Tale of temporary years of events. "Tale of temporary years": genre, composite and style peculiarity

Tale of the time year - the Old Russian chronicle, created in the early 12th century. The story is an essay that tells about the events that occurred and taking place in Russia at that time.

The tale of temporary years was drawn up in Kiev, later corresponded several times, but was not much changed. The chronicle covers the period from biblical times until 1137, dated articles begin with 852 years.

All dated articles are writings starting from the words "in the summer of such something ...", which means that records in the chronicle were added every year and talked about the events that occurred. One article for one year. This distinguishes the story of the time of day from all the chronicles that were taking it before. The text of the chronicle also contains legends, folklore stories, copies of documents (for example, the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh) and discharge from other chronicle.

The story name received his name due to its first phrase, which opens the story - "Tale of the time years ..."

History of creating a story of the time

The author of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story of the time years is the monk Nestor, who lived and worked at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Despite the fact that the name of the author appears only in later copies of the chronicle, it is the monk Nestor is considered the first chronicler in Russia, and the "Tale of Bygone Years" is the first Russian chronicles.

The most ancient version of the chronicle, which was reached by modernity, dated by the 14th century and is a copy made by Monk Lavrention (Lavrentievsky chronicle). The initial editorial board of the Creator of the Tale of Bygone Years - Nestor is lost, today there are only modified versions from different correspondencers and late compilers.

Today there are several theories regarding the history of the creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years". According to one of them, the chronicle was wrote by Nestor in Kiev in 1037. The basis for it was the ancient legends, folk songs, documentation, oral stories and documents preserved in monasteries. After writing, this first edition corresponded several times and recycled by different monks, including Nesser himself, who added elements of Christian ideology into it. According to other information, the chronicle was written much later, in 1110.

Question 41. Content and structure of "Tale of Bygone Years"

Genre and features of the Tale of Bygone Years

The genre of the story of the time years is determined by experts as historical, but scientists claim that the chronicle is neither artistic worknor historical in the full sense of the word.

Distinctive feature The chronicle is that it does not interpret events, but only talks about them. The attitude of the author or a correspondence to everything, as described in the chronicles, was determined only by the presence of God's will, which determines everything. Causal relationships and interpretation from the point of view of other positions was not interesting and did not turn on into the chronicle.

The tale of the time years had an open genre, that is, it could consist of completely different parts - starting from folk tales And ending with the notes of the weather.

The chronicle in ancient times was also legal importance as a set of documents and laws.

The initial goal of writing the behavior of temporary years is the study and explanation of the origin of the Russian people, the origin of the princely power and the description of the spread of Christianity in Russia.

The beginning of the Tale of Bygone Years is a story about the appearance of Slavs. Russians are represented by the chronicler, as the descendants of Jafet, one of Noah's sons. At the very beginning of the story, there are stories telling about the life of East Slavic tribes: about princes, about the vocation of Rüric, Trumor and Sineus for the princess and the formation of the Rurikovsky dynasty in Russia.

The main part of the chronicle content is the descriptions of wars, the legends on the times of the Board of Yaroslav Wise, the exploits of Nikita Kozhemyaki and other heroes.

The final part consists of descriptions of battles and princely necrologists.

The meaning of the story of the time years is difficult to overestimate - it was she who became the first documents in which history was recorded Kievan Rus From its very formation. The chronicle later served as the main source of knowledge for the next historical descriptions and research. In addition, thanks to the open genre, the story of the time of time has high meanlike a cultural and literary monument.

Tale of the time year - the Old Russian chronicle, created in the early 12th century. The story is an essay that tells about the events that occurred and taking place in Russia at that time.

The tale of temporary years was drawn up in Kiev, later corresponded several times, but was not much changed. The chronicle covers the period from biblical times until 1137, dated articles begin with 852 years.

All dated articles are writings starting from the words "in the summer of such something ...", which means that records in the chronicle were added every year and talked about the events that occurred. One article for one year. This distinguishes the story of the time of day from all the chronicles that were taking it before. The text of the chronicle also contains lesions, folklore stories, copies of documents (for example, the teachings of Vladimir Monomakh) and discharge from other chronicle.

The story name received his name due to its first phrase, which opens the story - "Tale of the time years ..."

History of creating a story of the time

The author of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story of the time years is the monk Nestor, who lived and worked at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Despite the fact that the name of the author appears only in later copies of the chronicle, it is the monk Nestor is considered the first chronicler in Russia, and the "Tale of Bygone Years" is the first Russian chronicles.

