Puppet art. Puppet art of ancient

13.07.2020

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Puppet art of ancient

Mechanical dolls
Household doll
History of marionette
Dramaturgy of puppet theater
Puppet theaters of the Peoples of the World
Parody as the basis of the repertoire
Characters of puppet theater
Church and Puppet Theater
Conflict with church
From the ancient puppet representation of the Vaalian-Kulita grew up the beautiful, existing theater today. Is this not superfluously evidence of the approval of the literary critic of Alexander Ivanovich Beletsky that "the magical beginning, lying on the basis of primitive religion, caused his primitive art."

Already in the ancient Vagging, scenery was applied. The foundation of the performance, that is, the designation of the place of action (the gate of the palace, the mountains, forest, etc.), was necessary for greater reliability of the story. And the story itself, the striking mixture of magic and reality, remained a document of time, as it was a kind of option "Javanese cosmogonic world, telling about the earthly life of the Divine ancestors of the two half of the tribe, about their birth, disturbance, marriage and the basis of the first settlement. All actors in this world are located in accordance with the organization of the tribe in a primitive society divided into two exogamny groups (phratry), and behave depending on their permanent location in the cosmogonic system, the device of which is also modeled on the basis of binary division of the tribe.

Charles Manyang connects the first mention of puppet art with the celebration of Dionysius or Vakha in Egypt, referring to several sources, including Herodota's work. These ideas were described by it as follows: "Women went from the village to the village with songs and wore small statues, one elbow embroidery, whose members were driven through the ropes. There was a flutist ahead. Such dolls are subsequently found in Syria, in the Schiapol pagan church, as can be seen from the treatise of Pseudo-Lucian. "

Archaeological relics helped to restore the picture of the ancient festival in the territory of Egypt, dedicated to the life of the gods of Osiris and Isis (the VI-VII century to our era). The audience of this presentation did not sit down in one place. Crowds of looking groups were located on both sides of the road, and the performance was piled on many chariots. I drove up to the first group of viewers such a cart, the actors played the first scene - the chariot went further. The following approached is the continuation of the action (this principle was maintained subsequently in the English Middle Ages theater and was called "Pedjent"). The dismemberment of a single action for individual scenes, which was also played by different actors, is not the most significant feature of this presentation. The main thing was that the role of the gods was performed only with the help of dolls. They were worn on their hands and led themselves. For a person, auxiliary functions were fixed. To take on the execution of the role of God he could not.

Mention of these first ideas with dolls we meet in other sources. It is known that the Holiday of Osiris and Isides in Egypt was furnished with a large producer luxury. And here - the history of the life of the "Divine" ancestors, the history of the birth of love, the marriage of Osiris and Isida. The images of the gods acquire more collective. They already express the ideology of not only the tribe, but the whole people. But here - it is necessary to note this - a person depicts God, the mysterious higher creature is not with the help of a suit, richness, not with the help of his own body, he alienates from himself, a certain immortal idea from his brillination. And he expresses this idea of \u200b\u200ban immeasurably less mortal (and in the eyes of the audience and at all the immortal) material than he himself, the mortal man.

The audience, obviously, watched the history of life and love of the two gods with great interest. It can be assumed, however, that more than others shocked them the fact of an animation, the movements of those creatures, which he used to sit only in a dead sculptural image.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe immortality of God, embodied by man in all the diversity of mind, talent and fiction, has retained a cult theater for many centuries, which is widely known for the descriptions of the ancient Greek and ancient Roman historians. Huge figures - automatic machines, fixed and luxuriously decorated (they were made of precious metals, less often - precious woods) came into motion only in the most solemn moments of cult act. These machines are difficult to call the theater in the full sense of the word, but the element of theatricalization in such performances existed is no doubt. With the help of a steam drive belts, people managed the movements of a kind of dolls, and this department, the alienation of the substance depicted in some kind of independent substance was, in fact, the same character as the cult theater of ancient Egypt.
Mechanical dolls

The image of the doll fascinated people over the centuries. Rag spins without people were protected by newborns of peasant children.

The bold actors of the puppet theater could be suggested with their ringing voices on the fairground, what was not dared to say a person.

Arrived from abroad porcelain beauties became fashion laws in the province. With a doll, a man shared fears and hopes, chasing her in works of art ... It was quite possible to assume that sooner or later she would become the art herself. So it happened.

The doll, similar to a person, began to develop and live an independent life, having ceased to serve rituals and even children's games. Now all over the world, as part of the "big" visual art, the art of author's art doll fruitfully develops fruitfully. The doll has become an art object, installation. As hundreds of her sisters in literature and cinema, from Galatei to Suok, she gained the soul and continental, impractical, but undoubted value.

