heroes.
- It is the conversations of the nightnamies that determine the development of a dramatic conflict.
- The action is transferred to the extraction number.
- This is typical for the philosophical drama.
- Piece Genre - Social Philosophical Drama
- How do the inhabitants of the night take their position before the appearance of Luke?
- What scene is the stronger conflict?
- How does the onion behave with each of the inhabitants of the night?
- What do we know about Luke?
- How does the onions act on the bednings?
- Does Luke lying on Luke lying?
- How do the inhabitants of the night treat Luke?
- What groups can you split the heroes of the play?
- What is the sacral meaning of the name "Luka"?
- How Luke explains the failures of the life of the nights?
- What is the author's position in relation to Luka?
- "The main question I wanted to put, it is a hundred better, truth or compassion. What you need. Need to bring compassion before using a lie like a bow? This question is not subjective, but a general philosophical. "
- "Private" True, which Heroes defend for "themselves"
- Nastya assures everyone in the existence of pure love
- Baron - in the existence of his prosperous past
- The tick is their position, which turned out to be hopeless and after the death of his wife
- For Vasilisa "True" in the fact that she "tired" by Vaska ash
- Such a private truth is at the fact of the fact: it was not
- Another level of "truth" is ideological - in replicas Luke.
- "True" Luke and his "lie" are expressed by the formula: "What do you believe - then there are"
- Is it really true?
- Luke's position, compromise, comforting, confronts the position of Bubnov.
- This is the most gloomy figure in the play.
- It enters the dispute implicitly, as if talking with himself, supporting the multi-beam (polylog) of the plays.
- Find replicas that characterize the worldview of Bubnov, comment on them.
- What remarks characterize Bubnov?
- "What is true? Man is true! "
- "Do not regret not to humiliate his pity, it is necessary to respect!"
- Lie bows do not suit satin.
- "Lies - religion of slaves and owners! True - God's free man!
- Gorky heroes reflect duality, inconsistency, insurgence of the writer himself.
- The play "At the bottom" reflected a turning point in the fate of the author himself.
- The continuation of the traditions of Russian critical realism in the play will turn into aesthetics of a new creative method, which is much later, in the mid-30s, was called "socialist realism"
4-2 System: Teaching literature as a subject forming a person.
Abstract lesson on the play M. Gorky "On the bottom"
The role of Luke in the drama "At the bottom". Luka - Healian Souls or Liar?
The purpose of the lesson : Create a problem situation and encourage students to the statement
own point of view on Luke and his life position.
Methodical techniques : Discussion, analytical conversation.
Teacher's word:
At the last lesson, we started acquaintance with the play M. Gorky "at the bottom." Our eyes appeared an unsightly picture: a basement similar to a cave. The ceiling is a heavy, stone vaults, wrapped with a rolling stucco. And externally, and for the fact that it is happening in it (noise, swearing, quarrels. Satin growls, Anna and the actor cough), the surcharge reminds hell. And in this hell a hero is descended by Luka. As you know, the author does not accidentally choose the name of the hero.
What associations causes you this name?
· Luke is one of the apostles, disciples of Christ, the distributor of his teaching.
· Luke is derived from the word "crazy", i.e., cunning, characterized by malice, covered with dismissed benevolence.
· Wenty - demon, seductive and lung man.
So who is he, this "curious" old man?
Buddyoba or apostle?
What is his goal?
What role does the bitter in the play take?
We have to give comprehensive answers today to these complex questions.
Analytical conversation:
How do the inhabitants of the night take their position before the appearance of Luke?
In the exposition, we see people, in essence, humble with their humiliating position. The nightnits are sluggish, they are familiar to, and the actor says Satina: "Once you will be completely killed ... to death ..." "And you are a Bolon," Satin snares. "Why?" - Actor is surprised. "Because it is impossible to kill twice." These words satin show his attitude towards that existence that they all lead in the night. This is not life, they are all dead. It seems that everything is clear. But the actor's response replica is interesting: "I do not understand ... Why can't?" Perhaps it is the actor who has been in a scene, who is deeper than others understand the horror of the situation. After all, it is he who will end the life of suicide at the end of the play.
People feel "former": "Satin. I was an educated person "(the paradox is that the past time is impossible in this case). "Bubnov. I was here - I was shot. " Bubnov pronounces philosophical centance: "It turns out - outside how to paint yourself, everything will be erased ... everything will be erased, yes!"