The most ancient version of the chronicle, which was reached by modernity, dated by the 14th century and is a copy made by Monk Lavrention (Lavrentievsky chronicle). The initial editorial board of the Creator of the Tale of Bygone Years - Nestor is lost, today there are only modified versions from different correspondencers and late compilers.

Today there are several theories regarding the history of the creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years". According to one of them, the chronicle was wrote by Nestor in Kiev in 1037. The basis for it was the ancient legends, folk songs, documents, oral stories and documents preserved in monasteries. After writing, this first edition corresponded several times and recycled by different monks, including Nesser himself, who added elements of Christian ideology into it. According to other information, the chronicle was written much later, in 1110.

Genre and features of the Tale of Bygone Years

The genre of the story of this year is determined by experts as historical, but scientists argue that the chronicle is neither an artistic work or historical in the full sense of the word.

A distinctive feature of the chronicle is that it does not interpret the events, but only talks about them. The attitude of the author or a correspondence to everything, as described in the chronicles, was determined only by the presence of God's will, which determines everything. Causal relationships and interpretation from the point of view of other positions was not interesting and did not turn on into the chronicle.

The tale of the time year had an open genre, that is, it could consist of completely different parts - ranging from popular legends and ending with the weather notes.

The chronicle in ancient times was also legal importance as a set of documents and laws.

The initial goal of writing the behavior of temporary years is the study and explanation of the origin of the Russian people, the origin of the princely power and the description of the spread of Christianity in Russia.

The beginning of the Tale of Bygone Years is a story about the appearance of Slavs. Russians are represented by the chronicler, as the descendants of Jafet, one of Noah's sons. At the very beginning of the story, there are stories telling about the life of East Slavic tribes: about princes, about the vocation of Rüric, Trumor and Sineus for the princess and the formation of the Rurikovsky dynasty in Russia.

The main part of the chronicle content is the descriptions of wars, the legends on the times of the Board of Yaroslav Wise, the exploits of Nikita Kozhemyaki and other heroes.

The final part consists of descriptions of battles and princely necrologists.

Thus, the basis of the Tale of Bygone Year is:

• Legends about the resettlement of Slavs, the vocation of the Varyag and the formation of Russia;
• Description of the baptism of Russia;
• Description of the life of the Great Princes: Oleg, Vladimir, Olga and others;
• Living saints;
• Description of wars and military trips.

The meaning of the Tale of Byg. It is difficult to overestimate - it was she who became the first documents in which the history of Kievan Rus was recorded from its very formation. The chronicle later served as the main source of knowledge for subsequent historical descriptions and research. In addition, thanks to the open genre, the tale of time years has a high meaning as a cultural and literary monument.

The "Tale of Bygone Years" contains 2 basic ideas: the idea of \u200b\u200bindependence of Russia and its equality with other countries (in the description of hostilities) and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of Russia, the Russian prince's kind, the need for the Union of Princes and the condemnation of the strife ("Legend of Varyag"). The work allocated several main topics: the topic of the union of cities, theme military history Rus, the topic of the peaceful activity of the princes, the topic of the history of the adoption of Christianity, the topic of urban uprisings. According to the composition, it is very interesting work. It disintegrates into 2 parts: up to 850 g.-Conditional chronology, and then weather. There were also such articles where the year stood, and the records were not. This meant that this year nothing significant happened, and the chronicler did not consider it necessary to record it. Under the same year could be a few major narratives. The chronicle includes symbols: vision, miracles, signs, as well as messages, teachings. The first, dated 852, the article was associated with the beginning of the Russian Earth. Under 862, a legend was placed on the calling of Varyagov, the establishment of a single ancestor of the Russian princes Rurik. The next turning stage is connected in the chronicles with the baptism of Russia in 988. The final articles tell about the prince of Svyatopolka Izyaslavich. Also composite peculiarity The "Tale of Bygone Years" is manifested in the conjunction of the set of genres in this work. In part, because of this one year, the messages of different content were placed. The chronicle was a set of primary genre formations. Here we find the weather record - the simplest and oldest form of narration, and the chronicle story, the chronicle of the legends. The proximity of the chronicles K. life literature It is found in the stories about the 2-eyed martyrs, about the foundation Kiev-Pechersk Monastery And his devotees, about the transfer of the relics of Boris and Gleb, about the breakdown of Feodosia Pechersk. With gravestone genre board words were associated with chronicles necrological articles that often contained verbal portraits Dead historical figures, for example, the characteristics of the Tmutarakan Prince Rostislav, poisoned during the Pear of the Byzantine warrior. Symbolistic landscape sketches. Unusual natural phenomena The chronicler is interpreted as "signs" -Presentability of more than the coming death or glory.