Author's doll

The concept of the author's doll is still quite vague, and the terms denoting this phenomenon are only installed. In the West, for example, there is a distinction between the art doll (artdoll) and the so-called "dressed sculpture" (Dressed Sculpture). A number of mandatory for all conditions here are still there: it is primarily the uniqueness of the product or an extremely limited circulation (not extending the limits of one and a half dozens of copies), handmade and high quality of execution.

Now our country is experiencing a real "puppet boom" - specialized magazines are published, schools of puppet design, museums and galleries are actively working, puppet festivals, exhibitions, salons, salons are passing successfully with noisy success, ... and stupid passions will be launched.

What, from what ...

the second frozen themselves in the air for several hours. But most of all technical skills, skill and patience requires work with porcelain ... and amazing wooden fantasies? And worthy feather of the hofman steampunk work with the most complex mechanisms? And "Mixed technique", where everything is combined with everything? Draws of dolls differ from gigantic (comparable with human growth) to tiny (such works do not see how without a magnifying glass,

and to perform a truly jewelry technique - there are often cases when professional jewelers are taken for performing puppet miniatures, and their masterpieces for some collector are more precious than gold and diamonds).

But whatever the elected technique, the problems of the puppeteers are similar - it is necessary to master the skill of sculptor, artist, tailor, hairdresser, makeup artist ... The list of professions is endless, from the furnitureman to the watchmaker, because no one knows in advance that it will take for complete harmony next doll. Musical instrument?

Tiny decoration? Knight armour? Bicycle, glasses, umbrella? But genuine skill requires the manufacture of everyone (!) Details manually. Not to mention that doll, like an art object, chooses the author's knowledge of music and literature, painting and cinema ...

The puppetes are fooling over themselves: "We are crazy people!" - and warn newcomers: "You still have to look for details on the garbage ..."

Another dimension

Each puppet gallery is a special universe with its beauty canons. All diversity of puppet art is represented in the Puppet Gallery "Vakhtanov" Irina Yazina in the CSH.

Luxury classic ladies, avant-garde, author, more similar to art objects are presented in permanent exposure. In the gallery of Karina, Shanshiyeva, painting and copyrighted dolls are wonderful; Unfortunately, the gallery now does not have a permanent residence.

His face and indescribable Petersburg refinement - from the Gallery of Varvara Virripkina in the city of White Nights. The most powerful puppet movement turned on another edge of the Power - unchanged interest in exhibitions cause the works of authors from Yekaterinburg, Perm, Novosibirsk, where distinctive galleries and uniting artists act.

Dolls - Actors

Getting to the puppet exhibition is to open a new world. Similar to our exactly to the extent, in what doll "are so similar to people," that is, very and quite remotely.

Worlds are replaced by the worlds. Here, the aristocratry dolls shack the pearls, the golden sewing and secular indifference on porcelain crops (it is worth looking, for example, on the works of Alexandra Kukinova). And then the Bosshovy fantasms of Dima PJ seem to change the appearance, spread, evaporate and take off, you should turn away.

Good and bright characters Olga Ishumba call to smile and sigh deeper. They look intently and insist on the characteristic doll docks, Elena Kunina's dolls, the soft wisdom blows from the works of Tatyana Evheva and Linda Furnish-Colman.

Baby dolls dorms on the palm of the masters. Literary characters and kinheroes, politicians and actors are unexpectedly becoming closer and more people in a miniature. And there is no limit to amazement before each next job ... Exhibitions are very different on the scale and, that sin is to tate, the technical level of the works submitted. Everyone is going to all, from the pros to beginners, get to others - a sign of elitism. Every year in the fall in Moscow, the international exhibition "Art of Dolls" shifts, which collects the best representatives of the puppet world. At its platform, dolls and art objects from 26 countries are presented. Copyright projects, museum collections, meetings from private collections demonstrate the audience the organizers of the world's largest exhibition.

And the noisy cheerful exhibition of Moscow Fair is pleased with the viewer in spring. For a long time remained in the memory of the "Petersburg Mirage" in the Gallery of Varvara Skripkina - all images of the northern capital, from Sphinxes and fishermen on the embankment to the embodied White Night. And what a fireworks wit met visitors to the exhibition "Damn-like and the side of a bow"! Just imagine how the Egypt Babai or Kuzkin looks like a mother and other funny-cropping expressions: "I info all the cornflowers", "Yukin Cat", "Blyha-Muha", "Redhead-shameless", "Crane", "Ever Ballet" , "Horse in a coat" and others.