Only one tick did not accept with his fate. He separates himself from the rest of the nights: "What are they people? Ravan, Golden Rota ... People! I am a worker ... I look at them ashamed ... I have been working with small years ... you think I will not take out from here? I will get out ... Skin Protection, and get out ... Here, wait a minute ... The wife will die ... "The dream of another life is connected with a tick with liberation that will bring him the death of his wife. He does not feel the monstristence of his statement. Yes, and the dream will be imaginary.
How did the night trucks react to the appearance of Luke? Why did they pull the soul to him like pale sprouts to the sun?
He instills hope in the dying Anna, ash, actor. The only person who has turned to the world in every minute and to people who not only hear, but also sees, not just says, but answers. And on these rare qualities immediately appears acute demand.
Once again, we will listen to the conversation of an elder with the spectals. Think why the words of Luke so excited his interlocutors?
Anna stretches to the only sincere compassional. (Luke and Anna dialogue.)
From Luke demands an answer to their questions and ashes. (Surve and Luke's conversation.)
It is eager to be heard and actor. (Dialogue actor and bows.)
So why the words of Luke so excited his interlocutors?
And the hospital for drunks, and the saving space of Siberia, and the real love - it is still yesterday the seeming nightnings are not fantasy, but even nonsense, today becomes the fact of their spiritual life.
What is the name of Luka Fallen Roguev? Read the statements of Luke, in which his philosophy of life sounds.
What do you think, does Luke believe in what calls to believe others?
There is no reason to doubt. After all, he in full compliance with his sermon is infinitely attentive and respectful to everyone. For him, a man, "What is neither - and always costs its price."
What drives Luko in his kindness? Maybe a trick, mercenary calculation?
No, even without believing, cynical bubnov understands this: "Here is a bow, approximately ... a lot he is lying ... and without any for himself benefit. But if not for yourself - then why? The old man ... why should he? " - Surprised Bubnov.
"Good you, grandfather ... Why are you so kind?" - asks Natasha.
So really, why is he so kind?
Luka gives the answer himself: "We need someone and kind to be ... You need to regret people! Christ - he regretted everyone and told us so much. "
And who of the inhabitants of the Kostylevskaya surgery are most sympathize?
Both behavior, and words, and the very presence of an old man has a calm good conversation. Even impenetrable tambourines, and he is confessed in front of Luka, encouraged by attention and sympathy. Anyone craves to be heard and understood.
Cold indifference to the surrounding world is worse than curse screams. Recall, with what a frencher, with what greed thrust the marmalands on Skolnikov, in which the ability to hear someone else's suffering was guessed. Vitiyevato, verbally and at the same time hurts his soul, demanding, begging, knocked: "Hear, hear?" Heard, and therefore the pain separated with someone is not so burning the soul, so asks for the dying Anna: "Grandfather! Talk to me." And the old man readily responds: "Let's talk." The sorrowful recognition of the sufferers Anna is accompanied by sympathetic replicas-sighs Luke: "Eh, Babonka! Do not whip! " "Eh You're Detya! Tired? Nothing!"
What other writer told us about bitter loneliness among people?
On the filled, indifferent written the story "Tosca". In the story, the son dies at the ion cabin. Ion wants to tell someone about it, talk, pour out the soul and thus though a little ease grief. But telling something, it turns out to be no one. No one wants to listen to the ion, and he eventually tells all his horse.
In his article in the "literary newspaper", Daniel Garin told the case of his own life, which has a direct relation to the topic of our reflection.
Having hitting the injury to the hospital, he did not sleep from the pain at night, wandered along the corridors forced by beds and clamshells, and provided all the assistance to the abandoned weakness of our medicine. And once, he tells the writer, called his old woman to him. Asked to sit nearby. He complained that she was terribly, he spoke about his loved ones, which far, about her difficult, now lonely life. I took my hand. Silent. I thought I fell asleep, and she died. Her hand began to moor.
Anna? "Eternal" Anna, while the world is worth? But let's listen further ... "I did all sorts of death on the front. And what people die in hospitals, the thing is inevitable. But this death struck me. Alien, no matter who called this woman, languishing from loneliness in the face of death. Unbearable, there must be a feeling. The punishment is terrible, for which is unknown. Though to lean to someone. Caring for a person, free medicine, humanism, the collectivity of life - how to connect this with the fact that here is a person who spent his entire age, dies in such abandonment? Is this not shame, not a shame and wines our universal?
Grankin, the official moral moral forces of society, awakened the elastic forces of society under the anesthesia, was called "about mercy." The word has ceased to be outdated since then, it is consumed, unfortunately, much more often than the acts corresponding to it.