In the depths of "Tale of Bygone Years", a military story begins to form. The elements of this genre are already present in the story about revenge Yaroslav Svyatopolku Okayannoe. The chronicler describes the collection of troops and a campaign, preparation for the battle, "Schu evil" and the flight of Svyatopolka. Also, the features of military stories are traced in the "Tale of Taking Oleg Tsaryrad", in the story "On the Battle of Yaroslav with Mstislav".

Picture historical persons and the originality of the stylistry "Tale

Temporary years.

Central heroes Chronicles-princes. Chronicles 11-12 centuries. Pictured them from the point of view of the preceding prince ideal: a good warrior, head of their people, generous, gracious. Prince also is a kind Christian, a fair judge, merciful to those in need, a person who is not capable of any crime. But in the "Tale of Bygone Years" of the ideal princes a little. First of all, it is Boris and Gleb. All other princes are presented more or less versatile. In the chronicle, the squadus supports Prince. The people are most often depicted as the power of the suffering. The hero appears from the people and rescues the people and the state: Nikita Kozhemyaka; Patterns that decide to get through the enemy camp. Most of them have no name (they are called by age), it is not known anything about their past and the future, everyone has a hyperbolamic quality reflecting with the people-force or wisdom. The hero appears in a definite place at the critical moment. In the image of the heroes of the initial chronicle, the influence of folklore is very affected. The first Russian princes (Oleg, Olga, Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir), the chronicle gives a few, but bright characteristics, highlighting the dominant trace in the image of the hero, and the individual order. Wisdom is poeticized in Olga state Worker, which is expressed in the search for a single faith and in revenge of the Treaks. Epically concise characteristic of Svyatoslav. This is straightforward I. courageous man, easy to communicate with warriors, he preferred a victory in the open battle of military tricks. He always warned the enemies about what she was preparing a hike. Characteristic Svyatoslav is given through his actions, perfect feats. In later fragments of the chronicle on the 1st plan, the image of Prince-Good Christian. The characteristics of these princes are official, devoid of individual accepts. The prince killer could turn into the righteous; Yaroslav Wise from a reclamation son turns into an instrument of Divine Caras for Svyatopolka Pokyanny. In the chronicles there is a mixing style of monumental historicism, epic stylistics and church stylist. In the stories made in the style of monumental historicism, everything is known in advance, the fate of the hero is predetermined. And in epic parts often used the effect of surprises. Also, the feature of the stylistics is the mixture of various genres in one chronicles, a stony to one year of different events (especially if this event lasted for several years).

The originality of the content and forms of the Novgorod chronicle of the era of feudal ^) fragmentation. Features of the genre of military story. "Tale about (ITVA on the Lipic River."