Contoded entities!

Many genres are a lot of meanings. Interior doll, decorative is often created under the entourage of a particular home, in its color scheme and with his character. She and the decoration of the dwelling, and his keeper, a kind of house, and the owner's interlocutor - everyone who has dolls will tell how the expressions of their individuals change and even position in space. The fans of the "terrible doll" believe that art should "not caress, and find out", look for aesthetics in death, pain and decomposition ... It is worth looking at the best samples of the genre (made, for example, by artists, like Julien Martinez or Recinre), To understand - there is its own truth and its beauty in these zombie girls, dead brides and bloody little animals. It seems that at the sight of these works it is especially acute, to what extent the author's doll from the children's toy is far away - but it was not there.

«... Children look at the dolls Julien with conspiratorial curiosity - they would love to take them home and play them with them"Artist Maria Streltsova writes in the magazine" Puppet Master ". Do not hold a line between puppet art and play. Yes, and is it worth trying?

In recent years, a liteut gift in recent years began to be considered a portrait doll, by definition a unique, made by the master to order for someone's close person (even the stars give a tribute to fashion, for example, a soloist of the Folk Group "Mill" Colleague musicians gave a miniature chelavis for thirty years). Of course, it is not always possible to grab the character in the doll, so that the surprise can be both pleasant and depressing ... Culture is moving, however, the culture moves: from the overag doll, which will certainly be faceless, in order not to smooth Do not harm, - to a doll with the face of your child or a loved one. It seems that writers of science fiction and fairy talers are still a huge field of undeveloped plots. There is a costume doll, baby doll, a doll-character ...

They are real!

Does not want to be sold - or, on the contrary, "rushes" in someone's hands ... such stories hundreds. They are alive - this is all said. It is no coincidence that the "doll passport" (and they are definitely issued to the buyer when selling) along with the name, materials and number of copies, the Year of Birth is indicated. The only way.

No wonder in the ranks of his admirers not only "ordinary mortals", but many famous people, collecting dolls or creating them themselves. At exhibitions you can see the works of famous musicians, writers, politicians. And the money from sales, as a rule, go to charity.

And this is beautiful: doll, even becoming an art object and leaving the children's room to the museum stand, continues to carry the happiness to the kids who need it very much.

One who came to the puppet world, usually no longer change him, his strange mysteries and infinite fun. So, puppet art prepares both spectators, and collectors, and many more surprises themselves.

History of puppet theaters

The puppet theater goes to its history in the distant times. Ancient people believed in various gods, devils and sacred animals. For the ascension of prayer to these gods, people began to make their images. These were dolls of stone, clay, bones, wood of different sizes. Dance arranged around them, they wore them onto stretchers, drove on the backs of elephants and chariots. Subsequently, at the expense of various devices, forced dolls depicting the subject of worship, raise hands or paws, open and close their eyes, nod to heads and rock their teeth. Gradually, these spectacles became similar to modern theatrical performances. With the help of dolls, legends were played, folk fairy tales and satirical scenes lost, in European countries in the Middle Ages, the dolls were depicted by the creation of the world.

There were no state puppet theaters in Russia. Stray puppetes gave little ideas at fairs, in urban courts, on the boulevards. Under the loud sounds of scarmer, the puppeteer showed a small history about Parsley because of a small screen. The life of folk puppetes was severe and much differed from the life of ordinary beggars. After the presentation, the doll-player filmed his cap and stretched her spectators so that you wanted to throw copper penny in her.

Dolls similar to Russian parsley were in other countries. All of them depicted a long-term, scoring gown. They wore various names, for example, in England, the doll was called Panch, and in France it was Polyinistrel, Pulchinella in Italy, two heroes in Germany - this is a Kashperlah and Hansvurst, in Turkey, the Karagone was called in Turkey, and Czechoslovakia - Cashparek.

Types of dolls

In the modern world, puppet theaters are almost in all countries. They use three types of dolls for representations:

dolls, driven by threads;
dolls put on hand;
dolls on the canes.

When using dolls on threads, the docking actor is located on the elevation behind the scene and keeps in the hands of the VAGA.

Definition 1.

Vaga - Special device consisting of two or three crossed sticks with threads attached to them.