Luka, regretting and comforting, and shows us an example of true mercy. Interestingly, the Gorky contemporaries, who were the pcey readers who were listeners, emphasized that the role of Luke was able to the Writer, and especially the scene in the Bed of Anna. I remembered: "Gorky read perfectly, especially well onions. When he reached the scene of the death of Anna, he could not stand, burst out. Broke away from the manuscript, looked at all, wipes his eyes and says:
Well, by God, he wrote well ... He knows the hell? True, good?
What was caused by this delight, as not the impression of the organic merger of the author and the hero in the rustling of compassion.
"You, brother, well done! - Says old man ash. - You are good ... Tales say nice! Vriy! Nothing ... Little, brother, pleasant in the world! "
Does there have at least one moment in the play when we can with a triumphant cry: "Keep the thief!" - Catch it on frank malicious lies?
It was documented that the time in Russia existed 3 hospitals for alcoholics and at least 2 of them were free.
Does Siberia really place where the ashes is easiest to start a new life, breaking the connection forever with its environment?
First, a nicexious Siberia for a strong person, and ashes such, provides rather rich opportunities to arrange their lives. And the main thing is that ashes, as he himself said, began to steal because before this, that in all her life no one with his own name, except "the thief", "the son's thieves did not call. Therefore, Siberia is a place where no one knows and the thief will not call, ideal for ash.
Does Luke lying in Nastya?
Luke does not lie on Luke and Nastya, he only convinces her: "If you believe, you had real love ... So she was her!" - By realizing your principle "What you believe, that is.
Not to reconciliation, but the elder calls the action: he wakes up the hope of the hope that the tea is feasible. So, Luke was not lied, but woke up in humans.
So who is he - the apostle or the demon?
Discussion of the issue.
Here are so merciful, we saw onions in a play.
What is the attitude of Gorky to the hero and his philosophy?
Luka disappears after the murder of Kostyleva. Why?
In a conversation with the writer V. Shishkov, Gorky said:
Luke? Truck. Rogue.
However, it looks sympathetic from the scene.
Yes? He is pretending to be holy because it is profitable for him.
So why does Gorky have such a negative attitude towards Luka?
Talk about it in the next lesson.
The topic of the next lesson "The philosophical dispute about the truth in the play" On the bottom ".
Homework : Disposable to the notebook Satina, Bubnova, Luke about man, work, truth, life. Oral answer to the question: "What is the author's position in this dispute?"
Piece "On the bottom" was written by M. Gorky in 1902. A year before writing the play, Gorky said so about the idea of \u200b\u200bthe new play: "It will be scary." The same emphasis is emphasized in its changing names: "Without the Sun", "Overnight", "bottom", "at the bottom of life." The title "At the bottom" first appeared on the posters of the Art Theater. The author allocated not a place of action - "Overnight", not the nature of living conditions - "without the Sun", "bottom", not even social status - "at the bottom of life." The final name combines all these concepts and leaves space for
Reflections: on the "bottom" what? Only if life, and maybe - and the souls? Thus, the play "On the bottom" contains as if two parallel actions. The first is socio-domestic, the second is philosophical.
The topic of the bottom is not new for Russian literature: Gogol, Dostoevsky, Gilyarovsky appealed to it. Gorky himself wrote so much about his play: "She was the result of my almost twenty-year-old observations over the world of" former "people, among whom I saw not only the wanderers, inhabitants of the survival and in general" Lumen-Proletarians ", but also some part of the intellectuals," demagned ", Disappointed, offended and humiliated failures in life."
In the exposition of the play, even at the very beginning of this exposition, the author convinces the viewer and the reader - in front of him the bottom of life, the world, where the hoping of a person for human life should guess. The first action unfolds at the Kostylev surcharge. The curtain rises, and immediately strikes the depressing atmosphere of begging life: "The basement, similar to a cave. The ceiling is heavy, stone arches, wrapped, with a crumbling plaster. Light - from the viewer and, from top to bottom, - from the square window on the right side ... In the middle of the night - a large table, two benches, stool, everything is painted, dirty ... "In such terrible, inhuman conditions, a variety of people who discarded due to various circumstances from normal, human life. This is a worker tick, and the spokes of ashes, and a former actor, and the merchant dumplings of Quashnya, and the maiden Nastya, and the cardus Bubnov, and satin - all the "former people." Each of them has its own dramatic story, but the total fate of everyone has one - the present guests are terrible for the guests, they do not have the future. For most nightnamons all the best in the past. That's what the Bubnov says about his past: "I was here - I had a shot ... I had my institution ... I had such yellow - from paint: I tinked with me, - such, brother, hands were yellow - on the elbow! I really thought that until my death would not happen ... so with yellow hands and dumb ... And now they are, hands, .. just dirty ... yes! " The actor loves to remember his past: he played the grave in the "Gamlet", likes to talk about art: "I say - talent, that's what a hero need. And the talent is faith in yourself, in its power ... "The locksmith tick speaks of himself:" I am a working person ... I look at them ashamed ... I have been working for small years ... "In a few words, the life of Anna is drawn. "I do not remember - when it was fed ..." she says. " "She was shaking over every piece of bread ... All my life was trembling ... I suffered ... no matter how more than another one would eat ... All my life went to the bumps ... All my unfortunate life ..." She is only 30 years old, and she is incurably sick, dies from tuberculosis.