The basis of the Novgorod 1 chronicle was the records that were conducted at the courtyard of the bishop. The chronicle herself retained the names of some authors, for example, Herman was carried out and his successor to Timothy's stuff. Chronicles often expressed their point of view on the events described. The Novgorodians themselves chose the princes themselves and treated them very highly, so the prince was not the main face of the Novgorod chronicle. The main content of the chronicle was the record of the life of the city and the whole novgorod land. Paints of disasters, nature phenomena appear repeatedly. Much attention is paid to diverse activities Correspondent, especially building and painting churches. The number of people mentioned in the chronicle is very large: citizens, positors, etc. Novgorod chroniclers have been prone to brevity, most records were weather. All Novgorodians were patriots of their city, so in the descriptions of the battles, they were prone to exaggerate the number of enemies and increase the number of Novgorod. The event type is very rare and stands on the border with informative. Frequently used legendary plots. Bright distinctive feature Novgorod chronicle is a direct statement by the author of his opinion about people. A genre that can with confidence be allocated in the chronicle is a military story. Types of military leaders in the Novgorod chronicles are the same as in other principalities (informative and eventful), but the boundaries between them are much more prick. In military agendas, small attention is paid to the heroes, although the characters mentioned in them are much more than in other chronicles, since the authors call the names of the princes, and the governor, and individual citizens. Very briefness of the description of the battle (most of the chronicles were created by spiritual persons from military events). The chronicles cared for the glory of their city, extremely reluctantly wrote about the defeats of Novgorod. Often, the defaults were often resorted for the results of the battle, instead of what the death of individual Novgorod was reported, it was mentioned that the enemies died more. One of the few events in the Novgorod Chronicles is a story about the battle on the Lipica River in 1216. The first part tells in detail the events preceding the battle. The beginning of the Mstislava hike with Novgorod against Yaroslav is dating. Then describes the movement with battles near small cities, which the allies claimed or Yaroslav himself, there are no descriptions of the battle. Exactly indicates the location of the troops that came to the battle. The second part tells about the battle. The description is very briefly. The third part tells about the consequences: the flight of Yaroslav to Pereyaslavl; Arrest of prisoners of Novgorod, why many died; Exile of Yuri from Vladimir and the workout there is Constantine; Returning Novgorod from Pereyaslavl and the arrival of Yaroslav to Novgorod. The heroes of the work are characterized very weak, as in most Novgorod leaders. The author emphasizes the correctness of Mstislava and his desire to avoid bloodshed. Simple Novgorod soldiers appear. They determine how they will fight, and win. The narrator openly and consistently expresses its position. He rejoices the victory of Mstislava, surprised that "the sony's son on the son, brother on his brother .." (during the collection of princely coalitions). CopyrightAs in the set of Novgorod stories, it is manifested in the exaggeration of the strength and loss of enemies and the ambiguity of the forces and losses of Novgorod. Speech of acting persons spoken, concise. IN different parts Military formulas are used: "Many of the breaks, and other excuses, and the Xubesha region", less numerous than in informative poses.

The earliest monument of the Russian chronicle is the work of the "Tale of Bygone Years". It describes historical eventswhich occurred in the period up to 1117. At the same time, many specialists doubt the authenticity of the document, leading various arguments.

But the story ... undoubtedly is a sign of both Russian literature and in the history of the state, allowing you to trace the path of Kievan Russia from the beginning of its formation.

In contact with

History of creating a work

Historians and literary critics converge that the author of this work is a monk Nestor. He lived and worked at the junction of the XI-XII centuries. Although his name appeared in the later editions of the chronicle, it is he who is considered the author.

At the same time, specialists, calling her the most ancient chroniclesStill, it is believed that the "Tale of Bygone Years" is a literary translating of more ancient works.

The first edition of the arch written Nestor in 1113., subsequently there were two more arrangements: in 1116 her rewritten monk Sylvester, and in 1118 another unknown author.

Currently the first edition is considered lost, the most ancient, reached us, the option is a copy of the monk of Lavrentia, made in the XIV century. It was she who was compiled on the basis of the second edition of the chronicle.

Also there is Ipatiev copy, written on the basis of the third edition.

The greatest attention to the structure and sources of the chronicles paid in its research academician A.A.Shakhmatov. He substantiated the existence and history of creating each of the three chronicles. He also proved that the work itself is only arrangement of more ancient sources.

Main content

This chronicle is large work which describes the key events that occurred from the moment the first and before the period, when the work itself was created. Let us consider in detail what this chronicle tells.

it not a whole pieceHis structure consists of such elements:

• historical notes;
• articles describing events in one particular year;
• living saints;
• teaching from different princes;
• some historical documents.

Attention! The structure of the chronicle is complicated by the fact that in more late years In it in fairly free, additional inserts were made. They tear the logic of general narration.

In general, throughout the work is used two types of narration: It is actually the chronicles and weather notes. In the work, the monk seeks to tell about the event itself, in the weather records, he reports that or another event. The author on the basis of subsidements writes the chronicle by filling it with paints and details.

Conditionally, the whole chronicle is divided into three large blocks:

1. Formation of Russian statehood From the moment when the first Slavs settled. They are considered the descendants of Jafet, and the story begins with biblical times. In the same block, the moment is described when Varyags were called into Russia, as well as the period when it was established, the Education Process of Rus.
2. The second and largest block make up enough detailed descriptions activities of the princes of Kievan Rus. Also, the lives of some saints, the history of Russian heroes and conquests of Russia are described;
3. The third block describes the events of numerous wars and campaigns. There are also necrologists for princes.

The prophetic Oleg, who for the legend of the Tale of Bygone Years "was prepared death from his horse.

The work is enough inhomogeneously in structure and presentationBut in the chronicles you can allocate 16 chapters. Among the most interesting chapters from a historic point of view, it is possible to note three: about the Khazars, about Olga Revenge, about the activities of Prince Vladimir. Consider summary Works on chapters.