At the same time, the lower ends of the threads are connected to the doll in the area of \u200b\u200bthe head and back, are tied to her hands, shoulders, knees and feet feet. The dolls usually have $ 10-20 $ threads, but sometimes their quantity comes to $ 40 $ threads. When swinging the stick, from which the threads go to the knees of the doll, it starts moving his legs, walk and even dance. When tensioning the thread attached to the back, the doll performs a bow. The dolls of such a system are also called puppets, which is not entirely true, because it is so accepted to call any theatrical doll in many countries. It is more correct to call these dolls - dolls on threads.

Another doll system is dolls that wear on your hand like gloves. At the same time, the head of the doll is put on the index finger, one hand is on the middle, and the other hand is on the thumb. Such dolls are often called in our country parsley, which is also not entirely true, since the dolls of this system are in different countries. The correct name is -peach dolls or dolls on your fingers.

Dolls on the cable actors actor playing because of the screen. Such a doll holds the central stick passing through the whole doll. The head and shoulders of doll are attached to the stick. The actor controls the hands of the doll with thin sticks-canes that are attached to elbows or tassels of dolls. Wands are invisible to the audience, they are hidden in clothes toys.

Dolls on threads and glove dolls on the fingers many hundred years exist in almost all countries. The cable dolls before the beginning of the $ 20th century $ only existed in the East, mainly in China and Indonesia. In Russia, the dolls for canes appeared for the first time in the puppeteards-artists of Efimov.

Modern puppet theaters

Note 1.

State puppet theaters in Russia were created only after the revolution of $ 1917. $

Puppet theaters put folk tales, as well as plays written by playwrights. Most puppet theaters play for children, but some are put on adults for adults who like a puppet theater no less than children.

Puppet theaters are the first step in the admission of children to theatrical art. They do not just give joy, teach to understand the art of the theater, form an artistic taste, teach the perception of the surrounding world.

Czech puppet art has a long tradition, it is appreciated by UNESCO and included in the list of intangible cultural heritage. With carved wooden dolls and puppets, you will come across in almost every souvenir store. Do you know that today you can visit a modern puppet theatrical presentation? The Czech Republic has nine professional puppet theaters, about a hundred independent troupe and about three hundred amateur groups.

Czech puppets in the past

Czech puppet art is an important cultural and social phenomenon, the mass expansion of which was observed in the XIX century. However, in different regions of today's Czech Republic, it began to spread around the century ago.

Puppeteers wiser to the city to the city, played in Czech and thus helped raise the level of native language Among ordinary people. Gradually arose a tradition of cook families, in which the art of the doll theater was inherited as a generic craft. Puppeteers made their own puppets, which were taken as the basis Sculpture. The puppeteer himself brought all puppets in motion and spoke for them. Thus, a unique style arose, in which the clumsy movements of dolls on the threads were compensated by stylized sounding. The typical comic character of Czech puppeteers is Kašpárek, the hell, the king and the princess. Representations in the theater of dolls in the past reflected folk traditions, today the puppet theater is dedicated in particular a children's audience.

Czech tradition of doll theater is currently manifested in two directions - narodi or amateur and professional cuffrepresented in theaters and independent scenes. Puppet art in the second half of the XX century embodied in short television fairy tales for childrenwhich belong today to the number of the most popular among young spectators.

Get acquainted with dolls

Visit one of the museums of dolls or come to watch a puppet theatrical performance.

Representations most often in Czech without translation are intended mainly for children. Doll theaters can be found, for example, in or in B, where even a separate building of the theater in which playing only puppet performances.

In B. Chrudim You will see both historical and modern Czech and foreign dolls, and you can try to act as a dice in the playroom of the museum. The exhibition presents puppets of nomadic puppetes and puppet varieties, family puppet theaters and scenery of Czech artists. In the foreign part of the exhibition, the shadow dolls from Indonesia, several dolls from India, Japan, China or Burma, as well as the Vietnamese aqueous marionette, are exhibited in the overseas part of the exhibition.

You can plunge into the world of dolls in the city of Prahatice ( . Collections belong to M) in Prague.

The traditions of puppet craft in the Czech Republic supports a number of festivals. Festival "Cooking Chrudim" (Loutkářská chrudim) He has existed since 1951 and is the oldest of its kind in Europe. Another example - International Puppet Art Festival In Prague or International Festival Spectaculo Interesese in Ostrava

The image of the doll fascinated people over the centuries. Rag spins without people were protected by newborns of peasant children. The bold actors of the puppet theater could be suggested with their ringing voices on the fairground, what was not dared to say a person. Arrived from abroad porcelain beauties became fashion laws in the province. With a doll, a man shared fears and hopes, chasing her in works of art ... It was quite possible to assume that sooner or later she would become the art herself. So it happened.