To its position, the nightnits are different. Some of them resigned with their fate, as they understand that nothing can be changed. For example, an actor. He says: "Yesterday, in the hospital, the doctor told me: Your, says, the body is completely poisoned by alcohol ..." Others, for example, tick, firmly believe that it will be honest hard work with the "bottom", will become a person: "... you ... Think I do not break out of here? Get out ... Skin leather, and get out ... "
Gloomy atmosphere, the hopelessness of the position, the extreme degree of poverty - all this imposes an imprint on the inhabitants of the night, to their attitude towards each other. If we turn to the dialogs of the 1st action, we will see the atmosphere of ill-facilities, mental severity, mutual dislike. All this creates a tense atmosphere of the night, the disputes are thrown in it. The reasons for these quarrels at first glance are completely random, but each - evidence of the disunity, the lack of mutual understanding of the heroes. So, Quachu continues to be launched by a tick-tick started behind the scene: she defends their right to "freedom". ("To me, a free woman, myself, myself, but someone in the passport hesitated that I gave myself a man to the fortress - no! Yes, it would be an American prince," I will not marry him to go. ") The tick itself is constantly It is filled from a long time and deadly sick wife Anna. From time to time it throws rough and chatter words to Anna: "Shot", "nothing ... maybe you stand up -", "That's what the wife will die." Baron is habitually mocking her cohabitant of Nastya, absorbing another boulevard romance about the "fatal love." His actions in relation to it: "... having snatched the book from Nastya, reads the name ... laughs ... Having hit the book on the head Nastya ... takes the book from Nastya," testify to the desire of Baron to humiliate Nastya in the eyes of others. Rugs, no one frightens, sucked after the ordinary intoxication of Satin. The actor repeats the same phrase that his body was poisoned by alcohol. The costs are constantly overgoing among themselves. The use of grated vocabulary is the norm of communication between them: "Silent, old dog!" (Tick), "y, unclean spirit ..." (Quad), "Mercy" (satin), "Old damn! .. Wid to hell!" (Ash) and others. Anna does not withstand and asks: "The day began! God for the sake of ... do not shout ... do not swear! "
In the first action, the owner of the surgeon Mikhail Ivanovich Kostylev appears. He comes to check, does not hide the ashes of his young wife to Vasilisa. From the first replica, the hypocritical and false character of this character is emerging. He says in the messenger: "How much place you have a place for a month ... And I'll be half a hundred and I'll buy a half-way, I'll buy a lamp ... and it will be in front of the holy icon of my sacrifice ..." Correcting about kindness, reminds the actor about the debt: "Kindness - she Above all the best. And your debt me is so there is a debt! So, I have to refund it to him ... "Kostylev buys stolen (the ash bought a clock), but the money gives ash not completely.
Individualizing speech of heroes, bitter creates colorful figures of the inhabitants of the "bottom". Bubnov left the social bases, because it is clear to the proverbs and sayings. For example, "And who is drunk and a smart one - two land in it." Satin loves a verbal game, consumes foreign words in speech: "Organon ... Siksbr, macrobiotic, transcendental ...", sometimes not understanding their meaning. The speech of the hypocriser and the chaser of Kostyleva is saturated with "pious" words: "Good", "good", "sin".
The first action of the play is extremely important for understanding the entire play. Saturation of action is manifested in human clashes. The desire of the heroes to escape from the bottom, the appearance of hope, the growing feeling of each of the inhabitants of the bottom of the inability to live as they still lived - all this prepares the appearance of a wanderer Luke, who managed to strengthen this illusory faith.
In his play "At the bottom" M. Gorky opened a new one, the world's ill-known world - the Nights of the Society in the Russian scene. She was evidenced by the disadvantage of the modern social system. The play caused doubt on the right of this building to existence and called to the protest and the fight against the system that made it possible to exist such a "bottom". This was the source of success of this play, O which contemporaries said that no epithets were a tremendous, grandiose - cannot measure the true scale of this success.
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