With Khazari Slavs faced after downtown and found Kiev. Then the people called themselves pools, and three brothers became the founders of Kiev - Cue, cheeks and chorive. After the Khazars came to the glades for the tribute, they were long consulting. As a result, they decided that dan Khazararam from each hut represented by a sword.

Khazar warriors will return to his tribe with tribute and will be boosted, but their elders will be ashamed of such a given bad sign. Khazar in circulation were saber - Weapon having a sharp edge only on the one hand. And Polyana Appeals with swords, double-edged weapons. And seeing such a weapon, the elders predicted the prince that the Danikov, having a double-edged weapon, will eventually become hAVE COLLEC. This happened later.

Princess Olga, the spouse of Prince Igor, probably, the only woman about whom a lot is told in the chronicle. Her story begins with an equally entertaining story about her husband, which because of greed and excessive gathering Dani was killed by the Trees. The revenge of Olga was terrible. Princess, remaining alone with her son, has become a very profitable party for re-marriage. And temple yourself, deciding reign in Kiev, sent to her wovets.

At first, Olga prepared a trap for the matchmakers, and then collecting a huge array, went war on the raw To revenge for your husband.

Being a very smart and cunning woman, she not only was able to avoid a unwanted marriage, but also could be completely mustoke yourself from revenge.

For this, the princess completely burned the capital of Drevlyan - Earrows, and the Drevlyan himself either killed, or took and sold in slavery.

Olga's revenge for her husband's death was truly terrible.

Prince Vladimir became more famous for baptist Rus. He came to faith, not quite voluntarily, choosing for a long time, in what faith to be and what God to pray. And even choosing, he put all the conditions. But adopting baptism, he began to actively preach christianity in Russia, destroying pagan idols and expose persecutions that did not accept a new faith.

About the baptism of Russia is described in very detailed. Also Prince Vladimir is much mentioned in connection with his military actions against Pechenegov.

As an example, you can cite such excerpts from the work:

• This is how Prince Vladimir says that it is necessary to destroy pagan gov: "If where he sticks, knock off his sticks until he swears through the thresholds."
• And so Olga spoke, implementing his plan to revenge with rates: "Now you have no honey, no fur."

On the baptism of Russia

Since the chronicle was written by a monk, its content has a lot of reference to the Bible and impregnated by the spirit of Christianity.

The moment himself when Prince Vladimir accepted baptism, in the chronicle is the main one. In addition, the prince before adopted baptism, it is described as a person who did not restrain himself in the desires who committed unwonded from the point of view of Christianity, actions.

Also describes the moment as it overtakes lady Kara for non-compliance - He is blind and clear only after he was baptized.

In the "Tale of Bygone Years", in the chapters, which speak about the baptism of Russia, are laid basics orthodox faith, In particular, justified who or what could be the object of worship.

The chronicle brings the basis for the Baptism of Russia, speaking that only the righteous people who are considered Christians can get to the sky.

Also in the chronicles described begin distribution christian faith in Russia: What exactly was done, which churches were built, as worship was made, as the structure of the church was organized.

What teaches the story of the time

"Tale of Bygone Years" is markic work For the literature and history of Russia. From the point of view of literary critics is unique historical monument slavic writing In the genre of the chronicle, the date of writing of which is considered to be 1113 years.

The main theme of the annals is description of the history of the emergence and development of Russia. Her author wanted to popularize the idea of \u200b\u200bthe power of the Russian state at that time. Which event was not described by a monk, he considered everyone from the point of view of the interests of the whole state, and also assessed the actions of the characters.

Chronicle in quality literary monument important and its role in learning that time. Separate parts of the work served as material for reading for children that time. As long as specialized children's literature appeared, the science of reading children were mainly held, reading the annals.

It is also important to the role of this work for historians. There is definite criticism correctness and estimates of some historical events. Many researchers believe that the author of the work was very addicted. But all these estimates are made from point of view modern man which may also be predensive in assessing the chronicler.

Attention!This statement made it possible to make a work source to create many later chronicles, in particular, the chronicle of cities.

Tale of temporary years. Prince Oleg. Nestor - Chronicler

Temporary Tale - Igor Danilevsky

Conclusion

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is one and first famous historical evidence how Russian statehood developed and installed. The role of the work and in terms of evaluating the events occurring in ancient times is important. What teaches the chronicle, in general, understandable.